When studying adaptation, one of the most current issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interrelated, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Socialization is often associated only with general development, and adaptation - with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as the process and result of an individual’s active reproduction of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is more related to social experience, development and formation of personality under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, mechanisms of interaction between the individual and the environment are formed.
Thus, in the course of socialization, a person acts as an object that perceives, accepts, and assimilates traditions, norms, and roles created by society. Socialization, in turn, ensures the normal functioning of the individual in society.
In the course of socialization, the development, formation and formation of the personality are carried out, at the same time, the socialization of the personality is a necessary condition adaptation of the individual in society. Social adaptation is one of the main mechanisms of socialization, one of the ways of more complete socialization.
Social adaptation is:
- - a constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment;
- - the result of this process.
Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person’s condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:
- - adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one’s own body;
- - an adequate system of relationships and communication with others;
- - ability to work, study, organize leisure and recreation;
- - variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others.
In the course of social adaptation, not only the individual adapts to new social conditions, but also the realization of his needs, interests and aspirations. The individual enters a new social environment, becomes its full member, asserts itself and develops its individuality. As a result of social adaptation, social qualities of communication, behavior and objective activity, accepted in society, are formed, thanks to which the individual realizes his aspirations, needs, interests and can self-determinate.
Social adaptation is the process of a person’s active adaptation to a changed environment using various social means. The main way of social adaptation is the acceptance of the norms and values of the new social environment (group, collective, organization, region in which the individual belongs), the forms that have developed here social interaction(formal and informal connections, leadership style, family and neighborhood relationships, etc.), as well as forms and methods of objective activity (for example, methods of professional performance of work or family responsibilities).
A.G. Kovalev distinguishes two forms of social adaptation: active, when an individual seeks to influence the environment in order to change it (including those norms, values, forms of interaction that he must master), and passive, when he does not seek such influence and change. An indicator of successful social adaptation is the high social status of an individual in a given environment, as well as his satisfaction with this environment as a whole (for example, satisfaction with work and its conditions, remuneration, organization, etc.). An indicator of low social adaptation is the movement of an individual to another social environment (personnel turnover, migration, etc.) or deviant behavior.
According to I.A. Georgieva, the basis for the development of mechanisms of social adaptation, its essence, lies active work a person, the key point of which is the need to transform significant social reality. Therefore, the very process of forming the mechanisms of social adaptation of an individual is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals and takes place in three main phases: activity, communication, self-awareness, which characterize its social essence.
Social activity is a leading and specific mechanism in the organization of human adaptation. Important are its constituent types, such as communication, play, learning, work, which ensure full inclusion and active adaptation of the individual to the social environment. The adaptation mechanism itself social activities personality has natural stages:
- - the need of the individual,
- - needs,
- - motives for making a decision,
- - implementation and summing up,
- - her assessment.
Social communication is the most important mechanism of human social adaptation, which guides and expands the circle of assimilation of social values when in contact with other individuals and social groups.
Social self-awareness of an individual is a mechanism of social adaptation of an individual, in which the formation and understanding of one’s social affiliation and role is carried out.
According to I.A. Georgieva, there are also such mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual as:
- 1. Cognitive, including everything mental processes related to cognition: sensations, perceptions, ideas, memory, thinking, imagination, etc.
- 2. Emotional, including various moral feelings and emotional states: anxiety, concern, sympathy, condemnation, anxiety, etc.
- 3. Practical (behavioural), suggesting a certain directed human activity in social practice. In general, all these mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual constitute a complete unity.
The basis of social adaptation of an individual is active or passive adaptation, interaction with the existing social environment, as well as the ability to change and qualitatively transform a person’s personality itself.
The process of social adaptation is of a specific historical nature, which influences the individual in different ways or pushes him to a certain choice of mechanisms of action in a given context of time.
Research by G.D. Volkov show that the process of social adaptation must be considered at three levels:
- 1. Society (macroenvironment) - this level allows us to highlight the process of social adaptation of the individual in the context of the socio-economic, political and spiritual development of society.
- 2. Social group (microenvironment) - studying this process will help to identify the reasons for the discrepancy between the interests of the individual and the social group (work collective, family, etc.).
- 3. Individual (intrapersonal adaptation) - the desire to achieve harmony, balance of the internal position and its self-esteem from the position of other individuals.
Analysis of the literature showed that there is no unified classification of social adaptation. This is explained by the fact that a person is part of a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, and social relationships that allow him to adapt in a given society. The social adaptation system includes different types adaptive processes:
- - production and professional adaptation;
- - everyday (solves various aspects in the formation of certain skills, attitudes, habits aimed at routines, traditions, existing relationships between people in a team, in a group outside of connection with the field of production activity);
- - leisure (involves the formation of attitudes, abilities to satisfy aesthetic experiences, the desire to maintain health, physical improvement);
- - political and economic;
- - adaptation to forms of social consciousness (science, religion, art, morality and others);
- - to nature, etc.
