Races of people (photo). Modern races of people on the planet and their origin. Racial composition of Australia Caucasian race: signs and settlement

Southern Mongoloids

Anthropologically, the majority of the Indonesian population belongs to the southern Mongoloids, who are characterized by a combination of Mongoloid characteristics (tight black hair, poorly developed tertiary hair, yellowish skin tone, flat face, prominent cheekbones, low nose bridge, pronounced fold of the upper eyelid and epicanthus - a fold covering the lacrimal tubercle ) with some Australoid features (a protruding jaw, a relatively wide nose, thickened lips, etc.) Paleoanthropological materials show that population groups transitional between Mongoloids and Australoids existed in Southeast Asia back in the Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic.

Several variants can be distinguished within the South Asian minor race.

In some areas of Indonesia, southern Mongoloid forms are common, with more pronounced Australoid features. These groups, which are often called “proto-Malay” or “Indonesian” in the special anthropological literature, include the small mountain peoples of Vietnam and Cambodia, the Nias, Mentawai and Bataks of Sumatra, the Badui and Tenggers of Java, and partly the Dayaks of Kalimantan and the Torajas of Sulawesi. They are characterized by small stature, an elongated skull, a significantly flattened nose, and fairly light skin.

The short-headed type of the South Asian race, which has more pronounced Mongoloid features, includes the majority of the Malays of Malaysia and Indonesia, the Minangkabau, the Ache, the Javanese, the Sundas (the Sundas have more rounded facial features than the Javanese), the Madurese, the Balinese, the Bugs and the Makassars. This type is characterized by the following features: average or below average height, brown skin, medium thick lips, slightly flattened rather wide nose, black straight hair, weak facial hair, moderately pronounced epicanthus.

Australoid race

The vast majority of the population of New Guinea (Irian Jaya) and some islands of Indonesia belongs to the Australoid large race.

Australoids are characterized by dark skin, black (children of some Melanesian peoples often have “red hair”) wavy or curly hair, brown eyes, an intensively growing beard and mustache, a protruding jaw, a wide nose and thick lips.

Within the Austroloid race in Oceania and Indonesia, five anthropological types are distinguished: Papuan, Negrito, Melanesian, Veddoid and New Caledonian.

The Papuan anthropological type is widespread throughout most of New Guinea. It is characterized by curly hair, a peculiar shape of the nose, which has a hook-shaped bend in the cartilaginous part, and a relatively narrow face.

The Melanesian anthropological type is common in some coastal areas of New Guinea and on a number of nearby islands. Its representatives differ from other Australoids in their tall stature, less curly hair (in childhood, “red hair” is characteristic) and a face of medium width.

The Veddoid racial type is common on some islands of Indonesia (Sumatra, Sulawesi). They have moderately dark skin, wavy hair, medium lip thickness and moderate prognathism. The tertiary hairline is rather weak. Body length is average and below average. These include the Kuku of Sumatra, the Toals of Sulawesi and a number of other tribes.

The Negrito anthropological type is found in the interior of New Guinea, on some islands of the Philippines and in the interior of Malacca. Distinctive features of this type are short stature, very curly hair, a wide face and almost complete absence prognathism (protrusion of the jaws forward).

The transitional East Indonesian racial type developed in the east of the Malay Archipelago (Moluccas, Timor, Flores and some other Lesser Sunda Islands, partly Sulawesi). The population of these islands is distinguished by curly hair, but is significantly taller than the neighboring Mongoloid peoples, which brings them closer to the Melanesians of Oceania.

The latest data on the genogeography of blood groups, dermatoglyphics, and odontology indicate deep genetic connections between the Australoids and Mongoloids of Southeast Asia.

Other types

The Chinese of Indonesia are generally classified as East Asian Mongoloids, although many of them have South Asian racial features.

In the country there are Caucasians and racial groups in transition with them - these are descendants of immigrants from India, the Arab East and Europe.

Caucasian features are also noticeable among the “Indo” - Indonesian-European mestizos.

Human races

Note 1

Our planet is inhabited by a huge number of nationalities and nationalities. Each nationality has its own culture, faith, and customs. But these differences are the result of a process of social historical development. The basis of external differences - skin color, eyes, height, hair, nose, lips - are purely biological reasons, independent of the people themselves, and they are formed by thousands of years of evolution.

The Soviet scientist V.P. made a great contribution to the description of human races. Alekseev. In his opinion, race is a relatively stable biological characteristics kind of people. It is impossible to judge the level of mental abilities based on purely external anatomical signs. In other words, representatives different races They are absolutely identical in their development. They all have not only the same rights, but also responsibilities.

A race is not a nation or a people, because the representatives different nationalities may belong to the same race.

Based on this, the definition of race can be given the same as biology gives.

Definition 1

Races are historically established groups of human populations of different numbers and characterized by similar morphological and physiological properties, as well as common territories.

From a scientific point of view, representatives of different races are characterized by an identical biological springboard for the development of abilities.

The origin of the term “race” itself has not yet been precisely established. It is believed that the term could be derived from the Arabic word “ras”, which means head, beginning, root.

Another suggestion links the term to the Italian "razza", which means tribe.

In the modern sense, the word “race” is found in the French scientist Francois Bernier, who in 1684 published one of the first classifications of human races.

It must be said that in different periods different researchers had different concepts of race in mind.

Classical anthropology shows that there are two trunks - eastern and western, equally distributing the six races of humanity.

Note 2

Today, an outdated position is to divide people into three races - white, yellow, black. Big Soviet encyclopedic Dictionary claims that there are about 30 human races on Earth, which are grouped into three groups. They are called "great races". Scientists have proven that the formation of each race occurred with the purpose of providing a person with the opportunity for a normal existence in a particular habitat, to facilitate adaptation to climatic conditions and terrain.

Classification of races

Until the 20th century, there were four races of people:

1. Caucasian;
2. Australoid;
3. Negroid;
4. Mongoloid.

Each of these races had detailed, well-described characteristics. They made it possible to identify any individual.

Later, a classification spread that included only three races of humans. This happened as a result of the unification of the Australoid and Negroid races into one group.

TO modern species races include large and small races. When distinguishing large and small races, the principle of the taxonomic value of racial characteristics was used as the basis.

This means that the later the formation of a trait, the less suitable it is for distinguishing large races. Those characteristics that may themselves change over time, for example, the shape of the skull, are not suitable for distinguishing races.

Note 3

The classification of racial types was given in 1951 by anthropologist N.N. Cheboksarov.

He included three large races in it: Australian-Negroid, Caucasian, Asian-American.

Representatives of the Australo-Negroid or Equatorial race have dark skin color, curly hair, and a wide nose - these are the main distinguishing features. The equatorial race occupies the equatorial region of Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, and Australia.

The Caucasian or Eurasian race makes up 2/3 of the planet's population. Their representatives have light or dark skin color. They have straight or wavy hair, a narrow nose, and thin lips. Hair and eyes are often light. The Eurasian race is widespread in Europe, North America, Front and Central Asia, Middle East.

The Asian-American race is characterized by a dark skin tone, straight, coarse hair, a protruding nose of medium width, and a flattened face characterized by an inner fold of the eyelid. The Asian American race is located in Asia, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Islands Pacific Ocean, Madagascar, North and South America.

The minor races include representatives of the Eurasian race – the Atlanto-Baltic minor race. Its distribution area is Scandinavia, the islands of Britain, the northern part of Western and of Eastern Europe. Representatives of the race have light skin, eyes and hair, an elongated face, a narrow and straight nose.

The White Sea-Baltic minor race occupies the territory from the Baltic to the White Seas. This race is the lightest pigmented, they are shorter, have a wider face, and a short nose. This option applies to direct descendants ancient population Central and Northern Europe.

Almost all of Europe, and especially the North European Plain from the Atlantic to the Volga, is inhabited by the Central European small race, whose representatives are Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Austrians, northern Italians, Russians, Ukrainians.

The habitat of the Balkan-Caucasian small race became the Eurasian mountain belt, to which the peoples of the Caucasus belong.

The Indo-Mediterranean small race occupies the southern regions of Europe, North Africa, Arabia, partially southern regions of Eurasia to India. It is represented by the Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians of the south, Algerians, Libyans, Egyptians, Iranians, Afghans, peoples of Central Asia, and Indians.

The northern part of Fennoscandia is occupied by the laponoid small race, which in ancient times was widespread in northern Europe. The race has mixed Caucasian and Mongoloid characteristics and is the basis of the anthropological type of moths - the Sami.

Signs of the Australoid race

Australoids are also called Australians. This ancient race had a huge distribution area - Hindustan, Tasmania, Hawaii, the Kuril Islands, but everywhere it was forced out and mixed with migrants.

The Australoid race includes the Polynesian, Melanesian, Australian, Veddoid, and Ainu groups.

Representatives of Australoids have nothing in common with Caucasians, Negroids, and Mongoloids. They are unique and similar only to themselves.

No one today can convincingly say how they ended up on Australian soil, but what is known for sure is that it was a very long time ago. In all likelihood, these were small tribes with different customs, traditions, culture and their own rituals.

The skin of Australoids is very dark, almost black, broad shoulders and wavy hair, a large nose, a massive eyebrow and powerful jaws distinguish them from African Negroids. These are people with very fast reactions.

But, among the Melanesians, for example, you can find representatives with spiral hair. This fact, along with genetic affinity, is evidence that there was a small influx of African migrants.

To the more graceful ones, i.e. not massive, include Veddoids. They originally inhabited Hindustan. Caucasian migrants, settling the peninsula, considered them representatives of a “lower caste”, so the attitude was disrespectful. Their modern relatives live in southern India and inhabit the Deccan plateau.

Experts suggest that perhaps it was from there that they sailed to the continent of Australia, also populating all the nearby islands. Indonesian and Indo-Chinese Veddoids mixed with the southern Mongoloids.

For representatives of the Australoid group, we can name several main features that are their common characteristics:

• elongated shape of the skull in relation to the proportions of the body;
• wide, deep-set eyes of a dark color;
• wide nose with a flat bridge;
• well developed hairline;
• dark hair, although you can also find fair-haired ones, which is a consequence of a natural genetic mutation of the species;
• growth is mostly average, but there are representatives of above average height;
• elongated, thin build.

All these characteristics refer to the average version of their combined analysis. As with other races, miscegenation also occurs for them.

Definition 2

Miscegenation is mixing various groups through natural crossing of species.

And other eastern equatorial local races. Representatives of the classic type of the Australoid race are Australian aborigines. The australoid substrate is also represented in some populations of South and Southeast Asia, as well as Western Oceania. Most likely, the area of ​​formation of the Australoids and Veddoids was the eastern part of the tropical belt of the Old World - from Hindustan to Indochina and the Malay Archipelago. The settlement of Australia from this territory occurred in the Paleolithic. According to the theory and, Melanezoids were the first to populate Australia, followed by Australoids who migrated to the mainland in at least two waves, which was one of the reasons for the formation of several anthropological types among the aborigines.

One of the important areas of study of the Australian race is to establish its origin. Directly related to the question of origin is the question of establishing kinship with other human races and, accordingly, the question of the place of Australian Aborigine populations in racial classification. Most often, the Australian race is combined with the Veddoid race. The basis for this is the significant morphological similarity of representatives of these races and the relative geographical proximity of the Australoid and Veddoid areas. Most researchers consider the Australian and Veddoid races as two branches of a single racial trunk. Also often close to the small Australoid race is the Melanesian race, whose habitat is directly adjacent to Australia. As evidence of such proximity, not only signs of external similarity are cited, but also data from odontological and dermatoglyphic studies, which examine non-adaptive anthropological signs. Assumptions about the unity of Australoids and Melanezoids are also confirmed by some genetic studies. Moreover, according to these studies, the Papuans are closer to the Australian aborigines than the Melanesians themselves. On the other hand, some calculations by geneticists do not allow common ancestors Australoids and Melanezoids, while showing the genetic similarity of Australoids with the population of India, and Papuans with Mongoloids. Outwardly, Australoids are similar not only to Melanezoids, but also to African Negroids. Similar characteristics of these races were the reason for the widespread hypothesis in the past about the origin of the Australian aborigines from common ancestors with the Negroid population of Africa. Both races are similar in a number of adaptive characteristics (skin color, nose width, lip thickness, body proportions), however, Australians are noticeably different from Africans, including in appearance - wavy hair, sloping forehead, developed. Modern research, including genetic ones, refute the point of view about the unity of Australoids and African Negroids - the genetically Negroid race is opposed not only to the Australoid race, but also to all other human races combined. It is believed that similar external characteristics of Australoids and Negroids could have arisen as a result of convergent development in similar climatic conditions or may be part of some ancient condition common to all human races. Another race with which Australians are supposed to be related is the Kuril, or Ainu, race. The Ainu are united with the Australian race by dark skin, strong growth of mustache and beard, prognathism, massive skull, and relatively wide nose. Meanwhile, all these characteristics are much less pronounced among the Ainu than among the Australoids, and the craniological characteristics of these races differ very much. In addition, despite partial morphological similarities with Australoids, genetically the Ainu are close to Mongoloids.

Classic racial classifications consider various kinship options for representatives of the Australian race. For example, V.V. Bunak included the Australian race in the ancient Indonesian branch of the southern racial trunk along with the Kuril, Polynesian and Indonesian races. Within the southern trunk, the ancient Indonesian branch in the classification of V.V. Bunak is opposed to the continental branch with the Veddoid and Badari races. G. F. Debets united the Australian and the Veddoid race, which was close to it, together with the Melanesian, Negrito and Tasmanian into one racial subbranch, which, in turn, together with the Kuril (Ainu) and South Indian races constituted the oceanic branch of the large Negro-Australoid race. The formation of the Australian race, according to this classification, was significantly influenced by the Melanesian race. In the studies of Ya. Ya. Roginsky and M. G. Levin, the Australian small race is included in the large equatorial (Australian-Negroid) race along with the Bushman (South African), Negril (Central African), Negro, Melanesian and Veddoid (Ceylon-Sunda) races . In the classification of V.P. Alekseev, the local Australian race, together with the Andaman, Negrito mainland, Negrito Philippine, Melanesian, Tasmanian, Polynesian and Ainu (Kuril) races, is united into the Australoid branch of the Euro-African racial trunk.

The Australoid (Australian) small race is characterized by such anthropological characteristics as:

The differences between Australoids and Veddoids include: darker skin tones; more developed tertiary hairline; larger head and face sizes; greater massiveness of the skull; more developed eyebrow; greater prognathism; greater width of the nose and some other features.

According to a number of researchers, some anthropological characteristics of the Australian aborigines can be considered archaic. Such archaic features include the massiveness of the skull, one of the main distinctive features Australoids. Massiveness is expressed primarily in a highly developed eyebrow, large thickness of the bones of the arch, a frequently encountered sagittal ridge on the forehead and other indicators. Meanwhile, the massiveness of the skull was uncharacteristic for the African ancestors of the aborigines - this feature developed later, and therefore cannot be considered as a protomorphic feature. Another feature of Australoids, which is considered to be the original one, is the relatively small volume of the skull. This feature is also secondary, since it was formed relatively recently, not earlier.

One of the earliest attempts to identify anthropological variants in the area of ​​the Australian race was the study of anthropologist J. M. Morant (1927), who distinguished the Arnhem Land Aborigines, contrasting them with all other Australian Aborigines. Subsequently, several attempts have been made to describe the variations of Australian anthropological types, the most famous of which is the classification proposed by (1967). According to S. V. Drobyshevsky, based on the available information, primarily based on the works of J. B. Birdsell, three to six main anthropological types of Australoids can be distinguished:

It is traditionally believed that all Australian Aborigines are descendants of one wave of settlers. At the same time, there are also theories of “dihybrid” and “trihybrid” settlement of Australia that are not recognized by most anthropologists. The first theory assumes two waves of migration - the migration of people of the gracile type and the subsequent migration of people of a more massive build. The second theory, the so-called trihybrid concept of the settlement of the Australian continent, suggests three waves of migration. This concept, put forward by J.B. Birdsell, explains, among other things, the reason for the formation of several anthropological variants of the Australian aborigines. Barrinoid Australians and Tasmanians are believed to be relics of the first wave of settlers, which were melanesoid dark-skinned, curly-haired, short populations. The second wave of settlers, vaguely similar to the Ainu, gave rise to the Murray anthropological variant with lighter skin and slightly wavy hair. Partially, the Murray-type aborigines displaced the descendants of the first wave, and partially mixed with them. The ancestors of the Murrays, in turn, were partially supplanted by the ancestors of the third, so-called Carpentarian wave of settlers. The Murray type survived mainly in South Australia and partly in the western and eastern regions of the continent, while the Carpentarian type, darker-skinned, wavy-haired and tall, came to dominate in the north and central regions of Australia. The conventionally indicated migrations took place 40, 20 and 15 thousand years ago

(or Australian race) (Australoids) - the indigenous population of Australia. Characteristic features: large massiveness of the dolichocranal skull with a small massiveness of the rest of the skeleton, strong brow ridges, large prognathous jaws, large teeth, short neck, very dark pigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes (sometimes lumps of pigment even extend beyond the iris; however, in some groups of the Central In Australia, light hair color is found), a very wide nose with a relatively high bridge, deep-set eyes, wavy hair (in the southwest in Victoria there are curly-haired groups, perhaps this is a consequence of mixing with the Tasmanians, who moved in large numbers to the port of Philip in the early period European colonization), the growth of the beard and mustache is strong, a special type of direction of body hair is noted, height is above average and tall, the physique is very elongated. Sometimes they are separated into an independent large race, sometimes they are combined with Negroids into the Australo-Negroid or Equatorial race, and based on the structure of their teeth they are classified as belonging to the eastern supra-racial trunk. The Veddoid and Melanesian races are closest to the Australoid race, with which they are sometimes combined into the Austral-Veddoid race.

• - a historically established group of people who have similar, inherited external characteristics - the color of skin, hair and eyes, the shape of the nose and lips, height and body proportions, etc., as well as certain “hidden” ones...

  Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

• - in anthropology, a historically established group of people in which the characteristic appearance is determined by common hereditary characteristics. Basic human races- Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid...

  Beginnings modern Natural Science

• - indigenous people of Australia...
• - according to V.V. Bunaku, a variant of the South Asian race, common in northern Indochina...

  Physical Anthropology. Illustrated Dictionary

• - a synonym for the Australo-Negroid large...

  Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary

• - A term mostly synonymous with the term “subspecies”...

  Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary

• - a historically emerged group of people who have similar, inherited external characteristics - the color of skin, hair and eyes, the shape of the nose and lips, height and body proportions, etc., as well as some “hidden” characteristics...

  Human ecology. Conceptual and terminological dictionary

• - - an ancient theatrical concept that formed the basis of the Middle Ages. literary theories and through aesthetic. the teachings of Abhinavagupta assimilated into the theology of Krishna bhakti...
• - A ritual dance performed by Krishna and his gopis, the cowherd boys, in annual festivals that continue to this day, especially in Rajasthan...

  Religious terms

• - is part of the large equatorial race. Characterized by dark skin, a wide nose, wavy hair, and strong hair growth on the face and body. Distributed in Australia, South Asia and Oceania...

  Modern encyclopedia

• - is part of the large equatorial race. Characterized by dark skin, wide nose, prognathism, wavy hair, strong hair growth on the face and body. Distributed in Australia, South. Asia and Oceania...
• - collective name Negroid and Australoid races, common in the tropics. zone of Africa, South. and South-East. Asia, Oceania and Australia...

  Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

• - a collective name for the Negroid and Australoid races, common in the tropical zone of Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Oceania and Australia...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - Aborigines...

  Collier's Encyclopedia

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• - Expression of the German philosopher F. Nietzsche. His reactionary doctrine of the morality of masters and the morality of slaves is based on the fact that the inevitable components of human society are “masters” and “slaves”...

  Dictionary of popular words and expressions

"Australoid race" in books

7.1. Race