The Hundred Years War is the name of the long military conflict between England and France (1337-1453), caused by England's desire to return Normandy, Maine, Anjou, etc., which belonged to her on the continent, as well as by the dynastic claims of the English kings to the French throne. England was defeated, and only one possession remained on the continent - the port of Calais, held until 1559.
Hundred Years War 1337-1453, the war between England and France. Main reasons for the war: the desire of France to oust England from the south-west of the country (province of Guyenne) and eliminate this last stronghold of British power in the French. ter., and England - to gain a foothold in Guienne and return the previously lost Normandy, Maine, Anjou and other French. area. Anglo-French contradictions were complicated by rivalry over Flanders, which was formally under the rule of the French. king, but in fact. independent and connected bargaining, ties with England (English, wool was the basis of cloth making in Flanders). The reason for the war was the claims of the English, the king Edward III to the French throne. The Germans, the feudal lords and Flanders took the side of England. France enlisted the support of Scotland and Rome. dads. Angle, the army was mostly mercenary, under the command of the king. It was based on infantry (archers) and mercenary knightly detachments. The basis of the French. the army was a feud, a knight's militia (see. Knight's army).
The first period of S. century. (1337-1360) was characterized by the struggle of the parties for Flanders and Guienne. In 1340, the British inflicted the French. the fleet was severely defeated and won supremacy at sea. In aug. 1346 at the Battle of Crecy, they achieved superiority on land, and in the course of 11 months. The siege took over the pestilence fortress and port of Calais (1347). After almost 10 years of armistice (1347-55) England, the army launched a successful offensive to capture the south-west of France (Guienne and Gascony). In the battle of Poitier (1356), French. the army was again defeated. The exorbitant taxes and levies imposed by the British, and the devastation that reigned in the country, caused the uprisings of the French. people - the Paris uprising led by Etienne Marcel 1357-58 and Jacquerie (1358). This forced France to sign a peace treaty in Bretigny (1360) on extremely difficult conditions - the transfer of lands to England south of the Loire to the Pyrenees.
Second period S. century. (136 9-8 0). In an effort to eliminate the conquests of England, King Charles V of France (ruled 1364-80) reorganized the army and streamlined the tax system. Franz. the knightly militia was partially replaced by mercenary infantry. detachments, created a field art-I and a new fleet. Commander-in-Chief. the army (constable) was appointed a talented military leader B. Dgogsk-len, who received broad powers. Using tactics of surprise attacks and par-tiz. wars, French. army by the end of the 70s. gradually pushed back the English, the troops to the sea. To the success of the military. action was facilitated by the use of French. army of art. Having retained a number of ports on the coast of France (Bordeaux, Bayonne, Brest, Cherbourg, Calais) and part of the French. ter. Between Bordeaux and Bayonne, England in connection with the aggravated situation inside the country (see Wat Tyler's revolt of 1381) concluded an armistice with France, in which the narcotics also began. unrest.
Third period S. century. (141 5-2 4). Taking advantage of the weakening of France caused by the exacerbation of internal. contradictions (internecine war of the feuds, groups - Burgundians and Armagnacs, new uprisings of peasants and townspeople), England resumed the war. In 1415, at the battle of Agincourt, the British defeated the French, with the help of the Duke of Burgundy, who entered into an alliance with them, captured North. France, which forced France to sign a humiliating peace treaty on May 21, 1420 at Troyes. Under the terms of the treaty, France became part of the united Anglo-French. kingdom. Angle, King Henry V was declared the ruler of France with the rights of regent, and after the death of the French. King Charles VI received the rights to the French. throne. However, in 1422, both Charles VI and Henry V. suddenly died. As a result of the intensified struggle for the royal throne (1422-23), France found itself in a tragic position: dismembered, plundered by the invaders. The population of the ter., Occupied by the British, was crushed by taxes and indemnities. Therefore, for France, the war for the royal throne turned into national liberation. war.
On March 6, 1429, Jeanne arrived at the Chinon castle to the king of France Charles VII
The fourth period of the S. century. (1424-1453). With the entry of bunks. masses in the war of nar-tez. the struggle (especially in Normandy) became widespread. Partisan. detachments provided great assistance to the French. armies: ambushed, captured tax collectors and destroyed small detachments of pr-ka, forcing the British to keep garrisons in the rear of the conquered ter. When in Oct. 1428 English, the army and the Burgundians laid siege to Orleans - the last strong fortress in the territory not occupied by the French, national liberation. the struggle intensified even more. It was headed by Joan of Arc, under the hands of a swarm the battle for Orleans was won (May 1429). In 1437 French. troops took Paris, in 1441 - they conquered Champagne, in 1459 - Maine and Normandy, in 1453 - Guyenne. 19 oct. 1453 the British army capitulated at Bordeaux. This meant the end of the war.
Siege of Orleans by the British
Jeanne d "Arc leads the French into battle
C. in. brought great disaster to the French. people, caused great damage to the country's economy, but it contributed to the growth of nat. self-awareness. After the expulsion of the British, historical progress was completed. the process of unification of France. In England, S. century. temporarily consolidated the dominance of the feud, aristocracy and chivalry, which slowed down the process of centralization of the state. C. in. demonstrated the advantage of the English, mercenary troops over the French. feud, knightly militia, which forced France to create a permanent mercenary army. This army, in the service of the king, had the features of a regular army in organization, military discipline, training (see Ordonan-savvy companies). Political and the material basis of the mercenary army was the alliance of the royal power and the townspeople, interested in overcoming the feuds, fragmentation. The war showed that the heavy knightly cavalry lost its former importance, the role of the infantry, especially archers, who successfully fought the knights, increased. Firearms that appeared during the war. although the weapon was inferior to the bow and crossbow, it was increasingly used in the course of battles. Changing the nature of the war, turning it into a popular, liberating war led to the liberation of France from the invaders. (For map, see insert on page 401.)
N. I. Basovskaya.
Used materials of the Soviet military encyclopedia in 8 volumes, v. 7.
Read on:
Literature:
P and zin E. A. History of military art. T. 2.M., 1957,
Delbrück G. History of military art in the framework of political history. Per. with him. T. 3.M., 1938,
Society at war. The experience of England and France during the Hundred years war. Edinburgh, 1973,
Se ward D. The Hundred years war. L., 1978;
Brune A. H. The Agmcourt war. A military history of the latter part of the Hundred years war from 1369 to 1453. L., 1956;
Contamine Ph. La guerre de Cent ans. P., 1968.
The Hundred Years War is the traditional name for a long military-political conflict between the English and French kingdoms in the XIV-XV centuries. In this lesson, you will learn about the events, heroes, battles that unfolded at the final stage of the Hundred Years War. You will learn about the reasons for the turning point in the war on the side of the French, oh major battles and campaigns of the final period of the war, as well as the results of the war and the impact that the war had on the two warring parties.
Fig. 2. Battle of Path, 1429 ()
Fig. 3. King of England Henry VI ()
At this time in England the same process took place as in France - formation of national feelings, national identity, transformation into a nation... The British needed a hero, an example and the hope that all random misunderstandings and failures of the war would go away and the British would victoriously end this war. From now on war is no longer only a matter of kings, it became the business of all French and English. John Talbot was chosen for this portrayal of the English hero. He fought all his life, he was the governor of Ireland, long and loyally served the royal court, was a brave and strong man. From him began to create the image of a national hero, which the British lacked. He was even given a nickname - "British Achilles"(Achilles is the hero of Homer's work), although he did not look like Achilles at all. But the English nation needed a hero, and they found him in the form of John Talbot. At the very end of his life, he justified the hopes that were placed on him.
The war became protracted, painful and tough. The British continually sent new troops to France and fought there. But there was no luck, there were no victories, and in 1444, by mutual agreement of the parties, an armistice is concluded for 2 years in the city of Tour... This truce meant nothing. It said that neither side is still able to abandon the ideas of this struggle, nor to win a decisive victory.
This truce in Tours was preceded by another Arras treaty(1435).
In Arras, one of the possessions of the Burgundian duke, in August-September 1435, with the active assistance of the papacy, a large peace conference, which became a turning point in the diplomatic history of the Hundred Years War. In the shadow of the Abbey of Saint Vedast, representatives of the three main parties who entered into negotiations were gathered: Burgundy, England and France... The conference was held under the auspices of Philip the Good(Duke of Burgundy) and through the mediation of two cardinals: Niccolo Albergati - legate of Pope Eugene IV and the representative of the Basle Cathedral. As a result, the Burgundian dukes returned to the shadow of the suzerainty of France, and this was a big diplomatic, military-political blow to the British positions.
In 1445, John Talbot was appointed as the English commander-in-chief in France. He accepted this position, hoping to turn the tide of the war in the direction of England and hoping for victory. But in fact, he was already doomed to defeat, although he did not understand this. The armistice of 1444 in Tours was violated at the mutual desire of the parties. The British wanted to win back, and the French felt the growing strength of their troops and yearned for new victories. The French were the first to use artillery in the Hundred Years War, French artisans developed primitive cannons using gunpowder, and this became important event and the innovation of the Middle Ages. The French felt that with such an army and the mood of the people, they had every chance of winning, and they were not mistaken.
1449-1450s in the history of the Hundred Years War known as Karl's Norman campaignVii(fig. 4) or the fight for the liberation of Normandy... It was a very special military campaign. Charles VII acted in it in collusion with the townspeople. So, in the city Rouen, the most important city in Normandy, in which Jeanne D'Arc was executed, anti-English conspiracy matured... John Talbot received information about him and began to decisively crack down on the conspirators. In response, the townspeople revolted: they built barricades on the streets of the city and began to prepare the entry of French troops from the inside. Charles VII sent his commander Jean de Dunois for direct negotiations with citizens and coordination of their actions. As a result, the city was taken, the English garrison capitulated, and John Talbot was again captured by the French. The army of Charles VII solemnly entered the liberated Rouen.
Fig. 4. King of France Charles VII ()
John Talbot was again released from captivity and sent to the theater of war. In 1450 near the village of Formigny John Talbot accepts the fight. There, after a long break, a large-scale battle between the British and French troops took place. In this battle, the British were not only defeated, they were defeated. The French chronicles report that the English army was all exterminated, but most likely this is an exaggeration. There were several thousand killed, the rest were taken prisoner, someone fled, but this was a defeat that balanced the defeat of the French in the XIV century.
In 1451 he capitulated withXIIcentury occupied by the British city of Bordeaux... These were the most valuable English possessions on the continent, inherited by the English kings through the famous Alienor of Aquitaine. Bordeaux was the main stronghold, the main outpost, the main position of the British on the continent, and he surrendered in 1451. But in October 1452, John Talbot recaptured Bordeaux, returning it to the British... This news of the hero Talbot reached England and caused a surge of strength in the British army. However, the jubilation was short-lived. Bordeaux was captured by the French again... In 1453, Charles VII personally led his army to southwestern France.
On July 16, 1453, another important battle end of the Hundred Years War - battle near Castillon, near the city of Bordeaux. John Talbot died in this battle along with his son John. According to the stories of contemporaries, he was killed not like a knight: a horse was killed under him, and he fell, and a French soldier hacked him to death with an ax. The heroic halo around Talbot's name, supporting the British in the hope of victory, was dispelled (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. Death of John Talbot at the Battle of Castillon ()
October 19, 1453 Bordeaux capitulated to the French, and this was the final surrender (Fig. 6). This date is considered the date of the end of the Hundred Years War.... However, this date is rather arbitrary. The fact is that Bordeaux was not the last stronghold of the English kings in France. Under the rule of the British in the north remained Calais, the most important port city, which was called the gateway to France. It remained under British rule for another 100 years (Fig. 7).