According to G.D. Volkov, all types of adaptation are interconnected, but the dominant one here is social.
Thus, there are mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual, the formation process of which is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals, such as: activity, communication and self-awareness. The essence of the mechanisms of social adaptation lies in active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform significant social reality.
The social environment is one of the factors in the formation and development of personality; this fact has always been recognized.
The reality in which human development occurs is called environment.
Social environment– this is an objectively social reality, which is a set of material, political, ideological, socio-psychological factors of direct interaction with a person in the process of his life and practical activities.
The main structural components of the social environment are:
Social living conditions of people;
Social Actions of people;
Relationships between people in the process of activity and communication;
Social community.
Natural social environment, surrounding a person, is external factor its development. In the process of socialization of the individual, the transformation of a biological individual into a social subject occurs. This is a multifaceted process, it is continuous and continues throughout a person’s life. It occurs most intensely in childhood and adolescence, when all the basic value orientations are laid, social norms and relationships are learned, and the motivation for social behavior is formed.
Personality formation is influenced by a variety of external conditions, including geographic and social, school and family. When teachers talk about the influence of the environment, they mean, first of all, the social and home environment. The first is referred to as the distant environment, and the second - in the immediate environment. Concept social environment has the following General characteristics, How social order, system of industrial relations, material living conditions. The immediate environment is family, relatives, friends.
The home environment has a great influence on human development, especially in childhood. The first years of a person’s life, which are decisive for the formation, development and formation, pass in the family. The family determines the range of interests and needs, views and value orientations. The family also provides conditions for the development of natural inclinations. Moral and social qualities Personality is also formed in the family.
The process of socialization of an individual occurs in interaction with a huge number of different conditions that more or less actively influence their development. These conditions affecting a person are usually called factors. In fact, to date, not all of them have been identified, and of the known ones, not all have been studied. Knowledge about the factors that were studied is very uneven: quite a lot is known about some, little about others, and very little about others.
More or less studied conditions or factors of the social environment can be conditionally divided into four groups:
1. Megafactors (mega - very large, universal) - space, planet, world, which to one degree or another through other groups of factors influence the socialization of all inhabitants of the Earth.
2. Macro factors (macro - large) - country, ethnic group, society, state, which influence the socialization of everyone living in certain countries.
3. Mesofactors (meso - average, intermediate) - conditions for the socialization of large groups of people, distinguished: by the area and type of settlement in which they live (region, village, city, town); by belonging to the audience of certain mass networks
communications (radio, television, etc.); by belonging to one or another
subcultures.
4. Microfactors - factors that directly influence specific people who interact with them - family and home, neighborhood, peer groups, educational organizations, various public, state, religious, private and counter-social organizations, microsociety. The socialization of a person is carried out by a wide range of universal means, the content of which is specific to a particular society, a particular social stratum, a particular age of the person being socialized. These include:
Methods of feeding and caring for a baby;
Developed household and hygienic skills;
Elements of spiritual culture (from lullabies and fairy tales to sculptures);
Products of material culture surrounding humans;
Methods of reward and punishment in the family, in peer groups, in educational and other socializing organizations;
Consistent introduction of a person to numerous types and types of relationships in the main spheres of his life - communication, play, cognition, subject matter
Practical and spiritual-practical activities, sports, as well as in the family, professional, social, religious spheres.
In the process of development, an individual seeks and finds the environment that is most comfortable for him, so he can “migrate” from one environment to another.
According to I. A. Karpyuk and M. B. Chernova, a person’s attitude to the external social conditions of his life in society has the nature of interaction. A person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies and at the same time develops himself through his active actions.
The social environment acts as a macroenvironment (in a broad sense), i.e. the socio-economic system as a whole, and the microenvironment (in the narrow sense) - the immediate social environment.
The social environment is, on the one hand, a very important factor that accelerates or inhibits the process of personal self-realization, on the other hand, a necessary condition for the successful development of this process. The attitude of the environment towards a person is determined by the extent to which his behavior corresponds to the expectations of the environment. A person’s behavior is largely determined by the position he occupies in society. An individual in society can occupy several positions simultaneously. Each position makes certain demands on a person, that is, rights and obligations, and is called social status. Statuses can be congenital or acquired. Status is determined by a person's behavior in society. This behavior is called social role. In the process of formation and development of personality, positive and negative social roles can be mastered. The individual’s mastery of role behavior that ensures his successful inclusion in social relations. This process of adaptation to the conditions of the social environment is called social adaptation. Thus, the social environment has big influence on the socialization of the individual through social factors. Here we can highlight the fact that a person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies and at the same time develops himself through his active actions.
