Nov 18 2014
We call the earth mother, mother, nurse, we sing hymns and praises to it. This is only in words. In fact, we treat her immorally and cruelly; we have long forgotten that she is alive. Like all living things, she waited for mercy. But there was an alienation. V. Belov We, our generation, do not know what nature was like in the last century.
But we can imagine it thanks to the captivating landscapes of I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, I. A. Bunin. This is how I. Bunin depicts nature: “Everything was blinding with warm silver: the steamy air, the unsteady sunlight, the curly whiteness of the clouds that shone softly in the sky and in the clearings of water among the islands of cougars and water lilies; everywhere it was so shallow that you could see the bottom with underwater grasses, but somehow it did not interfere with the bottomless depth into which the reflected sky with clouds went.” He once proclaimed himself the “king of nature,” and to what disastrous results this led, our contemporary V. Astafiev shows in the story “Lyudochka”: “Over the years, all kinds of woodland and bad grass crawled to the ditch and grew as he wanted: elderberry , raspberry, willow grass, wolfberry, wild currant that did not bear berries, and everywhere spreading wormwood, cheerful burdocks and thorns. Here and there this impenetrable tree was pierced by crooked bird cherry trees, two or three willows, one stubborn birch blackened with mold grew and, receding ten fathoms, the lopsided linden trees were blooming politely with their leaves in the middle of summer.” How nature has changed!
Forests have been cut down, many species of plants have been destroyed, the forest is polluted, dug into ditches filled with dirty, “smelly water.” The connection between man and nature has been lost, the invisible threads that once connected them have been torn. Man has enslaved nature and forced it to work for himself. As a result, by the end of the 20th century, environmental problems became one of the most important. The most pressing question arose: how do we survive?
In the story “Lyudochka” V. Astafiev raises many problems, including environmental ones. In a city park, people dug a ditch and laid a pipe through it, but forgot to bury it. “A black pipe, with crooked knees, like a snake trampled by cattle, lay in the steamed clay, hissing, steaming, bubbling like a hot mud. The trees above the ditch became sick and wilted...
There was always a stench here in the park...” The habitat itself became hostile to humans. This is the situation in which we find ourselves home works. It’s hard for Lyudka, who came from the village to the city, with her pure soul to adapt to the life around her, to get used to urban reality.
And this fragile, sickly girl, who preserved her soul in a nightmare environment, evokes only respect and pity. Astafiev, narrating the fate of Lyudochka, speaks not only about the ecology of nature, but also about the ecology of the soul. calls on people to stop, look back and see what they have done to nature, because they cannot continue to live like this.
The problem of the relationship between man and nature is also considered by Boris Vasiliev in the novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans.” Main character works Egor Polushkin infinitely loves nature, everything that surrounds him. He always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty.
The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. The hero understood nature, and she understood him. Only Polushkin and his son Kolka could “calm down the most angry dogs in two words.” Only he knew how to “hear and understand silence,” see the beauty of “resting nature, its sleep,” and the only thing he wanted was to “scoop up this untouched beauty with his palms and carefully, without muddying or spilling, bring it to people.” But people did not understand him and considered him unsuited to life.
And Yegor called on people to protect and respect their native land. “No man is the king of nature. Not a king, it’s harmful to be called a king. He is her son, her eldest son.
So be reasonable and don’t drive your mother into a coffin.” At the end of the novel, Yegor dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquering it. But Polushkin’s son, Kolka, is growing up, who, hopefully, will be able to replace his father. He will love and respect his native land, take care of it. The problem of the relationship between man and nature is also raised by our other contemporaries. This is Chingiz, who showed in his novel “The Scaffold” how man, with his own hands, destroys the colorful and populous world of nature.
The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. By placing a person in the position of a “king” in relation to animals, the author shows that such a position of a person is fraught with tragedy. That nature will take revenge on man for the extermination of “lesser brothers.” This problem also worries Valentin Rasputin.
In the story “Fire” the opposition of harmonious nature to imperfect man is most strongly felt. After a fire, spring “gathers what has survived and did not die into one living thing,” but people do not understand this. In their works, writers primarily address each of us. It should be remembered that man and nature are concepts inseparable from each other.
By killing nature, man dooms himself to death. Human connections are crumbling not only with nature, but also with others like themselves. The hero of B. Vasiliev’s novel exclaims bitterly: “We are orphans: in discord with the mother earth, in a quarrel with the father forest, in bitter separation with the sister river. And there’s nothing to stand on, and nothing to lean against, and nothing to freshen up with.” People must remember that they are responsible to those who lived on this earth, and even more so to those who will live after them. The title of V. Rasputin’s story “Fire” sounds like “the bell on the veche tower.”
Writers seem to call on us: “People! Stop and look around! What will you bring to the 21st century..."
Need a cheat sheet? Then save - "Man and nature in modern literature." Literary essays!Introduction
The problem of the relationship between nature and man is constantly addressed and it will never lose its relevance. Many writers of past centuries and today have spoken about the cultural problems of the relationship between nature and man. In Russian literature of the Soviet period, the relationship between man and nature was often depicted in accordance with the thesis of Turgenev’s Bazarov “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” For a long time everyone proudly said: “My native country is wide, there are many forests, fields and rivers in it.”
So if there is “a lot”, does this mean that natural resources should not be protected? Of course, people today are stronger than nature, and nature cannot resist their guns, bulldozers and excavators.
A reasonable transformation of the primary nature of the Earth in order to make it capable of satisfying all the material, aesthetic and spiritual needs of a numerically increasing population - this condition, especially in our country, cannot be considered fulfilled, however, the first steps towards a reasonable transformation of nature in the second half of the 20th century are undoubtedly , began to be implemented. In the modern period, knowledge is being integrated and “saturated” with culture based on environmental ideas.
Based on the above, it is advisable to consider the topic “Man and Nature in Modern Literature” that I have chosen through the prism of how works of art, both natural science and religious literature, since by his organismic level man is included in the natural connection of phenomena and obeys natural necessity, and with its personal level it is addressed to social existence, to society, to the history of mankind, to culture.
Part 1. Nature and man in fiction
1.1. Russian village in the works of V. Astafiev
“The Last Bow” by V. Astafiev, written in the form of a story in stories, is a work about the Motherland, in the meaning as Astafiev understands it. His homeland is a Russian village, hardworking, not spoiled by wealth; This is nature, harsh, incredibly beautiful - the powerful Yenisei, taiga, mountains. Each individual story in “Bow” reveals a separate feature of this general theme, be it a description of nature in the chapter “Zorka’s Song” or children’s games in the chapter “Burn, Burn Clear.”
The theme of nature and man in Russian literature:
The modern writer V. Rasputin argued: “To talk about ecology today means to talk not about changing life, but about saving it.” Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the impoverishment of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that “a gradual adaptation to danger occurs,” that is, the person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem associated with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea has become so exposed that the shores from the sea ports are tens of kilometers away. The climate changed very sharply, and animals became extinct. All these troubles greatly affected the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The exposed bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral Sea contains millions of tons of toxic salts. This problem cannot but worry people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized problem solving and the reasons for the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and studied the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in the article “In the fate of nature is our fate” reflects on the relationship between man and the environment. “Today there is no need to guess “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” It is the Volga itself that is groaning, dug up length and breadth, spanned by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of humanity.
The problem of the relationship between man and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in his work “The Scaffold”. He showed how man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.
The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack that lives quietly before the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, without thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was simply difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: “The fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the gunshots, thought that the whole world had gone deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation...” In this tragedy, Akbara’s children die, but this is her grief doesn't end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs died. People, for the sake of their own goals, could “gut the globe like a pumpkin,” not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone wolf is drawn to people, wants to transfer her maternal love to a human child. It turned into a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man, in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of the she-wolf, shoots at her, but ends up hitting his own son.
This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people towards nature, towards everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our lives.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: “Humanity spends billions not only to avoid suffocation and death, but also to preserve the nature around us.” Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become its master, its protector, and its intelligent transformer. A beloved leisurely river, a birch grove, a restless bird world... We will not harm them, but will try to protect them.
In this century, man is actively interfering with the natural processes of the Earth’s shells: extracting millions of tons of minerals, destroying thousands of hectares of forest, polluting the waters of seas and rivers, and releasing toxic substances into the atmosphere. One of the most important environmental problems of the century has been water pollution. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect human health, especially in areas with dense populations. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept across the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people’s health for a long time.
Thus, a person as a result economic activity causes great damage to nature, and at the same time to one’s health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Every person in his activities must treat all life on Earth with care, not alienate himself from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.
Not what you think - Nature,
Not a cast, not a soulless face.
She has a soul, she has freedom,
She was always sensitive to all changes occurring in nature and the surrounding world. Poisoned air, rivers, earth - everything is crying out for help, for protection. Our complex and contradictory times have given rise to a huge number of problems: economic, moral and others, but, according to many, among them the most important place is occupied by ecological problem. Our future and the future of our children depends on its decision. The catastrophe of the century is an ecological condition environment. Many areas of our country have long become unfavorable: the destroyed Aral Sea, which could not be saved, the Volga, poisoned by industrial wastewater, Chernobyl, contaminated with radiation, and many others. Who is guilty? A man who exterminated, destroyed his roots, a man who forgot where he came from, a predator man who became more terrible than a beast. A number of works by such famous writers as Chingiz Aitmatov, Valentin Rasputin, Viktor Astafiev, Sergei Zalygin and others are devoted to this problem.
Chingiz Aitmatov’s novel “The Scaffold” cannot leave the reader indifferent. The author allowed himself to speak out on the most painful, topical issues of our time. This is a scream novel, a novel written in blood, this is a desperate appeal addressed to everyone. At the center of "The Scaffold" is the conflict between a man and a pair of wolves who lost their cubs due to human fault. The novel begins with the theme of wolves, which develops into the theme of the death of the savannah. Due to human fault, natural natural environment wolf habitat. Akbar's she-wolf, after the death of her brood, meets with a man one on one, she is strong, and the man is soulless, but the she-wolf does not consider it necessary to kill him, she only leaves him from the new wolf cubs. And in this we see the eternal law of nature: do not harm each other, live in unity. But the second litter of wolf cubs also perishes during the development of the lake, and again we see the same baseness of the human soul. No one cares about the uniqueness of the lake and its inhabitants, because profit and gain are most important for many. And again the boundless grief of the wolf mother, she has nowhere to find refuge from the flame-spitting engines. The last refuge of wolves is the mountains, but even here they do not find peace. There comes a turning point in Akbara’s consciousness - after all, evil must be punished. A feeling of revenge settles in her sick, wounded soul, but Akbar is morally superior to man. Saving a human child, a pure being, not yet touched by the dirt of the surrounding reality, Akbara shows generosity, forgiving people for the evil done to her. Wolves are not only opposed to humans, they are humanized, endowed with nobility, that high moral strength that people are deprived of. Animals are kinder than humans, because they take from nature only what is necessary for their existence, and humans are cruel not only to nature, but also to the animal world. Without any feeling of regret, meat producers shoot defenseless saigas at point-blank range, hundreds of animals die, and a crime is committed against nature. In the story "The Scaffold" the she-wolf and the child die together, and their blood mixes, proving the unity of all living things, despite all the existing disproportions.
A person armed with technology often does not think about what consequences his actions will have for society and future generations. The destruction of nature is inevitably combined with the destruction of everything human in people.
Literature teaches that cruelty to animals and nature turns into a serious danger for the person himself for his physical and moral health. Nikonov’s story “On the Wolves” is about this; it talks about a huntsman, a man whose profession is called upon to protect all living things, but in reality a moral monster who causes irreparable harm to nature. Experiencing burning pain for the dying nature, modern literature acts as its defender. Vasiliev's story "Don't Shoot White Swans" evoked a great public response. For forester Yegor Polushkin, the swans that he settled on Black Lake are a symbol of the pure, lofty and beautiful.
In Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matera" the theme of the extinction of villages is raised. Grandma Daria, the main character, takes the news the hardest of all that the village of Matera, which has lived for three hundred years, where she was born, is living out its last spring. A dam is being built on the Angara, and the village will be flooded. And here Grandma Daria, who worked tirelessly, honestly and selflessly for half a century, receiving almost nothing for her work, suddenly resists, defending her old hut, her Matera, where her great-grandfather and grandfather lived, where every log is not only hers. , but also her ancestors. Son Pavel also feels sorry for the village, saying that it doesn’t hurt to lose it only for those who “didn’t water every furrow.” Pavel understands today’s situation, he understands that a dam is needed, but Grandma Daria cannot come to terms with this truth, because the graves will be flooded, and this is a memory. She is sure that “the truth is in memory; those who have no memory have no life.” Daria grieves in the cemetery at the graves of her ancestors and asks for their forgiveness. The scene of Daria's farewell in the cemetery cannot fail to touch the reader. A new village is being built, but it does not have the core of that village life, the strength that a peasant gains from childhood by communicating with nature.
Against the barbaric destruction of forests, animals and nature in general, calls are constantly heard from the pages of the press from writers who strive to awaken in readers responsibility for the future. The question of attitude to nature, to native places is also a question of attitude to the Motherland. There are four laws of ecology, which were formulated more than twenty years ago by the American scientist Barry Commoner: “Everything is interconnected, everything must go somewhere, everything is worth something, nature knows this better than us.” These rules fully reflect the essence of the economic approach to life, but, unfortunately, they are not taken into account. But, it seems to me, if all the people of the earth thought about their future, they could change the current environmentally dangerous situation in the world. All in our hands!
Man and nature in modern literature
(analysis of 2-3 works)
Not what you think - Nature,
Not a cast, not a soulless face.
She has a soul, she has freedom,
It has a language that is obedient to us.
Literature has always been sensitive to all changes occurring in nature and the surrounding world. Poisoned air, rivers, earth - everything is crying out for help, for protection. Our complex and contradictory times have given rise to a huge number of problems: economic, moral and others, but, according to many, the most important among them is the environmental problem. Our future and the future of our children depends on its decision.
The catastrophe of the century is the ecological state of the environment. Many areas of our country have long become unfavorable: the destroyed Aral Sea, which could not be saved, the Volga, poisoned by industrial wastewater, Chernobyl, contaminated with radiation, and many others. Who is guilty? A man who exterminated, destroyed his roots, a man who forgot where he came from, a predator man who became more terrible than a beast. A number of works by such famous writers as Chingiz Aitmatov, Valentin Rasputin, Viktor Astafiev, Sergei Zalygin and others are devoted to this problem.
Chingiz Aitmatov’s novel “The Scaffold” cannot leave the reader indifferent. The author allowed himself to speak out on the most painful, topical issues of our time. This is a scream novel, a novel written in blood, this is a desperate appeal addressed to everyone. At the center of "The Scaffold" is the conflict between a man and a pair of wolves who lost their cubs due to human fault. The novel begins with the theme of wolves, which develops into the theme of the death of the savannah. Due to human fault, the natural habitat of wolves is dying. Akbar's she-wolf, after the death of her brood, meets with a man one on one, she is strong, and the man is soulless, but the she-wolf does not consider it necessary to kill him, she only leaves him from the new wolf cubs. And in this we see the eternal law of nature: do not harm each other, live in unity. But the second litter of wolf cubs also perishes during the development of the lake, and again we see the same baseness of the human soul. No one cares about the uniqueness of the lake and its inhabitants, because profit and gain are most important for many. And again the boundless grief of the wolf mother, she has nowhere to find refuge from the flame-spewing engines. The last refuge of wolves is the mountains, but even here they do not find peace. There comes a turning point in Akbara's consciousness - after all, evil must be punished. A feeling of revenge settles in her sick, wounded soul, but Akbar is morally superior to man. Saving a human child, a pure being, not yet touched by the dirt of the surrounding reality, Akbara shows generosity, forgiving people for the evil done to her. Wolves are not only opposed to humans, they are humanized, endowed with nobility, that high moral strength that people lack. Animals are kinder than humans, because they take from nature only what is necessary for their existence, and humans are cruel not only to nature, but also to the animal world. Without any feeling of regret, meat producers shoot defenseless saigas at point-blank range, hundreds of animals die, and a crime is committed against nature.
In the story "The Scaffold" the she-wolf and the child die together, and their blood mixes, proving the unity of all living things, despite all the existing disproportions.
A person armed with technology often does not think about what consequences his actions will have for society and future generations. The destruction of nature is inevitably combined with the destruction of everything human in people.
Literature teaches that cruelty to animals and nature turns into a serious danger for the person himself for his physical and moral health. Nikonov’s story “On the Wolves” is about this; it talks about a huntsman, a man whose profession is called upon to protect all living things, but in reality a moral monster who causes irreparable harm to nature. Experiencing burning pain for the dying nature, modern literature acts as its defender.
Vasiliev's story "Don't Shoot White Swans" evoked a great public response. For forester Yegor Polushkin, the swans that he settled on Black Lake are a symbol of the pure, lofty and beautiful.
In Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matera" the theme of the extinction of villages is raised. Grandma Daria, the main character, takes the news the hardest of all that the village of Matera, which has lived for three hundred years, where she was born, is living out its last spring. A dam is being built on the Angara, and the village will be flooded. And here Grandma Daria, who worked tirelessly, honestly and selflessly for half a century, receiving almost nothing for her work, suddenly resists, defending her old hut, her Matera, where her great-grandfather and grandfather lived, where every log is not only hers, but also hers. ancestors Son Pavel also feels sorry for the village, saying that it doesn’t hurt to lose it only for those who “didn’t water every furrow.” Pavel understands today's truth, he understands that a dam is needed, but Grandma Daria cannot come to terms with this truth, because the graves will be flooded, and this is a memory. She is sure that “the truth is in memory; those who have no memory have no life.” Daria grieves in the cemetery at the graves of her ancestors and asks for their forgiveness. The scene of Daria's farewell in the cemetery cannot fail to touch the reader. A new village is being built, but it does not have the core of that village life, the strength that a peasant gains from childhood by communicating with nature. Against the barbaric destruction of forests, animals and nature in general, calls are constantly heard from the pages of the press from writers who strive to awaken in readers responsibility for the future.
The question of attitude to nature, to native places is also a question of attitude to the Motherland. There are four laws of ecology that were formulated more than twenty years ago by the American scientist Barry Commoner: “Everything is interconnected, everything must go somewhere, everything is worth something, nature knows this better than us.” These rules fully reflect the essence of the economic approach to life, but, unfortunately, they are not taken into account. But, it seems to me, if all the people of the earth thought about their future, they could change the current environmentally dangerous situation in the world. All in our hands!
Similar abstracts:
Abstract on the work of Chingiz Aitmatov The Plakha ". Completed by a student of class 11A of school No. 458...
Chingiz Aitmatov’s novel “The Scaffold” is dedicated to the philosophical problems of good and evil, which are related to the main question of our time: will life survive on earth? Will man survive, and what will he be like in the technocratic 21st century?
Many works have been written about nature and its beauties. Writers and poets have addressed and continue to address this topic.
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