Let's discuss together. Why does the poet associate the words “I live” with the human sense organs?
Answer. Human life is an interaction with the environment, a constant exchange of substances with it. To live, a person needs to navigate the environment. And he does this with the help of the senses - sight, smell, hearing, touch, taste and others. Therefore, the poet described his feelings in this way.
Vision
Question. Consider various subjects. What visual impressions did we get about them? What signs of objects did we see? Do we agree with the conclusion “Eyes are our“ windows ”to the world?"
Answer. I agree with this expression. We receive most of the information from the outside world with the help of our eyes. We can determine the color of an object, its size, distance to it, and give a characteristic. With the help of the organs of vision, we recognize objects, distinguish people, perceive written speech.
Hearing
Let's play. Let's close our eyes and try to determine which side (left, right, back, front, etc.) the sound is coming from. Do we agree with the conclusion: "Hearing helps us navigate the world around us?"
Answer. I agree with this statement. Thanks to sounds, we navigate the environment, we can communicate with each other, hear the sounds of nature, music, and avoid danger.
Question. Explain why you need to follow these rules.
1. Try not to scream, move away from places where there is a lot of noise and harsh sounds.
2. Do not turn on the tape recorder, radio, TV at a high volume.
3. Do not put objects in your ear.
4. Use a cotton cord to clean your ears.
Answer. These are all rules of hearing hygiene. Loud speech, music causes a violation of the eardrum, auditory ossicles. At the same time, nerve endings are tired, which leads to a decrease in the auditory threshold. If you put various objects in your ear, you can damage the inner ear, the eardrum must be cleaned of earwax from the ears, but this should be done with soft objects.
Smell
Question. What is Smell? What rules must be followed to preserve the sense of smell?
Answer. Smell is the ability to perceive odors. There are a lot of smells. They can be recognized by special cells located in the nasal mucosa. We distinguish up to four thousand odors, but the dog is several times larger. From sensitive cells, information enters the brain, where it is analyzed.
Exercise. Let's smell various substances: perfume, garlic, horseradish, flower. Let's divide smells into two groups - pleasant and unpleasant.
Answer. Pleasant scents - perfume, flowers; unpleasant odors - garlic, horseradish.
Let's discuss together. Let's smell something pleasant, such as delicious food. To do this, take a deep breath through your nose. Now pinch your nose and take a deep breath through your mouth. When do we smell? What senses tell us that the food we eat is not spoiled? Let's explain our answers.
Answer. We smell when we breathe through our nose. It is the organs of smell that first of all tell us that the food is not spoiled. Secondly, these will be the organs of taste.
Question. Prepare for the conversation. Think about how to answer the questions: “Why do we almost stop smelling during a runny nose? Why does a person never confuse the smell of fish and the smell of flowers? "
If you have a cat or dog at home, watch how they react to smells. Talk about it in class.
Answer. During a runny nose, the nerve endings on the nasal mucosa are clogged. When a cat and a dog sniff something, widen their nostrils, inhale deeply, their breathing quickens
Taste
Exercise. Put a sugar cube on your tongue. Let's wait until it melts. Wipe your tongue with a clean napkin and quickly run another sugar lump over it. When did we get the taste? Let us analyze whether it is possible to draw the following conclusion: “Saliva helps to distinguish the taste. Dry tongue does not feel the taste. "
Answer. Yes, we can draw such a conclusion. The sensitive endings on the tongue are irritated only when the food is moist. And saliva moistens food.
Question. Consider the drawing. Read the signatures. Using the words "left", "right", "front", "back", explain how different parts of the tongue (taste zones) distinguish sour, sweet, salty, bitter tastes.
Explain how you understand the word "taster". What sense organs do you think are especially developed in people of this profession?
Answer. The back of the tongue has a bitter taste. The left and right sides of the tongue distinguish sour taste. The left and right sides closer to the tip of the tongue distinguish a salty taste. The tip "in front" of the tongue has a sweet taste. A taster is a person who is best able to identify different tastes and smells. These people have better developed organs of smell and taste.
Touch
1. Take a piece of ice in our hands, touch a glass of hot water, stroke the fur with our palm. What do we feel (touch)? Let us draw a conclusion by answering the question: “Does the sense of touch help to perceive the world?
2. Immerse your hand in warm water. What we feel. Does the sensation change in a few minutes. Let us analyze whether it is possible to draw the following conclusion: "The hand has got used to the temperature and has ceased to feel warmth."
3. Let's carry out an exercise game “define the object by touch”. The student puts his hand into the bag, without looking, selects an object and feels by touch what it is and what it is made of.
Let's compare our conclusions with the text.
Answer. 1. With the help of the organs of touch, we perceive the world around us - heat, cold, the surface of objects - soft, hard, smooth, rough. Signals from tactile cells go to the brain and a person, even with closed eyes, is able to distinguish the size and shape of an object, react to temperature changes, and pull his hand away from a hot object or a piercing object.
2. First, we feel warmth, and then the brain stops responding to incoming signals. This is a protective reaction of the brain. This is how he protects himself from fatigue. And in everyday life they say that the hand is used to it.
3. A person identifies objects by touch This is helped by the experience of a previous life. But if an unfamiliar object comes across, then the person will find it difficult to name what it is.
People have already been divided into types of perception of the surrounding world.
We are talking about kinesthetics, audials and visuals. This is of course a conditional division and each of us uses several ways to study the world around us. But some type still prevails.
The thought of the topic is this:
To develop abilities, you need to develop first of all those that are closer to you in terms of the type of perception. In other words, if you are a kinesthetic, you should not waste time developing clairvoyance, it is better to do work with energy. Clairvoyance will come in a slightly different form and a little later.
Briefly about personality types and how they can be used.
Kinesthetic, a person who learns the world through touch. Hands, fingers are his main tool of knowledge. Often seeing an object and knowing what it is, it will still necessarily touch it, touch it. The perceived space for a kinesthetic is the arm's length. In conversation, words are often used to feel, and other words associated with sensations of the body.
Auadials are such listeners, they will not miss a single sound. They love music and other sounds. They make virtuoso musicians. Hearing is more trusted than other senses. They may remember what they were told years ago without remembering what the person looked like. They say a lot themselves, they are hurt by the wrong speech or a fake melody.
Visuals perceive the world through pictures and images. They can clearly remember a fragment from a movie that they saw many years ago. Easy to imagine and operate with images. They can create a full-fledged world in their fantasy. Most visuals are women. Clairvoyance is a natural phenomenon in the disclosure of one's abilities.
I want to offer you a small test to clarify your type.
Close your eyes and try to imagine, for example, a five-ruble coin. See one side, then the other. Read the inscription and consider, as if looking with your eyes.
With your eyes closed, try to touch the coin. Feel the coldness of the metal, the convexity of the surface, determine where the heads and tails are.
Try to mentally throw a coin on the table, or hit it with your fingernail. Hear the sound.
Someone easily manages to do all these actions. But one action will be easy and clear, while others will not. Decide on your perception of the world. All further development will be in the work and strengthening of this initial quality.
As an example, the development of the ajna chakra (the area at the level of the center of the forehead between the eyebrows).
Energy color: blue (the chakra itself is pure white)
The sound of the octave la.
Sensations of vibration, pressure, pulsation.
We select our own practices and work with them based on our perception of the world. And knowledge that was not previously introduced will pass to you. Get answers to questions and ask new ones that you don't know about yet.
Have you ever wondered how we see objects? How do we snatch them out of the entire visual diversity of the environment using sensory stimuli? And how do we interpret what we see?
Visual processing is the ability to make sense of images that allows humans (and even animals) to process and interpret the meaning of the information we receive from our eyes.
Visual perception plays an important role in everyday life, helping in learning and communication with others. At first glance, it seems as if the perception is easy. In fact, there is a complex process behind the perceived ease. Understanding how we interpret what we see helps us design visual information.
