You might be surprised to see this headline and think, “Is it really that hard to cross the road?” Some pedestrians believe that you just need to run across the road very quickly and everything will be fine.
Others, on the contrary, wait patiently until there is not a single car on the road. But this happens so rarely that you can stand for several hours waiting for the moment when you can cross the road.
What to do? How to cross the street correctly?
You already know that you can cross the road using an overground or underground pedestrian crossing, as well as a green traffic light. But before you start crossing the road, determine whether the traffic on it is one-way or two-way. After all, the rules for crossing different roads differ from each other.
But first of all, you must know very wellgeneral rules :
- Before crossing the road, stop at the edge of the sidewalk.
- Look carefully to the left and to the right and find out whether it is a one-way or two-way road.
- Before you start crossing the road, make sure that all vehicles are at a safe distance from you to cross.
- Cross the roadway at a brisk pace, but do not run.
- Cross the road at right angles to the sidewalk, not diagonally.
And the most important thing: Be careful all the time while you are crossing the road!
You already know that when crossing any road you must be very careful and follow the general rules. But, in addition to the general ones, there are also rules when crossing two-way roads.
How should you behave when crossing a two-way road?
It may seem to you that there are too many rules and it is difficult or even impossible to remember them. But it is much better to spend time learning the rules of crossing the road than to risk your health and life!
When crossing a one-way road, you need to behave a little differently than when crossing a two-way road. When approaching a one-way road, first of all, determine whether traffic is going along it - to the right or to the left.
Before you start crossing a one-way road, remember that you can only cross it immediately.It is impossible to stop in the middle of the road here!After all, on such a road cars travel across the entire width of the roadway. Therefore, we remind you once again: when crossing a one-way road, you will not be able to stop in the middle.
Now you understand that you can cross such roads only when you are absolutely sure that all vehicles are at a distance sufficient from you for safe crossing. Therefore, first of all, make sure that the transport is far from you, and remember the braking distance!
Don't forget to make sure that there are no cars driving in reverse near the pedestrian crossing. Start crossing the road quickly, but do not run. Walk at right angles to the sidewalk, not diagonally.
When crossing a one-way road, do not forget to watch the side from which the traffic is coming.
In ancient times there were no private cars or public transport. There were not even horse-drawn carriages yet, and people walked from one settlement to another. But they needed to know where this or that road led. It was also important for them to know how much distance remained to go to the desired place. To convey this information, our ancestors placed stones on the roads, broke branches in a special way, and made notches on tree trunks.
And in ancient Rome , back in the time of Emperor Augustus, the first signs appeared that either demanded “Give way” or warned “This is a dangerous place.” In addition, the Romans began to place along the most important roads stone pillars. The distance from this pillar to the main square in Rome - the Roman Forum - was carved on them. We can say that these were the first road signs.
In Russia in the XVI century, under Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, mileposts 4 meters high were erected on the road that led from Moscow to the royal estate of Kolomenskoye. This is where the expression “Kolomenskaya mile” comes from.
Under Peter I, a system of milestones appeared on all roads Russian Empire. The pillars began to be painted with black and white stripes. This way they were better visible at any time of the day. They indicated the distance from one settlement to another and the name of the area.
But a serious need for road signs arose with the advent of cars.
In 1900 Last year, at the congress of the International Tourism Union, it was agreed that all road signs should not have inscriptions, but symbols - understandable to both foreign citizens and illiterate people.
In 1903 The first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris. And after another 6 years International conference in Paris, they agreed to install road signs on the right side, in the direction of travel, 250 meters before the start of the dangerous section. The first four road signs were installed at the same time. They have survived to this day, although they appearance changed. These signs have names:"Rough road", "Dangerous bend", "Intersection of equivalent roads" And "Railway crossing with barrier".
In 1909 In the same year, the first road signs officially appeared in Russia.
Subsequently, the number of signs, their shape and colors were determined.
There was a time when only riders on horses, chariots and horse-drawn carts rode on the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They traveled without observing any rules, and therefore often collided with each other. After all, the city streets in those days were very narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline traffic on streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make traffic on them convenient and safe.
First rules traffic appeared more than 2000 years ago, during the reign of Julius Caesar.
They helped regulate traffic on city streets. Some of these rules have survived to this day. For example, already in those ancient times, one-way traffic was allowed on many streets.
In Russia, road traffic was regulated by royal decrees. Thus, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of 1730 it was said: “Carriers and other people of all ranks should ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, at attention. And those who do not comply with these rules will be beaten with a whip and sent to hard labor.” And the decree of Empress Catherine II says: “On the streets, coachmen should never shout, whistle, ring or jingle.”
At the end of the XVIII century, the first “self-propelled carriages” appeared - cars. They drove very slowly and caused criticism and ridicule from many. For example, in England they introduced a rule according to which a person with a red flag or lantern had to walk in front of each car and warn oncoming carriages and riders. And the speed of movement should not exceed 3 km/h; In addition, drivers were prohibited from giving warning signals. These were the rules: don’t mix, don’t breathe and crawl like a turtle.
But, despite everything, there were more and more cars. And in 1893 The first rules for motorists appeared in France. First in different countries there were different rules. But it was very inconvenient.
Therefore in 1909 In 2008, at the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on Road Traffic was adopted, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs and established the responsibilities of drivers and pedestrians.
Do you know when the first traffic light we are familiar with appeared?
It turns out that traffic control using a mechanical device began 140 years ago, in London. The first traffic light stood in the city center on a pole 6 meters high. It was managed by a person specially assigned to him. Using a belt system, he raised and lowered the instrument needle. Then the arrow was replaced by a lantern powered by lamp gas. The lantern had green and red glasses, but yellow ones had not yet been invented.
The first electric traffic light appeared in the USA, in the city of Cleveland, in 1914. It also had only two signals - red and green - and was controlled manually. The yellow signal replaced the police warning whistle. But just 4 years later, three-color electric traffic lights with automatic control appeared in New York.
Interestingly, in the first traffic lights the green signal was at the top, but then they decided that it was better to place the red signal at the top. And now, in all countries of the world, traffic signals are located according to a single rule: at the top - red, yellow in the middle, green at the bottom.
In our country, the first traffic light appeared in 1929 in Moscow. It looked like a round clock with three sectors - red, yellow, green. And the adjuster manually turned the arrow, setting it to the desired color.
Then in Moscow and Leningrad (as St. Petersburg was then called) electric traffic lights with three sections of the modern type appeared. And in 1937, the first pedestrian traffic light appeared in Leningrad on Zhelyabova Street (now Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street).
There is not a single large city in the world that does not face a transport problem. However, contrary to widespread belief, it did not arise with the beginning of mass production of cars. For example, the problems of traffic jams and parking spaces were acutely felt even... in Ancient Rome. And the first who took up their solution was Julius Caesar. Traditionally, he is considered only an outstanding commander, statesman and writer. But few people know that it was Julius Caesar who introduced the ancient Roman traffic rules. For all their imperfections, they already included a number of provisions that are still used today to curb the traffic flood that floods modern cities. Thus, one-way streets were introduced to prevent congestion. In addition, the passage of private chariots, carts and carriages in Rome was prohibited from sunrise to the end of the "working day", which approximately corresponded to two hours before sunset. Even more stringent restrictions applied to nonresident owners of vehicles of any kind, who were required to leave them outside the city limits and could only move through the streets on foot or by “taxi,” that is, in hired palanquins.
Naturally, monitoring compliance with these rules also required the creation of a special service, which recruited mainly freedmen who had previously performed the functions of firefighters. The main task of ancient Roman traffic controllers was to prevent unwanted incidents between the “drivers” of chariots and carts, who were often inclined to decide the right of way with their fists.
On the other hand, since traffic lights had not yet been invented in Ancient Rome, and the few “traffic police inspectors” with the growth of traffic flows were unable to ensure universal order, noble nobles and wealthy merchants found their own way of solving the problem of uncontrolled intersections: they sent walkers ahead of them , which blocked traffic at intersections, ensuring unhindered passage of the owners' chariots.
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The prototype of modern traffic rules was adopted in France.
The first traffic rules in the world were adopted in France on August 16, 1893. It was then that the Paris police prefect decided to restore order to the street traffic of newly appeared cars. There were already 600 cars in the country and these cars, naturally, were mostly located in the capital of France. The city has already developed a list of rules for driving mechanical carriages around the city. It was forbidden to drive and stop on sidewalks, alleys and places intended only for pedestrian traffic. It was forbidden to drive around the city at a speed of more than 12 km/h, and outside the city at a speed of more than 20 km/h.
There was a time when only riders on horses, chariots and horse-drawn carts rode on the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They traveled without observing any rules, and therefore often collided with each other. After all, city streets in those days were usually narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline traffic on streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make traffic on them convenient and safe.
The first traffic rules appeared more than 2000 years ago, during the reign of Julius Caesar.
They helped regulate traffic on city streets. Some of these rules have survived to this day. For example, already in those ancient times, only one-way traffic was allowed on many streets.
In Russia, road traffic was regulated by royal decrees. Thus, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of 1730 it was said: “Carriers and other people of all ranks should ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, at attention. And those who do not comply with these rules will be beaten with a whip and sent to hard labor.” And the decree of Empress Catherine II says: “On the streets, coachmen should never shout, whistle, ring or jingle.”
IN late XVIII century, the first “self-propelled carriages” appeared - cars. They drove very slowly and caused criticism and ridicule from many. For example, in England they introduced a rule according to which a person with a red flag or lantern had to walk in front of each car and warn oncoming carriages and riders. And the speed of movement should not exceed 3 kilometers per hour; in addition, drivers were prohibited from giving warning signals. These were the rules: don’t whistle, don’t breathe, and crawl like a turtle.
But, despite everything, there were more and more cars. And in 1893, the first rules for motorists appeared in France. At first, different countries had different rules. But it was very inconvenient.
Therefore, in 1909, at the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on Automobile Traffic was adopted, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs and established the responsibilities of drivers and pedestrians.
Modern traffic rules are almost 100 years old.
History of traffic lights
Do you know when the familiar traffic light appeared?
It turns out that traffic control using a mechanical device began 140 years ago, in London. The first traffic light stood in the city center on a pole 6 meters high. It was controlled by a specially assigned person. Using a belt system, he raised and lowered the instrument needle. Then the arrow was replaced by a lantern powered by lamp gas. The lantern had green and red glasses, but yellow ones had not yet been invented.
The first electric traffic light appeared in the USA, in the city of Cleveland, in 1914. It also had only two signals - red and green - and was controlled manually. The yellow signal replaced the police warning whistle. But just 4 years later, three-color electric traffic lights with automatic control appeared in New York.
Interestingly, in the first traffic lights the green signal was at the top, but then they decided that it was better to place the red signal on top. And now in all countries of the world, traffic lights are located according to the same rule: red at the top, yellow in the middle, green at the bottom.
We have the first in our country traffic light appeared in 1929 in Moscow. It looked like a round clock with three sectors - red, yellow and green. And the adjuster manually turned the arrow, setting it to the desired color.
Then in Moscow and Leningrad (as St. Petersburg was then called) electric traffic lights with three sections of the modern type appeared. And in 1937 in Leningrad, on Zhelyabova Street (now Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street), near the DLT department store, the first pedestrian traffic light appeared.
The need to streamline traffic on the streets arose long before the internal combustion engine was invented. According to historical chronicles, Julius Caesar tried to restore order on the roads. In the 50s BC, he introduced one-way traffic on some streets of Rome, and also limited the passage of private carts, chariots and carriages during the daytime. Visitors to Rome had to leave their vehicles outside the city (much like in park-and-rides today) and travel on foot or hire a palanquin. At the same time, the first service of traffic controllers appeared, who were supposed to prevent conflicts on the roads. The main problems were related to crossing intersections, since movement along them was not regulated by rules, which is why conflicts arose.
In Russia in 1683, Peter I banned fast driving around the city, riding without drivers and on unbridled horses. He also took care of pedestrians - coachmen were forbidden to beat passers-by with whips. Later in the 1730s, Anna Ioannovna introduced punishment for reckless drivers - they were given a fine, flogged with rods, or simply executed. The decree of July 25, 1732 read: “...And if in future, in defiance of this Her Imperial Majesty decree, anyone dares to ride so briskly and uncontrollably and beat someone with whips and crush someone with sleighs and horses, then, due to the state of their guilt, they will be subject to severe punishment or the death penalty "
However, cars have brought more serious problems to traffic management. There were some curious points in the rules of the 19th century. For example, in Great Britain they passed a law according to which a person with a flag had to run in front of a self-propelled carriage and warn others about the danger. Photo flag: a car is a danger on the road, it was necessary to warn about it.
Flag. (pinterest.com)
The first traffic rules for cars were adopted in France in 1893. The regulation and regulation of “self-propelled carriages” began in Russia in 1896; in 1900, in St. Petersburg, the procedure for the movement of passenger and trucks around the city was approved; a number of points have been preserved to this day. In 1909, at a conference in Paris, an attempt was made to create uniform European traffic rules. Some road signs were identified that were not so different from modern ones, including “Railway crossing with barrier”, “Intersection of equivalent roads” and “Dangerous bend”. In 1931, at a conference in Geneva, 26 signs were identified, which were divided into three groups: prescriptive, indicative and warning. There were no uniform traffic rules in the USSR until 1961. Thus, in the summer of 1920, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR approved the Decree “On automobile traffic in the city of Moscow and its environs.” The document stipulated the speed limit for traffic around the city and the registration of vehicles. Special attention was given to license plates.
It was pointed out that they could not be “self-written”, that there must be two of them - in front and behind. Drivers were required to have documents confirming the right to drive a car and an identity card - everything, as it is now. As for speed, passenger cars could travel around the city at a speed of 27 kilometers per hour, and trucks at 16 kilometers per hour. At the same time, parking rules were introduced - leaving a car on the street unattended was prohibited. However, this was of little concern to ordinary citizens of the USSR; in the 1920s they did not have cars. Another important milestone - in 1936, the State Automobile Inspectorate appeared in the USSR - the first specialized body for monitoring compliance with traffic rules. In the 1950s, the rulebook became thicker.
Overtaking. (pinterest.com)
There it is already recommended to drive the car so as not to interfere with others. Interestingly, there was also a requirement for the driver himself to “be neat, disciplined and monitor the condition of the car.” Another requirement for the driver is that you cannot drive drunk. However, driving at intersections still causes major problems. The roads are already divided into main and secondary, but there are no priority signs; they will appear only in 1979. In the city you can already drive at a speed of 50-70 kilometers per hour, but outside the city there are practically no restrictions. The driver must be guided by the condition of the road surface and other factors affecting traffic safety and choose the appropriate speed.
Speed mode. (pinterest.com)
Parking rules have become more complicated; now cars need to be parked as close to the sidewalk as possible, and cars must be parked in a row with others. There are lane rules at intersections; you can only turn right from the right lane, middle row drives straight, the left one turns left. Public transport has priority in traffic, and the concept of “interference on the right” is introduced. Uniform and updated rules throughout the country were introduced in 1961, after the USSR joined the international Convention on Road Traffic, adopted in Geneva in 1949. Gradually, the traffic rules also include requirements for cyclists and pedestrians. The latter are prohibited from crossing the street in a place not designated for this purpose.
Pedestrians. (pinterest.com)
New traffic rules were introduced in 1973. There is interesting point: It is prohibited to operate a vehicle with curtains or blinds that limit visibility. This rule was very relevant several years ago, in the wake of the popularity of these curtains. After 1979, a requirement to wear seat belts was introduced, priority signs appeared at intersections, and entry into them was prohibited if there was a traffic jam there. The speed limit outside the city is 90 kilometers per hour. The latest version of the rules that appeared in the USSR dates back to 1987; these traffic rules are not so different from modern ones.
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Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the features of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.
Target:
- introduce students to the history of the development of roads and traffic rules.
- attract students' attention to learning and following traffic rules.
Visual aids: albums, drawings, on the topic.
“History of road development and traffic rules”
1. Teacher's story about the road.
It was a very long time ago. People then lived among impenetrable forests. They raised livestock, hunted, collected honey from wild bees, fished, and sown small plots of land. It was difficult for people then to make their way through the dense forests, but this was necessary. And so people began to cut passages and paths in the forests. They were called “paths”. “Putiki” connected settlements with each other; they began to be called roads. The road is a path from one settlement to another.
Teacher:
2. As time passed, riders on horses, chariots and horse-drawn carts began to ride along the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They traveled without observing any rules, and therefore often collided with each other. After all, city streets in those days were usually narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline traffic on streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make traffic on them convenient and safe.
The history of the development of roads and the first traffic rules dates back to Ancient Rome.
3. The first traffic rules appeared more than 2000 years ago, under Julius Caesar.
Julius Caesar introduced one-way traffic on several streets in the city in the 50s BC. From sunrise to approximately two hours before sunset (end of working day) the passage of private carts and chariots was prohibited.
Visitors to the city had to travel in Rome on foot or on a palanquin (stretchers on long poles), and park vehicles outside the city limits.
Already at that time there was a supervisory service monitoring compliance with these rules. It consisted mainly of former firefighters
The duties of this service were to prevent conflict situations among vehicle owners. The intersections were not regulated. To ensure free passage, nobles sent walkers ahead. They cleared the streets and the nobles could thus freely travel to their destination.
4. One of the most enduring monuments of ancient Rome was the network of roads that connected the imperial provinces. And even if not all roads led to Rome, then they all owed their origin to the Eternal City, and especially to the Appian Way - this “queen of roads”.
5. The first “correct” Roman roads were built by the military and laid for military purposes; later the authorities constantly monitored them as strategic objects. The classic width of roads is 12 m. They were built in four layers: cobblestones, crushed stones, brick chips, large cobblestones.
One of the mandatory conditions set before the start of construction was the continuous availability of the road in any weather. To achieve this, the road surface not only rose 40-50 cm above the terrain, but also had a sloping shape in cross-section, which is why there were never puddles on it. Drainage ditches on both sides of the roadway drained the water, not giving it any chance to begin to erode the base.
One of the striking features of Roman roads has gone down in history - their straightness. In order to preserve this characteristic, convenience was often sacrificed: the road could turn aside only because of a very serious obstacle, otherwise a bridge was built across the river, a tunnel was dug in the mountain, and gentle hills were not considered a problem at all, which is why travelers often had to climb steep ascents and descents.
6. The huge road network required appropriate infrastructure: inns, forges, stables - all this was built as the road surface was being built, so that by the time the work was completed, the new direction would immediately become operational.
7. Unlike Western countries , arose on the site of one of the greatest ancient civilizations - Ancient Rome, Russian roads throughout history have left much to be desired. To some extent, this is explained by the peculiarity of the natural and geographical conditions in which Russian civilization was formed. Due to the harsh climate and the presence of a large number of various kinds of obstacles - forests, wetlands, road construction in Russia has always been fraught with significant difficulties.
8. Due to the fact that most of the territory of Rus' was occupied by impenetrable forests, rivers played the role of roads; all Russian cities and most villages were located along the banks of rivers. In the summer they swam along the rivers, in the winter they rode sleighs. Land communication was also hampered by bands of robbers who hunted on forest roads.
9. The absence of roads sometimes turned out to be a blessing for the population of the Russian principalities. Thus, in 1238, Batu Khan, who destroyed the Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities, was unable to reach Novgorod due to the spring thaw, and was forced to turn south. Tatar - the Mongol invasion played a dual role in the development of the road system of Russian lands.
10. On the one hand, as a result of Batu’s campaigns, the economy of the Russian principalities was thoroughly undermined, dozens of cities were destroyed, which ultimately led to a reduction in trade and the desolation of roads. At the same time, having subjugated North-Eastern Rus' and made it part of the Golden Horde, the Tatars introduced their own postal system, borrowed from China, into the Russian lands, which was essentially a revolution in the development of the road network. Horde postal stations began to be located along the roads.
11. The station keepers were called coachmen (from the Turkic “yamdzhi” - “messenger”). The maintenance of the pits fell on the local population, who also performed underwater duties, i.e. was obliged to provide his horses and carts to the Horde ambassadors or messengers.
12. For a long time In Russia, road traffic was regulated by royal decrees. Thus, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of 1730 it was said: “Carriers and other people of all ranks should ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, at attention. And the decree of Empress Catherine II says: “On the streets, coachmen should never shout, whistle, ring or jingle.”
13. At the end of the 18th century, the first “self-propelled carriages” - cars - appeared. They drove very slowly and caused criticism and ridicule from many. For example, in England they introduced a rule according to which a person with a red flag or lantern had to walk in front of each car and
warn oncoming carriages and riders. And the speed of movement should not exceed 3 kilometers per hour; in addition, drivers were prohibited from giving warning signals. These were the rules: don’t whistle, don’t breathe, and crawl like a turtle.
But, despite everything, there were more and more cars.
Over time, changes and additions were made to the rules, stipulating features when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, and prohibiting overtaking in difficult areas. One of the additions was a rule giving priority in traffic to pedestrians. A religious procession or, for example, a funeral ceremony also enjoyed an advantage in the movement.
14. The basis of modern Traffic Rules was laid on December 10, 1868 in London. On this day, the first railway semaphore appeared in the square in front of Parliament in the form of a colored disk with mechanical control. This semaphore was invented by J.P. Knight, a semaphore specialist of that time.
The device consisted of two semaphore wings, and depending on the position of the wings, the corresponding signal was indicated:
Horizontal position – movement prohibited
Position at an angle of 45 degrees - movement is allowed, but with precautions.
15. At first, different countries had different rules. But it was very inconvenient.
Therefore, in 1909, at the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on Automobile Traffic was adopted, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs and established the responsibilities of drivers and pedestrians.
16. Over the years, changes and additions have been made to the traffic rules, stipulating specifics when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, and prohibiting overtaking in difficult areas.
The first Rules for driving on streets and roads in Russia were developed in 1940, since the development of road transport was slower than in Europe and America.
Currently, modern traffic rules are in force in Russia, which we study in lessons and extracurricular activities.
Modern traffic rules set out the responsibilities of drivers, pedestrians, passengers, and provide descriptions of road signs, traffic lights, etc.
The teacher focuses on the fact that in all countries of the world children try never to violate traffic rules, because correct behavior on the streets and roads is an indicator of a person’s culture.
On the streets of many cities, on busy highways, the movement of vehicles often takes the form of continuous streams. There is a concentration of the population in cities; more than half of the country’s population now lives in cities. And this increases the number of pedestrians on the streets. The concentration of a large number of vehicles and pedestrians on the streets of populated areas complicates the situation and requires traffic management and ensuring the safety of traffic participants. With increasing traffic intensity, a clear organization of management of both transport and pedestrian flows and the use of modern means of regulation are required. In addition, to ensure traffic safety, it is necessary to have a firm knowledge of the “Rules of the Road” by drivers and pedestrians, as well as their precise implementation.
All citizens of our country are obliged to follow these rules and comply with the requirements of police officers and those on duty at railway crossings. Any, even minor, violation of traffic rules can cause a traffic accident, which will result in injury to people, failure of expensive vehicles and damage to transported cargo.
Control questions.
1. Where did the first traffic rules appear?
2. How were the first Roman roads built?
3. Why have Russian roads left much to be desired throughout history?
4. How was traffic regulated in tsarist times?
5. In which city was the foundation of modern traffic rules laid?
6. In which city in 1909 was the International Conference adopted?
7. Convention on Road Traffic?
8. In what year were the first traffic rules developed in Russia?
9. Why are traffic rules needed?