Learn how the English numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 30, 50, 100, 1000, 1,000,000 are written in words and learn to count in English.
The VoxBook audio course contains many examples of the use of numbers and numbers. So in the novel by Robert Louis Stevenson "Treasure Island" from the famous song:
Fifteen men on the dead man's chest [fifteen people per dead man's chest]
Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum [yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum]!
Drink and the devil had done for the rest [drink and the devil will bring you to the end]
Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of rum!
Below are the numbers in English with transcription and translation. Further, the methods of forming cardinal numbers (Cardinal Numerals) and English counting are discussed in detail.
| Numeral | Name in Russian | Name in English | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | one | one | |
| 2 | two | two | [ˈTuː] |
| 3 | three | three | [θriː] |
| 4 | four | four | |
| 5 | five | five | |
| 6 | six | six | |
| 7 | seven | seven | [ˈSevn̩] |
| 8 | eight | eight | |
| 9 | nine | nine | |
| 10 | ten | ten | |
| 11 | eleven | eleven | [ɪˈlevn̩] |
| 12 | twelve | twelve | |
| 20 | twenty | twenty | [ˈTwenti] |
| 30 | thirty | thirty | [ˈΘɜːti] |
| 40 | forty | forty | [ˈFɔːti] |
| 50 | fifty | fifty | [ˈFɪfti] |
| 60 | sixty | sixty | [ˈSɪksti] |
| 70 | seventy | seventy | [ˈSevnti] |
| 80 | eighty | eighty | [ˈEɪti] |
| 90 | ninety | ninety | [ˈNaɪnti] |
| 100 | hundred | a (one) hundred | [ə wʌn ˈhʌndrəd] |
| 1000 | one thousand | a (one) thousand | [ə wʌn ˈθaʊzn̩d] |
| 1000000 | million | million / a (one) million | [ə (wʌn) ˈmɪlɪən] |
| 1000000000 | billion | milliard / a (one) milliard (BrE) billion / a (one) billion (AmE) |
[ə (wʌn) ˈmɪlɪɑːd] [ə (wʌn) ˈbɪlɪəŋ] |
The numbers in English are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
The numbers in English from 1 to 12 are i.e. denote the number of items and consist of one word (see table). The spelling of the English numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 must be remembered. All other English numbers are formed on the basis of their top ten.
The numbers in English are from 13 to 19.
In English, the numbers 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 are.
To form them, the suffix -teen is added to the English digit from 1 to 10 from the third column of the table. As a result, we get the figure needed to count from 13 to 19:
13 thirteen - thir teen [ˌΘɜːˈtiːn]
14 fourteen - four teen [ˌFɔːˈtiːn]
15 fifteen - fif teen [ˌFɪfˈtiːn]
16 sixteen - six teen
17 seventeen - seven teen [ˌSevnˈtiːn]
18 eighteen - eigh teen [ˌEɪˈtiːn]
19 nineteen - nine teen [ˌNaɪnˈtiːn]
3 - 13 teen
5 - 15 teen
Accent of numbers with the -teen suffix.
In English, numbers ending in the suffix -teen have two stresses, on the first and second syllables (ˌ weak secondary (secondary) stress and ˈ primary stress). Take a look at the transcription in order not to miss the pronunciation:
13 - thirteen [ˌθɜːˈtiːn]
14 - fourteen [ˌfɔːˈtiːn]
15 - fifteen [ˌfɪfˈtiːn]
If a numeral with the -teen suffix is \u200b\u200bnot followed by a noun, then during pronunciation the main stress falls on the -teen suffix:
fifteen
sixteen
When a numeral with the suffix -teen is the definition of a noun (i.e. it is followed by a noun), then the stress in it falls not on the suffix, but only on its first syllable:
fifteen pencils [ˈfɪftiːn ˈpensl̩z]
sixteen boxes [ˈsɪkstiːn ˈbɒksɪz]
In the VoxBook audio course in the fairy tale "The Fish and the Ring" from the English Fairy Tales collection, in which you can hear such an accent (to do this, install the audio course on your computer and listen for yourself):
English numbers 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90.
English numbers denoting whole tens of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, are derivatives of cardinal numbers. To form them, the suffix -ty is added to the tens digit from the third column of the table. As a result, the required number of tens is obtained:
20 twenty - twen ty [ˈTwenti]
30 thirty - thir ty [ˈΘɜːti]
40 forty - for ty [ˈFɔːti]
50 fifty - fif ty [ˈFɪfti]
60 sixty - six ty [ˈSɪksti]
70 seventy - seven ty [ˈSevnti]
80 eighty - eigh ty [ˈEɪti]
90 ninety - nine ty [ˈNaɪnti]
Please note that in English numbers 20, 30, 40 and 50, the root of 2 two, 3 three, 4 four and 5 five is modified, and in the number 80 the repetition of the letter t disappears:
2 two - 20 ty [ˈtwenti]
3 three - 30 ty [ˈθɜːti]
4 four - 40 ty [ˈfɔːti]
5 five - 50 ty [ˈfɪfti]
8 eight - 80 ty [ˈeɪti]
Accent of numbers with the -ty suffix.
In English numbers ending with the suffix -ty, the stress is only on the first syllable. Check out the transcription and pronunciation:
40 - forty [ˈfɔːti]
50 - fifty [ˈfɪfti]
60 - sixty [ˈsɪksti]
English numbers 100, 1000, 1,000,000.
English numbers from 100 to 1000 and 1,000,000 are presented at the end of the table (see above).
In English, before 100 hundred, 1000 thousand, 1,000,000 million, either the indefinite article a (which has the value one - one) is put, or the word one is put:
100 one hundred - a (one) hundred [ə wʌn ˈhʌndrəd] (ie a hundred or one hundred)
1000 thousand - a (one) thousand
Please note that the article is not used with the rest of the cardinal numbers:
Three pencils. Three pencils.
Two girls. Two girls.
In 100 hundred, 1000 thousand and 1000000 million, the endings -s are not put, including when they are preceded by another number other than one, for example:
100 one hundred (one hundred) - one hundred or a hundred
200 two hundred - two hundred
300 three hundred - three hundred
400 four hundred
500 five hundred - five hundred
600 six hundred - six hundred
700 seven hundred - seven hundred
800 eight hundred - eight hundred
900 nine hundred - nine hundred
Further
1000 thousand (one thousand) - one thousand or a thousand
2000 two thousand - two thousand
3000 three thousand - three thousand
4000 four thousand - four thousand
5000 five thousand - five thousand
etc.
1,000,000 million (one million) - one million or a million
2 million two million
3,000,000 three million - three million
4 million four million
5,000,000 five million - five million
6 million six million - six million
etc.
Thus, the numeral is never given the -s ending, however ...
But: the word signifying number can refer not only to a numeral (which does not need to have the ending -s), but also to a noun that may already have an ending -s. For example, 100 hundred, 1000 thousand, and 1,000,000 million end up with -s when they express an indefinite number of hundreds, thousands, or millions. In this case, they are nouns, and the following noun (if any) is used with the preposition of:
Three millions of tons of coal. Three million tons of coal.
Hundred ideas for learning. Hundreds of learning ideas.
Some birds can fly thousand kilometers. Some birds fly thousands of kilometers.
Four or five millions of specie had been lately thrown into circulation. Four, five million hard coins (for) have recently been thrown into circulation.
All of the above applies to other English numbers from 2 and above, which act as a noun:
Magnificent seven. Magnificent seven. (singular)
How many seven your have? How many sevens do you have? (plural)
In the VoxBook audio course in the novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, with this example:
Here it is about gentlemen of fortune [so always with gentlemen of fortune \u003d pirates]... They lives rough and they risk swinging [they live without comforts and risk being hanged], but they eat and drink like fighting cocks [but they eat and drink like kings: "fighting roosters" \u003d show off], and when a cruise is done, why, it’s hundreds of pounds instead of hundreds of farthings in their pockets [and when the voyage is over \u003d after sailing, well, they have hundreds of pounds in their pockets instead of hundreds of farthing \u003d pennies].(R.L. Stevenson - "TREASURE ISLAND")
Note. In addition, the -s ending can be added to million when it is preceded by two, three, etc. provided that there is no other number after it. In this case, million is followed by a noun with the preposition of:
Two millions of books. - Two million books.
English account. Composite cardinal numbers in English.
In English counting, in composite numbers from 20 to 99 (that is, consisting of two numbers - tenths and ones), a hyphen (dash) is put between tens and the units following them:
20 - twenty [ˈtwenti]
21 - twenty-one [ˈtwenti wʌn]
22 - twenty-two [ˈtwenti ˈtuː]
etc.
30 - thirty [ˈθɜːti]
31 - thirty-one [ˈθɜːti wʌn]
32 - thirty-two [ˈθɜːti ˈtuː]
etc. 
In an English account with composite numbers over 100 within every three digits, before the tens (and if there are none, then before the ones) the union and is placed:
235 - two hundred thirty-five
407 - four hundred seven
2034 - two thousand thirty-four
2004 - two thousand four
5236 - five thousand two hundred thirty-six
250129 - two hundred fifty thousand, one hundred twenty-nine
4221589 - four million two hundred twenty-one thousand five hundred eighty-nine
203000000 - two hundred three million
In the American version of the English word and is omitted, for example: 235 - two hundred hirty-five.
Some rules for translating numerals into English:
1. Russian genitive case of nouns after cardinal numbers do not do it translate into English a noun with the preposition of (common mistake):
In the VoxBook audio course in "JACK THE GIANT-KILLER" from the English Fairy Tales collection, in which this case occurs:
... he is a huge and monstrous giant [he is a huge and monstrous giant] with three heads [with three heads]; he "ll fight five hundred men in armor [he will conquer / conquer five hundred men in armor], and make them fly before him [and "will" \u003d make them run in front of him]."(English Fairy Tales - "JACK THE GIANT-KILLER")
2. A Russian noun in the singular after compound numerals ending in one (one, one) should be translated into English by a plural noun:
twenty one day - twenty one day
three hundred fifty-one books - three hundred and fifty-one book
3. Cardinal numbers can stand as a definition after the word being defined. This especially applies to the cases of designating the numbers of pages, paragraphs, chapters and parts of books, numbers of houses, rooms, sizes of clothes and shoes, numbers of buses and has the meaning of an ordinal number, although it is replaced by a cardinal number:
part two - the second part
chapter seven - the seventh chapter
Read lesson three. - Read the third lesson.
Open your book on page nineteen. - Open your books to page nineteen.
He live in apartment 12 (twelve). - He lives in apartment 12.
4. Combinations of my two sisters, five of your books, two of his friends, etc. translated into English two of my sisters, five of your books, two of his friends (and not: two my brothers, five your books, two his friends - a common mistake).
For example, in the VoxBook audio course in the novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, with just such an example:
There were six of the buccaneers, all told [there were six pirates there, "all counted" \u003d total]; not another man was left alive [no one else survived]... Five of them were on their feet, flushed and swollen [five of them were on their feet, with reddened and swollen / faces /],(R.L. