Natural resources and ways of their rational use. Fundamental research Rational use of natural resources article

Rational use of natural resources and protection of the environment from pollution by industrial emissions is the most important national economic task. This problem is solved on the basis of the creation and implementation of low-waste and waste-free industries.[...]

Natural resources are what a person extracts for his consumption. The term “rational environmental management” is used in relation to them. Resources are divided into exhaustible and inexhaustible, renewable and non-renewable. Several types of natural resources can be concentrated in one natural object. For example, a forest is a collection of many resources: wood, resins, other technical raw materials, animal and plant food products, oxygen, etc. Therefore, the rational use of natural resources helps to protect natural objects in general.[...]

Rational use of natural resources and effective measures to protect the environment are possible only on the basis of knowledge of the laws of nature and their reasonable application: from a consumer attitude towards nature, people must move on to cooperation with it and balance their economic activities with the capabilities of nature. The solution to environmental problems becomes successful only with the participation of a wide range of specialists working in various fields of science and technology.[...]

Environmental management is the rational use of natural resources and environmental conditions, their reproduction and protection. The social utility of each element of the natural environment is a consumer benefit that must be assessed, calculated, and used in the form of a standard for environmental management (protection) of the natural environment. The product of investment of an environmental nature is a product of a special kind - an ecologically clean natural environment, the preservation and enhancement of the growth rate of resource reproduction or their conservation (for naturally non-reproducible ones) on a highly efficient basis. Maintaining optimal proportions in public consumption and reproduction of natural resources ensures the national economic return on environmental costs and standard (industry) profit, as in any other area of ​​material production.[...]

Efforts to ensure rational environmental management and environmental protection, undertaken on the basis of natural resource legislation and the above-mentioned government regulations, did not, however, produce visible and tangible results. At the end of the 80s. The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Government of the USSR realized that the main reasons for the sharp deterioration in the state of the environment in the country were: weak legal regulation of natural resource management and environmental protection, imperfect organization of public administration in this area, the “residual” principle of financing environmental activities, the lack of economic incentives for enterprises to rational use of natural resources and protection of nature from pollution. On January 7, 1988, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution “On a radical restructuring of nature conservation in the country”2.[...]

Issues of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources are in the spotlight Soviet state from the first days of its existence. Lenin's ideas on environmental protection and the most beneficial use of natural resources for the entire people were embodied in the principles of the policy of the CPSU. The Soviet government is constantly concerned about the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources. Particular attention is paid to the protection of water resources. This is evidenced by the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On measures to streamline the use and strengthen the protection of water resources of the USSR” (No. 425 of April 22, 1960), in accordance with which measures were developed to maintain the cleanliness of water bodies and bodies of State supervision over the use and protection of water resources.[...]

The determining factors for the rational use of natural resources in a watershed are the amount of resource consumption and the method of their reproduction. An inextricable connection has been established between methods of reproduction of natural resources and the inexhaustibility of water in rivers. Properly organized interdependence of these components allows optimizing surface and underground runoff. In turn, optimal surface runoff without the occurrence of erosion processes will be formed only with a rational structure of agricultural and forest lands (covered and not covered with forest), as well as lands used for housing, utilities and transport. Thus, planning activities in the watershed should be carried out by land management, forest management and urban planning organizations together with hydrologists. In addition, the help of economists will be required to determine their positive and negative effects.[...]

Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex and multifaceted problem. Its solution involves regulating the relationship between man and nature, subordinating them to a certain system of laws, instructions and rules. In our country, such a system is established by law.[...]

In the general problem of nature conservation and rational use of natural resources, an important place is occupied by the protection of soils from chemical pollution and the reclamation of contaminated lands.[...]

Codes of laws on the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection gradually emerged. They are constantly being improved.[...]

Creating an effective system of measures for the rational use of natural resources and ensuring optimal environmental conditions for life and progress requires intensive development of ecology and improvement of environmental forecasting. Modern production activity is emerging as a very powerful factor, capable of not only significantly changing the soil and vegetation cover of individual natural zones of the Earth, but also influencing the direction and pace of the evolutionary process in the biosphere.[...]

The economic principle of AML is to ensure the rational use of natural resources and minimal economic damage with an alternatively specified output (oil and gas production).[...]

Many pressing problems of modern cartography and rational use of natural resources cannot be successfully solved without DS materials. Thus, the compilation of electronic terrain models is carried out using electronic image files obtained by the survey systems of the SPOT station, using stereo correlation methods. The materials obtained as a result of using these methods are much cheaper than those made on the basis of aerial photographs and, even more so, the results of ground surveys. Many companies have begun to produce electronic terrain models on a commercial basis, using electronic SPOT, Landsat - TM and Resurs image files.[...]

Population, industrial production, consumption of natural resources, and consequently environmental pollution are increasing exponentially, and it is believed that exponential growth in production is the driving force of the world economy, the development of which is somehow directed towards the physical limits of our planet. The real existing limits of the Earth's capabilities and the development of society were first discussed in 1972. This caused sharp objections from many scientists and specialists around the world. However, the physical finiteness of the mass of the planet and its constituent characteristics (surface area, reserves chemical elements in the form of natural resources - an objective reality. Therefore, an objective reality is the need not only for the rational use of natural resources, but also for self-limitation of the growth in the number of human consumers. Of course, we are not talking about any violent actions against the population, but increasing the well-being of the population and the quality of life inevitably requires, for example, family planning.[...]

Specialists of various profiles - geographers, geologists, ecologists, soil scientists, hydraulic engineers, biologists, economists - are involved in solving the problem of environmental protection and developing measures for the rational use of natural resources. In recent decades, writers, journalists, and artists have been involved in the discussion of this problem. Such a keen interest of the general public in the “relationship” of man with nature indicates, first of all, that we are all far from indifferent to the environment in which we ourselves, our children and grandchildren will live.[...]

The Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR note that nature conservation and rational use of natural resources in the conditions of rapid development of industry, transport, agriculture and the involvement of an increasing number of natural resources in the exploitation is one of the most important economic and social tasks of the Soviet state.[ .. .]

Environmental policy of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources in modern stage should be based on program documents adopted in 1992 at the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro, as well as on the decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On approval of the concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable economic development” (April 1996).[... ]

The indicated ministries and departments of the USSR, on the basis of draft plans for nature conservation and rational use of natural resources and the ministries and departments of the USSR and union republics, develop and submit to the State Planning Committee of the USSR (within the deadlines established by it) agreed draft plans for the relevant sections throughout the USSR as a whole, with distribution assignments for ministries, departments of the USSR and union republics.[...]

Payment for environmental use is an essential element of the system of economic incentives for the rational use of natural resources. It consists of: fees for the use of natural resources and fees for environmental pollution.[...]

The increasing anthropogenic impact on nature determines the relevance of the problems of protection and rational use of natural resources. In relation to water resources, these problems boil down to their protection from depletion and pollution. The depletion of water resources is determined by their consumption in volumes exceeding the renewal values. Water pollution refers to the deterioration of their quality. Water resources experience significant anthropogenic impact caused by local sources of pollution (runoff from industrial wastewater storage tanks, industrial sites, storage ponds, emergency pipeline ruptures, etc.). The negative consequences of this impact include: a decrease in fresh water reserves, their pollution and salinization, oil contamination of freshwater horizons, deterioration of living conditions for hydrobionts, ichthyofauna and algal flora. In general, the processes of depletion and pollution are interrelated; they are determined by quantitative and qualitative characteristics that have a spatiotemporal distribution. Therefore, the study of these processes is the task of environmental monitoring. Monitoring includes observation, analysis and assessment of the state of the environment, its changes under the influence of human economic activity, as well as forecasting these changes. The content of any monitoring system generally includes three subsystems: “Data Bank”, “Model”, “Forecast”.[...]

Regulatory legislative documents on nature protection include environmental quality standards, which establish the optimal characteristics of the natural environment that can be achieved at the existing level. technical progress and ensuring the preservation of public health, animal development and flora. The main objectives of the system of standards in the field of nature conservation are: ensuring the safety of natural complexes; promoting restoration and sustainable use of natural resources; promoting a balance between production development and environmental sustainability; improving environmental quality management in the interests of humanity.[...]

Draft five-year plans for the protection of the air basin and long-term plans for the protection and rational use of natural resources are developed by the enterprise, association and ministry in approximately the same forms and indicators as the annual ones.[...]

During the period of accelerating development of the national economy of our country, issues of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources are of great social and economic importance. In this regard, there is a need to further improve the system of measures for hygienic and toxicological provision of safe working conditions and protection of environmental objects. The term “hygienic-toxicological provision” is new, but the most correct, in our opinion, reflects the essence of the issue of industrial and environmental protection in connection with the widespread use of chemical products; it means a system of measures that guarantee safe conditions for the production and use of chemicals and environmental protection. An important link in this system is the scientifically based development of sanitary standards for the maximum permissible content of harmful substances in various environmental objects - the air of the working area, atmospheric air, water, water bodies and soil. This is essentially the basis for ensuring safe working conditions and protecting the environment from the effects of various chemicals.[...]

The creation of low-waste and waste-free TPK is an important direction in the development of the national economy, the rational use of natural resources and the preservation of environmental balance.[...]

In 1983, the Interdepartmental Scientific and Technical Council on Complex Problems of Environmental Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources under the State Committee for Science and Technology of the USSR recommended developing for Moscow a Targeted Comprehensive Program for the period up to 2000 for the creation and implementation of low-waste and waste-free galvanic processes in production and the increase use of galvanic waste as material resources.[...]

The task of state environmental control is to ensure compliance with legal requirements for the rational use of natural resources and protection of the environment from pollution by all government bodies, enterprises, organizations and citizens to whom such requirements are addressed. State control is therefore supra-departmental in nature.[...]

The main task of industrial environmental control is to check: a) the implementation of plans and measures for the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection; b) compliance with the standards of maximum permissible impacts on nature established by the enterprise; c) fulfillment of other requirements of environmental legislation, etc. [...]

Following this, we can formulate the essence of the concept of “environmental protection”. This is a system of measures aimed at maintaining rational interaction between human activities and the natural environment, ensuring the conservation and restoration of natural resources, rational use of natural resources, preventing direct and indirect harmful effects of the results of society’s activities on nature and human health.[...]

Competition is understood as the free competition of participants in natural resource management, when their actions actively prevent the monopolistic use of natural resources in order to obtain unilateral advantages and benefits and stimulate the efficient, rational use of natural resources, including their protection and reproduction.[...]

The attention of agricultural specialists of various profiles should be focused on the following basic issues of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources in the process of agricultural production.[...]

Applied ecology is a discipline that studies the mechanisms of destruction of the biosphere by humans, ways to prevent this process and develops principles for the rational use of natural resources without degradation of the living environment.[...]

International environmental law is a set of international legal norms governing relations between its subjects to ensure the rational use of the Earth's natural resources and the protection of the global environment from harmful effects in the interests of present and future generations of people. The subject of international environmental law is international environmental relations, i.e. relations in the sphere of interaction between humanity and nature.[...]

Thus, environmental law is understood as a set of norms based on environmental and legal ideas that regulate specific social relations of ownership of natural resources, ensuring the rational use of natural resources and protecting the environment from harmful chemical, physical and biological effects in the process of economic and other activities , security environmental rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities.[...]

The geological environment has certain physical, geochemical, biological and engineering-geological properties, which are assessed by environmental quality. The essence of the rational use of natural resources in human engineering activities lies in understanding the processes of interaction of the main components of the geological environment with various engineering structures and in preventing or reducing the impact of technogenic processes on it.[...]

Risk management mechanisms. They should be understood in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, all environmentally significant activities are a source of risk, and all measures for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources are risk management. In practice this is important. The rise in prices of energy resources, in particular associated with the aging of fixed assets and rising gas prices, objectively leads to a desire to expand electricity production at nuclear power plants. Risk management is then primarily concerned with rationalizing the activities of the electricity generating plant in hopes of reducing the need for nuclear power plants.[...]

Related to the concept of state environmental policy is the concept of the environmental function of the state. M. M. Brinchuk defines it as activities aimed at managing natural resources owned by the state in the interests of society, as well as activities aimed at ensuring the rational use of natural resources in order to prevent their depletion, protecting the environment from degradation of its quality, protecting environmental rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities. The ecological function of the state is expressed in ensuring a balanced balance between the environmental and economic interests of society and providing the necessary guarantees for the implementation (and protection) of human rights to a natural environment favorable to life. A. S. Shesteryuk, for example, considers the main strategic goal of environmental policy to be stabilization of the situation, recovery from a state close to catastrophic, and subsequent improvement of environmental quality that meets international standards. It’s hard to disagree with this opinion, given today’s Russian realities.[...]

An important conclusion follows from the foregoing: the problem of ensuring environmental safety should be considered in a single, holistic system of national interests and goals, and the mechanism for ensuring it is the rational use of natural resources, especially forest resources, in compliance with forest management rules.[...]

The fifth stage of the conceptual development of marketing (ecological): the time period of development is the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the market concept is environmental, the key link is environmental safety and rational use of natural resources, the level of action is human civilization and nature, reflected in the organizational structure of companies serious attention to issues of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources - the introduction of the position of vice president for environmental safety, the position of environmental policy manager.[...]

The five-year plans for the development of the national economy are based on a deep natural scientific, economic, and state legal justification. The foundations of socialist legislation on the use of natural resources and environmental protection in the USSR were laid by the first decrees of the world’s first socialist state on peace and land, adopted on November 8, 1917. II All-Russian Congress Soviets. The nationalization of land, its subsoil, waters, forests and other natural resources that have become public property served as the legal basis for wide-ranging state events to preserve and improve the environment. Concern for the careful and rational use of natural resources has now become one of the leading principles of the policy of the CPSU and the Soviet government.[...]

To establish that the ministries and departments of the USSR and the Councils of Ministers of the Union republics, simultaneously with the submission to the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the State Planning Committee of the USSR of draft long-term and annual plans for nature conservation and rational use of natural resources, send the corresponding sections of the draft plans to the associations, enterprises, institutions and institutions under their jurisdiction organizations (indicating the volume of capital investments and tasks for commissioning environmental capacities and facilities) to the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Natural Environment Control, the Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources of the USSR. Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR, Committee for Supervision of Safe Work in Industry and Mining Supervision under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.[...]

The first decrees in Russia during the Soviet period were “0 land”, “0 forests”, “0 bowels of the earth”, the Land Code and the Forest Code. In the late 50s and early 60s, a number of new legislative acts were adopted, which established an integrated approach to nature conservation and rational use of natural resources - this is the Water Code. Land Code and a number of others.[...]

It is quite obvious that mathematical models are an incomplete abstract representation of the real world. In the absence of real models, the mathematical approach is very abstract, but if it is excluded, it can be difficult to grasp the general meaning of the real model. Therefore, in the study of problems of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources, real (material) models and symbolic (ideal) ones are used in parallel, complementing and enriching each other.[...]

Unfortunately, some modern environmentalists did not heed the ethical commandment of G.A. Kozhevnikov “to protect primeval wild nature for its own sake.” Because of pragmatic values ​​and utilitarian reasons - economic, economic, scientific, educational, recreational, etc. The modern environmental movement is more like the “rational use of natural resources” movement. But as one of the leaders of the International Social-Ecological Union Svyatoslav Zabelin aptly noted, protecting wildlife because it is scientifically or economically useful is nothing more than bestiality [Zabelin, 2000].[...]

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is understood as an activity aimed at determining the nature and extent of the potential impact of a proposed project on the environment, the expected environmental and associated social and economic consequences during and after the implementation of such a project and the development of measures to ensure rational use natural resources and environmental protection from harmful effects in accordance with the requirements of environmental legislation.[...]

The most important fundamental documents in resolving issues of scientific environmental management are the Constitution of the USSR, resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which determined the responsibility of ministries, organizations, institutions and citizens of the USSR for nature conservation. These documents became the basis for the creation of industry regulations and scientifically based plans for the rational use of natural resources and nature conservation.[...]

At the present stage of the scientific and technological revolution, the further development of the chemical industry, as well as other sectors of the national economy, is associated with the need for more careful consideration of environmental factors. In almost every sub-sector, a basis has been created for the introduction of new technological processes that sharply reduce the amount of harmful emissions. However, the requirements for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources raise new, serious questions. The amount of accumulated waste still continues to grow. The national economy faces the serious task of maximizing the reduction and disposal of generated waste, as well as recycling already accumulated waste.[...]

In addition, a legislative framework is being formed to regulate the conditions of environmental management and responsibility for their violations. Based on the legislative framework in force in the territory defined by law, short-term and long-term plans for improving the state of the environment and environmental protection measures are developed. Planning of environmental protection measures based on modern technologies that ensure the rational use of natural resources and a significant reduction in the entry of pollutants into the environment is part of the investment policy and serves to rank objects by priority. [...]

Tutorial is a summary of the basics of ecology taught in higher education institutions for students studying non-natural sciences. The discipline is mandatory for students of all higher education specialties. Fundamentals of ecology is a natural science discipline aimed at developing in a student a biocentric worldview and the ability to evaluate professional activities from the standpoint of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.[...]

One of the most important features of planning in our country is the dynamic development of all sectors of the economy and the improvement of national economic inter-industry, intra-industry and territorial proportions. A special place in planning is given to solving practical problems of nature conservation. For this purpose, since 1974, the State Plan for the Economic and Social Development of the National Economy has included a section “Nature conservation and rational use of natural resources”, which includes natural indicators characterizing the treatment of wastewater and waste gases and the operation of water circulation cycles in all sectors of the national economy. and the capital investments allocated for these activities. The effectiveness of nature conservation throughout the country depends on the development and implementation of specific measures for the use of natural resources by each ministry.[...]

In 1960-1970, the “Fundamentals of Land Legislation” were adopted USSR and Union Republics" (1968), Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and Union republics on health care (1969), "Fundamentals of the water legislation of the USSR and Union republics" (1970), "Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and Union republics on subsoil" (1975), "Fundamentals of forestry legislation of the USSR and union republics" (1977). An important environmental document is the Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On measures to further improve nature protection and rational use of natural resources” (September 1972). These documents define an integrated approach to solving problems of nature conservation and rational use of natural resources in all sectors of the national economy, and distribute functions between ministries and departments in the field of planning and monitoring the implementation of environmental measures and the state of the natural environment.

1. Leading.

2. Rational use of natural resources.

a) The problem of using mineral resources.

b) Rational use of water resources.

c) Rational use of soil resources.

d) Rational use of forest resources.

d) Recycling.

f) Resource-saving technologies

g) Integrated use of raw materials.

h) Increasing the efficiency of product use.

i) Information technology.

3. International cooperation.

4. Conclusion.

5. List of used literature.

Like an apple on a platter

We have one Earth.

Take your time, people

Scoop everything out to the bottom.

No wonder you get there

To hidden hiding places,

Loot all the wealth

In future centuries.

We are the common life of grain,

Relatives of the same fate,

It's shameful for us to feast

For the next day.

Understand this people

Like your own order

Otherwise there will be no Earth

And each of us.

1. Introduction.

Our planet is not so big and all the natural processes occurring on it are closely interconnected. Thus, pesticides (DDT), used in agriculture in Europe and North America, ended up in the liver of penguins living in Antarctica. The destruction of forests in one country leads to a reduction in the natural resources of the entire planet, chemical emissions on one continent can cause skin cancer in people living in other parts of the world, the entry of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in one place accelerates climate change on the Earth as a whole. Oceanic and atmospheric transport of pollutants knows no boundaries. "Everything is connected to everything."

Man has always used the environment mainly as a source of resources, but for a very long time his activities did not have a noticeable impact on the biosphere. Only at the end of the last century, changes in the biosphere under the influence of economic activity attracted the attention of scientists. In the first half of this century, these changes increased and have now hit human civilization like an avalanche. Striving to improve his living conditions, a person constantly increases the pace of material production, without thinking about the consequences. With this approach, most of the resources taken from nature are returned to it in the form of waste, often toxic or unsuitable for disposal. This poses a threat to the existence of both the biosphere and man himself. The only way out of this situation lies in the development of new systems for the rational use of natural resources, and in human prudence.

2. Rational use of natural resources.

In connection with the problem of nature conservation, the ideas of monitoring the environment as a form of scientific observation included in the technology of rational environmental management are becoming widespread. Now this question is very relevant, because... If humanity does not understand the full importance of what is happening, it may threaten it with an environmental disaster.

A) problem of using mineral resources.

Every year, 100 billion tons of mineral resources, including fuel, are extracted from the bowels of the earth, of which 90 billion tons turn into waste. Therefore, resource conservation and reduction of environmental pollution are two sides of the same coin. For example, when producing 1 ton of copper, 110 tons of waste remains, the production of one gold wedding ring – 1.5 - 3 tons of waste, etc. If at the beginning of the 20th century the human economy used 20 chemical elements of the periodic table, now there are more than 90. Over the past 40 years, global consumption of mineral resources has increased 25 times, and production waste has increased 10-100 times.

The No. 1 metal for industry is iron. Reserves of ores with high iron content are gradually being exhausted, and humanity’s need for iron has increased tenfold over the second half of the 20th century. New technologies have emerged that make it possible to extract this metal from low-grade ores.

Another important metal- copper. If at the beginning of the century ore was used for processing in which the copper content was at least 3%, today even 0.5% of this metal is used. Copper is needed by the electrical and automotive industries, so over the course of a century, copper production has increased 22 times, and the amount of waste has increased by no less than 50 times.

Environmentalists call the US a material monster. Over the course of a lifetime, one American consumes 15 tons of iron and cast iron, 1.5 tons of aluminum, 700 kg of copper, 12 tons of clay, 13 tons of certified salt, 500 tons of building materials, including 100 m 3 of wood. In Japan, there are 50 tons of mineral raw materials per inhabitant. If all countries started consuming as many resources as the United States, then humanity would need an area equal to 3 times the area of ​​the Earth. Mineral reserves on the planet are limited and are rapidly depleting. Various types of resources may be exhausted in the next 30-50 years. Perhaps in the next 20-30 years the reserves of lead and zinc ores, tin, gold, silver, platinum, asbestos will be exhausted, and then the production of nickel, cobalt, aluminum and others will cease. The reserves of phosphorus raw materials are being depleted before our eyes. Soon enough, prices for phosphate fertilizers produced from land-based raw materials will rise sharply. And then phosphorus will have to be lifted from the depths of the sea, which gets there from rocks, through fields to which they are carried as fertilizer, then with household waste into the sea. And this “golden” phosphorus will be used in agriculture.

During the existence of the USSR, it was believed that our country was the richest in all types of natural resources. Apatite production decreased by 2 times. After the collapse of the country, the Russian Federation lost deposits of chromium and manganese, without which it is impossible to produce high-quality steel.

How can we stop or slow down this process of resource depletion? The only possibility is to simulate the biosphere cycle of substances in industry. It is necessary that useful elements contained in raw materials do not end up in landfills, but are reused many times. In this case, production and consumption waste is no longer waste, but secondary material resources. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev said: “In chemistry there is no waste, but only unused raw materials.”

Some scientists believe that it is possible to reduce the consumption of primary resources by about 10 times, which will make it possible to move to sustainable economic development based on new scientific and technical developments. Are there any positive examples in this area? Yes. The governments of Denmark, Germany, and Austria included in their environmental plan a radical reduction in the expenditure of primary resources (Austria announced a 90% reduction in the expenditure of primary resources).

b) rational use of water resources.

Drainage systems and structures are one of the types of engineering equipment and improvement of populated areas, residential, public and industrial buildings that provide the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions for work, life and recreation of the population. Drainage and treatment systems consist of a set of equipment, networks and structures designed for receiving and removing domestic industrial and atmospheric wastewater through pipelines, as well as for their purification and neutralization before discharge into a reservoir or disposal.

The objects of water disposal are buildings for various purposes, as well as newly built, existing and reconstructed cities, towns, industrial enterprises, sanitary resort complexes, etc.

Wastewater is water used for domestic, industrial or other needs and contaminated with various impurities that have changed their original chemical composition and physical properties, as well as water flowing from the territory of populated areas and industrial enterprises as a result of precipitation or street watering.

Depending on the origin of the type and composition, wastewater is divided into three main categories: domestic (from toilets, showers, kitchens, baths, laundries, canteens, hospitals; they come from residential and public buildings, as well as from domestic premises and industrial enterprises) ; industrial (water used in technological processes that no longer meet the requirements for their quality; this category of water includes water pumped to the surface of the earth during mining); atmospheric (rain and melt; together with atmospheric water, water from street irrigation, fountains and drainages is removed).

In practice, the concept of municipal wastewater is also used, which is a mixture of domestic and industrial wastewater. Domestic, industrial and atmospheric wastewater is discharged both jointly and separately. The most widely used are all-alloy and separate drainage systems. With a general alloy system, all three categories of wastewater are discharged through one common network of pipes and channels outside the urban area to treatment facilities. Separate systems consist of several networks of pipes and channels: one of them carries rain and uncontaminated industrial wastewater, and the other or several networks carries domestic and contaminated industrial wastewater.

The amount of industrial wastewater is determined depending on the productivity of the enterprise according to integrated standards for water consumption and wastewater disposal for various industries. The water consumption rate is the reasonable amount of water required for the production process, established on the basis of scientifically based calculations or best practices. The consolidated water consumption rate includes all water consumption at the enterprise. Consumption standards for industrial wastewater are used when designing newly built and reconstructing existing drainage systems of industrial enterprises. Integrated standards make it possible to assess the rationality of water use at any operating enterprise.

The efficiency of water use in industrial enterprises is assessed by such indicators as the amount of recycled water used, its utilization rate and the percentage of its losses.

V) rational use of soil resources.

Uncontrolled influence on the climate, combined with irrational agricultural practices (excessive application of fertilizers or plant protection products, improper crop rotation) can lead to a significant decrease in soil fertility and large fluctuations in crop yields. But a decrease in food production by even 1% can lead to the death of millions of people from starvation.

Under the influence of economic activity, soil salinization, the disappearance of perennial plants, and the encroachment of sand occur, and in modern times these processes have accelerated and taken on completely different proportions. Over the course of history, humans have turned at least 1 billion hectares of once productive land into desert.

Excessive concentration of animals in small areas with unstable vegetation cover, the renewal of which is difficult due to lack of moisture and poor soils, leads to overgrazing and, as a consequence, to the destruction of soils and vegetation. Since soils in arid areas are often sandy, areas of overgrazing create areas of loose sand that are blown away by the winds.

Desertification is recognized as one of the global problems of humanity, the solution of which requires the combined efforts of all countries. Therefore, in 1994, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification was adopted.

G) rational use of forest resources.

Forests once occupied most of the planet's land surface, but with the development of civilization the situation has changed dramatically, and now all forests occupy only a third of the land surface. Already the first farmers burned large areas of forests to clear the area for crops. With the development of agriculture and industry, forests began to quickly disappear. They needed arable land and pastures, wood for construction and heating. As a result, by the 20th century, natural forests were destroyed almost throughout Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, southern Russia, and several regions of America. Durable and beautiful wood from tropical trees was in particular demand. In the 20th century, most of the wood was mined in developing countries, tropical forests, the areas of which seemed huge, and the wood reserves were almost inexhaustible.

But it turned out that this was not the case. Today, tropical forests occupy only 7% of the land, that is, half as much as 100-200 years ago. And their area is decreasing at a catastrophic rate - by 1.25% annually, primarily in Indonesia, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia and African countries. In Latin America in the 1920s, up to 6 million hectares per year were destroyed. Africa has lost more than 50 million hectares of tropical forests since the early 1980s.

Reduction of forest areas and forest degradation - deforestation - have become one of the global environmental problems. Deforestation in developing countries continues to be driven, in part, by the need for fuel. Almost 70% of the population in these regions still use firewood and charcoal for cooking and heating their homes. Due to the destruction of forests, almost 3 billion people are now facing an acute shortage of wood fuel. Prices for it are rising, and almost 40% of the family budget is often spent not purchasing firewood. In turn, high demand for wood fuel fuels further deforestation.

Rational use of natural resources is necessary because Forests are “the lungs of our planet,” which means that if complete deforestation occurs, oxygen production will sharply decrease.

d) recycling as one of the most important areas of production to reduce the consumption of primary resources.

Recycling, or recycling, is the reuse or reuse of resources.

There has been significant progress in the development of recycling around the world. For example, during the period 1985-1995, the recycling of glass in the world increased from 20 to 50%, and metals - from 33 to 50%, today these figures are even higher.

In Germany, a law on packaging waste was adopted at the beginning of 1993. Manufacturers now have to be responsible for the fate of their product packaging. This has led to a sharp reduction in the number of used containers going to landfills. If the packaging is difficult to recycle, then the manufacturer has to pay for it, which, of course, is unprofitable. Germany's material recycling curve climbed sharply from 12% in 1986 to 86% in 1997. Plastic collection has increased approximately 20 times. Such laws have been adopted in Austria, France and Belgium.

The second very important law in this direction is the law on packaging processing. Many companies have begun producing computer boxes and simple materials without the use of adhesives, paints or composite materials, which makes the packaging easier to reuse.

Car and TV manufacturers are increasingly designing their products to be easily disassembled. The concept of “Industrial symbiosis” appeared. “Symbiosis” is the cohabitation of two organisms that is beneficial to each other. “Industrial symbiosis” is when the unused resources of one enterprise become raw materials for another enterprise, usually from a different area of ​​production.

For example, in the Danish city of Kalundburg, hot water from power plants is used by a nearby fish farm. The sludge from this company serves as fertilizer for farm land, and the soot from power plants is used to produce cement.

This symbiosis is not only environmentally friendly, but economically beneficial. The amount of waste, which has to be paid dearly for disposal in landfills, is sharply reduced. They reduce the consumption of primary resources in the production of building materials when crushed stone is replaced with slag and ash from thermal power plants.

Under pressure from economic levers, the role of reutilization will increase. It is planned to increase the recycling level of metals to 80%, paper and plastics to 60-70%.

e) resource-saving technologies.

Currently, a huge amount of metal goes into chips. Some machines (excavators, machine tools, cars, tractors) weigh a lot, which makes their disposal difficult. Powder metallurgy is one of the most important ways to save metal. If during metal processing, casting and rolling, 60-70% of the metal is lost into chips, then when manufacturing parts from press powders, the loss of materials does not exceed 5-7%. This not only saves raw materials, but also energy, reduces air and water pollution. You can do without chips when using precision casting, sheet metal and volumetric cold stamping.

Any production uses a large amount of water. Thus, the production of 1 ton of steel requires 150-230 m 3 of water, for the production of nylon fiber - 5000 m 3 of water, 1 ton of nickel - 4000 m 3 of water.

and) integrated use of raw materials.

Significant savings in primary resources can be ensured by the integrated use of raw materials, i.e. obtaining many useful substances from it at once.

For example, on the Kola Peninsula there is a deposit of apatite nepheline ores. They contain:

13% apatite

30-40% nepheline

limestone and other materials. The mined ore is divided into apatite and nepheline concentrates, after which phosphorus fertilizers, phosphoric acid, fluorides, phosphogypsum are obtained from apatite, and alumina and soda are obtained from nepheline and limestone.

From copper ores, in addition to copper, you can get at least 20 useful elements - sulfur, zinc, gold, silver, molybdenum, etc. We can save scarce resources by finding a replacement for them: Scarce copper can be replaced with fiberglass, iron and aluminum - with plastic.

During oil production, associated gas is lost, and it is a raw material for the chemical industry. A huge number of goods are obtained from natural and associated gas.

When refining oil, you can get an even larger range of goods:

Light gas oil OIL fuel oil

Kerosene Naphtha, naphtha

It is much more profitable to produce your own goods than to import them from abroad for foreign currency, and supply them with raw materials - oil, gas. Valuable raw materials for the chemical industry are sulfur, its compounds, sulfur dioxide, which is emitted into the atmosphere by industry, enterprises and transport. In Russia they are 20 times higher than in Japan, 3 times higher than in the USA and England.

h) increasing the efficiency of product use.

One of the most important aspects of resource saving is increasing the efficiency of using resource-intensive products and extending their service life, from agricultural equipment, cars to clothing and footwear. Repairing a product rather than replacing it with a new one is not only economically beneficial, it also creates new jobs, especially in the field of repairing household appliances, computers, and cars. Doubling the lifespan of a vehicle halves the use of resources needed to produce it. Toyota reuses shipping containers that have an original lifespan of 20 years.

Using laundry services will save the use of materials per wash by 10-80 times.

In Germany, it is allowed to arrange quarterly dumps of bulky items near the house. Things are redistributed: they are taken by those who hope to repair them. It happens that there is nothing to export. To collect clothes for homeowners, special bags are placed in their mailboxes the day before, where they are packed; what else can be worn is taken by charitable organizations.

In the USA there is a system of "Sales". Used items are sold at low prices. We have thrift stores for these purposes. You cannot display, for example, old cars that pollute the atmosphere or household appliances, the use of which is environmentally hazardous. But this is not beneficial to the manufacturer. In the United States, only 17% of such goods are reused, and in other countries it is less. So far, Russia is spending much more sulfur, iron, copper, aluminum and other scarce resources.

And) information technology as one of the ways to reduce the consumption of certain resources.

Electronics in the last decades of the 20th century created telecommunications networks. Each cell of these networks contains a monitor, a telephone, a modem, and a computer. Saves paper, materials, energy spent on printing production and delivery printed products. There is no need for long and long business trips. Using the Internet saves material resources, time and energy. Today they are already talking about an information “post-industrial civilization”. The information media themselves are changing. They become smaller in size, even miniature.

A simple 1 mm 2 silicon or germanium microboard replaces thousands of transistors and connecting elements. As a result, the specific costs of materials and labor per 1 operational element of the device or for recording one bit of information decreased by the same amount. Information technologies make it possible to reduce the energy and material intensity of corresponding products and radically change the entire industrial sphere. 11/12/04 a new mine was opened in Kemerovo with a capacity of 3 million tons of coal per year using computers and modern technologies.

3.International cooperation.

In 1992 (June 3 - 14), the UNCED World Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) at the level of heads of state and government. A huge amount of work was done, and as a result of the meeting in Rio, two international agreements were concluded, two statements of principles and a plan of basic action for global sustainable development. These five documents include:

1. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Its 27 principles define the rights and responsibilities of countries to promote development and human well-being.
2. Agenda 21 is a program for how to make development sustainable from a social, economic and environmental perspective.
3. Statement of principles concerning the management, protection and sustainable development of all types of forests vital to economic development and the conservation of all forms of life.
4. The goal of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change is to stabilize concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at levels that will not cause dangerous imbalances in the global climate system.
5. The Convention on Biological Diversity requires countries to take measures to conserve the diversity of living things and ensure equitable sharing of the benefits of biological diversity.

The conference in Rio made us think about how capable people are of solving the problem of harmonizing socio-economic development and environmental protection. The conference was attended by 178 states and more than three dozen intergovernmental international organizations. 114 delegations were led by heads of state and government. Simultaneously with this Conference, a public meeting "Global Forum" was held in Rio de Janeiro. Its participants (about half a million representatives public organizations countries of the world, to one degree or another connected with the environmental movement) during scientific discussions at seminars expressed opinions independent of the official authorities.

The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development established a set of principles for subsequent development. These principles define the rights of peoples to development and their responsibilities to preserve our common environment. They are based on the ideas of the Stockholm Declaration adopted at the UN Conference on the Human Environment in 1972.

The Rio Principles include the following key ideas:

1. People have the right to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.
2. Today's development should not be carried out to the detriment of the interests of the development of current and future generations.
3. States must develop international legislation on compensation for damage that activities carried out under their control cause outside their territories.
4. To achieve sustainable development, environmental protection must be an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.
5. Eradicating poverty and inequalities in living standards in different parts of the world is necessary to ensure sustainable growth in meeting the needs of the majority of the population.
6. States must cooperate to preserve, protect and restore the integrity of the Earth's ecosystem.
7. States must limit and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and promote appropriate demographic policies.
8. Environmental issues are resolved in the most effective manner with the participation of all concerned citizens. States shall develop and encourage public awareness and participation by providing widespread access to environmental information.
9. States are enacting effective environmental laws and developing national laws regarding liability and compensation for victims of pollution and other environmental damage.
10. In principle, whoever pollutes the environment should be held financially responsible for that pollution.
11. States notify each other of natural disasters or activities that may have harmful consequences.
12. Sustainable development requires a deeper scientific understanding of the issues. States should share knowledge and new technologies to achieve sustainability goals.
13. War inevitably has a destructive impact on the process of sustainable development. States must therefore respect international law that protects the environment during armed conflicts and must cooperate in its further development.
14. Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and inseparable.

No less important document What is the Declaration on the Environment is Agenda 21, which includes consideration of a number of different socio-economic and environmental issues. The Agenda outline consists of four main sections.

· Section one is called “Social and economic aspects”.

This section examines international cooperative relationships aimed at achieving a world economic order that will help all countries, both developed and developing, set themselves on the path to sustainable development.

Unsustainable patterns of consumption and production, especially in industrialized countries, are recognized as one of the main causes of ongoing environmental degradation around the world. Therefore, the issue of rationalizing production and changing the consumption structure is being especially carefully considered.

· Section two – “Conservation and rational use of resources.”

Dedicated to considering such global environmental issues as protecting the atmosphere, rational use of land resources, combating forest destruction, combating desertification and drought, protecting and rational use of the oceans, protection and rational use of freshwater resources.

A separate chapter also addresses the issue of improving the safety of the use of toxic chemicals, hazardous waste disposal, solid waste and wastewater management, and, of course, radioactive waste disposal.

· In the third section – “Strengthening the role of key population groups.”

It speaks of the need to increase the role of women, youth and children in achieving sustainable development, strengthening the role of indigenous people, cooperation with non-governmental organizations, local authorities, workers and trade unions, business and industry, scientific and technical communities, as well as strengthening the role of farmers.

· The fourth section is “Means of implementation”.

Covers issues of financing sustainable development, transfer of technologies from developed countries to developing ones.

It also talks about the need to channel science for sustainable development, provide education, training and awareness to the population, and build capacity for sustainable development.

The need to revise international legislation regarding sustainable environmental development is also being considered.

The Agenda addresses both the pressing issues of today and how to prepare for the challenges of the next century.

It recognizes that achieving sustainable development is primarily the responsibility of governments and will require the development of national programmes, plans and policies. The efforts of states must be coordinated through international organizations.

Agenda 21 explains that driving forces changes in the environment are population, consumption and technology. It proposes policies and programs to achieve a sustainable balance between consumption, population and the Earth's ability to support life, and describes some of the methods and technologies that need to be developed to meet people's needs while managing natural resources.

By adopting Agenda 21, industrialized countries recognized that they had a greater role to play in improving the environment. Rich countries have also promised to increase financial assistance to other countries for development. In addition to funding, such countries need assistance to build knowledge, capacity to plan and implement sustainable development solutions. This will require the transfer of information and professional skills.

As Agenda 21 states, only partnership on a global scale can bring a safer and more prosperous future for all peoples.

The largest Russian scientist, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, co-chairman of the Russian Ecological Union N.N. Moiseev believes that humanity is on the threshold of a new stage in its history, when the main task is to find a way out of a dangerous environmental situation on a global scale. It is necessary to create such conditions and organization of life of the world community that can ensure co-evolution, i.e. joint development of man and nature. The main indicators of a crisis ecological situation are the discrepancy between the needs of a growing population and the decreasing possibilities of meeting them from the resources of depleting nature (“Malthus’s problem”), decreased stability of the biosphere, deterioration of the human gene pool, the greenhouse effect, etc.

To ease the crisis situation, which could lead to a global economic catastrophe, a number of problems must be solved. The first among them, according to N.I. Moiseev, is an assessment of the scale of the real danger, the rate of its increase and the related determination of the conditions of the environmental imperative. To do this, it is necessary to develop national research programs, create national information centers, and intensify the exchange of information. Based on the obtained assessment of the scale of the global environmental threat, the following tasks should be solved:

• optimization of demographic policy (implementation of a system of family planning measures, improvement of pensions, introduction of advanced technologies in food production). Scientists at the WorldWatch Institute believe that sustainable development of society is possible with a significant reduction in the birth rate, and if humanity begins the necessary transformations today, laying the foundations for the harmonious interaction of society and nature for the next 40 years;
• revision of the value orientations of society and the formation of an ecological structure with the priority of the moral factor;
• creation of noosphere centers (ecopolises, etc.);
• development of an educational program based on the rules of economic activity and environmental standards common to the entire planet;

proclamation from the UN rostrum of the principles of planetary coexistence, mandatory for all, which can become the cornerstone in the formation of a new way of thinking for people inhabiting the Earth.

5. Conclusion.

Due to the increasing scale of anthropogenic impact (human economic activity), especially in the last century, the balance in the biosphere is being disrupted, which can lead to irreversible processes and raise the question of the possibility of life on the planet.

In this work, we examined all the main aspects about the rational use of natural resources. We also drew your attention to the recklessness of a person who excessively draws on the resources of the Earth, his home planet, without doing anything to neutralize the traces of his activities.

I am glad that in the last decade, this issue has firmly taken the first position at various international conventions. It’s good that people have begun to think at least a little about the environment, about the state of the planet, about natural resources. Because according to forecasts, if the current rate of production and consumption of proven oil reserves is maintained, it will be depleted in 30 years, gas - in 50, coal - in 200, depletion of aluminum reserves is expected in 500-600 years, iron - in 250 years, zinc - after 25, lead - after 20.

6. List of used literature.

1. G. V. Stadnitsky, A. I. Rodionov. "Ecology".

2. V.A. Volodin “Encyclopedia for children. Ecology".

3. V.A. Volodin “Encyclopedia for children. Chemistry".

4. D. Taylor, N. Green, W. Stout “Biology in 3 volumes.”

5. E.A. Kriksunov, V.V.Pasechnik “Ecology grades 10-11.”

Renewable resources, to a certain extent, are capable of natural recovery, but the long history of their exploitation has led to significant changes in the natural characteristics of the resources and, above all, in their ability to self-regenerate. Even more acute is the problem of the depletion of non-renewable resources, as well as the accumulation of huge amounts of production and consumption waste in the natural environment. All this indicates irrational use of natural resources.

In contrast to this, rational environmental management- this is a highly efficient management that does not lead to sudden changes in natural resource potential, for which humanity is not socio-economically prepared, and does not lead to profound changes in the natural environment around humans, damaging his health or threatening his very life.

The system of activities for rational environmental management is designed to ensure the economical exploitation of natural resources and conditions and the most effective mode of their reproduction, taking into account the long-term interests of the developing economy and the preservation of human health.

The main principle of rational environmental management is economic specialization and organization of the economy, the social structure of society must correspond to the natural resource endowment (potential) of the territory, the resource-reproducing and environmental restoration functions of ecosystems, and their natural abilities to withstand anthropogenic influences.

Necessary elements of rational environmental management are:

• * optimal modes of consumption of types of resources and their complex use;
• * taking into account the speed and volume of resource renewal;
• * management of simple and expanded reproduction of resources;
• * maintaining the quality of the landscape (ecosystem) used;
• * blocking and eliminating the negative consequences of the withdrawal of natural resources;
• * organization of the most economical and profitable production, taking into account the natural functioning and dynamics of ecosystems.

Ways of rational use of natural resources:

• 1. Inventory and creation of inventories of natural resources.
• 2. Greening of technological processes.

Waste-free production-This is an organization of resource cycles based on the principles of interconnection and closure, in which waste from some industries is used as raw material for others, which ensures their complete recycling. However, in the vast majority of industries, the generation of some kind of waste is inevitable. The real goal is the transition to low-waste production, characterized by the maximum possible utilization of emissions.

3. Mitigation of the negative consequences of human economic activity.

Natural resource potential territory is a set of natural resources confined to it, the joint exploitation of which is technically possible, economically feasible and environmentally acceptable. Under ecological potential the degree of comfort is understood natural conditions and the environmental situation in the assessed territory. The ecological potential of the territory reflects the conditions for the development of settlements and the formation of settlement systems.

From the standpoint of rational environmental management, natural resource potential is not absolute marginal reserve resources, but only the limit that can be used without significantly disrupting the most important properties and functions of ecosystems. Therefore, before the use of an ecosystem begins, a measure of removal of matter and energy must be determined that does not undermine its ability to self-regulate and self-heal. Otherwise, use will be spontaneous, despite its outwardly planned nature.

Rational use of the potential of landscapes is impossible without taking into account their integrity, spatial differentiation, determining their resistance to the selected type of anthropogenic impact, without analyzing possible changes in nature and developing measures to prevent negative consequences. This is most relevant for biological and recreational resources, the state of which is largely determined by the state of natural complexes as integral formations.

Currently, a scientific direction is being separated from the science of environmental management biological environmental management, which proceeds from the fact that all environmental management should be based on economic and ecological foundations and is of a distinctly ecological and ethical nature.

As a positive example of biological environmental management, we provide information about the state of hunting in the USA. The twentieth century found wildlife in the USA in a very unsightly state. In particular, animal resources were severely depleted and plundered. Nowadays there are about 14 million amateur hunters in the United States, whose direct contribution to the country’s economy exceeds $20 billion a year, and their indirect contribution is $60 billion. (In 2003, the entire state budget of Russia was about 80 billion dollars). Hunting services provide more than 700 thousand jobs, and the state receives over $3 billion in taxes. But hunting resources are not declining. If at the beginning of the last century there were about 10 thousand beavers left in North America, now there are 6-9 million, with an annual removal of 600-700 thousand individuals. The number of white-tailed deer is huge-32-33 million individuals, wapiti populations have reached unprecedented levels-1.2 million heads, the number of wild turkeys has increased from 1 to 5 million over several years. The conclusion is obvious: intensive exploitation of game animal populations, subject to norms and restrictions, with strict control and assistance from humans, does not negatively affect their numbers and reproduction.

In case of rational environmental management, the anthropogenic load should not exceed the level of ecosystem sustainability ( ecological capacity of the territory). As a rule, in the conditions of development of technogenesis, the ecological capacity of a territory is a limiting indicator.

In particular, they talk about the recreational capacity of the territory, i.e. the permissible recreational load, which is expressed in the number of people (or person-days) per unit area per unit time. It is usually measured by the number of vacationers per 1 hectare (person/ha).

How to determine this limit? It is known that under excessive loads in forest landscapes, the soil becomes significantly compacted, the ground cover is depleted and replaced, undergrowth disappears, and young trees dry out. The forest litter gradually disappears, the soil fauna is suppressed, the soils dry out and their fertility noticeably decreases. As a result, there is a progressive decline in current growth-indicator of aging of the forest ecosystem. If this process is accelerated, regeneration is suppressed and the forest may die.

It follows that the ratio of current growth to the average diameter of trees in undisturbed ecosystems characterizes their recreational capacity and stability. The maximum number of recreants (person/ha), whose influence cannot significantly reduce this value, is considered as the maximum load on a given ecosystem. As observations have shown, in dry pine forests the maximum load is 2-3 people/ha per 1 hour, in fresh pine and spruce forests-5-8 people/ha, in wet pine and spruce forests-8-15 people/ha, in conditions of fresh and wet floodplain and low-lying meadows-20-30 people/ha.

Currently, environmental management is carried out on an administrative-territorial, natural-geographical, and basin basis. At the same time, these signs are not always applicable to other sectors of the economy.

The process of rationalization of environmental management represents a transition from purely autonomous, sectoral in nature exploitation of individual types of natural resources to the integrated use of the totality of natural conditions in the region and the maximum convergence and, possibly, even merging of the boundaries of natural and economic territorial systems.

A conjugate assessment of the natural resource and environmental potentials and ecological capacity of the territory makes it possible to establish environmentally sound areas of environmental management, which largely determine the conditions for the development of the regional economy. The combination of these areas will make up the natural potential of regional development (NPRD).

Natural resource potential + Ecological potential of the territory + Ecological capacity of the territory = Natural potential of regional development

Thus, the PPRR defines a regional environmental management strategy based on an environmental-economic approach. A reflection of the spatial differentiation of the PPRR is an ecological-economic region, identified as an object of territorial environmental management, in which the exploitation of natural resources is regulated by the living conditions of the population and the ecological capacity of the corresponding territory.

Until now, the task of managing economically important biological resources has been posed as the task of maximizing stably withdrawn products. However, this approach is not consistent with the goals of biodiversity conservation. Anthropogenic transformations of natural systems, leading to a temporary increase in their productivity, are accompanied by a reduction in total biomass and a simplification of the structure of the systems themselves.

As in most regions of Russia, an exhaustive list of biological resources suitable for use has not been developed in the Altai Territory; payments for their use, reserves and permissible withdrawal limits, and the distribution of resources across the territory of the region have not been determined. A system for monitoring the state of populations of most resource species and controlling their use has not been developed.

These problems are especially acute in relation to medicinal plants. Objects of commercial procurement were almost always defined as the species name of the plant without indicating the parts being harvested; payment rates were minimal and practically did not take into account the biological characteristics of the species and the commercial cost of medicinal raw materials. All this led to the fact that the rates were close both for the procurement of rhizomes and for the procurement of leaves and grass, and payments to the budget were meager. Forest tax rates did not take into account not only the ecological significance of plants, but even their commercial value. For example, the rates of forest taxes for the commercial procurement of medicinal raw materials of oregano, St. John's wort, Ural licorice, creeping thyme, elecampane, blue cyanosis, lingonberry leaves in 2006 amounted to 1.70 rubles per kilogram!

The analysis shows that the main commercial turnover of wild plants in the Russian sector of the Altai-Sayan ecoregion is carried out through an unstructured (and uncontrolled!) market. Industrial processors and numerous intermediaries buy raw materials from the local population, for whom this type of income is often the main one, and in remote settlements of the foothills and mountainous regions of Altai, the only one.

The system of rational environmental management in relation to any natural resource includes several interrelated subsystems: monitoring the state of the plant world, preserving and restoring vegetation cover, using plant resources, control and supervision (Fig. 1). The purpose of organizing each system is the development and implementation of scientifically based organizational, legal, financial and economic mechanisms in this area.

Monitoring system is a comprehensive system of regular observations of qualitative and quantitative indicators of natural resources and the state of the natural environment in order to timely identify, analyze and predict possible changes against the background of natural processes and under the influence of anthropogenic factors, assess these changes, develop recommendations for timely prevention and elimination of the consequences of negative influences.

An important element in the system of state regulation of environmental management should be the formation of an exhaustive list of monitoring objects and controlled indicators for each object, the development of unified schemes for describing (certifying) objects, determining the performers of monitoring studies and the frequency of observations, the efficiency of collecting and processing information, the forms of its presentation and transmission. Comparability of data contained in different databases must be ensured. The created information resources should provide state authorities, local governments and other interested parties with comprehensive information about natural complexes.

Based on the research carried out, recommendations are developed: in the case of a stable state of the resource - its use within the established standards; for resources of limited and fragmented distribution - use for the needs of the local population on a licensed basis; in case of degradation or poor knowledge - restriction or complete prohibition of use and development systems of measures for protection and restoration, which includes both preventive and direct protection measures. A priority area is also the development and implementation of methods for assessing damage to biological resources and natural objects, the development of law enforcement mechanisms for collecting funds from offenders for the restoration of natural resources.

Rice. 1.

Compensation for environmental damage. Damage is divided into damage to the economy (hunting, fishing, forestry) and damage to natural objects as such. Damage to the farm is determined by the cost of products that will not be received after the project is implemented or as a result of an accident. Damage to biota and loss of biosphere functions can be assessed through direct monetary valuation of animal or plant populations, loss of their habitats, etc.

Recently, the focus of attention of scientists and practitioners has been on issues of assessment, determining the real economic value of biological resources and the introduction of economic and financial mechanisms for regulating environmental management. Nowadays, a common case is the undervaluation of a natural good or even its zero valuation, which leads, in particular, to a decrease in biodiversity. When determining the value of biological resources, the most promising approach is the concept of total economic value (cost): an attempt to take into account in the total assessment both the cost of using living natural resources, including ecosystem services, and the cost of “non-use”, conservation of biodiversity.

Current methods only take into account the harm caused to nature at the time of exposure. It does not extend for the period of self-healing of ecosystems, the return of populations of organisms to their original state.

An economic assessment should take into account not only the commercial (market) value of natural resources, but also the value of ecosystem functions (climate-regulating, environment-forming, bioresource), social and cultural significance, as well as the cost of measures to restore the withdrawn (used) resource.

In order to stimulate economic motivation among the population, it is promising to develop mechanisms to compensate for lost profits when limiting the economic activities of the population and business entities.

For biological resources, direct protection of natural populations of non-commercial species must be combined with the protection of commercial species during rational use. If after the measures taken the state of the species population does not cause concern, the resource can be used in the future, but with strict control and regular monitoring.

IN resource utilization system Important tasks are the development of a system for accounting and economic assessment of natural resources, systems for regulating environmental management and the objectification of forecast estimates of reserves of raw materials plants and the number of animals.

Such administrative and control management tools as limits on the procurement of wild plants, standards for attendance at protected areas, licensing, etc. can have a positive effect.

An economic assessment should take into account not only the commercial (market) value, but also the value of ecosystem functions (climate-regulating, environment-forming, bioresource), social and cultural significance, as well as the cost of measures to restore the withdrawn (used) resource.

Control and supervision system. In Russia, in accordance with the legislation, state, industrial and public control in the field of environmental protection is carried out. The functions of state control are of particular importance, since natural resources are a national property, which is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and conflicts of interests of various economic entities and segments of society constantly arise.

An objective necessity is to increase the staff of state inspectors in the field of environmental protection to an environmentally optimal and economically feasible number.

Public environmental control can play a special role, the results of which are subject to mandatory consideration by state authorities and local governments.

According to current Russian legislation, an enterprise is obliged to ensure rational use of natural resources, environmental protection, as well as its own protection from the negative effects of a polluted environment, which may manifest itself in the form of the impact of hazardous factors on the health of enterprise personnel, on the condition of production facilities, and on the course of technological processes. Failure to comply with these obligations shall entail serious legal and economic consequences for the offending enterprise.

The conditions of existence on the market are currently determined by the environmental component of production. The competitiveness of industrial goods and consumer goods in the national and world markets is directly related to the environmental parameters of production technologies, manufactured goods, as well as environmental protection costs, which directly affect the level of total production costs.

To summarize, we can indicate some measures to minimize the negative impact of human economic activities on biological diversity:

• * maximum use of developed lands (intensively used agricultural, forestry, industrial, etc.);
• * identification of areas with severely degraded vegetation in need of restoration;
• * ecological restoration (reclamation) of disturbed lands;
• * preventing the mass spread of pests and diseases of flora during production processes; introduction into culture of economically valuable species of flora and fauna;
• * development of new methods and technologies in the field of protection, reproduction and rational use of natural resources;
• * stimulating the introduction of resource- and energy-saving technologies, increasing the share of use of secondary resources, increasing the degree of waste recycling;
• * promoting the development and implementation of effective environmental management systems at enterprises, including in accordance with international standards of the ISO 14000 series.

Environmental management is a set of measures taken by society to study, develop, transform and protect the environment.

Rational environmental management is a system of environmental management in which:

— extracted natural resources are used quite fully and the amount of consumed resources is correspondingly reduced;

— restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured;

— production waste is fully and repeatedly used.

The system of rational environmental management can significantly reduce environmental pollution.

Rational use of natural resources is characteristic of intensive farming.

Examples: the creation of cultural landscapes, nature reserves and national parks (the most such areas are in the USA, Australia, Russia), the use of technologies for the integrated use of raw materials, processing and use of waste (most developed in European countries and Japan), as well as the construction of wastewater treatment plants, application of closed water supply technologies for industrial enterprises, development of new, economically clean types of fuel.

Irrational environmental management is a system of environmental management in which:

- the most easily accessible natural resources are used in large quantities and usually not fully, which leads to their rapid depletion;

— a large amount of waste is produced;

- The environment is heavily polluted.

Irrational use of natural resources is typical for extensive farming.

Examples: the use of slash-and-burn agriculture and overgrazing of livestock (in the most backward countries of Africa), deforestation of equatorial forests, the so-called “lungs of the planet” (in Latin American countries), uncontrolled waste discharge into rivers and lakes (in countries of Foreign Europe, Russia) , as well as thermal pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, extermination of certain species of animals and plants, and much more.

Rational environmental management is a type of relationship between human society and the environment in which society manages its relationship with nature and prevents the undesirable consequences of its activities.

An example is the creation of cultural landscapes; the use of technologies that allow for more complete processing of raw materials; reuse of industrial waste, protection of animal and plant species, creation of nature reserves, etc.

Irrational environmental management is a type of relationship with nature that does not take into account the requirements of environmental protection and its improvement (consumer attitude towards nature).

Examples of such an attitude are excessive grazing of livestock, slash-and-burn agriculture, extermination of certain species of plants and animals, radioactive and thermal pollution of the environment. Also harming the environment is caused by rafting of timber along rivers with individual logs (moth rafting), draining swamps in the upper reaches of rivers, open-pit mining, etc. Natural gas as a raw material for thermal power plants is a more environmentally friendly fuel than coal or brown coal.

Currently, most countries are pursuing a policy of rational environmental management, special environmental protection bodies have been created, and environmental programs and laws are being developed.

It is important for countries to work together to protect nature and to create international projects that would address the following issues:

1) assessing the productivity of stocks in waters under national jurisdiction, both inland and marine, bringing fishing capacity in these waters to a level comparable to the long-term productivity of the stocks, and taking timely appropriate measures to restore overfished stocks to a sustainable state, as well as cooperation in in accordance with international law to take similar measures with respect to stocks found on the high seas;

2) the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and its components in the aquatic environment and, in particular, the prevention of practices leading to irreversible changes, such as the destruction of species by genetic erosion or large-scale destruction of habitats;

3) promoting the development of mariculture and aquaculture in coastal marine and inland waters by establishing appropriate legal mechanisms, coordinating the use of land and water with other activities, using the best and most suitable genetic material in accordance with the requirements for the conservation and sustainable use of the external environment and the conservation of biological diversity, application of social and environmental impact assessments.

Environmental pollution and environmental problems of humanity.

Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties, which leads or may lead to harmful effects on humans or natural systems. The most well-known type of pollution is chemical (the release of harmful substances and compounds into the environment), but such types of pollution as radioactive, thermal (uncontrolled release of heat into the environment can lead to global changes in the natural climate), and noise pose no less potential threat.

Environmental pollution is mainly associated with human economic activity (anthropogenic environmental pollution), but pollution may occur as a result of natural phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, meteorite falls, etc.

All shells of the Earth are subject to pollution.

The lithosphere (as well as the soil cover) becomes polluted as a result of the influx of heavy metal compounds, fertilizers, and pesticides into it. Up to 12 billion tons of waste from big cities alone are removed annually.

Rational environmental management: fundamentals and principles

Mining leads to the destruction of natural soil cover over vast areas. The hydrosphere is polluted by wastewater from industrial enterprises (especially chemical and metallurgical enterprises), runoff from fields and livestock farms, and domestic wastewater from cities. Oil pollution is especially dangerous - up to 15 million tons of oil and petroleum products enter the waters of the World Ocean every year.

The atmosphere is polluted mainly as a result of the annual burning of huge amounts of mineral fuel and emissions from the metallurgical and chemical industries.

The main pollutants are carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and radioactive compounds.

As a result of growing environmental pollution, many environmental problems arise both at the local and regional levels (in large industrial areas and urban agglomerations) and at the global level (global warming, reduction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, depletion of natural resources).

The main ways to solve environmental problems can be not only the construction of various treatment plants and devices, but also the introduction of new low-waste technologies, repurposing production, moving them to a new location in order to reduce the “concentration” of pressure on nature.

Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are objects of national heritage and are areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.

According to estimates from leading international organizations, there are about 10 thousand in the world.

large protected natural areas of all types. The total number of national parks was close to 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and status of the environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished: state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves; National parks; natural parks; state nature reserves; natural monuments; dendrological parks and botanical gardens; medical and recreational areas and resorts.

Unsustainable environmental management: concept and consequences. Optimizing the use of resources in the production process. Protecting nature from the negative consequences of human activity. The need to create specially protected natural areas.

State budgetary educational institution

Secondary vocational education

Samara Social Pedagogical College

Essay

“Ecological consequences of irrational environmental management”

Samara, 2014

Introduction

II. Description of the problem

III. Ways to solve the problem

IV. Conclusion

V. References

VI. Applications

I. Introduction

Nowadays, walking down the street or while on vacation, you can pay attention to the polluted atmosphere, water and soil. Although we can say that Russia’s natural resources will last for centuries, what we see makes us think about the consequences of irrational environmental management.

After all, if everything continues like this, then in a hundred years these numerous reserves will be catastrophically small.

After all, irrational environmental management leads to the depletion (and even disappearance) of natural resources.

There are facts that really make you think about this problem:

b It is estimated that one person “harasss” about 200 trees in his life: for housing, furniture, toys, notebooks, matches, etc.

In the form of matches alone, the inhabitants of our planet burn 1.5 million cubic meters of wood annually.

ь On average, every Moscow resident produces 300-320 kg of garbage per year, in Western European countries - 150-300 kg, in the USA - 500-600 kg. Each city dweller in the United States throws away 80 kg of paper, 250 metal cans, and 390 bottles per year.

Thus, it is time to really think about the consequences of human activity and draw conclusions for every person living on this planet.

If we continue to irrationally manage natural resources, then soon the sources of natural resources will simply be depleted, which will lead to the death of civilization and the whole world.

Description of the problem

Unsustainable environmental management is a system of environmental management in which readily available natural resources are used in large quantities and incompletely, which leads to rapid depletion of resources.

In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted.

This type of environmental management leads to environmental crises and environmental disasters.

An ecological crisis is a critical state of the environment that threatens human existence.

Ecological disaster - changes in the natural environment, often caused by the impact of human economic activity, a man-made accident or natural disaster, leading to unfavorable changes in the natural environment and accompanied by massive loss of life or damage to the health of the population of the region, death of living organisms, vegetation, large losses of material values ​​and natural resources.

Consequences of irrational environmental management:

— destruction of forests (see photo 1);

— the process of desertification due to excessive grazing (see photo 2);

- extermination of certain species of plants and animals;

— pollution of water, soil, atmosphere, etc.

(see photo 3)

Damages associated with irrational environmental management.

Calculable damages:

a) economic:

losses due to decreased productivity of biogeocenoses;

losses due to decreased labor productivity caused by increased morbidity;

losses of raw materials, fuel and materials due to emissions;

costs due to a reduction in the service life of buildings and structures;

b) socio-economic:

health care costs;

losses due to migration caused by deteriorating environmental quality;

Additional holiday costs:

Imputed:

a) social:

increase in mortality, pathological changes in the human body;

psychological damage due to population dissatisfaction with the quality of the environment;

b) environmental:

irreversible destruction of unique ecosystems;

species extinction;

genetic damage.

Ways to solve the problem

irrational environmental management protection

b Optimization of the use of natural resources in the process of social production.

The concept of optimizing the use of natural resources should be based on the rational choice by business entities of resources for production, based on limit values, taking into account ensuring environmental balance. Solving environmental problems should become the prerogative of the state, creating a legal and regulatory framework for environmental management.

b Protection of nature from the negative consequences of human activity.

Establishment in legislation of legal environmental requirements for the behavior of natural resource users.

ь Environmental safety of the population.

Environmental safety is understood as the process of ensuring the protection of the vital interests of the individual, society, nature and the state from real and potential threats created by anthropogenic or natural impacts on the environment.

ь Creation of specially protected natural areas.

Specially protected natural areas are areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities.

Conclusion

Having studied Internet resources, we can conclude that the main thing is to understand the rational use of natural resources. Soon, not ideological, but environmental problems will be in the foreground throughout the world; not relations between nations, but relations between nations and nature will dominate. There is an urgent need for a person to change his attitude towards the environment and his ideas about safety.

Global military spending is about one trillion a year. At the same time, there are no means to monitor global climate change, survey the ecosystems of disappearing tropical rainforests and expanding deserts. Natural way survival - maximizing the strategy of frugality in relation to the outside world.

All members of the world community must participate in this process. The ecological revolution will win when people are able to reassess values, look at themselves as not an integral part of nature, on which their future and the future of their descendants depends. For thousands of years, man lived, worked, developed, but he did not suspect that perhaps the day would come when it would become difficult, and perhaps impossible, to breathe clean air, drink clean water, grow anything on the ground, since the air is polluted, the water is poisoned, the soil is contaminated with radiation, etc.

chemicals. The owners of large factories and the oil and gas industry think only about themselves, about their wallets. They neglect safety rules and ignore the requirements of the environmental police.

Bibliography

I. https://ru.wikipedia.org/

II. Oleinik A.P. “Geography. A large reference book for schoolchildren and those entering universities,” 2014.

III. Potravny I.M., Lukyanchikov N.N.

"Economics and organization of environmental management", 2012.

IV. Skuratov N.S., Gurina I.V. “Nature management: 100 exam answers”, 2010.

V. E. Polievktova “Who is who in environmental economics”, 2009.

VI. Applications

Rational use of natural resources and environmental protection

Consequences of human activity.

Rational environmental management as an opportunity to manage natural ecosystems. Directions for nature conservation in the process of its use. Taking into account the relationships in ecosystems when using natural resources.

presentation, added 09/21/2013

Protection of natural areas

Review of legislation, specially protected natural areas, characteristics and classification. Lands of specially protected natural areas and their legal status.

State nature reserves. Violation of the regime of specially protected natural areas.

abstract, added 10/25/2010

Development of a system of specially protected natural areas

Nature conservation and specially protected natural areas: concept, goals, objectives and functions. History of the creation of a network of specially protected areas in the Republic of Belarus and in the Bobruisk region.

Natural monuments and reserves of local importance.

course work, added 01/28/2016

Environmental ethics and environmental management in people's lives

Justification of ecological and ethical approaches in environmental management.

Rational environmental management: principles and examples

Protection of biological resources through their reasonable exploitation. Functioning of systems of specially protected natural areas. Environmental restrictions in certain economic sectors.

test, added 03/09/2011

Concept, types and purposes of formation of specially protected natural areas

Concept, types and purposes of formation of specially protected natural areas.

Questions about nature reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and other specially protected areas. Questions about endangered animal and plant species. Their security.

abstract, added 06/02/2008

Differences between rational and irrational environmental management

The influence of constant human use of natural resources on the environment.

The essence and goals of rational environmental management. Signs of irrational environmental management. Comparison of rational and irrational environmental management, illustrated with examples.

test, added 01/28/2015

Legal regime of specially protected natural areas and objects

Characteristics of the legislative framework on environmental issues. Legal regime of specially protected natural territories and objects: nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, parks, arboretums, botanical gardens.

course work, added 05/25/2009

Specially protected natural areas as a factor in regional development

Characteristics of specially protected natural areas of Russia.

Features of the functioning of specially protected natural areas in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Global and domestic trends influencing tourism planning in protected areas.

thesis, added 11/23/2010

Methodological approaches to justify the creation of specially protected natural areas

Justification of directions for improving the methodological tools for assessing specially protected natural areas based on consideration of their main environmental functions.

Differentiation coefficients for the standard average value of reserve lands.

article, added 09/22/2015

Current state of specially protected natural areas of the city of Stavropol

The concept of specially protected natural areas.

Natural conditions of Stavropol. Specially protected natural areas of Stavropol. Relief, climate, soils, water resources of the Stavropol region. Hydrological natural monuments of Stavropol, botanical gardens.

certification work, added 11/09/2008

The concept of environmental management

Rational environmental management- a type of relationship between a person and the environment in which people are able to intelligently develop natural resources and prevent the negative consequences of their activities. An example of rational environmental management is the creation of cultural landscapes and the use of low-waste and non-waste technologies. Rational environmental management includes the introduction of biological methods of controlling agricultural pests.

Rational environmental management can also be considered the creation of environmentally friendly fuels, improvement of technologies for the extraction and transportation of natural raw materials, etc.

In Belarus, the implementation of rational environmental management is controlled at the state level. To this end, a number of environmental laws have been adopted.

Rational use of natural resources

Among them are the laws “On the protection and use of wildlife”, “On waste management”, “On the protection atmospheric air».

Creation of low-waste and non-waste technologies

Low-waste technologies- production processes that ensure the fullest possible use of processed raw materials and generated waste.

At the same time, substances are returned to the environment in relatively harmless quantities.

Part of the global problem of solid waste disposal is the problem of recycling recycled polymer raw materials (especially plastic bottles).

In Belarus, about 20-30 million of them are thrown away every month. Today, domestic scientists have developed and are using their own technology that makes it possible to process plastic bottles into fibrous materials. They serve as filters for purifying contaminated wastewater from fuels and lubricants, and are also widely used at gas stations.

Filters made from recycled materials are not inferior in their physical and chemical properties to their analogues made from primary polymers. In addition, their cost is several times lower. In addition, machine sink brushes, packaging tape, tiles, paving slabs, etc. are made from the resulting fiber.

The development and implementation of low-waste technologies is dictated by the interests of environmental protection and is a step towards the development of waste-free technologies.

Waste-free technologies imply a complete transition of production to a closed resource cycle without any impact on the environment.

Since 2012, the largest biogas plant in Belarus has been launched at the Rassvet agricultural production complex (Mogilev region). It allows you to process organic waste (manure, bird droppings, household waste, etc.). After processing, gaseous fuel - biogas - is obtained.

Thanks to biogas, the farm can completely avoid heating greenhouses with expensive natural gas in winter. In addition to biogas, environmentally friendly organic fertilizers are also obtained from production waste. These fertilizers are free of pathogenic microflora, weed seeds, nitrites and nitrates.

Another example of waste-free technology is the production of cheeses at most dairy enterprises in Belarus.

In this case, the fat-free and protein-free whey obtained from cheese production is completely used as raw material for the baking industry.

The introduction of low-waste and non-waste technologies also implies a transition to the next step in rational environmental management. This is the use of non-traditional, environmentally friendly and inexhaustible natural resources.

For the economy of our republic, the use of wind as an alternative energy source is especially important.

A wind power plant with a capacity of 1.5 MW is successfully operating in the Novogrudok district of the Grodno region. This power is quite enough to provide electricity to the city of Novogrudok, where more than 30 thousand residents live. In the near future, more than 10 wind farms with a capacity of more than 400 MW will appear in the republic.

For more than five years, the Berestye greenhouse plant (Brest) in Belarus has been operating a geothermal station, which does not emit carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides and soot into the atmosphere during operation.

At the same time, this type of energy reduces the country’s dependence on imported energy resources. Belarusian scientists have calculated that by extracting warm water from the depths of the earth, natural gas savings amount to about 1 million m3 per year.

Ways to green agriculture and transport

The principles of rational environmental management, in addition to industry, are also implemented in other areas of human economic activity. In agriculture, it is extremely important to introduce biological methods of controlling plant pests instead of chemicals - pesticides.

Trichogramma is used in Belarus to combat the codling moth and cabbage cutworm. Beautiful ground beetles, feeding on the caterpillars of moths and silkworms, are protectors of the forest.

The development of environmentally friendly fuels for transport is no less important than the creation of new automotive technologies. Today there are many examples where alcohol and hydrogen are used as fuel in vehicles.

Unfortunately, these types of fuel have not yet received mass distribution due to the low economic efficiency of their use. At the same time, so-called hybrid cars have become increasingly used.

Along with an internal combustion engine, they also have an electric motor, which is intended for movement within cities.

Currently, there are three enterprises in Belarus producing biodiesel fuel for internal combustion engines. These are OJSC "Grodno Azot" (Grodno), OJSC "Mogilevkhimvolokno" (Mogilev), OJSC "Belshina" (Grodno).

Bobruisk). These enterprises produce about 800 thousand tons of biodiesel fuel per year, most of which is exported. Belarusian biodiesel fuel is a mixture of petroleum diesel fuel and a biocomponent based on rapeseed oil and methanol in a ratio of 95% and 5%, respectively.

This fuel reduces carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere compared to conventional diesel fuel. Scientists have found that the production of biodiesel fuel allowed our country to reduce the purchase of oil by 300 thousand.

Solar panels are also known to be used as a source of energy for transportation. In July 2015, a Swiss manned aircraft equipped with solar panels flew for the first time in the world for more than 115 hours. At the same time, it reached an altitude of about 8.5 km, using exclusively solar energy during the flight.

Preservation of the gene pool

The species of living organisms on the planet are unique.

They store information about all stages of the evolution of the biosphere, which is of practical and great educational importance. There are no useless or harmful species in nature; they are all necessary for the sustainable development of the biosphere. Any species that disappears will never appear on Earth again. Therefore, in conditions of increased anthropogenic impact on the environment, it is extremely important to preserve the gene pool of existing species on the planet.

In the Republic of Belarus, the following system of measures has been developed for this purpose:

• creation of environmental areas - nature reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, etc.
• development of a system for monitoring the state of the environment - environmental monitoring;
• development and adoption of environmental laws providing for various forms of liability for negative impacts on the environment. Responsibility concerns pollution of the biosphere, violation of the regime of protected areas, poaching, inhumane treatment of animals, etc.;
• breeding rare and endangered plants and animals.

  Relocating them to protected areas or new favorable habitats;

• creation of a genetic data bank (plant seeds, reproductive and somatic cells of animals, plants, fungal spores capable of reproducing in the future). This is relevant for the conservation of valuable plant varieties and animal breeds or endangered species;
• carrying out regular work on environmental education and upbringing of the entire population, and especially the younger generation.

Rational environmental management is a type of relationship between a person and the environment, in which a person is able to intelligently develop natural resources and prevent the negative consequences of his activities.

An example of rational environmental management is the use of low-waste and non-waste technologies in industry, as well as the greening of all spheres of human economic activity.

Irrational environmental management

Examples of environmental degradation as a result of unsustainable environmental management include deforestation and depletion of land resources. The process of deforestation is expressed in a reduction in the area under natural vegetation and, above all, forest.

According to some estimates, during the period of the emergence of agriculture and cattle breeding, 62 million square meters were covered with forests. km of land, and taking into account shrubs and copses - 75 million.

sq. km, or 56% of its entire surface. As a result of deforestation, which has been going on for 10 thousand years, their area has decreased to 40 million square meters. km, and the average forest cover is up to 30%.

However, when comparing these indicators, one must keep in mind that virgin forests untouched by man today occupy only 15 million hectares.

sq. km - in Russia, Canada, Brazil. In most other areas, all or almost all primary forests have been replaced by secondary forests. Only in 1850 - 1980. Forest areas on Earth have decreased by 15%. IN overseas Europe until the 7th century forests occupied 70-80% of the entire territory, and currently - 30-35%. On the Russian Plain at the beginning of the 18th century.

forest cover was 55%, now it is only 30%. Large-scale destruction of forests also occurred in the USA, Canada, India, China, Brazil, and the Sahel zone in Africa.

Currently, forest destruction continues at a rapid pace: more than 20 thousand are destroyed annually.

sq. km. Forest areas are disappearing as the cultivation of land and pastures expands, and timber harvesting increases. Particularly threatening destruction occurred in the tropical forest zone, where, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in the mid-80s. 11 million hectares of forests were destroyed annually, and in the early 90s. - approximately 17 million

ha, especially in countries such as Brazil, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand. As a result, over the past decades, the area of ​​tropical forests has decreased by 20 - 30%. If the situation does not change, then in half a century their final death is possible. Moreover, tropical forests are being cut down at a rate that is 15 times faster than their natural regeneration. These forests are called the “lungs of the planet” because they supply oxygen to the atmosphere. They contain more than half of all species of flora and fauna on Earth.

Land degradation due to the expansion of agriculture and livestock production has occurred throughout human history.

According to scientists, as a result of irrational land use, during the Neolithic revolution, humanity has already lost 2 billion hectares of once productive land, which is significantly more than the entire modern area of ​​arable land. And in the present, as a result of soil degradation processes, about 7 million hectares of fertile land are removed from global agricultural production annually, losing their fertility and turning into wasteland. Soil losses can be assessed not only by area, but also by weight.

American scientists have calculated that the arable lands of our planet alone annually lose 24 billion tons of fertile bud layer, which is equivalent to the destruction of the entire wheat belt in the south-east of Australia. In addition, more than 1/2 of all these losses occurred in the late 80s. accounted for four countries: India (6 billion tons), China (3.3 billion tons), USA (3 billion tons).

t), and the USSR (3 billion tons).

The worst effects on soil are water and wind erosion, as well as chemical erosion (contamination with heavy metals, chemical compounds) and physical (destruction of soil cover during mining, construction and other work) degradation.

The causes of degradation primarily include overgrazing (overgrazing), which is most typical for many developing countries. The depletion and extinction of forests and agricultural activities (salinization in irrigated agriculture) also play an important role here.

The process of soil degradation is particularly intense in arid areas, which occupy about 6 million hectares.

sq. km, and is most characteristic of Asia and Africa. The main desertification areas are also located within the drylands, where overgrazing, deforestation and unsustainable irrigated agriculture have reached their maximum levels. According to existing estimates, the total area of ​​desertification in the world is 4.7 million square meters. km. Including the territory where anthropogenic desertification occurred is estimated at 900 thousand square meters. km. Every year it grows by 60 thousand km.

In all major regions of the world, grassland is the most susceptible to desertification. In Africa, Asia, North and South America, Australia and Europe, desertification affects about 80% of all pastures located in dry areas. In second place are rain-fed cultivated lands in Asia, Africa and Europe.

Waste problem

Another reason for the degradation of the global ecological system is its pollution by waste from industrial and non-productive human activities.

The amount of this waste is very large and has recently reached proportions that threaten the existence of human civilizations. Waste is divided into solid, liquid and gaseous.

Currently, there is no single estimate of the amount of solid waste generated by human economic activity. Not so long ago, for the whole world they were estimated at 40 - 50 billion tons per year with a forecast of an increase to 100 billion tons or more by 2000. According to modern calculations, by 2025.

the volume of such waste may increase another 4-5 times. It should also be taken into account that now only 5-10% of all extracted and received raw materials are converted into final products and 90-95% of them are converted into direct income during the processing process.

An illustrative example of a country with ill-conceived technology is Russia.

Thus, in the USSR about 15 billion tons of solid waste were generated annually, and now in Russia - 7 billion tons. The total amount of solid production and consumption waste located in dumps, landfills, storage facilities and landfills today reaches 80 billion tons.

The structure of solid waste is dominated by industrial and mining waste.

In general and per capita, they are especially large in Russia, the USA and Japan. In terms of per capita indicator of solid household waste, the leadership belongs to the United States, where each resident produces 500 - 600 kg of garbage per year. Despite the ever-increasing recycling of solid waste in the world, in many countries it is either at an early stage or is completely absent, which leads to contamination of the Earth's soil cover.

Liquid waste primarily pollutes the hydrosphere, with the main pollutants here being wastewater and oil.

The total volume of wastewater in the early 90s. reached 1800 km3. to dilute contaminated wastewater to an acceptable level for use (process water) per unit volume, an average of 10 to 100 and even 200 units is required. clean water. Thus, the use of water resources for dilution and purification of wastewater has become the largest expenditure item.

This applies primarily to Asia, North America and Europe, which account for about 90% of the world's wastewater discharges. This also applies to Russia, where out of 70 km3 of wastewater discharged annually (in the USSR this figure was 160 km3), 40% is untreated or insufficiently treated.

Oil pollution primarily negatively affects the state of the sea and air environment, since the oil film limits gas, heat and moisture exchange between them.

According to some estimates, about 3.5 million tons of oil and petroleum products enter the World Ocean every year.

As a result, the degradation of the aquatic environment today has become global. Approximately 1.3 billion

People use only contaminated water at home, which causes many epidemic diseases. Due to the pollution of rivers and seas, fishing opportunities are reduced.

Of great concern is atmospheric pollution with dust and gaseous waste, emissions of which are directly related to the combustion of mineral fuels and biomass, as well as mining, construction and other earthworks.

The main pollutants are usually considered particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. Every year, about 60 million tons of particulate matter are emitted into the Earth's atmosphere, which contribute to the formation of smog and reduce the transparency of the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide (100 million tons) and nitrogen oxides (about 70 million tons) are the main sources of acid rain.

Carbon monoxide emissions (175 million tons) have a great impact on the composition of the atmosphere. Almost 2/3 of all global emissions of these four pollutants come from economically developed Western countries (the US share is 120 million tons). In Russia in the late 80s. Their emissions from stationary sources and road transport amounted to about 60 million.

t (in the USSR -95 million tons).

An even larger and more dangerous aspect of the environmental crisis is associated with the impact of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide and methane, on the lower layers of the atmosphere.

Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere mainly as a result of the combustion of mineral fuels (2/3 of all receipts). The sources of metal entering the atmosphere are the combustion of biomass, some types of agricultural production, and leaks from oil and gas wells.

According to some estimates, only in 1950 - 1990. Global carbon emissions quadrupled to 6 billion.

t, or 22 billion tons of carbon dioxide. The main responsibility for these emissions lies with the economically developed countries of the Northern Hemisphere, which account for the majority of such emissions (USA - 25%, EU member countries - 14%, CIS countries - 13%, Japan -5%).

The degradation of the ecological system is also associated with the release into nature of chemical substances created during the production process. According to some estimates, about 100 thousand chemicals are involved in environmental poisoning these days.

The main dose of pollution falls on 1.5 thousand of them. These are chemicals, pesticides, feed additives, cosmetics, medications and other drugs.

They can be solid, liquid and gaseous and pollute the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

Recently, chlorofluorocarbon compounds (freons) have caused particular concern. This group of gases is widely used as refrigerants in refrigerators and air conditioners, in the form of solvents, sprays, sterilants, detergents, etc.

The greenhouse effect of chlorofluorocarbons has been known for a long time, but their production continued to grow rapidly, reaching 1.5 million tons. It was estimated that over the past 20 - 25 years, due to increasing emissions of freons, the protective layer of the atmosphere has decreased by 2 - 5%.

According to calculations, a decrease in the ozone layer by 1% leads to an increase in ultraviolet radiation by 2%. In the Northern Hemisphere, the ozone content in the atmosphere has already decreased by 3%. The Northern Hemisphere's particular exposure to freons can be explained by the following: 31% of freons are produced in the USA, 30% in Western Europe, 12% in Japan, 10% in the CIS.

Finally, in some areas of the Earth, “ ozone holes“—great destruction of the ozone layer (especially over Antarctica and the Arctic).

At the same time, it must be borne in mind that CFC emissions are apparently not the only reason for the destruction of the ozone layer.

One of the main consequences of the environmental crisis on the planet is the impoverishment of its gene pool, a decrease in biological diversity on Earth, which is estimated at 10-20 million species, including in the territory of the former USSR - 10-12% of the total. The damage in this area is already quite noticeable. This occurs due to the destruction of plant and animal habitats, overexploitation of agricultural resources, and environmental pollution.

According to American scientists, over the past 200 years, about 900 thousand species of plants and animals have disappeared on Earth. In the second half of the twentieth century. the process of gene pool reduction has accelerated sharply.

Scientists believe that if existing trends continue in 1980 - 2000. the extinction of 1/5 of all species inhabiting our planet is possible.

All these facts indicate the degradation of the global ecological system and the growing global environmental crisis.

Their social consequences are already manifested in food shortages, increased morbidity, and increased environmental migration.

The most important property of any production is its resource intensity, i.e. the amount of resources consumed to produce a unit of output.
Resources are understood as means, reserves, opportunities and sources necessary for production, satisfying the material and spiritual needs of society with modern technologies and social economic relations. Production resources are divided into material, labor and economic (financial). Material resources are divided into biological (organic) and mineral. Biological resources consist of flora and fauna and are unevenly distributed. They are used to provide the population with food and, partly, for production.
Based on their ability to recover, natural resources are divided into renewable and non-renewable. Renewable resources (plant and animal world, water, etc.) are within the biosphere circulation of substances. They are capable of self-regeneration through reproduction or through natural repair cycles. Animals and plants do not renew themselves in the event of extinction of a species. Non-renewable resources (coal, oil, ore, etc.) are not restored in the process of circulation of substances in a time commensurate with the pace of economic activity. Non-renewable resources should be used sparingly and rationally.
Important characteristics of natural resources are the possibility of their replacement and depletion. Fungible resources may be replaced by others now or in the near future. For example, fuel can be replaced by solar energy, thermal water energy, wind energy, etc. Irreplaceable natural resources cannot be replaced by others, either now or in the future. Resource depletion occurs under the influence of human production and economic activity. Depletion leads either to the complete and irreversible destruction of the resource, or to environmental disaster. When the first signs of depletion of natural resources appear, it is necessary to change the activities of the enterprise. Exhaustible resources include scarce natural resources that may disappear in the near future.
Resource conservation management (rational environmental management) is part of the overall management system of an enterprise, railway and industry as a whole and includes a set of environmental measures aimed at improving the environmental characteristics of rolling stock and railway enterprises. These measures are divided into the following groups: organizational and legal, architectural and planning, design and technical and operational.
Organizational and legal measures are aimed at implementing environmental legislation in railway transport, developing environmental requirements, standards, norms and regulations for machinery, equipment, fuel and lubricants, etc.
Architectural and planning activities include the development of solutions for rational land use, planning and development of territories, organization of sanitary protection zones, preservation of natural landscapes, landscaping and landscaping.
Design and technical measures make it possible to introduce technical innovations in the design of rolling stock, sanitary, technical and technological means of environmental protection at enterprises and transport facilities.
Operational measures are carried out during the operation of vehicles and are aimed at maintaining their technical condition at the level of specified environmental standards.
The listed groups of activities are implemented independently of each other and allow achieving certain results. But their combined use will provide maximum effect.
Rational use of natural resources is achieved:
at the production stage - through the use modern technology and organization of Production, selection of rational methods for obtaining workpieces, progressive methods of mechanical, electromechanical and electrochemical processing, hardening of parts, use of durable anti-corrosion coatings, use of flexible automated production, improvement of equipment design, creation rational system maintenance and repair of technical equipment of enterprises and rolling stock, expansion of the range and volume of restoration of equipment parts and rolling stock, saving fuel and energy resources, recycling and use of production waste;
at the repair stage - by choosing methods for repairing products, reducing the proportion of parts damaged during disassembly, increasing the proportion of restoration of worn parts, using selective assembly, as well as local closed systems for the use of oils, lubricants, water, etc.;
at the stage of cargo transportation -
ensuring environmental safety in areas and on routes during the operation of rolling stock;
compliance with the basic parameters of its characteristics, such as reliability, permissible levels of noise and vibration, levels of sound and light signals;
improving the process of collecting and processing information on the functioning of transport systems, introducing automated systems for monitoring the technical condition of mobile sources of environmental pollution and the environmental situation in areas and on railway routes;
control over compliance with technology at loading and unloading points for petroleum products, during the transportation of flammable liquids and materials, compressed and liquefied gases, petroleum products, oxidizing substances and organic impurities, bulk cargo;
compliance with train safety requirements, taking into account the implementation of measures to ensure complete prevention of possible emergency situations.
Among the many components of natural resources, fresh water resources are currently of particular importance, and railway transport enterprises consume large quantities of it. At the same time, the industry is working at a low pace to introduce closed water use systems, low-waste and non-waste water-saving technologies.
One of the serious sources of water pollution is the cleaning processes of rolling stock, which generate toxic wastewater. Efficient washing machines with reversible use systems have been developed.
The main directions of saving water resources at individual railway transport enterprises are shown in Fig. 32.3.
An important place in reducing the loss of natural resources is occupied by the disposal and processing of industrial waste.
Recycling refers to the use of waste as secondary raw materials, fuel, fertilizers and other purposes. Various types of society's activities generate production waste and consumption waste. Industrial waste is the remnants of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products generated during the manufacture of products, performance of work and which have partially or completely lost their original consumer properties. Consumer waste is products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical and moral wear and tear.
Production and consumption waste is called secondary material resources. Secondary resources can be used to produce new types of products or to generate energy. In all cases, secondary resources must be recycled, i.e. removal from places of formation and accumulation for the purpose of subsequent use or disposal. The more waste, the higher the likelihood of environmental pollution.
Waste is classified into solid, liquid, gaseous and energy. The phase state of waste influences the choice of methods and means of storage, transportation and processing. According to sanitary and hygienic criteria, waste is divided into inert, slightly toxic, soluble in water, slightly toxic, volatile, toxic, soluble in water, toxic, volatile, containing petroleum (oil), organic, easily decomposed, feces, and household waste. Toxic waste has its own classification.
The nomenclature of waste depends on the type of raw materials and finished products. Solid waste includes waste of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rubber, plastics, wood, abrasives, slag and ash, mineral and organic substances, and household waste. Liquid waste consists of electrolytes, fuels and lubricants, cooling, degreasing and washing solutions, etc. Gas emissions are generated from boiler houses, smelting equipment, and ventilation systems. Energy waste should include heat and various types of radiation (noise, vibration, magnetic and electric fields, radiation).
The use of waste is one of the most important areas for increasing production efficiency, reducing environmental pollution, and reducing the consumption of natural resources per unit of output. When choosing methods and means of storing, transporting and processing waste, it is necessary to proceed from their technical and economic assessment.
The main types of secondary resources when repairing tracks are concrete and wooden sleepers, worn rails, rail fastening parts, crushed stone and sand. Old concrete sleepers are used as a foundation in the construction of household and sports facilities or sold to owners of summer cottages for foundations for greenhouses, bathhouses and houses. Old wooden sleepers can serve as a good material for the construction of non-residential premises (storages, warehouses). Worn rails are used in the construction of buildings and structures for industrial or household purposes. Sand and crushed stone are recycled and used in the construction of various structures. Fasteners can be restored or remade into new products. Trimmings, sawdust, and wood shavings serve as raw materials for the production of particle boards and fiberboards, plywood, hardboard, cardboard, and bark for the production of medicines and fertilizers.
Railway transport enterprises use a large number of motor, industrial, compressor, transmission and other oils made from petroleum. Every year, railway enterprises use up to 400 tons of various oils, some of which (15-20%) are collected and most often burned in boiler houses. Modern motor oil contains up to 10 different additives, which are practically not consumed during operation. The most important area of ​​reducing oil consumption at railway transport enterprises is the regeneration of used oils. During regeneration, the following is carried out: purification of used oils from mechanical impurities by settling, separation, methods of coagulation, adsorption, chemical treatment; restoration of oil properties by introducing various additives.
Issues of rational use of natural resources and environmental protection in railway transport should be considered with full consideration of the characteristics of the natural conditions of the area where the enterprise is being designed, assessed by its impact on the ecology of the adjacent area, and the possibility of preventing negative consequences in the short and long term. Taking into account the nature of the negative impact of the projected facility on the environment, issues of rational use of natural resources must be resolved: surface and groundwater, atmospheric air, soils, territories, minerals, vegetation, etc. At the same time, normal sanitary and hygienic working and living conditions for the population living in the area of ​​construction of railways or industrial facilities in the industry must be ensured, and the negative impact on flora and fauna as a result of production activities must be minimized.
The development of all activities related to the construction of new, as well as the reconstruction of existing railway transport facilities, and the modernization of rolling stock, must be carried out in unity with environmental protection requirements.