Balanced infographics involve intelligent use of visual representation (eg, charts, graphs, icons, images), appropriate choice of colors and fonts, appropriate layout and sitemap, etc. And don't forget about data, its sources and themes, which is just as important. But today we are not talking about them. We will focus on the visual side of information design.
Psychologist Richard Gregory (1970) was convinced that visual perception depends on top-down processing.
Top-down processing, or conceptually driven process, occurs when we form a representation of a large picture from small details. We make assumptions about what we see based on expectations, beliefs, prior knowledge and previous experience. In other words, we are making an educated guess.
Gregory's theory is supported by numerous evidence and experiments. One of the most famous examples is the hollow mask effect:
When the mask is turned to the hollow side, you see a normal face
Gregory used Charlie Chaplin's rotating mask to explain how we perceive the hollow surface of the mask as bulges based on our worldview. According to our prior knowledge of facial structure, the nose should protrude. As a result, we subconsciously reconstruct a hollow face and see a normal one.
How do we perceive visual information according to Gregory's theory?
1. Almost 90% of the information coming through the eyes does not reach the brain. Thus, the brain uses previous experience or existing knowledge to construct reality.
2. Visual information that we perceive is connected with previously stored information about the world, obtained by us empirically.
3. Based on various examples of top-down information processing theory, it follows that pattern recognition is based on contextual information.
Information Design Tip # 1 from Gregory's Visual Assumption Theory: Supplement the data with appropriate theme and design; use a meaningful headline to set key expectations; support the visuals with expressive text.
2. Experiment of Sanoki and Sulman on color ratios
According to numerous psychological studies, combinations of uniform colors are more harmonious and pleasant. While contrasting colors are usually associated with chaos and aggression.
In 2011, Thomas Sanocki and Noah Sulman conducted an experiment to examine how color matching affects short-term memory - our ability to remember what we just saw.
Four different experiments were conducted using harmonious and disharmonious color palettes. In each trial, the participants in the experiment were shown two palettes: first one, then the second, which had to be compared with the first. The palettes were shown at regular intervals and several times in random combinations. The subjects were asked to determine if the palettes were the same or different. Also, the participants in the experiment had to evaluate the harmony of the palette - a pleasant / unpleasant combination of colors.
Below are 4 examples of palettes that were shown to the participants in the experiment:
How do colors affect our visual perception according to the theory of Sanoki and Sulman?
- People are better at remembering those palettes in which colors are combined with each other.
- People remember palettes with a combination of only three or fewer colors better than those with four or more colors.
- The contrast of adjacent colors affects how well a person remembers a color scheme. In other words, this means that the color difference between context and background can enhance our ability to focus on context.
- We can remember a fairly large number of color combinations at the same time.
Thus, the results of the experiment indicate that people are better able to assimilate and remember more information, perceiving images with a contrasting but harmonious color gamut, preferably with a combination of three or fewer colors.
Information design tip # 2 based on the results of Sanoki and Sulman's experiment: Use as few different colors as possible in complex content; increase the contrast between visual information and background; choose themes with a harmonious combination of shades; use disharmonious color combinations wisely.
Binocular rivalry occurs when we see two different images in the same place. One of them dominates, and the second is suppressed. Dominance alternates at regular intervals. So, instead of seeing a combination of two pictures at the same time, we perceive them in turn, as two competing for the dominance of the image.
In 1998, Frank Tong, Ken Nakayama, J. Thomas Vaughan, and Nancy Kanwisher experimentally concluded that when looking at two different images at the same time, the effect of binocular rivalry arises.
The experiment involved four trained people. As stimuli, they were shown images of the face and the house through glasses with red and green filters. In the process of perception, an irregular alternation of signals from two eyes occurred. The stimulus-specific responses of the subjects were monitored using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
How do we perceive visual information according to Tong's experiment?
- According to the MRI data, all subjects showed active binocular rivalry when they were shown dissimilar pictures.
- In our visual system, the effect of binocular rivalry occurs during the processing of visual information. In other words, during a short period of time, when the eyes look at two dissimilar images located close to each other, we are not able to determine what we actually see.
David Carmel, Michael Arcaro, Sabine Kastner and Uri Hasson conducted a separate experiment and found that binocular rivalry can be manipulated using stimulus parameters such as color, brightness, contrast , shape, size, spatial frequency, or speed.
The contrast manipulation in the example below causes the left eye to perceive the dominant image, while the right one perceives the suppressed:
How does contrast affect our visual experience as measured by experiment?
- Contrast manipulation leads to the fact that a strong stimulus is dominant for a longer period of time.
- We will see the fusion of the dominant image and the suppressed part until the effect of binocular rivalry arises.
Information design tip # 3 based on binocular rivalry: n Don't overload content; use thematic icons; highlight key points.
4. Influence of typography and aesthetics on the reading experience
Did you know that typography can influence a person's mood and decision-making ability?
Typography is the design and use of typefaces as a means of visual communication. These days, typography has moved from the field of typography to the digital realm. Summarizing all possible definitions of the term, we can say that the purpose of typography is to improve the visual perception of text.
In their experiment, Kevin Larson (Microsoft) and Rosalind Picard (MIT) found out how typography affects a reader's mood and ability to solve problems.
They conducted two studies, each involving 20 people. Participants were divided into two equal groups and given 20 minutes to read The New Yorker magazine issue on a tablet. One group got text with bad typography, another with good typography (examples are given below):
During the experiment, participants were interrupted and asked how much time they thought had elapsed since the start of the experiment. According to psychological research (Weybrew, 1984), people who find their activity enjoyable and in a positive mood feel that they spent much less time reading.
After reading the texts, the participants were asked to solve the candle problem. They needed to attach the candle to the wall in such a way that the wax would not drip by using pushpins.
How do we perceive good typography and its impact?
- Both groups of participants misjudged the time spent reading. This means that reading was fun for them.
- Participants who were presented with text with good typography significantly underestimated reading time compared to participants who received text with poor typography. This means that the first text seemed more interesting to them.
- None of the participants who read the text with poor typography were able to solve the candle problem. While less than half of the second group coped with the task. Thus, good typography influenced the ability to solve problems.
Information design tip # 4 based on Larsen and Picard's experiment on typographic influences: Use legible fonts; separate text from images; do not overlay pictures or icons on the text; leave enough space between paragraphs.
5. Perception of the essence of the scene according to Castelano and Hendersen
Have you ever wondered what the expression “one picture speaks more than a thousand words” really means? Or why do we perceive images better than text?
This does not mean that the image tells us all the information we need. It's just that a person has the ability to grasp the main elements of a scene at a glance. When we fix our gaze on an object or objects, we form a general idea and recognize the meaning of the scene.
What is the perception of the essence of the scene? According to Nissan Research & Development researcher Ronald A. Rensink:
“Perception of the essence of a scene (scene gist), or perception of a scene, is the visual perception of the environment as an observer at any given time. It includes not only the perception of individual objects, but also such parameters as their relative position, as well as the idea that there are other types of objects. "
Imagine seeing objects representing two signboards with symbols, and a diagram that symbolizes a fork and indicates two different paths. Most likely, the following scene appeared in front of you - you are in the middle of a jungle / forest / highway and there are two paths ahead that lead to two different destinations. Based on this scene, we know that we need to make a decision and choose one path.
In 2008, Monica S. Castelhano of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and John M. Henderson of the University of Edinburgh studied the effect of color on the ability to perceive the essence of a scene.
The experiment included three different tests. The students were shown several hundred photographs (natural or human-made objects) under different conditions for each test. Each image was shown in a specific sequence and moment in time. Participants were asked to answer "yes" or "no" when they saw the details corresponding to the scene.
Normal and blurry photos were presented with color and monochrome, respectively.
Anomalous colors were used to determine the role of colors in the perception of the essence of the scene for the following sample photographs:
How do we perceive visual information based on the findings of Castelano and Hendersen?
- The subjects grasped the essence of the scene and the target object in seconds. This means that people can quickly grasp the meaning of a normal scene.
- The subjects were quicker to establish the correspondence of color pictures than black and white. Thus, color helps us understand the picture better.
- In general, colors determine the structure of objects. The better the color matches the way we usually perceive the world, the easier it is for us to understand the meaning of the image.
Information Design Tip # 5 Based on Castelano and Hendersen's Scene Perception Research: Use appropriate icons or pictures to represent the data; arrange content in the correct order; use familiar colors for important objects.
conclusions
Understanding how people perceive visual information helps improve infographics. Summarizing the findings of these experiments, here are some key visual design tips:
1. Layout and design
- The theme and design must match the information.
- Don't overload your page's infographics.
- Use themed icons.
- Place your content in the proper sequence.
- Use headlines to set key expectations.
2. Video sequence
- Visual effects should accompany the text.
- Show important numbers on graphs and charts.
- Use the right pictures and icons to represent your data.
- Reduce the number of colors for complex content.
- Increase the contrast between important visual information and the background.
- Use harmonious theme colors.
- Use disharmonious colors wisely.
- Use regular colors for important objects.
4. Typography
- Choose readable fonts.
- Leave enough white space between the title and the text or image.
- Do not overlay pictures or icons on text.
- Set sufficient spaces between characters.
Now that you know the ins and outs of creating beautiful and compelling infographics, it's up to you!
Goals:
- to acquaint children with the system of sensory organs, to show their importance in human life;
- substantiate the basic rules for the protection of the senses and convince students of the need to comply with them;
- teach observation, develop imagination and draw conclusions.
Equipment:
- drawings (images of objects and animals), spoon, fork, ball;
- tape recorder and audio recordings of various sounds;
- tables depicting the structure and work of the senses, jars, sandwiches.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment.
II. Homework check:
- What human organs do you know?
- What kind of work do they do?
- What are organ systems? Give examples.
- What system controls the body's activity?
- What does anatomy, physiology, hygiene study?
- What proverbs about health did you pick up and write down?
III. Communication of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
Now let's solve the crossword puzzle:
- With the help of which organ do you find out that the nightingale is singing, the dog is barking, the alarm clock is ringing?
- What organ do you use to see what is written or drawn in a book?
- What organ helps us to know if a spruce has spiny or soft needles?
- What organ helps to smell bread, flowers, perfume?
- By what organ do we distinguish sweet food from bitter, sour food from salty?
(Answers: 1. Ear. 2. Eye. 3. Skin. 4. Nose. 5.. Tongue.)
- What are these organs? (Senses)
When a child is born
In his mother's arms, he is calm and warm.
But in his head already from the cradle
One hundred "why" and "why".
And every day and every hour
Walking on the home planet
He learns a wonderful world
In which you live, children.
- The theme of our lesson: "How a person perceives the world around him." Sense organs. Let's get to know him in more detail.
- Look at the table.
(The class is divided into five teams)
On the board (back side up):
- What sense organs do you know? (Eye, ear, nose, skin, tongue)
(Students are encouraged to compare apples)
EYES: With the help of the eyes, we see that one apple is large, and the other two are small, that they are round, yellow, that is, we can distinguish size, shape, color.
(the card is turned over, where it is written: "Vision (eye)")
- Look at each other: from the front, the eyes are protected by eyelids, the edges of which ... Continue. (covered with eyelashes).
- Eyelids and eyelashes protect eyes from light and dust.
- Eyebrows above the eyes, which divert sweat from the eyes if it is released on the forehead.
- Let's listen to a story about the meaning of sight in human life.
The eyes are the most perfect and most mysterious organs in our body. Through them, we most of all learn about what is happening around, and at the same time, it is the eyes that speak most of all about a person. ...
In ancient times, scientists assumed that the human soul looks at the world "through the holes in the eyes." And if you think about it, this is almost the case.
The eye itself is round, like an apple, for which it is called the eyeball. The eyeball is filled with a vitreous substance like jelly, absolutely transparent, since it is 90% water. The eye is the most watery organ in our body: even blood is only 80% water.
Outside, the eyeball is covered with a hard shell, like an egg-shell. This membrane is called the cornea. If you break it, then the same thing can happen to the eye as to a broken egg.
The eye is a very important organ and therefore is carefully guarded by the body. Sweat will flow from the forehead, it will be stopped by the hedge of eyebrows. The wind will carry dust in the face - it will be delayed by the palisade of eyelashes. And if a few grains of dust and sit on the cornea, they will immediately gooozy continuously blinking eyelid, which closes itself if any object is dangerously close to the eye. The inside of the eyelids are damp. They are moistened by the tear fluid produced by the lacrimal glands around the eyes. By blinking, we regularly wet the surface of the eye, and we do this as regularly as we breathe.
- What is vision?
Vision is the ability to perceive the size, shape, color of objects and their location.
The human eye does not see an object immediately. The eye perceives only light waves. This information is transmitted to a specific area of the brain. And then these light waves are perceived in the form of certain objects. Then a person sees his color, size. The human eye is designed to see in the dark and in bright light.
We see only when there is light. An interesting incident happened with a Russian soldier. For 9 years, from 1915 to 1924, he remained in the dark underground of the Brest Fortress. He had enough food and water. But candles and matches were only enough for 4 years. 5 years of complete darkness. Unaccustomed to the light, the person became blind.
However, vision deteriorates when a person works in poor lighting, reads while lying down or in a moving vehicle. Frequent and long viewing of TV programs, working at the computer is very tiring for the eyes. Vision weakens, its sharpness is lost. Vision deteriorates. Remember, impaired vision is difficult to correct.
NOSE - (Children are asked to determine which foods were in the jars)
- Which body helped to recognize these products? (Nose)
(The card “Smell (nose)” is turned over on the board)
| The nose is the organ of smell |
- What is sense of smell?
- What is the sense of smell for?
Smell is a person's ability to smell. Our body is not at all indifferent to odors. The olfactory cells, probing the air entering the nose for breathing with their cilia, seem to decide whether to allow it or not. If the air is polluted with harmful odorous substances that give off a stench, the brain sends an alarm. The nasal slit narrows, less air penetrates inside. And vice versa, it is pleasant for us to inhale the scent of flowers, melted snow. Breathe easily, blood circulation improves, nerves calm down.
Many associations are associated with smells in humans. The sense of smell increases information about the world around us. The sense of smell is most acute in summer and spring, especially in warm and humid weather. The sense of smell is sharper in the light than in the dark.
If a person loses his sense of smell, then for him the food loses its taste, and such people are more often poisoned, since they cannot determine the quality of the food.
EARS - The third team needs to identify the objects that emit them by the characteristic sounds and find the corresponding pictures.
- What organ helped you identify these animals? (Ears)
(The card “Hearing (ear)” is turned over)
- With the help of our ears, we hear the speech of other people, the sounds of nature, music, etc. The second, if possible, human sense organ is the ear.
The ear is divided into outer, middle and inner.
What we call "ears" are only the so-called outer ears or auricles. They themselves do not hear anything, but only catch the sound, which by its nature is simply air vibrations. In the middle of each auricle there is a small opening, from which the passage leading into the head begins. It ends with a thin plate - the tympanic membrane. These vibrations are transmitted to the middle ear, which lies on the other side of the membrane, and then to the third ear - the inner ear, and then to the brain.
The ear is a very delicate and complex sense organ. If we close our eyes, we will still feel where is the top, where is the bottom, the chair tilted to the left or right. This is signaled by the balance organs in the inner ear.
- So, the ear is an organ of hearing and balance.
- What is hearing?
- Hearing - the body's ability to perceive sound waves. Sound waves enter a certain area of the brain and are processed there in this way: we hear and understand words.
Hearing is closely related to speech. The child first hears and understands speech, and then learns to speak. Lack of hearing significantly impoverishes the human world, deprives him of the opportunity to communicate.
People who have lost their hearing can only communicate in a special language using facial expressions and gestures.
LANGUAGE - A group of students are invited to determine the taste of the sandwiches.
- Which body helped you recognize foods? (Language)
(The card “Taste (tongue)” is turned over)
| The tongue is the organ of taste. |
- Outside, the tongue is covered with countless papillae. They contain the endings of the nerves that can sense what has got into the mouth. The tongue feels sweet and salty with its tip, sour with its sides, and bitter with its root.
SKIN - A group of pupils is invited to identify objects while blindfolded.
- How did you recognize these items?
- What is touch? (The ability of the skin to feel pain, cold, warmth.)
(“Touch (skin)” card is turned over)
| Skin - the organ of touch |
- The skin not only warns us about the threat to our body, its task is even more important - to resist this threat. For this, the skin, like bones, combines such qualities as strength and elasticity, that is, extensibility.
This provides the substance keratin. Thanks to him, the skin never breaks and does not slip.
Try not to injure the skin, prevent burns, frostbite.
SENSORS AND BRAIN - Today we learned about the role of the senses in our life. And yet scientists say: "It is not the eye that sees, it is not the ear that hears, it is not the nose that senses, but the brain!" How can we understand this?
- With the help of our senses, we perceive information from the outside world and from our very body (for example, signals from the stomach).
Nerve endings stretch to all parts of our body. On some of them orders are transmitted to the muscles, on the other - the brain receives messages.
Only thanks to the senses do we have a connection with the outside world. There are five of these senses. (Sight, hearing, smell, touch, taste)
There is also a sense of balance. It is sometimes referred to as the sixth sense.
All senses work together, help and complement each other. Everyone has a memory.
IV. Lesson summary.
- Children are given cards in which they must fill in the blanks.
V. Homework.
Textbook pages: 132 - 136.
Plunging into darkness
When we close our eyes, we usually see black color, sometimes with an admixture of glowing spots. By this picture, we mean "see nothing." But how do those whose eyes are always “closed” see the world? What is darkness for a blind person and how does he see it?
In general, the picture of the world of a blind person largely depends on how many years he lost his sight. If this happened already at a conscious age, then a person thinks in the same images as sighted people. He simply receives information about them with the help of other senses. So, hearing the rustle of foliage, he represents trees, warm sunny weather will be associated with blue skies, and so on.
If a person loses his sight in childhood, after five years, he can remember colors and understand their meaning. In other words, he will know what the standard seven colors of the rainbow look like and their shades. But visual memory will still be poorly developed. For such people, perception is based largely on hearing and touch.
People who have never seen the sun's vision imagine the world in a completely different way. Blind from birth or from infancy, they know neither the images of the world, nor its colors. For them, vision, like visual perception, does not mean anything, since the area of the brain that is responsible for converting visual information into an image simply does not work for them. When asked what they see in front of their eyes, they are likely to answer that nothing. Rather, they simply will not understand the question, since they do not have a developed association of an object with an image. They know the names of flowers and objects, but they don't know what they should look like. This once again proves the inability of the blind, who managed to regain their sight, to recognize objects familiar to them by touch, having seen them with their own eyes. Therefore, a blind person will never be able to explain what color the real darkness is, because he does not see it.
Tactile dreams
The situation is similar with dreams. People who have lost their eyesight at a conscious age, according to their own stories, still have dreams "with pictures" for some time. But over time, they are replaced by sounds, smells, tactile sensations.
A person who is blind since birth will see absolutely nothing in his dreams. But he will feel it. Suppose we have a dream in which we are on a sandy beach. A sighted person is likely to see the beach itself, the ocean, sand, and an oncoming wave. A blind person will hear the sound of a wave, feel the sand pouring through his fingers, feel a light breeze. Video blogger Tomi Edisson, who has not seen since birth, describes his dreams as follows: “I dream the same thing as you. For example, I can sit at a football match, and in a moment be on my birthday when I was seven years old. " Of course, he does not see all this. But he hears sounds that evoke the corresponding associations in him.
Echolocation
Sighted people get 90% of information from their eyes. Vision for humans is the main sense organ. For a blind person, these 90%, or, according to some versions, 80% are by ear. Therefore, most of the blind have a very sensitive ear, which the sighted can only envy - among them there are often great musicians, for example, the jazz performer Charles Ray or the virtuoso pianist Art Tatum. The blind can not only truly hear and closely follow sounds, but in some cases use echolocation. True, for this you need to learn to recognize sound waves reflected by surrounding objects, to determine the position, distance and size of objects in the vicinity.
Modern researchers no longer classify this method as a fantastic ability. The method of using echolocation for the blind was developed by the American Daniel Kish, who has been blind since early childhood. At 13 months, both eyes were removed. The blind child's natural craving for knowledge of the world resulted in his use of the method of reflecting sound from different surfaces. It is also used by bats living in complete darkness and dolphins using echolocation to navigate the ocean.
Thanks to his unique way of "seeing", Daniel managed to live the life of an ordinary child, in no way inferior to his more successful peers. The essence of his method is simple: he constantly clicks his tongue, sending a sound in front of him, which is reflected from different surfaces, and gives him an idea of the objects around him. In fact, the same happens when the blind tap with a stick - the sound of a cane on the road, bounces off the surrounding surfaces and conveys some information to the person.
However, Daniel's method has not yet spread. In particular, in America, where it originated, according to the American National Federation of Blind People, it was recognized as "too difficult." But today technology has come to the rescue of a good idea. Two years ago, Israeli scientists developed a special Sonar Vision system that is capable of converting images into sound signals. It works in a similar way to the echolocation system in bats, only instead of chirping, a video camera built into the glasses is used. A laptop or smartphone converts the image into sound, which in turn is transmitted to the headset. According to the experiments, after special training, blind people with the help of the device were able to identify faces, buildings, the position of objects in space, and even identify individual letters.
The world to touch
Unfortunately, all of the above methods of perceiving the surrounding world are not suitable for all blind people. Some are deprived of not only eyes, but also ears, or rather hearing, from birth. The world of the deaf-blind is limited by memory, if they have lost sight and hearing not from birth, and touch. In other words, for them there is only that which they can touch. Touch and smell are the only threads connecting them with the world around them.
But even for them there is hope for a fulfilling life. You can talk to them using the so-called dactylology, when each letter corresponds to a certain sign reproduced with your fingers. A huge contribution to the life of such people was made by the Braille cipher - a relief-point tactile way of writing. Today, raised letters, incomprehensible to a sighted person, are ubiquitous. There are even special computer displays capable of converting electronic text into a raised lettering. However, this method is applicable only to those who lost their sight and hearing after they managed to learn the language. Those who are blind and deaf from birth have to rely only on touch or vibration.
Reading vibrations
Quite unique in history is the case of an American woman, Helen Keller, who, in infancy, lost her sight and hearing as a result of a fever. It would seem that she is destined for the life of a closed person who, due to his disability, simply will not be able to learn the language, which means that he will not be able to communicate with people. But her desire to learn about the world on a par with the seeing and hearing was rewarded. When Helen grew up, she was assigned to the Perkins School, which specializes in teaching blind people. There she was assigned a teacher, Anne Sullivan, who was able to find the right approach to Helen. She taught the language to a girl who had never heard human speech and did not even know the approximate sound of letters and the meaning of words. They used the Tadoma method: when Helen touched the lips of the speaking person, she felt their vibration, while Sullivan indicated the letters in her palm.
After mastering the language, Helen was able to use the Braille cipher. With his help, she achieved such successes that an ordinary person would envy. By the end of her studies, she fully mastered English, German, Greek and Latin. At the age of 24, she graduated with honors from the prestigious Radcliffe Institute, becoming the first deaf-blind person to graduate. Subsequently, she devoted her life to politics and the protection of the rights of people with disabilities, and also wrote 12 books about her life and the world through the eyes of the blind.