PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
ON WAYS OF EXPRESSING GENDER CHARACTERISTICS IN ARABIC AND TURKISH LANGUAGES
annotation
Gender is a grammatical category that expresses the characteristics of masculine and female gender. Nominal parts of speech in Arabic can differ in both masculine and feminine genders. At the same time, signs of masculinity and female can be expressed both lexically and through inflection, as well as by elements of the harfi tariff. The purpose of this article is to determine ways of expressing the characteristics of feminine and masculine in the nominal parts of speech of the Arabic and Turkish languages, which, both by genetic and typological characteristics, belong to multisystem languages.
Keywords
feminine gender - muannas.
In many languages, nominal parts of speech grammatically express gender meaning. In those grammars where there is a division of names by gender, gender is present not only in animate, but also in inanimate names. Arabic is one of these languages. The grammatical division of names along the lines of masculine and feminine genders directly affects the change in words in a sentence.
There are also languages where there is no division of words by gender. Turkish is a typical example of such languages. In this language, names referring to the male or female gender are determined by their lexical meaning. Naturally, such names do not carry any grammatical gender meaning. That is, there is no grammatical difference between masculine and feminine names. Their belonging to one of the genders does not in any way affect the connection of words in a sentence.
Gender of nouns in Arabic. Words indicating gender are divided into muzakkar "masculine" and (^ja) muannas "feminine" gender. They are expressed not only in animate objects, but also in inanimate objects. Objects that do not express any gender can also be either masculine or feminine.
Muzakkar "masculine" Muannas "feminine"
ab father umm mother
hisan horse faras horse
dick rooster dajaja chicken
("^lL ism al-muannas. In Arabic, animate objects are feminine or
some inanimate objects are called as ism al-muannas "feminine names".
wow sister ejl^j nazzara glasses
bandage girl üi^ia mindada table
YalS Amma Aunty SiaU Nafisa Window
YAM challah aunt (paternal) ÄixL miliaka spoon
^b^e) alayama at-tanis. In Arabic there are a number of features that determine the gender of certain objects. These features help distinguish these objects from objects
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL “INNOVATIVE SCIENCE” No. 5/2016 ISSN 2410-6070_
expressing masculine gender. These signs are referred to as alayama at-tanis (signs of the feminine gender). The following signs are signs of at-tanis:
1) (^jij^l f^l) at - ta al - marbuta. The most common sign is feminine. This feature is implemented in the form of endings. It is not the root letter of the word: (®) ( ). There is no similar form in Turkish.
Muzakkar Muannas
nazifa pure nazifa pure
bi kyt cat kytta cat
Mumin the believer DAL^L Mumin the believer
2) (v^All2| ^N1) ENG Memdude. The second feature, expressing the feminine gender of nouns, most often determines the gender of syfat. It is written at the end of a word as - aa, - aau, - aai. Alif al - mamduda is not the root letter of the word, however the last letter hamza is one of the root letters of the word. It should be noted that not every word containing this letter expresses the feminine gender. To do this, it is necessary to transform it into the masculine afal form.
3) For example: at the end of the word (^b^) hamraau “red” there is alif al - mamduda. However, to find out what kind given word indicates that it is necessary to look at how it is expressed in the masculine gender. If this word is expressed in the form (^>) afal, i.e. (J■ЛЛ^) akhmar “red” which indicates the masculine gender, then (^b^) hamarau “red” indicates the feminine gender.
Muzakkar Muannas
akhmar red fij^A hamraau red
akhsan beautiful fliulA hasnaau beautiful
araj temple f^j® arajaau temple
If the alif al-mamduda at the end of the word is one of the root letters, then in this case this sign does not indicate the feminine gender, but serves as a sign of the plural.
binaau building
fli^ safaau cleanliness
shuaraau poets
uzamaau leaders
fliH hulafaau caliphs
4) alif al-maksura. The ending (u-) - aa, comes at the end of the noun. This
the sign does not indicate the gender of nouns, i.e. the presence of this ending at the end of a word does not mean that it is muannas. Alif al-maksura can exist in both feminine and masculine names. In order for a word in which this feature exists to be called a feminine name, a number of conditions are necessary. Of them:
a) if the adjective ends in alif al-maksura, and this adjective is also used for a masculine noun in the form of Faalyan, then this adjective is used in the feminine form. For example, in order to determine the gender of the adjective (i?^eC")atasha "thirsty" it is necessary to refer to the use of this word in the masculine gender. Since this word in the masculine form in the Faalan form is pronounced as (¿ъдьс) atshaan, "thirsty ", then the adjective (ts1 "bg) atshaa "thirsty" is feminine.
b) the root of a noun ending in alif al-maksura is also feminine. For example (^go) daawaa “invitation, call” (^^) dhikraa “memory”, (^ “u) bushraa “joy”.
c) if the stem or root of a noun ends in alif al-maksura, then the word is feminine. For example, unsaa "woman", (<^1) афаа "змея ", (у^)
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL “INNOVATIVE SCIENCE” No. 5/2016 ISSN 2410-6070_
fucking "pregnancy".
d) if a word ends in alif al-maksura, but it does not contain the above characteristics, then the word will be masculine and not feminine. For example, (^b.ll) Mustafaa "Mustafa", (j^ja) Marda "Sick", (j\J?) Jurhaa "wounded", (Jja) Musanna "dual", (j^^««) mustashfaa "hospital".
Feminine nouns that do not have tanis signs. In Arabic, feminine nouns can be determined by the above characteristics. But there are also words that do not have these characteristics, and all of them belong to the feminine gender. They can be listed as follows:
1. Names assigned to women: female names that do not have characteristics of the feminine gender are still considered as such. For example, (fiJA^)Maryam, (^jij) Zainab, (Jl*^) Suad and (^ь) Hind.
2. Names used for feminine creatures: Names used to designate feminine creatures also refer to the feminine gender. For example, uht "sister", (fi) umm "mother", (^jj) bint "daughter".
3. Name of paired organs: In Arabic, paired body organs are also used in the feminine gender. For example, (j^>) uzun “ears”, (J*j) rijl “legs”, (6jc) ain “eyes”.
4. Names of countries, cities and tribes: In Arabic, the names of countries, cities and tribes are also used in the feminine gender. For example, (l^J2) Türkiye, Bishkek, Quraysh.
5. The name of winds, fire and its various names: In Arabic, this category of words also refers to the feminine gender. For example, (jlj) naar “fire”, (jj*^1) sayir “strong fire”, (^i) riih “wind”, (oüJ) dubuur “west wind”.
6. Names of various packs and herds of animals: this category of words is also used in the feminine gender. For example (fj®) ganem "herd of rams and goats", (f1-*) hamam "flock of pigeons", (Jjj) ibil "herd of camels"
Feminine genders in Arabic. In Arabic, the feminine gender is divided into three groups: haqiqi feminine, lafzi feminine, semai feminine.
1. (JfoH ^jj-lI fuiVI) Haqiqi feminine: words directly used to denote the feminine gender, despite the presence or absence of the attribute to refer to the haqiqi feminine gender: for example, (i^jSi) zikraa "memory", amyaa "blind" ,(®ij*l) imraa "woman", (vjü) "zeyneb", (YADYae) "aisha", (fi) um "mother", (^i) uht "sister" (^Ш fetat "young girl"
2. (j^iffl ¿uj-lI fuiVI) Lafzi feminine: words with the meaning of a masculine word but having signs of a feminine gender are called lafzi feminine, for example, (I±$1*A,) Muawiya, Zekeriya, (I* A*)khalifa, (»j-*■)Hamza, (I*^)Talha.
3. (jd-^li ¿jj-lI fuiVI) Semai feminine: words that do not have signs of the feminine gender, but in meaning are feminine names. Such words refer to the feminine gender Semai. For example, shems "sun", nefs "nefs, life", (VJ*) harb "war".
(j£j-2I fuiVI) masculine. Words that do not belong to the feminine gender and do not have signs of the feminine gender are words of the masculine gender. Thus, you can easily determine whether a word is masculine. If we cannot determine what gender a word belongs to, then it will be enough to look if it contains signs of the feminine gender. If a word has one of the characteristics of the feminine gender, then it is a feminine word, and if it does not have such characteristics, then the word is masculine.
Masculine species. The masculine gender is divided into two groups:
1) (jfoll j^J-lI Hakiki masculine: words denoting an inspired object that is masculine and has no signs of a feminine gender refer to haqiki as masculine. For example (A-l|)Akhmetg, (±-ъА)Mukhammet, (^) Ali.
2) f^VI) Manevi masculine: words denoting an inanimate object of the masculine gender refer to haqiqi masculine. For example, beit "house", (j-2) chambers "moon", (j^) lisan "tongue".
Arabic has a small number of exception words that are used in both the feminine and masculine genders. That is, from a grammatical point of view, these words are both masculine and
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL “INNOVATIVE SCIENCE” No. 5/2016 ISSN 2410-6070
female. But this does not mean that these words do not have a gender, as happens in other languages.
cbd lung flAUl sema sky
Jju bitches market Jb hal state
tarik road sikin knife
unuk neck sil weapons
Gender of nouns in Turkish. In Turkish, from a grammatical point of view, there is no division of words into genders. Creatures of different kinds are designated by different names and titles. However, based on the fact that they are nouns that do not express any gender, differences in grammar regarding that number of features do not appear. Thus, this action does not affect words of the feminine and masculine gender. Objects that do not belong to a specific genus also do not belong to the categories of generic characteristics. In short, in Turkish there is no gender category among the categories of nouns. And therefore, in grammar there is no such thing as an ending expressing the gender of a noun.
Differences between feminine and masculine real names. As already noted, in the grammar of the Turkish language there are no differences between genders, however, there are signs by which the gender of a given object is determined. They can be listed in the following order:
1. Attach adjectives to people’s names: In order to determine what gender a name belongs to, it is necessary to add adjectives such as egkek “man”, kadm “woman” or kiz “deeo4Ka”. For example, Erkek gocuk (boy), kiz gocuk (girl), erkek karde§ (brother), kiz karde§ (sister), erkek isgi (worker), kadin isgi (worker), erkek doktor (doctor), kadin doktor (doctor woman), erkek §arkici (neeeeс), kadin §arkici (singer), erkekyolcu (traveler), kadin yolcu (traveler), etc.
2. The use of various words to designate related units: For example, mother, father, son, daughter, sister, brother, daughter-in-law, son-in-law, matchmaker, brother-in-law, husband, wife, mother-in-law, mother-in-law, father-in-law, father-in-law, aunt, uncle, etc. d.
3. Using the adjectives erkek (man) and di§i (woman) before the names of animals: Erkekaslan (lion), di§i aslan (lioness), erkek kaplan (tiger), di§i kaplan (tigress), erkek timsah (male crocodile), di§i timsah (female crocodile), erkek kedi (cat), di§i kedi (female cat), erkek güvercin (male pigeon), di§i güvercin (female pigeon), etc.
4. Name of animals: koyun (sheep), kog (kochkor), kegi (goat), teke (goat), inek (cow), oküz (buffalo), boga (bull), aygir (horse), tavuk (chicken), horoz (rooster), etc.
Comparison of data from two languages. As already noted, in Arabic nouns are divided into genders. However, this category is missing in Turkish. In Arabic, nouns are divided into muzakkar and muannas. Thus, all animate or inanimate objects are considered within these two genera. In order to distinguish one from the other, there are certain signs called alamats. These alamats are either at the root of a word or are added as endings. By means of such signs in Arabic one can distinguish the masculine from the feminine gender.
Arabic and Turkish have absolutely no common ground grammatically. However, despite this, there is still some similarity in language logic:
1. Both languages used separate names to denote female or male gender.
2. In both languages there is such a problem as designating the gender of some names. For example, the word doctor in both languages is used for both men and women. The Arabic language solved this problem by ending i.e. the word duktur - doctor was added with the ending (»JJ^J) duktura, so this word already expresses a woman doctor.
3. In both languages, if there is no feminine gender attribute, then the noun is considered masculine. Therefore, in Arabic, the sign of tanis is required to denote the feminine gender. In Turkish, an adjective is used for this.
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL “INNOVATIVE SCIENCE” No. 5/2016 ISSN 2410-6070_
List of used literature:
1. Aziz Ahmad Khalil, £ev. Burhan Sümerta§, Kur"an"da Cinsiyet Kaliplari: Sosyolengüistik Bir Yakla§im, Istanbul: Í.Ü. ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Bahar, 2010/ 1(1), 295-306 s.
2. Cämi Abdurrahman, Trc. Ercan Elbinsoy, el-Feváidü"z-Ziyáiyye, Molla Cämi tercümesi, istanbul: Yasin Yayinevi, 2005, 568 s.
3. £örtü Meral M., Arapga Dilbilgisi: Sarf, istanbul: i.Ü. ilahiyat Fakültesi Vakfi Yayinlari, 2001, 573 s.
4. Ergin Muharrem, Türk Dilbilgisi, istanbul: Bogazi^i Yayinlari, 1998, 407 s.
5. Korkmaz Zeynep, Türkiye Türkgesi Grameri (§ekil Bilgisi), Ankara: TDK Yayinlari, 2003, 1224 s.
6. Yilmaz Demir-Emine N., “Ural-Altay Dillerive Altay Dilleri Teorisi”, Türkler, p. I, Ankara: Yeni Türkiye yay., 2002, 394-402 s.; http://yunus.hacettepe. edu. tr/~eminey/makaleler/yilmazkbol5.pdf, (eri§imtarihi: 01/14/2015).
7. 397 "2003 "¿""b«il jIj í^j^ÜI ^i jbiiJl "Jj^S jaJ (Ahmed Hasan Kuhail, Interpretation of nominal forms, Qusaym: Dar Asdaul-Muzhtema, 2003, 397 pp.).
8. ^¡^a 446 1988 AU^d ""¿JAISJI "i_il3£ll "jjjlfc l«^ l ^^Jl JJC. Í^JS^J "jjja ¿J jlAic. ¿J JJA^ J^J (Sibawayh Abu Bishr Amr ibn-Usma ibn-Kander, Txk: Abdusselam Muhammad Harun, Book, Cairo: Mektebetul-Hanji, 1988, part 1, 446 pp.).
9. 408 "1998 "^aJUI i-iuSJl jij"üjju "^¿juJlj jjSíüJI ^ijjlal ^íj-^JI "jjjJl jjj (Isaam Nuriddin, Morphological characteristics differences between masculine and feminine genders, Beirut: Darul-Kitabul-Alemi, 1988, 408 pp.).
10. 430 "1973 "AjAkil AjjSaJI "¿jaISJI "¿jJI Í¿JI la/jí ¡lL jI^í (Fuad Name, Short course Arabic grammar, Cairo: Al-Maktabul-Ilmiyye, 1973. 430 pp.).
11. 902 "1971 " AjjSaJI"üjju "AajJI ^¡jjJI ¿lU "^íu^aJI ^¿L^l (Mustafa al-Ghalayini, Lessons in Arabic, Beirut: Al-Maktabul-Asriya, 1971, part 1 , 902 pp.).
12. 378 "1.£ "1981 "Aíj*aJI jIj "JjjjH^I "jajJlj uij^ji Jclja > j.^milj > jVmil í^íaí aa^l (Muhammad Zihni, Selected rules of morphology and word formation, Istanbul: Ed. -in Marifet, 1981, part 1, 378 p.).
13. 352 "2002 "j&SI jIj "^jjjjJI "jajJl jIj^Í " jUA^ ¿j aa^í jjjJl ^a^ajIj U>b JUS ¿jI (Ibn Kemal Pashazadeh Shemsuddin Ahmed ibn Suleiman, Secrets of the Science of Morphology, Beirut: Darul-Fikr, 2002, 352 pp.).
© Aksoy M., 2016
Teacher of FT, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Republic of Turkey
THE PLACE OF ARABIC IN THE FAMILY OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES
annotation
The Arabic language is genetically one of the Semitic languages, and typologically it is an inflectional type, in which, while maintaining the consonantal frame, the root can change due to inflection and affixation. The article discusses issues related to the place and characteristics of the Arabic language in the family of Semitic languages.
Keywords
Semitic family of languages, place and features of the Arabic language, al-Lahja, language.
The languages of the world are usually classified genetically based on their origin and typologically based on their internal structure. This may take into account such features as
Tags: Arabic grammar, masculine and feminine
ARABIC GRAMMAR IN SIMPLE LANGUAGE
Gender of nouns
For some reason, three genders were invented in the Russian language: masculine, feminine and neuter. Explaining to foreigners what our “neuter gender” is is a thankless task, because in foreign languages There is simply no neuter gender. Including in Arabic. In Arabic we have masculine and feminine. Dot!
However, for inanimate objects, their “masculine” can correspond to our “feminine” and vice versa. For example, what kind of word “table”? male? You didn’t guess: “taula” is feminine. Or a door? Do you think it's a woman? No! "Bab" is masculine.
So, we conclude that the gender of nouns in Russian and Arabic may or may not coincide.
What to do? You ask.
My answer is: you are incredibly lucky that you are learning Arabic and not French. In French The masculine and feminine genders of nouns also do not coincide with the Russian language, and you just have to stupidly memorize them. But in Arabic there is an excellent clue, namely ta-marbuta at the end of a word, which is an almost unmistakable sign of the feminine gender of both nouns and adjectives. If you see the word ta-marbutu at the end, then most likely it is a feminine word.
Ta-marbuta looks like this:
Or like this:
Let's train! What kind of ball?
Bark:
Right: feminine gender.
What kind of bag? shAnta:
Right: also feminine :-)
However, there are exceptions
Some of them are obvious, like mother - Umm
Girl - bInt:
As does the fact that in addition to the masculine and feminine genders in the Arabic language there is a certain “masculine-feminine” gender. However, it's not scary at all :-)
It’s just that a number of words in Arabic are masculine and feminine nouns at the same time.
There is no need to concentrate on these words yet; at this stage it is enough just to know that such special words exist.
Gender of adjectives
Adjectives, like nouns, have masculine and feminine genders. And they also express the feminine gender using ta-marbuta. For example:
Big - big (kabir - kabira)
كَبِير - كَبِيرَة
Beautiful - beautiful (jamil - jamila)
جَمِيل – جَمِيلَة
What other parts of speech in Arabic have masculine and feminine genders?
At the sacraments.
One of our upcoming articles will also be published about this soon.
Nouns are divided into three types according to the type of declension:
- Feminine nouns with ending -а, -я(Earth);
- Masculine nouns with a zero ending, neuter nouns with ending -o, -e(house, field);
- Feminine nouns ending in zero (mouse).
In the Russian language, a special group is made up of indeclinable nouns: burden, crown, flame, udder, banner, tribe, stirrup, time, name, path.
A significant group of nouns does not change in gender and number; they are called indeclinable; depot, foyer, aloe, coffee, coat, attache and others.
Adjectives change according to gender, number and cases in singular. In plural The case endings of adjectives of all three genders are the same: new tables, books, feathers.
There are certain rules for declension and numerals. For example, the numeral one is declined as a singular adjective, and the numerals two, three, four have special case forms, which are similar to the endings of plural adjectives.
Numerals from five to ten and numerals -twenty and -ten are declined according to the third declension of nouns.
The numerals forty and ninety have two case forms: forty and ninety.
The numerals two hundred, three hundred, four hundred and all numerals starting with -hundred have both parts declined.
You will spend 30 minutes on this lesson. To listen to the word, please click on the Audio icon . If you have any questions regarding this course, please contact me by email: Learn Arabic.
Below is a list of the most commonly used words, the scope of which is: Feminine. The table below has 3 columns (Russian, Arabic and pronunciation). Try to repeat the words after listening. This will help you improve your pronunciation and also remember the word better.
List of adjectives
| Russian language | Feminine | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| boy | walad ولد | |
| girl | bent بنت | |
| man | rajul رجل | |
| woman | emra"a امرأة | |
| father | ab أب | |
| mother | um أم | |
| Brother | akh أخ | |
| sister | ukht أخت | |
| Actor | mumassel ممثل | |
| Actress | mumassela ممثلة | |
| Cat | qet قط | |
| Cat | qetta قطة |
Here is a list of sentences containing several vocabulary items shown above topic about: Feminine. Sentences are added to help you understand how the structure of an entire sentence can affect the function and meaning of individual words.
Feminine gender with examples
| Russian language | Arabic | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| He is tall | huwa taweel هو طويل | |
| It is high | hiya taweela هي طويلة | |
| He is short. | huwa rajul qaseer هو رجل قصير | |
| She is short | hiya emra"a qaseera هي إمرأة قصيرة | |
| He is German | huwa almani هو ألماني | |
| She's German | hiya almania هي ألمانية | |
| Japanese people are friendly | arrejaal alyabanyoon wedeyoon الرجال اليابانيين ودّيون | |
| Japanese women are friendly | anesaa" alyabaneyaat wedeyat النساء اليابانيات ودّيات |
Clothing vocabulary
This is a list of clothing vocabulary. If you learn the following words by heart, it will make your conversations with the natives much easier and more enjoyable.
Clothing vocabulary
| Russian language | Cloth | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| belt | hezaam حزام | |
| cloth | malabess ملابس | |
| coat | me"taf معطف | |
| dress | fustaan فستان | |
| glasses | nadaraat نظارات | |
| gloves | kufazaat قفازات | |
| hat | kubba"a قبعة | |
| jacket | me"taf معطف | |
| trousers | serwaal سروال | |
| ring | khatam خاتم | |
| shirt | qamees قميص | |
| shoes | ahzya أحذية | |
| socks | jawareb جوارب | |
| costume | bazla بذلة | |
| sweater | satra سترة | |
| tie | rabtat "unuk ربطة عنق | |
| umbrella | mezalla مظلة | |
| underwear | malabess dakhelya ملابس داخلية | |
| wallet | mahfaza محفظة | |
| watch | sa"a ساعة |
Daily Talk
Finally, check out the list of phrases used in everyday communication. Full list For popular expressions, please see: Arabic phrases.
Arabic phrases
| Russian language | Arabic | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| Do you like my dress? | hal yu"jebuk lebassi هل يعجبك لباسي؟ | |
| I lost my socks | laqad ada"tu jawarebi لقد أضعت جواربي | |
| It suits you | ennaha tabdoo jameela "alayk إنها تبدو جميلة عليك | |
| She has a beautiful ring | ladayha khatam jameel لديها خاتم جميل | |
| These pants are long | haza asserwaal taweel هذا السروال طويل | |
| These shoes are too small | hazeh alahzya sagheera هذه الأحذية صغيرة | |
| Where are you from? | men ayna ant? من أين أنت؟ | |
| I'm from usa. | ana men alwelayat almutaheda أنا من الولايات المتحدة | |
| I'm American | ana amriki أنا أمريكي | |
| Where do you live? | anya ta"eesh? أين تعيش؟ | |
| I live in USA. | ana a"eesh fel welayat almutaheda alamrikia أنا أعيش فى الولايات المتحدة | |
| Do you like it here? | hal anta mustamte" bewujudeka huna? هل أنت مستمتع بوجودك هنا؟ |
Benefits of learning a language
Learning a new language will boost your self-confidence. Those who lack motivation to learn a language will admire you. Even native speakers of the language you are learning will be impressed and, of course, pleased by your ability to speak it, or at least attempt to do so.
Congratulations! You completed this lesson on: Femininity and clothing. Are you ready for the next lesson? We recommend going through Arabic lesson 6. You can also click on one of the links below, or return to our home page by clicking on the link here: