Antonyms for November. Antonyms. Antonym verbs: examples of words in Russian

Exercise 38, p. 20

38. Read.

Synonyms are words that are close in meaning.

Exercise 39, p. 20

39. Read. Insert the missing letters. Connect the synonyms with a line.

Genus And na ⇒ Fatherland d O horns ⇒ path
etc O shai ⇒ to St. And Denmark p A bota ⇒ labor
R e guys ⇒ kids are fast O⇒ speed O
R And sunok ⇒ wind pattern ⇒ hurricane

Orally make a sentence with one of the words.

Frost drew a beautiful pattern on the window.

Exercise 40, p. 20

40. Read.

fire ⇔ flame mischievous ⇔ naughty sparkle ⇔ sparkle
sadness ⇔ sadness frost ⇔ cold frog ⇔ frog
golden ⇔ yellow

Make pairs of words that are similar in meaning. Write the synonyms according to the example.

Frost - cold, frog - frog, yellow - golden, sadness - sadness, sparkle - shine, fire - flame, mischief - naughty.

Exercise 41, p. 21

41. Read.

Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings.

Fill in the missing word. Indicate the emphasis in words.

Exercise 42, p. 21

42. Read the dialogue expressively.

Mom, did you leave this big piece of cake for Olya?
- No, for you.
- Such a small piece?!

What sign is missing? Put it down.
Why did the boy call the same piece of cake both big and small?

When the boy thought that the piece of cake was for his sister, it seemed big to him. When he realized that this piece was for him, it seemed tiny to him and he didn’t want to share it with anyone.

Find antonyms in the sentences and underline them. Find synonyms for each antonym.

Big - huge, large.
Small - tiny, miniature.

Exercise 43, p. 22

43. Read. Fill in the sentences with suitable words.

Prepare a sleigh in the summer and a cart in the winter.

Together it's cramped and apart it's boring.

Think slow and work fast.

Why do they say this? Underline the antonyms in the sentences.

Prepare a sleigh in the summer and a cart in the winter. They say this to remind you that you need to prepare carefully and in advance for an important task.
Together it’s cramped, but apart it’s boring. They say when people often quarrel, argue, and when apart they miss each other.
Think slow and work fast. This is what they say when they want to remind you that work needs to be done energetically, having thought everything through well in advance.

Exercise 44, p. 22

44. Read. In which lesson do you often use these words?

sum ⇔ difference
less ⇔ more
addition ⇔ subtraction
minus ⇔ plus

We often use these words in math class.

Riddle number one. Is it possible to replace with impunity enormous to its synonym monumental?

Riddle number two. What is the antonym of the word long?

Despite tons of new advanced vocabulary, students continue to use in simple words like good, bad, beautiful, interesting, and the teachers continue to beg them: “well, tell me amazing, fantastic, awesome!»

And this is all true, no doubt about it. Take a look at the old post about, it has not lost its relevance.

However, since then new thoughts have emerged about synonyms, antonyms and collocations in English.

Synonyms in English

Advanced synonyms are great. But there is one big BUT.

Just because words are synonymous does not mean they are universal and interchangeable. Different synonyms may have different compatibility. Just because

enormous
giant
substantial

Synonyms do not mean that they are always interchangeable.

Dictionary definitions of different synonyms do not add clarity:

notably large in size, amount or extent
exceptionally large or heavy
large and heavy, impressively large

These are definitions of 3 DIFFERENT words. Do you see the difference? So I don't. The dictionary in this case does not help, but only confuses. Much more useful for understanding the difference (both the difference in meaning and the difference in use) is knowledge of phrases.

Different synonyms are often combined with different words in different contexts.

enormous appetite (but not monumental)
giant screen (but not dramatic)
vast majority (but not enormous)
substantial breakfast (but not massive)

Let's take the floor together small and let's do the same with him. I'll even provide screenshots from the Longman Dictionary Online so you can see that I didn't make up these definitions myself.

How do you like it? Are these definitions very useful?

And here are phrases with different synonyms for the word small

tiny hint / bikini / minority
petty crime/theft/cash
miniature golf/version
teeny bit / bit upset / piece
baby carrots
miniscule fragment/portion
small-scale enterprise/production
slight difference / accent
limited period / number of (tickets)
minute detail/trace

It's a completely different matter!

The funniest thing I've heard on this topic is this phrase:

When I was *miniscule, I loved candies

The student just decided to start using advanced synonyms of ordinary words, downloaded one of the lists that are circulating on the Internet, and began to sculpt whatever he got anywhere. And specifically in this context about “when I was little” and no fancy synonyms are needed, just:

When I was little / a kid, I loved candies.

Antonyms in English

Since we're talking about synonyms, it's worth talking about antonyms. Sometimes it's very interesting with them.

What is the antonym of the word long? If at the beginning of the post your first instinct was to respond short, read on))

In fact, to the question “what is the antonym of the word X?” It is impossible to answer without taking into account phrases. For example, at long word the antonym would be, indeed, short word.

But here it will be different:

long breakfast - quick breakfast
long experience - limited experience
long discussion - brief discussion

(On Google and in the corpus of examples brief discussion many times more than short discussion, which means, although short it doesn't seem like a mistake, brief discussion- a more commonly used phrase.)

That is, you can’t just take and answer the question “what is the antonym of the word long(and any other)"?)) Most often the antonym will be short, but not at all necessary.

Or with the word subtle and its antonyms let's have fun:

subtle colors - bold colors
subtle flavor - pronounced flavor
subtle message - clear message

Walk like that! Let's do the same with antonyms heavy:

heavy rain - light rain
heavy accent - slight accent
heavy criticism - minor criticism⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀

Stop learning words!

All of the above is one of the reasons to love chunks and the lexical approach. Words go together in certain ways with certain words, but not with others.

You can’t just throw words; you cannot randomly replace all simple words with advanced synonyms; you can't think linearly in terms long–short, heavy–light, rich-poor- and at the same time sound natural in English.

(from the Greek anti - against, ónyma - name) - these are words with the opposite meaning when used in pairs. Those words enter into antonymic relationships which reveal from opposite sides correlated concepts associated with one circle of objects and phenomena. Words form antonymous pairs based on their lexical meaning. The same word, if it is polysemantic, can have several antonyms.

occur within all parts of speech, but the words of the antonymous pair must belong to the same part of speech.

The following do not enter into antonymic relationships:

– nouns with a specific meaning (house, book, school), proper names;

– numerals, most pronouns;

– words denoting gender (man and woman, son and daughter);

– words with different stylistic connotations;

- words with increasing or diminutive accents (hand - hands, house - house).

In their structure, antonyms are not homogeneous. Among them are:

– single-root antonyms: happiness - misfortune, open - close;

– antonyms with different roots: black - white, good - bad.

The phenomenon of antonymy is closely related to the polysemy of a word. Each meaning of a word can have its own antonyms. Yes, word fresh will have different antonymic pairs in different meanings: fresh wind - sultry wind, fresh bread - stale bread, fresh shirt - dirty shirt.

Antonymic relationships can also arise between different meanings of the same word. For example, to review means “to get acquainted with something, check, quickly examining, looking through, reading” and “to skip, not to notice, to miss.” The combination of opposite meanings in one word is called enantiosemy.

Depending on the distinctive features that words with opposite meanings have, two types of antonyms can be distinguished general language(or simply linguistic) And contextual speech(copyright or individual).

General language antonyms are regularly reproduced in speech and enshrined in the vocabulary (day - night, poor - rich).

Contextual speech antonyms- these are words that enter into antonymic relationships only in a certain context: Sing better with a goldfinch than with a nightingale.

The use of antonyms makes speech more vivid and expressive. Antonyms are used in colloquial and artistic speech, in many proverbs and sayings, in the titles of many literary works.

One of the stylistic figures is built on the sharp opposition of antonym words - antithesis(contrast) – characterization by comparing two opposing phenomena or signs: Long live the sun, may the darkness hide! (A.S. Pushkin). Writers often construct titles of works using this technique: “War and Peace” (L.N. Tolstoy), “Fathers and Sons” (I.S. Turgenev), “Fat and Thin” (A.P. Chekhov), etc. .

Another stylistic device that is based on a comparison of antonymic meanings is oxymoron, or oxymoron(Gr. oxymoron - lit. witty-stupid) - a figure of speech that combines logically incompatible concepts: a living corpse, dead souls, ringing silence.

Antonym dictionaries will help you find an antonym for a word.Antonym dictionaries – linguistic reference dictionaries, in which a description of antonyms is given. For example, in dictionary L.A. Vvedenskaya An interpretation of more than 1000 antonymic pairs is given (their synonymous correspondences are also taken into account), and contexts of use are given. A in the dictionary N.P. Kolesnikova Antonyms and paronyms are recorded. The book contains approximately 3,000 paronyms and more than 1,300 pairs of antonyms. There are no illustrations of the use of antonyms in the dictionary.

In addition to antonym dictionaries general type, there are also private dictionaries that record polar relations in some narrow areas of vocabulary. This includes, for example, dictionaries of antonyms-phraseological units, dictionaries of antonyms-dialecticisms, etc.

Let us once again pay attention to the most common examples of antonyms: good evil; good bad; friend - enemy; day Night; heat - cold; peace - war, quarrel; true False; success - failure; benefit - harm; rich - poor; difficult - easy; generous - stingy; thick – thin; hard – soft; brave - cowardly; White black; fast – slow; high Low; bitter - sweet; hot Cold; wet – dry; full - hungry; new - old; big small; laugh - cry; speak - remain silent; love - hate.

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Cold and hot, shallow and deep, useful and harmful, independent and dependent, summer and winter, love and hate, joy and sadness, take off and land, start and end, good and bad, serious and frivolous. What do you think these words are? Antonyms! We will present examples of such words, as well as the concept of “antonym” itself, in this article.

Antonyms: concept

So, in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language there is such a thing as “antonyms”. Examples of words with opposite meanings can be given endlessly. Sweet - bitter; cute - disgusting; rise - fall; vanity - peace. These words are called antonyms.

The examples of words given above prove that only words that are the same part of speech can be called antonyms. That is, the words “love” and “hate”, “always” and “often”, “lighten” and “dark” are not antonyms. Can the adjectives “low” and “happy” be called antonyms? No, because words can only be compared based on one characteristic. And in our case there are two of them. In addition, if antonyms denote some quality, then they must possess or not possess this quality in equal measure. Thus, “frost” and “warmth” are not complete antonyms, since frost is high degree cold, and heat is the average degree of temperature above zero.

Antonyms-nouns: example words

In Russian, antonyms-nouns are found quite often. It should be noted that nouns that have antonyms have a connotation of quality in their meaning.

For example: integrity - unprincipledness; minus plus; income - losses; output - input; ascent - descent; day Night; light - darkness; word - silence; dream - reality; dirt - cleanliness; captivity - freedom; progress - regression; success - failure; youth - old age; purchase - sale; beginning - ending.

Adjectives with opposite meanings

Among the adjectives you can find greatest number pairs of antonyms.

Examples of words: empty - full; daytime - nighttime; perky - sad, happy - unhappy; light heavy; simple - complex; cheap - expensive; paid - free; confident - uncertain; main - secondary; significant - trifling; real - virtual, native - alien; obstinate - flexible; excited - calm; smooth - rough; artificial - natural; beloved - unloved; raw - dry.

Adverbs

In this regard, adverbs are in no way inferior to adjectives. There are also many antonyms among them.

Examples of words: easy - difficult; cheap - expensive; immediately - gradually; stupid - smart; banal - original; long - not for long; enough is not enough; intelligible - indistinct; right - wrong, cold - hot.

Antonym verbs: examples of words in Russian

There are also verbs with opposite meanings in the Russian language.

For example: scold - praise; take - give; work - idle; to get sick - to get better; get better - lose weight; refuse - agree; to accustom - to wean; notice - ignore; lose - find; increase - decrease; earn - spend; bury - dig up; leave - return; say goodbye - say hello; turn - turn away; iron - wrinkle; take off - put on; dress - undress.

Thus, almost all parts of speech are rich in antonyms. They can be found even among prepositions: in - from, on - under, etc.

Exercises

To consolidate the material you have learned, it is useful to perform several exercises.

1. Read a poem by a famous children's poet and find all the antonyms in it:

Here's a chat for the guys:

When they are silent, they do not speak.

When they sit in one place,

They don't travel.

What is far is not close at all.

But high, not very low.

And how to arrive without leaving.

And eat a nut, since there are no nuts.

Nobody wants to lie standing.

Pouring from empty to empty.

Don't write on white chalk

And don’t call idleness business.

2. Insert antonyms instead of dots:

... feeds a person, but ... spoils him.
... ... doesn't understand.
...in body, yes...in deed.
...for food, yes...for work.
... saddled, but... galloped.
Day to day there is strife: today... and tomorrow...
Prepare the cart... and the sleigh...
One brother... and the second...
Today the sea... but yesterday it was completely...
Alyosha has an easy character: he remembers... and forgets...
You're always like this... why today...?
The root of the teaching..., but the fruits...

Exercise #1: are silent - they speak; far close; high - low; come - leave; lie down - stand; idleness is business.

Exercise #2:

Labor, laziness.
Full, hungry.
Small, big.
Healthy, sickly.
Early late.
Warm, frosty.
In winter, in summer.
Silent, talker.
Stormy, quiet.
Good evil.
Cheerful, joyful.
Bitter, sweet.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. You often hear arguments about this, but you don’t have to be a philologist to understand that learning Russian is a real feat.

Especially considering the presence of a large number of words that are comparable in meaning, but often completely different in spelling (). Or, conversely, different in meaning, but identical in spelling (). But there are also words that sound the same, but differ in spelling ().

In this regard, we only have to find out what antonyms are, what role they play in the Russian language and whether we can do without them, in principle.

Looking ahead, I will say that without them, the lexical beauty of the Russian language would have suffered significant damage. To understand this, it is enough to turn to our classics, who often used this technique in their work.

What is an antonym?

In short, this is the opposite of synonyms ( different words, meaning approximately the same thing, such as “cheerful - joyful”, “traveler - traveler”). In the case of an antonym, the definition will sound like this:

these are the words that have opposite meanings(opposed to each other), but necessarily belonging to the same part of speech. For example, “day - night”, “bright - dark”, “walk - stand”, “cold - warm”.

The word itself is a derivative of the ancient Greek words ἀντί, meaning “against” and ὄνομα, meaning “name”:

It turns out that antonyms are most often two words (lexical oppositions), belonging to the same part of speech, which can be:

Numerals, pronouns and proper names, as well as words related to different parts speech. There are many words in the Russian language that cannot be contrasted, but in this case it can be found figuratively.

Please note that the figurative meaning of the same word may differ in different contexts.

For example, we can say “old” and “young” about an animal of different ages (wolf, goose, ram), but we cannot describe a car, a machine tool, a sofa in the same way. They can also be old, but there is no such expression as a “young” car (sofa, machine). In this case, another antonym, “new,” would be better suited.

And there are quite a lot of such examples, so it’s impossible to explain in a nutshell what this is (as well as about synonyms, paronyms and homonyms). I’m not talking about foreigners - for them this is a direct path to the “yellow house”.

Types of antonyms, according to what criteria they are divided

Speaking about the types of autonomous entities, we can highlight:

Now let’s consolidate the learned material by watching a short video on the topic, without missing anything interesting:

Examples of various antonyms

The lexical set of the Russian language is so rich that foreigners do not have enough to understand what synonyms, antonyms and homonyms are. whole life. In this regard, it is incomparably easier for native speakers.

There are the following types of antonymic words and expressions:

It is obvious that without these lexical embellishments our language would be boring and uninteresting. Without them, how could you describe a person who has the complete opposite of another personality or convey experiences and feelings.

Thus, several concepts can be contrasted at once, as in the example of “loving good and hating evil.”

Antonyms in Russian proverbs

We can talk a lot about how useful antonyms are, and how difficult it is without them, but it’s better to look at examples. In this regard, Russian proverbs and sayings illustrate the material well.

Everyone, for example, understands the meaning of the proverb, which says that “a sleigh must be prepared in the summer, and a cart in the winter.” Antonyms enhance the effect. Each of us knows that “the well-fed is no companion to the hungry,” “the morning is wiser than the evening,” and “the bins of a bad owner are sometimes thick and sometimes empty.”

Sometimes the opposite is indicated by entire phrases. For example, about a rich person you can say that “he has no money,” but a poor person has it “like a cat crying.” You can also “keep your eyes open”, or you can “count crows”, “live on your own hump” or “sit on someone else’s neck”.

The Russian language is truly rich, and you won’t envy those who have to learn it “from scratch,” because how can you explain to a foreigner what “seven spans in the forehead” is and how the expression “without a king in the head” is different.

And in conclusion, check how correctly you have mastered the material and understood what an antonym is:

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site