“The golden stars dozed off, the mirror of the backwater trembled, light dawned on the river backwaters and blushed the mesh of the sky.”
Physical quantity
Physical quantity– a measurable property of a body or phenomenon.
You have already become familiar with many physical quantities in
mathematics lessons.
These are, for example, length, volume, mass, time and
a lot others.
In addition to the name, each physical quantity has
designation and units of measurement .
We say that the mass of a bucket of water is 8 kg, the length of a pencil is 18 cm, and the time
sunrise - 7 am. Where do these numbers come from?
And in general – the values of all physical quantities?
Numerical values of quantities appear during measurements.
Measure- means to compare with measure, that is, a sample for comparison. For example, weights are used to measure the mass of a bucket of water.
a measure of the length of a pencil - divisions on a ruler,
and the measure of the time of sunrise is the position of the hand on the clock dial.
So, to measure a quantity means to compare it with a homogeneous physical quantity taken as a unit of measurement.
Often measures are inseparable from measuring instruments.
Often measures are inseparable from measuring instruments. For example, weights cannot be used without scales,
and the divisions on the watch dial are without a mechanism that rotates the hands.
A clock, scales, ruler, speedometer are all examples of measuring instruments.
No measure or measuring device is completely accurate.
Let's do an experiment.
Let's take two cast iron weights of 1 kg each,
which are used in trade.
Let's put them on laboratory scales.
They will show that the masses of the weights are not exactly the same.
The difference can reach several grams! There are several reasons for this: inaccuracy in the manufacture of weights, their wear and tear during prolonged use, the adhesion of dust particles, and others.
Such reasons always lead to the fact that Measuring instruments and measures introduce some inaccuracy into the measurement result - error.
However, the question remains:
However, the question remains:
Which value should we take to record the result of measuring the length of a pencil?
You can choose any
but additional measurements can be made.
At the same time, re-align the end of the pencil with the zero mark of the scale,
and place the eye more precisely above the end of the stylus.
Such multiple measurements
will allow you to choose with greater confidence
one of the pencil lengths,
for example, the first one is 18.7 cm.
Most often, multiple measurements are carried out in order to
to calculate average value measured quantity.
This is one of the methods for reducing the error of the measurement result.
This is what you will do, for example, in some laboratory work.
The measurement error cannot be greater than the instrument division value.
The absolute measurement error is equal to half the scale division of the measuring instrument.
Do you think the thermometers shown in the figure show the same temperature?
Different?
Wrong! The thermometer readings are the same: 26 °C.
However, their scales are different from each other. Let's find out what this difference is.
For example, between the 20° and 30° lines on the left thermometer there is the same amount divisions(intervals), how many there are between 20° and 40° on the right thermometer. Count: exactly 10 divisions.
However, they measure different numbers of degrees! Therefore, they say that the scales of these thermometers have different division price.
So, 10 divisions on the left thermometer
measure 10 degrees (since 30° – 20° = 10°),
and 10 divisions on the right thermometer
already measure 20 degrees (since 40° – 20° = 20°).
Therefore, for one division of the scale of the left thermometer there is 1 degree,
and the right scale is 2 degrees.
Let's write down our
Let's write down our
calculations in the form of fractions:
We have: CD Lev = 1°/div,
CD right = 2 °/div.
Let’s make sure that the right thermometer shows exactly 26 °C. After touching 20 °C, the border of tinted alcohol rose
by 3 divisions.
Since the division price is 2 °C/division,
then we write the equality:
temperature = 20 °C + 3 div · 2 °C/div, temperature = 20 °C + 6 °C, temperature = 26 °C.
These actions:
look at the instrument scale
and necessary calculations
are called counting on a scale measuring device.
Since ancient times, people have used many units to measure various quantities.
Since 1918, Russia has used the so-called metric system of measures. It is accepted in almost all European countries and in many non-European countries. It is based on the so-called decimal principle: Each major unit contains the next ten smaller units.
mega = 1,000,000 kilo = 1,000 deci = 0.1 centi = 0.01 milli = 0.001 micro = 0.000001
Look at the equalities. The left column lists some so-called decimal prefixes. They serve to form larger and smaller units of measurement (they are called multiples and submultiples). The right column lists the meanings of the prefixes.
For example, the length of a roll of fabric was once measured in "elbows" because the fabric was conveniently wrapped around the hand between the palm and the elbow. Distance between settlements measured in “miles” (Latin mille – thousand). A thousand double steps (left step, right step) along a straight road equaled one mile. There were other units, and each country and, sometimes, localities within the country had their own.
The names of the prefixes and their meanings are completely interchangeable.
Let's look at examples.
5 kilo meters = 5 · 1000 meters = 5000 meters 200 Milli grams = 200 · 0,001 grams = 0.2 grams 5 dm3 = 5 ( deci· meter)3 = 5 · deci 3 meter3 = 5 0,1 3 m3 = 0.005 m3
To determine the volume of liquids and solids
bodies used: beakers, measuring cups, volumetric flasks, pipettes, burettes, graduated cylinders.
Beakers are either conical or cylindrical.
1. To correctly measure the required volume of uncolored transparent liquid - water - with a measuring cylinder, it is poured so that the lower edge of the meniscus is at eye level and the required division of the cylinder.
2. Maintain the correct position of the cylinder relative to the eyes when filling it with liquid!
"WITH Good morning!” Sergey Yesenin
The golden stars dozed off,
The mirror of the backwater trembled,
The light is dawning on the river backwaters
And blushes the sky grid.The sleepy birch trees smiled,
Silk braids were disheveled.
Green earrings rustle
And the silver dews burn.The fence is overgrown with nettles
Dressed in bright mother of pearl
And, swaying, whispers playfully:
"Good morning!"
Analysis of Yesenin’s poem “Good morning!”
Yesenin's creativity is inextricably linked with landscape lyrics, inspired by memories of childhood. The poet grew up in the village of Konstantinovo Ryazan province, which he left as a 17-year-old boy, setting off to conquer Moscow. However, the poet kept the memory of the amazingly bright and exciting Russian nature, changeable and multifaceted, in his heart for the rest of his life.
The poem “Good morning!”, written in 1914, allows us to fully judge Yesenin’s poetic talent and his reverent attitude towards his homeland. A small poetic sketch that tells how the world awakens under the first rays of the gentle summer sun, filled with lyricism and amazingly beautiful metaphors.
Thus, in each stanza of the poem there is imagery characteristic of Yesenin. The poet consciously endows inanimate objects with qualities and abilities that are inherent in living people. The morning begins with the “golden stars dozing off”, giving way to the daylight. After this, “the mirror of the backwater trembled,” and the first rays of the sun fell on its surface. Yesenin associates daylight with a natural source of life, which gives warmth and “blushes” the sky. The author describes the sunrise as if it were familiar a natural phenomenon represents a kind of miracle, under the influence of which the entire the world is transformed beyond recognition.
The image of the Russian birch occupies a special place in the work of Sergei Yesenin, which appears in various guises. However, most often the poet attributes to her the features of a young, fragile girl. In the poem "Good Morning!" It is the birches that are one of the key characters that “come to life” at the will of the author. Under the influence of the warm rays of the sun, they “smiled” and “tumbled their silken braids.” That is, the poet deliberately creates an attractive female image in readers, complementing it with “green earrings” and drops of dew, sparkling like diamonds.
Possessing a bright poetic talent, Sergei Yesenin easily combines the magic of Russian nature and completely ordinary, everyday things in his works. For example, in the poem “Good morning!” Against the backdrop of a revived creek and a birch girl, the author describes an ordinary village fence with thickets of nettles. However, even this prickly plant, which Yesenin also associates with a young lady, is endowed by the poet with pristine beauty, noting that the nettle “is dressed in bright mother-of-pearl.” And this extraordinary outfit seemed to transform the burning beauty, turning her from an evil and grumpy fury and a social coquette who wishes good morning to random passers-by.
Eventually this work, consisting of only three short quatrains, very accurately and completely reproduces the picture of the awakening of nature and creates an amazing atmosphere of joy and peace. Like a romantic artist, Yesenin endows each line with a wealth of colors that can convey not only color, but also smell, taste, and feelings. The author deliberately left many nuances behind the scenes and did not talk about what the coming day would be like and what exactly it would bring. Because such a story would certainly destroy the subtle charm of that moment that separates night from day and is called morning. But with all this, the poem looks like a completely full-fledged work, the logical conclusion of which is the wish “Good morning!”, addressed to all those who have met the dawn in the village at least once in their lives and can appreciate the moment of awakening of nature, exciting and magnificent.
The golden stars dozed off,
The mirror of the backwater trembled,
The light is dawning on the river backwaters
And blushes the sky grid.
The sleepy birch trees smiled,
Silk braids were disheveled.
Green earrings rustle
And the silver dews burn.
The fence is overgrown with nettles
Dressed in bright mother of pearl
And, swaying, whispers playfully:
"Good morning!"
Analysis of the poem “Good morning” by Yesenin
Yesenin’s poetic sketch “Good Morning” (1914) shows dawn - a wonderful natural phenomenon that personifies the awakening of all living things. The poem is filled with lyricism and some sentimentality. The created images are recognizable and beautiful in their simplicity. The poet's youthful, unclouded gaze invites the reader to feel himself inside the poem - in the early morning next to the birches and the lake. The reader looks at the picture of Yesenin’s dawn, remembering his feelings and emotions from contact with nature, which evokes a nostalgic and joyful feeling.
The lyrical work is full of means artistic expression. Through the personifications “the stars dozed off”, “the nettle whispers”, “the birch trees smiled”, the poet shows that nature is alive and endows it with human traits. Expressive and precise metaphors create a vivid picture of the awakening morning. The “mirror of the backwater” is spread out before the reader’s eyes - a surface of water reflecting the morning sky, and the “sky grid” is painted with the pale colors of dawn. The picturesque epithets “golden”, “silk”, “silver” show nature as a rare jewel, which is revealed only to a close look.
Images of Russian birch trees come to life under the author's pen. Yesenin attributes to them the features of young village girls (“they smiled sleepily,” “they ruffled their… braids”) and dresses them in “green earrings,” in which, like diamonds, “the dew burns.” With these small poetic touches, the poet creates attractive female images, showing their naturalness and love of life.
Beauty penetrates into everyday life. Under Yesenin’s pen, the stinging, unsociable nettle “dressed itself…in mother-of-pearl” and turned into a charming young lady wishing everyone a “playful” good morning.
The composition also works to create an atmosphere of magic. In the first quatrain, the poet sketches the early morning with light strokes; in the second stanza, with the help of the verbs “smiled”, “disheveled”, “burning”, “rustling”, movement is created. The alliteration of “zzh” and repetitions of the sounds “s” and “sh” give the feeling of water ripples and a light breeze. The climax comes in the third quatrain: “Good morning!” Cross rhyme and iambic pentameter throughout the poem lead a calm narrative, as if afraid to disturb the morning bliss. But at the end of the poem, the shortened last line, like an energetic stroke, awakens nature from sleep.
In a short poem, the poet surprisingly accurately showed the charm of the moment of nature’s transition from night to morning, when the pre-dawn silence and blessed peace are replaced by a feeling of joy from awakening and returning to life.
Zh. ZHITELEVA,
V.ZHITELEV,
school number 19,
Lyubertsy,
Moscow region
Slow reading of Yesenin’s poem “The golden stars dozed off...”
The concept of metaphor
The purpose of the lesson, the methodological development of which is brought to the attention of the literature teacher is to teach sixth-graders an in-depth understanding of the text of the work at the linguistic level. This is possible at the intersection of two school disciplines - Russian language and literature. In our opinion, a series of lessons that solve this problem is needed in middle grades. After all, the ultimate and main goal of literary education for schoolchildren is to cultivate in adolescents an interest in fiction in its best examples and a deep understanding of verbal art.
The lesson was conducted by Zh.I. Zhiteleva.
Before the lesson begins, the following words are written on the chalkboard:
bay, backwater, backwater
dress up, dress up, dress up
sky
wattle fence
earring
nacre
DURING THE CLASSES
Preliminary work with the vocabulary of the poem
In our language (as in all languages), there is a constant process of disappearance of some words and the appearance of others. This is mainly due to changes in people's living conditions.
Today we will read a poem that was created not so long ago, less than a hundred years ago. In this short poem we will meet words that cannot be said to have disappeared from the Russian language, but, unfortunately, they are no longer known to many people.
I said “unfortunately” because words, leaving the language, impoverish our speech and take with them a piece of the soul of our people, that is, you and I are deprived of part of the spiritual heritage that was created by previous generations of our compatriots.
Here are three words: bay, backwater, backwater. One of them - bay- should be familiar to you: you heard it in geography lessons. What does it mean? ( « Part of a body of water, such as the sea, that projects into land » ).
Words backwater And backwater are close to it in their meaning. We will understand why this is so when we select words related to them. Name the verbs that have common root with a noun bay. (Pour, pour.) Can you guess for yourself which verbs are related to the noun? backwater?.. By analogy with a chain of cognate words gulf - pour - pour build a series of words related to the noun backwater. (Backwater - sink - drown.) Zatonom called the river bay.
It’s not hard to guess what word the noun comes from backwater . (From the noun water.) Noun creek, like a noun backwater, means "river bay".
Verbs: dress up, dress up And get dressed up mean the same thing, but only one of them is included in our active vocabulary. Name this verb. (Dress up.) The rest are now obsolete words and are used extremely rarely.
Word sky Are any of you familiar?.. The meaning of this noun is suggested by the words from which it consists. What words does it consist of? (From the nouns sky and slope.) Word slope need to be explained?.. What does it mean, for example, in the expression hillside? (“The Sloping Surface of a Hill”). So how can you explain to yourself the meaning of the word? sky? (“This is the part of the sky along the horizon that has an apparent slope”). Let's check our interpretation in the explanatory dictionary. In Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language we read: “Part of the sky above the horizon.”
Word wattle fence familiar to you? Name words with the same root for this noun . (Weave, weave.) Weave called a fence woven from twigs and branches.
Now about the word earring . There seems to be nothing to say here: everyone saw the jewelry in the ears. But have you seen catkins on birch trees? Expression birch catkins did you hear? What do they call birch earrings? (Inflorescences of small birch flowers.) Here we observe interesting linguistic phenomenon: the name of one object is transferred to another object, because people noticed something common and similar between these objects. The amazing property of language - to transfer the name from one object or phenomenon to another object or phenomenon - is often used by poets.
We have one more word left to clarify - nacre . Do you think this is original? Russian word or is it borrowed from some foreign language?
From dictionaries we learn that it is borrowed from German language and means the substance that makes up the inner layer of shells. Mother of pearl has an iridescent iridescent color and is used to make jewelry. Mother-of-pearl forms pearls in shells.
Reading a poem. Conversation with the class
Now listen carefully to the poem of the wonderful Russian poet Sergei Aleksandrovich Yesenin. It is small, but it contains many mysteries for an inexperienced reader, so it may be incomprehensible to some of you, and therefore uninteresting. But these riddles will turn into sparkling poetic facets.
The teacher reads a poem.
The golden stars dozed off,
The mirror of the backwater trembled,
The light is dawning on the river backwaters
And blushes the sky grid.The sleepy birch trees smiled,
Silk braids were disheveled.
Green earrings rustle
And the silver dews burn.The fence is overgrown with nettles
Dressed in bright mother of pearl
And, swaying, whispers playfully:
"Good morning!".
Open the textbook* on page 317. Before you is a poem by Yesenin. As you can see, it has no title. Can you give the poem a title? Which line tells us the title of the poem? (Last: Good morning! The poem can be called “Morning.”)
Could you tell me what kind of morning the poet paints: before sunrise or when the sun has already risen? Please note: light blushes the mesh of the sky. When can sunlight blush the sky? When can dawn be red and ruddy? (Before sunrise.)
What do you think, the morning of what time of year is described in the poem: spring, winter, summer, autumn?
Overall, the content of the poem is clear. But let's re-read it again to deeply penetrate every line of this short work.
The golden stars dozed off.
Tell me: can the stars fall asleep? (Can not.) Then what is the meaning of the words the stars dozed off?
Do you think, directly or figurative meaning verb used here dozed off? (In figurative form.) Let's come up with a sentence in which this verb will be used in its direct meaning, for example: The child dozed off. Imagine that you see a child who has fallen asleep. Probably, each of you will have the following thought: here is a child running, jumping, playing, frolicking and, having played enough, calmed down, calmed down, became quiet, dozed off.
Now let's return to the expression the stars dozed off. Tell me, do the stars shine the same at night and in the morning? (At night the stars sparkle brightly, they are radiant, larger, more interesting; by morning they dim, seem calm, seem to have dozed off.) So, with one ordinary word, but used in a figurative meaning, the poet makes us see the night and morning stars and compare them with each other, paints a picture of the end of the night and the approach of morning.
The mirror of the backwater trembled.
Does the backwater have a mirror? What is it named? mirror of the backwater? (The surface of the water of the backwater.) The name of one object - a mirror - is transferred to another object - the surface of water. What property of the water surface does the poet highlight when he calls it a mirror? (The ability to reflect light, like a mirror.) The author forces the reader see this is a huge water “mirror”.
Let's re-read this line again...
Words tremble, tremble, tremble you and I know well. Can the water surface of a reservoir tremble? (Can not.) It turns out that the verb trembled not used in a literal sense? How to understand this phrase? (Ripples, that is, small waves, appeared on the water surface of the backwater.) Do you know what causes ripples? A light breeze on an early summer morning is a sign of a warm, sunny day.
The light is dawning on the river backwaters
And blushes the sky grid.
Do you imagine in your mind sky grid? How can you illustrate words on a painting? the light blushes the sky grid? (Between light clouds colored red and pink, the blue sky peeks out in different places.)
The light is dawning on the river backwaters.
We need to explain the verb glimmers? About early morning, when after the darkness of the night it is just beginning to get light, they say: the dawn is breaking, the dawn is breaking, the light is breaking. Reading the poem, we see the dawning dawn not only in the sky, but also in the “mirror” of the backwaters.
Let's reread the first stanza in its entirety and expressively. The poetic picture of the gradual onset of morning will correspond to a calm, measured reading.
The sleepy birch trees smiled,
Silk braids were disheveled.
In this sentence, only one word is used in its literal meaning. Which? (Birches.) I will reread the sentence, missing a word in it birch trees, and you tell me who or what it’s about.
They smiled sleepily and tousled their silk braids.
Who can you say that about? (Only about girls, or, in the language of folk poetry, about red maidens.)
Each of us can easily imagine girlish braids, even disheveled girlish braids; and who will say what it is birch braids? (These are thin long branches hanging from the branches of a birch.)
Are there birch trees? disheveled your braid branches? (The branches of the birch trees are fluttered by the wind, the same breeze that made the mirror of the backwater tremble.)
In what sense is the adjective used here? silk? (In the sense of “beautiful.”) Consider the first line of the poem: golden stars. Adjective gold in this expression has the same meaning; which? (Beautiful.)
How do you understand the expression sleepy birch trees? Did they “doze off” like the stars? (They didn’t “doze off”, but, on the contrary, “woke up”, but had not yet fully recovered from the night’s sleep.) We woke up and greeted the new day with a joyful smile! Just like people! Just like girls!
Let's read the second stanza in its entirety...
Silver dews are burning. How do you imagine this? (Dew drops sparkle on the birch trees as brightly as if they were burning.) In what sense is the adjective used? silver? (Silver color, beautiful.) Dewdrops illuminated by the sun sparkle with all the colors of the rainbow, and those not illuminated by the sun have a silvery color.
Let's read the last stanza...
The nettle was dressed in bright mother-of-pearl. What would you depict in the picture? (Nettles in sparkling drops of dew.)
Reflections on what you read. The concept of metaphor
Now that the poem has been read, let’s think about what we read. Amazing fact: the most common words (dozed off, mirror, grid) required hard work of thought from us.
Here we have drawn a verbal picture for the phrase Nettle/dressed with bright mother-of-pearl. As you can see, the name mother-of-pearl is not mother-of-pearl, but dew, that is, the name of one object - mother-of-pearl - is transferred to another object - dew. A word that transfers the name of one object to another object is called in linguistics metaphor.
Greek word metaphor and means "transfer".
Let's find other metaphorical nouns in the poem. What does the poet call mirror? The name of one object - a mirror - is transferred to another object - the surface of a reservoir. Noun mirror in this case it is a metaphor.
Let's look at the next two lines. Each of us knows well what thing, what product is called a word net. What is called the grid in the poem? (A peculiar pattern of the arrangement of clouds in the sky.) Here is another noun used in a metaphorical meaning.
What word is replaced by the word braids? (Branch noun.)
Is it a metaphor or a noun? earrings in combination birch catkins? So far we have been dealing with metaphors created by the poet himself: mirror backwater, net sky, braids birch trees, mother of pearl named dew. Now we have encountered a metaphor that exists in the Russian language, so we may not notice the metaphorical nature of this word. Take a look at Dictionary Russian language, and without much effort you will discover many expressions in which nouns are used in a metaphorical sense. For example, in phrases eyeball, doorknob, bow of a ship, tail of a train, table leg, chair back and many, many others. Such expressions are so commonplace in our speech that we do not even feel the metaphor contained in them.
The poem also contains metaphors and adjectives. An adjective used in a metaphorical sense transfers a characteristic characteristic of one object to another object.
Could it be sleepy an inanimate object - a tree? In this case, birch trees are attributed the property of living beings. Birch branches are named silk. Is this a metaphor? And the adjective silver in expression silver dew?
Can an adjective be considered a metaphor? gold?
What is the general meaning of all three adjectives: gold, silk, silver? (Beautiful.)
The poem ends with the words Good morning! Do you think the adjective is a metaphor? Kind in expression Good morning?
Similar to the expression Good morning or Good morning, in the Russian language there are many other stable phrases with adjectives used in a metaphorical sense, for example: golden time, vague meaning, idioms, black affairs and others.
So, a metaphor noun transfers the name of one object to another; a metaphor adjective transfers a characteristic characteristic of one object to another object. A verb can also be used as a metaphor.
An inanimate object - the stars - is attributed an action characteristic of a living being - dozed off?
You will find other metaphorical verbs in Yesenin’s poem at home on your own.
Metaphor in its meaning is close to comparison: one object or phenomenon is likened to another object or phenomenon. We can say about metaphor that it is an incomplete, truncated comparison. A word used in a metaphorical sense acquires extreme expressiveness, imagery, clarity, and emotionality. Therefore, metaphor is widely used in works fiction, especially in poetry.
Homework
Find metaphorical verbs in the poem.
Prepare expressive reading poems by heart.
Hold a drawing competition for a poem.
* Literature. Educational textbook for the 6th grade of secondary school. Author-compiler V.P. Polukhina M.: Education, 1992. P. 317.
Starting to read the verse “Good morning!” Yesenin Sergei Alexandrovich, we personally imagine the morning in the village, permeated with the transforming rays of the bright sun. The bright personifications typical of the poet (birch trees “disheveled their silken braids”) and metaphors (nettles “dressed... in mother-of-pearl”) create the mood of an extraordinary holiday and fill the soul with joy. When reading a work in class during a literature lesson, it is worth paying attention to the amazing capacity of Yesenin’s verse: such a clear picture is painted in just three small stanzas. An interesting disruption of the rhythm in the last line of the poem: instead of a pentameter trochee there is a bimeter (“Good morning!”) It creates an interesting and effective ending.
The text of Yesenin’s poem “Good Morning!”, written in 1914, makes us remember that Sergei Alexandrovich’s childhood and early youth flew by carefree in the village. The poet carried his love for the Russian village, for animals, flowers and trees throughout his life. These feelings, as well as longing for his native land, were always reflected in his work. So in this poem one can hear the ardent love for the Ryazan region he left behind.