Social adaptation
(from Latin adapto - adapt and socialis - public) -
1) a constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the social environment;
2) the result of this process.
The ratio of these components, which determines the nature of behavior, depends on the goals and value orientations the individual, the possibilities of their achievement in the social environment. Despite the continuous nature of AS, it is usually associated with periods of cardinal changes in the activity of the individual and his social environment.
Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: “PHOENIX”. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .
Social adaptation
The constant process of integration of the individual into society, the process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the social environment, as well as the result of this process. The relationship between these components, which determines the nature of behavior, depends on the goals and value orientation of the individual and on the possibilities of achieving them in the social environment. As a result, the formation of self-awareness and role behavior, the ability of self-control and self-service, the ability of adequate connections with others is achieved ( cm.). Although social adaptation occurs continuously, this concept is usually associated with periods of dramatic changes in the activity of the individual and his environment. The main types of adaptation process are formed depending on the structure of the individual’s needs and motives:
1 ) active type - characterized by a predominance of active influence on the social environment;
2 ) passive type - determined by passive, conformal acceptance of the goals and orientation of the value group.
An important aspect of social adaptation is the individual’s acceptance of a social role. This determines the classification of social adaptation as one of the main socio-psychological mechanisms of personality socialization. The effectiveness of adaptation significantly depends on how adequately the individual perceives himself and his social connections: a distorted or underdeveloped self-image leads to adaptation disorders, the extreme expression of which is autism.
In Western psychology, the problem of social adaptation is developed within the framework of a direction that arose on the basis of neobehaviorism and branches of psychoanalysis associated with cultural anthropology and psychosomatic medicine. The main attention is paid to adaptation disorders - neurotic and psychosomatic disorders, alcoholism, drug addiction, etc. - and methods for their correction.
Dictionary of a practical psychologist. - M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998.
SOCIAL ADAPTATION
(English) social adaptation) is an integrative indicator of a person’s condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions: adequate perception of the surrounding reality and his own body; an adequate system of relationships and communication with others; ability to work, study, organize leisure and recreation; the ability for self-service and mutual service in the family and team, variability () of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others.
Social can arise as a result of an organic disease, severe injury, or functional mental illness. Degree of maladjustment and potential opportunities socioreadaptation are determined both by the severity and specific features of the disease, and by the nature of the patient’s internal processing of the social situation of the disease. Cm. . (J.M. Glozman.)
Large psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .
See what “social adaptation” is in other dictionaries:
SOCIAL ADAPTATION- SOCIAL ADAPTATION. See social adaptation... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)
ADAPTATION (social)- ADAPTATION social, the process of interaction between an individual or social group with the social environment (see SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT); includes the assimilation of norms and values of the environment in the process of socialization (see SOCIALIZATION), as well as change, transformation of the environment... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
SOCIAL ADAPTATION- English adaptation, social; German Adaptation, soziale. The process of active adaptation of an individual or group to certain material conditions, norms, and social values. environment. see ACCOMMODATION, ACCULTURATION, AMALGAMATION, ASSIMILATION. Antinazi.… … Encyclopedia of Sociology
Adaptation (social)- social ADAPTATION, the process of interaction of an individual or social group with the social environment; includes the assimilation of norms and values of the environment in the process of socialization, as well as change and transformation of the environment in accordance with new conditions and goals... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Social adaptation- 2.1.7. #Social adaptation#: a system of measures aimed at adapting a citizen in a difficult life situation to the rules and norms of behavior accepted in society, his environment... Source: GOST... ... Official terminology
Social adaptation- see Social adaptation... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Social adaptation- (from the Latin adapto I adapt) the process of interaction between the individual and the social environment, during which the requirements and expectations of its participants are agreed upon; one of the socio-psychological mechanisms of personality socialization. The result is socially... Pedagogical terminological dictionary
social adaptation- the process of interaction between an individual or a social group and the social environment; includes the assimilation of norms and values of the environment in the process of socialization, as well as change, transformation of the environment in accordance with new conditions and goals of activity... encyclopedic Dictionary
Social adaptation- ... Wikipedia
Social adaptation- (from lat. adaptatia adaptation, and socium society) active adaptation to the conditions of the social environment by assimilation and acceptance of goals, values, norms and styles of behavior accepted in society. A.s. children with disabilities health... ... Corrective pedagogy and special psychology. Dictionary
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- Social pedagogy. Textbook and workshop for academic bachelor's degree, Sokolova N.A.. The textbook discusses the theoretical, methodological and technological aspects of social pedagogy, and also characterizes certain categories of clients social work. Well…
Social adaptation is the process of an individual’s active adaptation to the conditions of the social environment, a type of interaction between an individual and a social group. An important component of social adaptation is: coordination of the individual’s assessments, aspirations, his personal capabilities (real and potential level) with the specifics environment; goals, values, orientations of the individual with the ability to realize them in
specific social environment.
The essence of socialization is that in the process a person is formed as a member of the society to which he belongs. Social adaptation in this context can be considered as an indicator of the degree of individual involvement in this process.
Social psychological mechanisms socialization, as defined by R.S. Nemov, is “the means by which a human individual becomes involved in culture and acquires experience accumulated by other people.” The main sources of human socialization, carrying the necessary experience, are public associations(parties, classes, groups, etc.), members of his own family, school, education system, literature and art, print, radio, television.
The most important role in how a person grows up and how his development goes is played by the people in direct interaction with whom his life takes place. They are usually called agents of socialization. At different age stages, the composition of agents is specific. Thus, in relation to children and adolescents, these are parents, brothers and sisters, relatives, peers, neighbors, and teachers. In adolescence or young adulthood, the number of agents also includes a spouse, work colleagues, etc. In their role in socialization, agents differ depending on how significant they are for a person, how interaction with them is structured, in what direction and by what means they exert their influence. AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Sociality is the essential side of a person, his qualitative characteristic. The only exceptions here can be mentally ill people or those who have not gone through the stages of socialization since childhood (“Mowgli effect”).
Adaptive changes are more or less conscious changes that a person goes through as a result of transformation, a change in the situation. Changes constantly accompany a person’s life, so it is important for each individual to be prepared for critical periods, turning points, and a conscious revision of one’s life position in new circumstances. This creates real prerequisites for readiness for full, active adaptation.
Human socialization unfolds according to the specific conditions of an individual’s life.
This process covers all aspects of cultural integration, training and education, through which a person acquires the ability to participate in public life.
Successful socialization is facilitated by factors such as expectations, behavior change, and the desire to meet these expectations. In the process of historical practice, the individual manifests his social essence, forms social qualities, acquires personal life experience. Objectively, when forming and developing one’s own “I,” a person cannot exist without communication and activity. Consequently, the main areas of socialization can be considered activity, communication and self-awareness. In activity, a person expresses himself as a social individual, demonstrates personal meaning, independence, initiative, creativity and professionalism, and learns new types of manifestation of his own activity. In the sphere of communication, there is an in-depth understanding of oneself and other participants in the communication process, enrichment of the content of interaction and people’s perception of each other. The sphere of self-awareness involves the formation of the individual’s “I,” understanding one’s social status, mastering social roles, forming a social position, and a person’s moral orientation.
An important aspect of socialization is the individual's acceptance of a certain social role. We can talk about two forms of social adaptation: active, when an individual seeks to influence the environment in order to cause a reaction of change (including those norms, values, forms of interaction and activity that he must master), and passive, conformal, when he does not seek such influence and change. The effectiveness of social adaptation largely depends on how adequately an individual perceives himself and his social connections. A distorted or underdeveloped self-image leads to disorders of social adaptation, the extreme expression of which is autism.
Indicators of successful socialization are the high social status of the individual in a given environment, as well as his psychological satisfaction with this environment as a whole and its most important elements for him (for example, satisfaction with the job and its conditions, its content, remuneration, organization).
Indicators of low socialization are the individual’s desire to move to another social environment (staff turnover, migration, divorce), anomie and deviant behavior.
The success of socialization depends on the characteristics of both the individual and the environment. The more complex the new environment (for example, the wider the range of social connections, the more complex joint activities, the higher the level of social heterogeneity), the more intense the changes occur in it, the more difficult the process of social adaptation turns out to be for the individual. To a large extent, the socio-demographic characteristics of the individual - education and age - are significant for social adaptation.
Socialization includes such social mechanisms as training, upbringing, mastering social roles, growing up, adaptation. There are also psychological mechanisms of socialization: identification, imitation, suggestion, social facilitation, conformity, shame, guilt, repentance.
There are three areas in which the formation of personality is primarily carried out: activity, communication, self-awareness.
As for activity, throughout the entire process of socialization the individual deals with the expansion of the “catalog” of activities, i.e. mastering more and more new types of activities.
The second area - communication - is considered in the context of socialization also from the perspective of its expansion and deepening, which goes without saying, because communication is inextricably linked with activity. The expansion of communication can be understood as the multiplication of a person’s contacts with other people, the specificity of these contacts at each age level. As for deepening communication, this is, first of all, a transition from monologue to dialogical communication, decentration, i.e. the ability to focus on a partner, more accurately perceive him.
The third area of socialization is the development of individual self-awareness. In the very general view we can say that the process of socialization means the formation in a person of the image of his “I”.
In numerous experimental studies It has been established that the image of “I” does not arise in a person immediately, but develops throughout his life under the influence of numerous social influences.