Fig. 6. The surrender of the English garrison in Bordeaux, 1453 ()
Fig. 7. English possessions in France by 1453 ()
In addition, this date could be considered the end of the war, if any Anglo-French treaty had been concluded, but there was no such treaty. The surrender of Bordeaux, the death of Talbot - these events historians decided to consider a milestone in the end of the Hundred Years War.
However, Calais remained with the British, there were several attempts to land their troops in France and again return to this war, but they did not lead to any results.
The Battle of Castillon, when Talbot and his son died, could also be considered the end of the Hundred Years War. This was the end of the British hopes for a real victory in it.
Everything that happened afterwards is considered to be the echoes and echoes of the Hundred Years War. The real first peace treaty between the British and the French was concluded only in Napoleonic times... Purely legally, two states, England and France, remained in a state of war, since no peace treaty was concluded following the results of the Hundred Years War.
The Hundred Years' War had the most important influence on all aspects of life in England and France, especially on the formation of national identity, on the strengthening of the military organization, etc. However effects this war for England and France were different.
France came out of this protracted military-political conflict as the winner. Charles VII felt like a winner and with this nickname remained in history. His son succeeded him on the throne LouisXI(fig. 8), at which the foundations of French absolutism were laid.
Fig. 8. King of France Louis XI ()
England, on the contrary, she emerged from the war on the losing side; she suffered heavy losses in this war, which began so victoriously for England and ended so sadly. IN 1455 year in England, a grandiose Civil War, or feudal strife, which went down in history under the name War of the Scarlet and White Roses that flared up between two dynasties, Lancaster and York, for the English throne... This war lasted 30 years and led to the extermination of the top of the English nobility and the coming to power of a new dynasty - Tudors.
Of course, this strife is associated with the end of the Hundred Years War. Most of the British military elite, accustomed to successfully fighting in France, lost both their conquered possessions and French income, the internal war in England for their positions became their main task. Hence the origins of the grand feudal strife - the war of the Scarlet and White Roses (Fig. 9). This war is called so because in the coat of arms of the two fought dynasties there were roses: the Lancaster dynasty is a scarlet rose, and the York dynasty is a white one. The combined scarlet and white roses became the symbol of the Tudor dynasty (Fig. 10).
Fig. 9. Symbols of the Lancaster dynasty - scarlet rose, York dynasty - white rose ()
Fig. 10. Symbol of the Tudor dynasty ()
Bibliography
1. Basovskaya N.I. The Hundred Years War 1337-1453: Textbook. - M .: high school, 1985.
2. Basovskaya N.I. The Hundred Years War: Leopard vs. Lily. - M .: Astrel, AST, 2007.
3. Volobuev OV, Ponomarev MV, General history for grade 10. - M .: Bustard, 2012.
4. Klimov O.Yu., Zemlyanitsin V.A., Noskov V.V., Myasnikova V.S. General history for grade 10. - M .: Ventana-Graf, 2013.
5. Corrigan Gordon. Hundred Years War. A great and glorious adventure. - M .: AST, 2015.
7. Perrois E. Hundred Years War / Per. with French M.Yu. Nekrasov. - SPb .: Eurasia, 2002.
8. Fowler K. The Age of Plantagenets and Valois / Per. from English S.A. Kirilenko. - SPb .: Eurasia, 2002.
9. Favier J. The Hundred Years War. - SPb .: Eurasia, 2009.
Homework
1. What are the main reasons that changed the course of the war in favor of the French, can you single out?
2. From whom did the British try to create the image of a "war hero"? Did they succeed?
3. Tell us about the struggle for the liberation of Normandy and the biggest battles of the last stage of the Hundred Years War.
4. Summarize the results of the Hundred Years War. What do you think England could have done to turn the tide of the war in its favor?
In the XIV century, the largest and longest confrontation between England and France began, which later became known as the Hundred Years War. This is the most important part of European history, the study of which is included in the mandatory minimum of knowledge required to successfully pass the specialized exams. In this article, we will briefly review the causes and outcomes, as well as the chronological sequence of these significant events.
The material in this article is important, because in 1 and 11, and sometimes in 6 tasks, to successfully complete them, you need to know the material of World History.
Causes and the beginning of the war
The name implies a reasonable question: "How long did the main battle of the Middle Ages actually last?" An armed confrontation was fought between two powerful European powers and formally lasted for over a hundred years (1337-1453). The conflict was provoked by the clash of political interests of the royal families. In fact, this event included three stages that occurred at different time intervals.
It all began with the death of the French monarch Charles IV (the Handsome), who was the last legitimate heir of the Capetian ruling dynasty. According to the rules of succession to the throne, power was taken over by Charles' cousin, Philip VI of Valois. However, the current king of England, Edward III, was the grandson of the deceased king, which gave him the authority to claim the French throne. France, of course, was categorically against the foreign ruler. This is the official reason for the start of the conflict.
Charles IV Handsome. Lived 1294 - 1328
In fact, it was a struggle of interests for the French lands. The British wanted to take possession of Flanders, an industrial region with a developed economy, and also to reclaim the lost territories that had previously belonged to the English crown.
In turn, France claimed its former possessions - Guienne and Gascony, which at that time were under the rule of the British. The parties could not find official reasons for resolving mutual claims until the English king Edward III officially declared his rights to the French throne, backing up his intentions with military actions in Picardy.
Chronology of events
First stage
The first part of the Anglo-French confrontation began in 1337 and is referred to in some sources as the Edwardian War.
England began her confident attack on French lands. Excellent combat readiness and the confused state of the enemy helped the British to easily seize the territories of interest to them. In addition, some of the local population, tired of war and poverty, was on the side of the invaders.
Edward III. Lived 1312 - 1377
However, the successful conquests, oddly enough, had a negative impact on the economic state of England. Having entered into an unprofitable military alliance with the Netherlands, and irrationally disposing of income in general, Edward III soon led the English treasury to a state of ruin. This fact significantly slowed down the course of hostilities and in the next 20 years, events developed as follows:
- 1340 - defeat of the French fleet, capture of the English Channel.
- 1346 - Battle of Crecy. The turning point in the course of the war. The decisive victory of the British and the total defeat of the French army. King Edward III gains dominion over northern France.
- 1347 - the date of the conquest of the French port of Calais and the signing of a formal truce. In fact, hostilities continued from time to time.
- 1355 - the son of Edward III, nicknamed the "Black Prince", again launched an offensive against France, thereby finally annulling the concluded peace agreement.
Meanwhile, the French economic situation suffers a state of utter decline. The authority of the crown is unconditionally undermined, the country is ravaged by war, locals suffer from poverty and hunger. In addition, taxes were getting higher - somehow it was necessary to feed the army and the remnants of the fleet.
All these events and the stalemate in France led to the signing of several peace agreements in 1360, according to which England gained dominance over almost a third of the French lands.
Second phase
After nine years of a humiliating truce for France, its new ruler, Charles V, decided to try to recapture the occupied territories, unleashing a new military conflict in 1369, called the Carolingian War.
During the years of the armistice, the French state restored its forces and resources, and reorganized the army.
At this moment, England launched a military campaign in the Iberian Peninsula, experienced a popular uprising and bloody clashes with Scotland. All these factors played into the hands of the recovered France, and she gradually managed (in the period from 1370 to 1377) to return almost all of its occupied cities. In 1396, the parties again entered into a truce.
Stage Three
Despite its internal fragmentation, England did not want to be the loser. At that time, Henry V was king. He thoroughly prepared and organized the first attack after a long truce, which no one expected. In 1415, the decisive battle of Agincourt took place, where France was forced to surrender. In subsequent battles, the entire northern part of France was captured, which allowed the British to dictate their terms. Thus, in 1420, a peace treaty was signed, according to which:
The current king of France, Charles IV, abdicates the throne.
Henry V marries the sister of the French monarch and becomes heir to the throne.
The population of the defeated side was divided into two warring camps. The part that supported the British was exhausted by high taxes, robberies and robberies. Nevertheless, all large territories of France were conquered over time by the occupiers.
The end of the war
The decisive role in the further course of history was played by the famous Maid of Orleans - Jeanne D "arc. A simple village girl led the militia and led the defense of the city of Orleans from the siege of the British. She managed to awaken the fighting spirit of the French, tired of endless battles, and thanks to her, she was returned most of conquered territories in less than a year. The French again believed in themselves and in their independence.
Zhanna D "Ark. Reconstruction
The British tried at all costs to deprive their opponents of their inspired leader, and in 1430 Jeanne was captured and burned at the stake.
Contrary to expectations, the French citizens did not lose their fighting spirit after the death of Jeanne, but on the contrary continued the offensive with fury and ferocity. In this regard, the religious aspect played a significant role, since D "ark was considered a saint, a performer of God's providence, after being burned she was ranked among the martyrs. In addition, the people were tired of poverty and suffocating taxes, so the return of independence at any cost was a matter of life and death.
Until 1444, armed clashes continued, both sides suffered from raging epidemics of cholera and plague. It is not hard to guess who won this protracted battle.
In 1453, the war finally ended with the surrender of the British.
Outcomes
England lost all of its conquered territories in France, with the exception of the port of Calais.
Both sides carried out domestic military reforms, completely changing army policy and introducing new types of weapons.
Relations between England and France for several centuries could be described as "cold". Until 1801, English monarchs formally bore the title of kings of France.
Expert opinion
"... The people who lived in Europe between 1337 and 1453 did not even suspect that they were living in the era of the Hundred Years War ..."
Historian Natalia Basovskaya
“Everything perishes when feeble-minded people are at the head of the state, replacing each other. Unity disintegrates on the debris of greatness ”.
Maurice Druon "When the King Ruins France".
In conclusion, I would like to say that this topic is just a drop in the ocean of World history. We analyze all topics both in the history of Russia and in the World in the form of video lessons and presentations, info cards in our preparation courses for the Unified State Exam.
On October 19, 1453, the Hundred Years War ended. Contrary to the name, the longest conflict in Europe lasted not one hundred, but one hundred and sixteen years - from 1337 to 1453.
What is the Hundred Years War and why did it start?
The Hundred Years War was a series of military conflicts between France and England and their allies:
- Edwardian War - 1337-1360
- Carolingian War - 1369-1396,
- Lancaster War - 1415-1428,
- The final period is in 1428-1453.
The reason for the protracted conflict was the claim to the French throne by the British, who from the 12th century sought to unite the two countries under the rule of their crown. France, in turn, intended to oust the British from the southwestern part of the country of Guyenne, which was assigned to them by the Treaty of Paris in 1259.
How did the Hundred Years War end?
The main results of the Hundred Years War:
- French victory: England lost all its possessions on the continent (except for the port of Calais, which remained part of England until 1558) and became an island state;
- The population of both countries has declined by about two-thirds as a result of the war;
- During the war, new types of weapons and military equipment appeared, new tactical and strategic techniques were developed that destroyed the foundations of the old feudal armies. In particular, the first standing armies appeared.
The Hundred Years War and Jeanne d'Arc
During the Hundred Years War, a French girl Joan of Arc led the struggle of her people against the British, in 1429 she freed Orleans from the siege. From this moment on, the gradual liberation of the French lands begins.
Having been captured in 1430 by the Burgundians who sold her to the British, Jeanne d'Arc was condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake. Subsequently, it was rehabilitated and in 1920 canonized - reckoned Catholic Church to the face of the saints.
Paris Treaty- the treaty concluded on December 4, 1259 in Paris between King Louis IX of France and King Henry III of England. Under the treaty, Henry relinquished control of Normandy (except for the Channel Islands), County of Maine, Anjou and Poitou. In return, the French renounced the rights to Sentonge, and the English king received the right to be a vassal under Louis in Gascony and part of Aquitaine, as well as support for Louis in the rebellious English territories.
In fact, this agreement meant that the English kings still remained French vassals (albeit only in France). The treaty did not contribute to the emergence of friendly relations between the two countries. According to some historians, he was one of the causes of the Hundred Years War.
The Hundred Years War has been studied in detail for more than a dozen years, but interesting facts about the Hundred Years War continue to amaze fans of medieval history.
- The war between England and France, which lasted from 1337 to 1453, is usually called the Hundred Years, although it lasted 116 years. The war was not continuous, it is divided into four periods, between which long official truces were established. The longest of them dragged on for 18 years, but minor skirmishes, despite the peace, continued.
- The roots of the war go back to the 12th century, when the claims of England and France to the Duchy of Aquitaine arose- it was a dowry of Alienora of Aquitaine - the wife of the French king. But after her divorce from Louis VII, she marries Henry II and takes Aquitaine. France did not recognize these vast territories as English.
- The reason for the war was the claims of Edward III to the crown of France as he was the grandson of King Philip IV the Fair. At the same time, lilies appear on the English coat of arms next to leopards.
3
- The battles of the Hundred Years War at Cressy, Poitiers, Eysencourt are still the pride of England... Victories here were won more often by tactics, strategy, discipline and training than by the number of soldiers.
4
- The heir to the English throne, Prince of Wales, and Edward of Aquitaine, who later became known as the Black Prince for the color of armor and mercilessness in battle, took part in the Battle of Cressy. The 16-year-old heir was entrusted with the command of the right flank of the army. He brilliantly coped with the tasks and received knightly spurs, which was a great rarity at his age. In 1356, the Black Prince won the Battle of Poitiers, captured King John II and was recognized as one of the best warriors of his time.
5
- In July 1347, the British laid siege to Calais, but Philip VI asked for a peaceful solution to the issue, however, without waiting for him, he deployed an army and left, leaving his subjects to their fate. The inhabitants of the besieged city decided that he was influenced by his wife - Jeanne of Burgundy, whose relatives supported Edward III in his claims to the throne of France. The city abandoned by the monarch surrendered only a year later.
6
- During the Hundred Years War, both countries began to actively trade in piracy, robbing, capturing and killing civilians coast.
7
- Regular raids of the British from the sea led to the fact that in 1405 the inhabitants of Brittany asked the king for permission to repulse the robbers and, armed with bows, sticks and all available means, repelled the attacks. In one such battle, according to a contemporary, the peasants managed to capture almost 700 Englishmen and kill 500.
8
- On October 25, 1415, the Battle of Agincourt took place, when the English army, returning home after several heavy battles, was taken by surprise by French troops, which outnumbered the English army several times. The battle went down in history thanks to the English archers, who managed to inflict significant damage on the enemy.
9
- In 1420, France could have disappeared with political map Europe, after the signing of the Treaty in Troyes... The treaty secured the right of the English king Henry V to the throne of France after the death of the French monarch. The countries were supposed to unite thanks to the marriage of Henry to the daughter of Charles VI. The deaths of both rulers thwarted the plans, and the French refused to accept the humiliating treaty. The war has resumed.
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- In 1429, the French army recaptured Orleans under the leadership of Jeanne d'Arc, this time was the beginning of a turning point - France began to win victories one after another, until in 1453 England admitted defeat and left the continental possessions that had belonged to her since the XII century. began to use the infantry more actively and more often to use firearms and artillery, while bows and crossbows did not lose their importance.
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