Slope angle- an indicator of the inclination of any surface (road, roof, ramp, flight of stairs, etc.) relative to the horizon level.
Angular dimensions indicated on the drawings in degrees, minutes and seconds with the designation of the unit of measurement ( GOST 2.307-2011 " one system design documentation (ESKD). Drawing dimensions and maximum deviations ").
In accordance with GOST R 21.1101-2013 "System of design documentation for construction (SPDS). Basic requirements for design and working documentation", direction on plans slope planes are indicated by an arrow, above which, if necessary, a numerical value of the slope is indicated as a percentage or as a ratio of the unit height of the plane to the corresponding horizontal projection. It is allowed to indicate the numerical value of the slope in ppm or in the form decimal accurate to the third decimal place.
On sections, sections and diagrams, a sign is placed in front of the dimensional number that determines the numerical value of the slope,
the acute angle of which should be directed towards the slope (except for the steepness of the slopes of embankments and excavations). The slope designation is applied directly above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line.
Also, instead of the angle sign, in the drawings there is also a letter designation of the slope ( i).
Percentages usually indicate the slope angles of roofs, ramps, flights of stairs, etc.
Permille denotes the slope angles of planar structures - sports playgrounds, fields, running tracks, as well as linear structures - roads and railways.
Percent (%)- one hundredth.
Permille (‰)- one thousandth.
For example: slope at height 0.2 meters and horizontal length 4 meters will be equal 5% (read as - five hundredths) or 50 ‰ (read as - fifty thousandths), this value will also correspond approximately to - 3 o.
Drawing 1
They often ask what does slope mean, for example 0.05- this is the ratio of the height to the length of the horizontal section (0.2 m / 4 m = 0.05 - see drawing 1), which, if necessary, can be converted into percentages or ppm, depending on what is required.
To determine the slope angle as a percentage (%) (see drawing 1) necessary: 0.2 m / 4 m x 100 = 5%.
To determine the slope angle in ppm (‰) it is necessary: 0.2 m / 4 m x 1000 = 50 ‰.
The same slope value can also be designated as the ratio of the height to the length of the horizontal section - 1:20 (4 / 0,2 = 20 ).
If you need to determine the length of a horizontal section, knowing the percentage of the slope and its height from the drawings, you must - 0.2 m / (5% / 100) = 4 m.
To determine the height of the slope, knowing the percentage of the slope and the length of the section from the drawings, it is necessary - 5% / 100 x 4 m = 0.2 m.
The dimensions for the slope angle expressed in ppm are calculated in a similar way, only instead of dividing by 100 , division by 1000 .
Note: in order to enter the ppm symbol on the computer ( ‰ ), must be enabled NumLock, press the key Alt and while holding it type on the numeric keypad 0137 , release the key Alt after which the symbol will appear ‰ .
If you need to determine the slope with an accuracy of 1 degree, need to: 0.2 m / 4 m = 0.05. The resulting number is 0,05 must be found in the table tg (tangents) for corners. Approximate value in the table - 0,0524 , will correspond to the angle 3 o (see table).
When talking about the amount of alcohol in the blood, this means the concentration of pure ethanol in ppm, namely in thousandths of volume. The number 1.5 ppm means that 1000 ml of blood mixed with ethanol contains 1.5 ml of ethanol and 998.5 blood. In this case, it is important to understand that we are talking about volume, and this value should not be confused with mass, and the ppm sign ‰ with the percentage sign.
what amount of alcohol in the blood corresponds to?
Portions of a substance that are different in density but identical in mass contain different ppm. And the transition from ppm to degrees will be calculated using several quantities.
Permille is used if they take. or alcohol analyzers use the unit mg/l.
How are ppm ‰ converted to percentage %?
Permille is used to denote the number of thousandths of some content as a whole. Percent means the number of hundredths in total, hence the following ratios:
- 1 ‰ = 1⁄1000 = 0.1% = 0.001
- 100 ‰ = 10% = 0.1
Relationship between ppm and degrees
To convert ppm to degrees, it is necessary to take into account that since the initial volume of fluid in the body is different for men and women (for men this figure is 70%, and for women - 60%), then the effect of alcohol will be different. The degree of intoxication varies depending on the state of health, gender, age, and strength of the drink.
To start calculations you need to determine:
- age;
- volume of alcoholic beverage consumed;
- strength of the drink.
- the amount of alcohol in 100 g of drink must be multiplied by the amount drunk, for example, for a 40⁰ drink 40% x 150 g = 40/100 x 150 = 60;
- We divide a person’s body weight by 70% for men and 60% for women, for example, for a man 90 kg/100 x 70 = 63;
- divide the result from the first action by the result of the second action, for example, 60/63 = 0.95‰.
Concentration ethyl alcohol in the blood of a 90 kg man who drinks 150 grams of 40⁰ vodka will be equal to 0.95 ppm. Over time, the concentration will decrease.
To calculate the alcohol concentration at a certain point in time, you can use the following formula:
C = A / (P x r) – b60 x T
с – pure ethanol in ppm ‰;
A is the amount of alcoholic drink converted into grams;
P – weight of the person whose study is being carried out;
R is the data conversion coefficient, for women it is 0.55, and for men – 0.68;
T – time elapsed after drinking alcohol;
B60 – decrease in ppm level in 1 hour.
What can be determined using formulas?
There are formulas that can be used to calculate the following data:
- The volume of any alcoholic drink if its strength is known;
- Calculate the time it will take to completely cleanse the body of alcohol;
- Determine the amount of alcohol at the desired hour.
To determine the amount of ppm drunk and to convert one unit of measurement to another, formulas were developed that were initially used for calculations in the practice of forensic medicine, where it is especially important to carry out such an analysis for solving crimes.
The simplest is Widmark's formula.
Widmark conducted research and did it in the 20s of the last century.
c - ethanol in ppm ‰,
A - the weight of the alcoholic beverage entering the body, since not all alcohol reaches the peripheral blood, it is necessary to subtract from this value from 10 - 30%,
m - body weight in kg,
r is the Widmark coefficient, for men it is 0.70, and for women it is 0.60.
In order to do the reverse calculation and determine the weight of alcohol entering the body, the formula is used:
A = c x m x r 2
This formula does not take into account the time of drinking alcohol.
Without special equipment, it is possible to carry out independent calculations if an accurate result is not required. To answer the question as accurately as possible, it is necessary to involve specialists in the analysis.
Below are the ratios of intoxication in ppm, which are used in formulas that help calculate the content of ethyl alcohol in the blood. It should be remembered that the tabular data are always averaged and it must be taken into account that the indicators are influenced by health status, gender and age.
Stages of intoxication
Table of the ratio of ppm indicators and intoxication properties.
- From 0.1‰ to 0.29‰. A degree of intoxication that is not noticeable to the eye of an outside observer. On average, behavior is within normal limits. It can only be detected by special tests.
- From 0.3‰ to 0.59‰. There is a decrease in restraint, the error detector in the brain turns off, the person ceases to understand the correctness of actions, a feeling of permissiveness appears, causeless joy and excessive talkativeness. Impaired concentration.
- From 0.6‰ to 0.9‰. Cognitive abilities change, peripheral vision is greatly weakened, the pupil does not adapt well to light. Sensations become dull, and a state of disinhibition occurs.
- From 1‰ to 1.9‰. Basic motor skills are lost, reaction times are excessively increased, and reflexes are weakened. A characteristic drunken gait appears. Emotions quickly change from joy to anger.
- From 2 ‰ to 2.9 ‰. Severe degree of intoxication with impaired motor skills, memory loss and a high probability of loss of consciousness. Inhibition to the point of complete stupor. Complete loss of cognitive abilities.
- From 3‰ to 3.9‰. Loss of control over urination, complete loss of balance, rapid heartbeat. The person almost does not understand what is happening and cannot stay on his feet.
- From 4‰ to 5‰. Control over the movement of the pupils is lost. A person completely loses control over what is happening and his actions.
- from 5‰. Alcohol poisoning and high possibility lethal outcome.
Read more about the degrees of intoxication in ppm.
When talking about the amount of alcohol in the blood, this means the concentration of pure ethanol in ppm, namely in thousandths of volume.
The number 1.5 ppm means that 1000 ml of blood mixed with ethanol contains 1.5 ml of ethanol and 998.5 blood.
In this case, it is important to understand that we are talking about volume, and this value should not be confused with mass, and the ppm sign ‰ with the percentage sign.
Portions of a substance that are different in density but identical in mass contain different ppm. And the transition from ppm to degrees will be calculated using several quantities.
Permille is used when blood is taken for analysis. Breathalyzers for traffic police inspectors or household types of breath alcohol analyzers use the unit mg/l.
How are ppm ‰ converted to percentage %?
To convert ppm to percentage, you must use the ratios of the proportions in both units.
Permille is used to denote the number of thousandths of any content as a whole. Percent means the number of hundredths in total, hence the following ratios:
- 1 ‰ = 1⁄1000 = 0.1% = 0.001
- 100 ‰ = 10% = 0.1
Relationship between ppm and degrees
To convert ppm to degrees, it is necessary to take into account that since the initial volume of fluid in the body is different in men and women (for men this figure is 70%, and for women - 60%), then the effect of alcohol will be different. The degree of intoxication varies depending on the state of health, gender, age, and strength of the drink.
To start calculations you need to determine:
- age;
- volume of alcoholic beverage consumed;
- strength of the drink.
- the amount of alcohol in 100 g of drink must be multiplied by the amount drunk, for example, for a 40⁰ drink 40% x 150 g = 40/100 x 150 = 60;
- We divide a person’s body weight by 70% for men and 60% for women, for example, for a man 90 kg/100 x 70 = 63;
- divide the result from the first action by the result of the second action, for example, 60/63 = 0.95‰.
The concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood for a 90kg man who drinks 150g of 40⁰ vodka will be 0.95 ppm. Over time, the concentration will decrease.
To calculate the alcohol concentration at a certain point in time, you can use the following formula:
C = A / (P x r) – b60 x T
с – pure ethanol in ppm ‰;
A is the amount of alcoholic drink converted into grams;
P – weight of the person whose study is being carried out;
R is the data conversion coefficient, for women it is 0.55, and for men – 0.68;
T – time elapsed after drinking alcohol;
B60 – decrease in ppm level in 1 hour.
There are formulas that can be used to calculate the following data:
- The volume of any alcoholic drink if its strength is known;
- Calculate the time it will take to completely cleanse the body of alcohol;
- Determine the amount of alcohol at the desired hour.
To determine the amount of ppm drunk and to convert one unit of measurement to another, formulas were developed that were initially used for calculations in the practice of forensic medicine, where it is especially important to carry out such an analysis for solving crimes.
The simplest is Widmark's formula.
Widmark conducted research in the 20s of the last century and made calculations of the amount of alcohol in the blood.
c - ethanol in ppm ‰,
A - the weight of the alcoholic beverage entering the body, since not all alcohol reaches the peripheral blood, it is necessary to subtract from this value from 10 - 30%,
m - body weight in kg,
r is the Widmark coefficient, for men it is 0.70, and for women it is 0.60.
Attention!
In order to do the reverse calculation and determine the weight of alcohol entering the body, the formula is used:
A = c x m x r2
This formula does not take into account the time of drinking alcohol.
Without special equipment, it is possible to carry out independent calculations if an accurate result is not required. To answer the question as accurately as possible, it is necessary to involve specialists in the analysis.
Below are the ratios of intoxication in ppm, which are used in formulas that help calculate the content of ethyl alcohol in the blood. It should be remembered that the tabular data are always averaged and it must be taken into account that the indicators are influenced by health status, gender and age.
Stages of intoxication
Table of the ratio of ppm indicators and intoxication properties.
- From 0.1‰ to 0.29‰. A degree of intoxication that is not noticeable to the eye of an outside observer. On average, behavior is within normal limits. It can only be detected by special tests.
- From 0.3‰ to 0.59‰. There is a decrease in restraint, the error detector in the brain turns off, the person ceases to understand the correctness of actions, a feeling of permissiveness appears, causeless joy and excessive talkativeness. Impaired concentration.
- From 0.6‰ to 0.9‰. Cognitive abilities change, peripheral vision is greatly weakened, the pupil does not adapt well to light. Sensations become dull, and a state of disinhibition occurs.
- From 1‰ to 1.9‰. Basic motor skills are lost, reaction times are excessively increased, and reflexes are weakened. A characteristic drunken gait appears. Emotions quickly change from joy to anger.
- From 2 ‰ to 2.9 ‰. Severe degree of intoxication with impaired motor skills, memory loss and a high probability of loss of consciousness. Inhibition to the point of complete stupor. Complete loss of cognitive abilities.
- From 3‰ to 3.9‰. Loss of control over urination, complete loss of balance, rapid heartbeat. The person almost does not understand what is happening and cannot stay on his feet.
- From 4‰ to 5‰. Control over the movement of the pupils is lost. A person completely loses control over what is happening and his actions.
- from 5‰. Alcohol poisoning and high risk of death.
And of course, there is the body’s individual ability to cope with alcohol intoxication. A lethal dose for one person may not cause much harm to another.
Source: http://OPohmele.ru/zakon-i-poryadok/promille-v-gradusy.html
1 ppm is how much alcohol in grams? How to calculate?
Everyone has heard the incomprehensible word ppm, but more often than not, no one understands what to compare this value with. After all, everything in this life is learned by comparison.
Let's find the answer to a pressing question that interests everyone: 1 ppm is how much in terms of grams and liters of alcohol.
And if in our country several years ago the law required 0 ppm in the blood of a driver, then 0.1 ppm of alcohol is approximately how much?
It's no secret that people often drink alcohol; alcohol has an effect on the body, usually negative.
This information will be very useful in Everyday life. These, of course, are not benzene rings, and not the author’s role in shaping Pechorin’s appearance in revealing the theme of the phenomenon of fatalism in the novel “A Hero of Our Time.”
This is also a very important issue that worries millions of car enthusiasts in our country. What for? To be cunning: drink alcohol, but at the same time remain “on horseback”, i.e. drive a personal car, relax in comfort, and not walk home from a party.
Alcohol calculator online - Calculate the degree of intoxication
What is ppm? Calculation
ppm- this is a thousandth of a substance from all the alcohol that enters the body based on the entire volume of liquid contained in the human body, or one tenth of a percent, in another calculation. To find out, it is enough to divide the percentage of ethanol in the drink, indicated on the label, by 100. In other words: 1 ppm = 1/1000 = 0.1%.
Moreover, it has been scientifically calculated that men have 10% more fluid in their cells than women. Whenever you drink alcohol, you need to remember that its maximum concentration in the blood occurs half an hour after you finish taking it. Roughly speaking, this is the ratio of alcohol consumed to a person’s body weight.
Permille is not initially contained in the human blood; it gets there like a genie from a bottle. Let's try to get a sense of what this nebulous unit of measurement means with an example. it in the bottle and in the blood may vary. For example, 100 grams of vodka contain 40 grams of pure alcohol.
In order to calculate the blood alcohol content, you need to divide the amount of pure alcohol by the person’s weight. Using the given data, we calculate using the formula: 0.55 ppm, which is the level of alcohol in the blood of an average man weighing 70–75 kg (this is an approximate value).
Drunk driving is punishable by law
Now in our country there is a law according to which the permissible level of alcohol in the blood can be 0.35 ppm in the blood. And in exhaled air it is 0.16 ppm.
How many grams is this?
If we translate into alcohol, then it is impossible to name a universal figure for everyone. How much a person drinks and what the device readings will be is individual for each organism. This value depends on gender, age, weight, quantity, quality and time that has passed since the person drank.
If the indicators exceed this amount, then sanctions against the drunk driver will follow immediately: for the first violation, this is a fine of 30 thousand rubles and deprivation of a driver’s license for a period of 1.5 to 2 years.
Any harmless get-togethers with friends and a fun holiday can be overshadowed by a meeting with a traffic police officer and his breathalyzer. It is this device that, when exhaling air from the lungs into the tube, can show the exact alcohol content in your blood. Not only show, but also calculate how much alcohol you drank. You just need to know your gender, age, weight and volume of drinks.
For example, a person weighing 60 and 90 kg. Drinking the same amount of alcohol will have different ppm readings. Hence the relationship: the greater the weight, the more alcohol is needed for a high concentration in the blood of the main active ingredient of any alcoholic drink - ethanol.
Degrees of intoxication
There are 4 stages in total: mild (0.5 - one and a half ppm), medium (from one and a half to 2.5 ppm), strong (2.5 to 3 ppm) and the stage of complete poisoning (from 3 to 7 ppm).
Any amount indicated here is dangerous and leads to disruption of the psychophysical state of the human body and, of course, will affect his actions while driving:
- 0.2 - 0.5 ppm in a person, adrenaline in the blood goes off scale, the body is relaxed, attention and vision are dulled.
- 0.5 – 0.8 ppm. Reaction to road signals and signs disappears. The head and body do not act in harmony, coordination of movements suffers.
- 0.8 – 1.2 ppm. Consciousness is slowly fading.
- 1.2 – 2.4 ppm. It is unlikely that a person will be able to start a car, not to mention the ability to drive it in this state.
- 2.4 – 6 ppm. Can lead to death in a person weighing up to 100 kg who drinks 0.5 liters. strong drink at a time.
Alcohol consumption: signs and time of elimination from the body
All avid drinkers are always tormented by one question. How long will it take for the body to remove alcohol completely or at least partially?
It is estimated that men clear their blood faster than women. In about one hour, a man loses 0.10 - 0.15 ppm, and a woman - 0.085 - 0.10 ppm.
Alcoholic drinks such as vodka and cognac take the longest to be removed from the human blood. Moreover, in people with greater weight they are eliminated much faster.
By drinking alcohol and driving a car, a person must clearly understand that he is endangering not only his own life, but also the lives of other people - drivers, pedestrians, and, of course, risks causing great grief to his family and friends. If such driving leads to the death of two or more people, then the punishment under the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation will be imprisonment for 9 years!
The statistics of accidents in this condition is almost 100%. In this case, there are two incompatible things, one is a vehicle, the other is alcohol, the first relaxes and drives you into suspended animation, and the second requires maximum concentration and concentration.
A meeting with a traffic police officer and his breathalyzer can occur in 99% of cases, because “drunk” driving is immediately visible to the eye, both professional and non-professional.
And the smell of fumes in the cabin, incoherent speech, slight tremor of the limbs even without the device may indicate that the person is intoxicated: he has violated the law and is subject to immediate hospitalization, and in the future - severe punishment according to the law of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation.
Carefully! Alcohol kills
If alcohol itself does not kill, then the consequences of its use do, usually associated not only with driving a vehicle. For example, with the state of health, with behavior (it’s no secret to anyone how popular drunken fights are in large crowds of “drunk” people) and, finally, another “slow” killer - the disease alcoholism. All this can sooner or later lead to death.
Do you really need to drink alcohol to enjoy and relax?
It not only relaxes, but transforms you into a completely different being, revealing the most bad traits character and revealing the most evil and obscene thoughts. After which, when you are sober, it all becomes very embarrassing.
So, if there are no benefits, then why drink it, let alone abuse it. Lead healthy image life and then you will not face any problems with the law or health, and life promises to be long and happy, like in a fairy tale!
Source: http://pohmelya.ru/alkogol-i-zdorove/1-promille-eto-skolko-alkogolya
How to calculate ppm: what it is equal to and what it is measured in
Celebrations and feasts are rarely complete without alcoholic beverages. And if you have to work tomorrow or today, it’s a good idea to know your blood alcohol level so you can drive your own car without fear. What is ppm, how to determine the exact unit knowing how much was drunk and keeping calm, how and how to measure the amount of residual ethanol - we’ll tell you about this.
What is ppm?
The concept has a precise definition - it is one thousandth, used to indicate the presence of thousandths in one whole
The concept has a precise definition - it is one thousandth, used to indicate the presence of thousandths in one whole. Permille is used to measure the concentration of alcohol residues in the blood and exhaled air of a person. Ethanol concentration is an indicator for motorists and a guide to action: drive or use public transport.
The ‰ sign is used to denote the indicator, so instead of “one ppm” they write 1‰ and calculate it using a simple formula: divide the integer by a thousand. As a percentage, 1‰ is a tenth of a percent, that is, 1% = 0.1‰.
How to calculate ppm yourself?
When drinking an alcoholic drink, the highest concentration of alcohol in the blood is reached in about half an hour
To convert percentages to ‰, it is enough to divide the whole number in % by 100, because 1‰ is a tenth of a percent! That is, 40% strength = 0.4‰. And, of course, the same thing is done in reverse: 0.3‰ * 100 = 30%. Thus, a wine of 12% will give a ppm amount of 0.12 and so on.
An indicator equal to 0.2 ‰ will indicate the number of grams of alcohol present in a liter of fluid in the entire human body. The natural “endogenous” standard for any individual is considered to be the norm of 0.3 ‰ - this indicator is always there, regardless of the consumption of alcoholic beverages, and it is this that is taken as the basis for the “zero” ‰.
When drinking an alcoholic drink, the highest concentration of alcohol in the blood is reached in about half an hour. This is where you can quickly calculate the content level ‰.
In addition to the fact that the indicator will help determine the ability to drive a car, knowing the rate at which alcohol is eliminated from the body will help to clearly understand the period of time required for complete sobering. But this is precisely what is important for drivers, since in the Russian Federation there is no “permissible level” of ethanol concentration, despite the adopted legislative acts.
Getting behind the wheel after drinking even a glass of wine means incurring all kinds of penalties from the traffic police. Well, the consequences of driving while drunk are known to all car owners.
Independent determination of the degree of intoxication and an example of calculating ppm
- A 23-year-old man weighing 77 kg drank 250 ml of vodka with an alcohol content of 40%.
- The ratio of water in the body is considered to be 70%, that is, the volume is calculated as 77 kg * 70% = 53.9 kg.
- The ethanol content in the amount drunk can be determined using the formula (0.79 g/ml – density of ethyl alcohol): unit of drink* density. In our case, 250 ml * 40% = 100 ml of pure alcohol, which must also be multiplied by the density (0.79) for a total of 79 g. pure alcohol.
- And now the calculation of ppm: 79 g. alcohol divided by 53.9 (total volume of fluid in the body), the total amount is 1.46‰.
Thus, in the body of a healthy man, the alcohol content after drinking a glass of vodka is equal to an indicator that significantly exceeds the permissible 0.3 ‰ at which you can drive. Even taking the value of 10% error as an additional factor, the value remains unacceptable. According to the table of degree of intoxication:
- 0.3 ‰ – natural “zero” alcohol content level;
- 0.-0.5‰ – insignificant effect of alcohol on behavioral reactions;
- 0.5-1.5‰ – state of mild intoxication;
- 1.5-2.5‰ – average degree of intoxication;
- 2.5-3.0‰ – a very drunk person;
- From 3.0‰ – a lethal dose of alcohol.
The hypothetical man used as an example can be revealed to be mildly intoxicated. It will return to normal (with an output of 0.15‰ per hour) in approximately 6-9 hours.
Knowing how to convert ppm to grams and calculate a certain level of residual alcohol content in the blood, you can always understand the extent of your condition
Knowing how to convert ppm to grams and calculate a certain level of residual alcohol content in the blood, you can always understand the extent of your condition. Let us remind you that in order to determine how many ‰ in a gram, it is enough to divide 1 gram by 100. That is, 1 gram. pure alcohol will show 0.01‰.
Attention!
The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation warns about the norms for the presence of pure ethyl alcohol in the blood. The indicator is 0.16 mg per liter of air exhaled by an individual. If you make a simple calculation in a ratio of 1:2200 (air: ratio to liquid), you get a figure of 0.352 g/l of blood - the popularly accepted figure of “0.3‰”.
From here, calculate how much you can drink before getting behind the wheel.
There are standards for slopes when designing various communications and structures, which guide architects and builders in their work. You can use any dimensions, including degrees. In practice, it is customary to denote steep slopes in degrees, and gentle slopes in percentages and ppm.
Methods for calculating percentage slope
The unit of measurement of roll, depending on its value, is degree, percentage, ppm - thousandth of a whole number: 1‰ = 1/10% = 1/1000 of 1. Physical meaning slope - the ratio of the difference in height to the length of the section on which it is observed. In fact, it is the tangent of the angle: the excess of 12 meters on a section of the road of one hundred meters is expressed by the value 0.12 (tangent) = 12% = 120 ‰. That is, to calculate the slope in ppm, you need to multiply the percentage by ten.
When performing planning work on plot of land we have to resort to measuring the steepness of the slopes. This can be done in several ways:
Roofers are often faced with the need to determine the actual slope of a roof and know how to calculate the slope using a special tool called an inclinometer. The design of the device is simple: a frame is attached to the rail with a protractor and a pendulum fixed inside, which has a weight and a pointer. The base of the device is placed on the lower surface the measured section of the roof, and the arrow indicates the angle.
Determining the angle of inclination through tangent
From trigonometry it is known that tangent is a fraction, at the base of which is the leg adjacent to the angle, and on top is the opposite leg (difference in heights). To determine the roof slope in percentage and degrees via tangent, you will need to take measurements:
- heights from the ceiling to the roof ridge;
- distance from the edge of the slope to the projection of the upper line of closure of the two planes.
Having made simple calculations, they obtain a certain value and, using the Bradis table or using an engineering calculator, find the corresponding number of degrees for the desired angle. How to calculate slope as a percentage - defined above: the height of the ridge is divided by half the width of the attic floor if the slopes are of equal size. Or on the projection of each of the roof surfaces, when the sizes of the sides differ. You can see that this is the tangent of the angle already defined in degrees. To go to the percentage expression of the slope, you need to perform the action: value tg * 100, and the result will be obtained as a percentage.
Correlation of values with roof slope
For each roofing material, tolerances are established for the smallest slope. Other factors influencing the choice of roof slope angle:
Building codes and regulations - SNiP II -26−76 regulate the flatness of slopes as a percentage. The ratio of percentages and degrees for some angles is given in the table.
| Degree º | Tangent | Percent, % | Permille, ‰ | Degree º | Tangent | Percent, % | Permille, ‰ |
| 1 | 0,0175 | 1,75 | 17,5 | 22 | 0,4040 | 40,40 | - |
| 5 | 0,0875 | 8,75 | 87,5 | 24 | 0,4452 | 44,52 | - |
| 10 | 0,1740 | 17,40 | 174 | 26 | 0,4878 | 48,78 | - |
| 12 | 0,2125 | 21,25 | - | 28 | 0,5318 | 53,18 | - |
| 14 | 0,2494 | 24,94 | - | 30 | 0,5773 | 57,73 | - |
| 16 | 0,2868 | 28,68 | - | 35 | 0,7001 | 70,01 | - |
| 18 | 0,3250 | 32,50 | - | 40 | 0,8390 | 83,90 | - |
| 20 | 0,3828 | 38,28 | - | 45 | 1,0000 | 100,0 | - |
Mathematical methods for calculating slope are used when special accuracy is not needed and measurements are made approximate. If it is necessary to calculate accurate indicators, use modern measuring instruments.
Calculation example: the distance from the edge of the roof slope to the projection of the connecting line of the sides - laying length, 5.2 m. The height from the attic floor to the top level of the roof is 2 meters. The slope (tangent of the angle) is determined by the action: 2/5.2 = 0.3846. The closest value from the table is 20 degrees, which corresponds to approximately 38%.
Another variant- using a protractor, we determined the angle of inclination of the roof, its value is 5º. According to the corresponding line, the surface slope will be 8.75 percent or 87.5 ppm.
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Typically, the issue of measuring dosage becomes relevant if any offense has occurred, for example, the driver of a vehicle, while driving, violated the rules traffic, because of which he was detained by law enforcement officers, or the vehicle was stopped for an inspection, during which it was determined that the person driving had characteristic signs of alcohol intoxication. In order to bring him to justice - criminal or administrative - road inspectorate employees must have documentary evidence of the presence of the offender in the body, as well as a note on its amount in the blood.
World practice shows that in such cases designations such as ppm or BAC are used. However, when it becomes necessary to establish the volume and type of alcoholic beverage consumed, it should be remembered that everyone has a certain level of strength, which affects the results of converting ppm into percentages.
Characteristics of ppm and degree of alcohol
The term “ppm” refers to a thousandth of the total volume, quantity or size of a substance.
Initially, the concept was used in physics, construction, industry, and today it is associated specifically with calculations of the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the human body. 1 ppm is defined as 1 gram of ethyl alcohol per 1 liter of blood, or 1 milligram per 1 milliliter, respectively.
This unit of measurement is relevant when determining chemical composition blood and identifying the amount of ethanol in it, as well as when testing a person using a device that determines the concentration of alcohol vapor in the air exhaled by a person. In the process of converting ppm to degrees, units such as milligrams of ethyl alcohol per 1 liter of exhaled air, 1 microgram per liter or per 100 milliliters of air are used.
Clinical picture
What doctors say about alcoholism
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Ryzhenkova S.A.:
I have been studying the problem of ALCOHOLISM for many years. It’s scary when the craving for alcohol destroys a person’s life, families are destroyed because of alcohol, children lose their fathers, and wives lose their husbands. Often it is young people who become drunkards, destroying their future and causing irreparable harm to their health.
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The formulas used for translation, although they allow one to determine the degree of alcohol, nevertheless do not provide information about how long ago the alcohol was drunk, as well as about the degree of intoxication of a particular person. It should be noted that the degree or strength of the drink is one of the factors influencing the degree of intoxication. So, 500 milliliters and a similar volume have different effects on the same person.
Techniques and rules for calculating ppm
In terms of its content, the concept of “ppm” means a tenth of a percent of a substance. If it becomes necessary to convert this category into units of measurement in degrees, it should be taken into account that the effect of alcohol for a man and for a woman will be different. Thus, the female body contains a slightly smaller amount of fluid than the male body - the difference is about 10% of the volume.
In addition, the degree of absorption of alcohol is affected by:
- person's age;
- his weight also grew;
- health status;
- what kind of drink the person consumed.
The main advantage of this drug is that it once and for all eliminates the craving for alcohol without a hangover. Moreover he colorless and odorless, i.e. to cure a patient of alcoholism, it is enough to add a couple of drops of medicine to tea or any other drink or food.
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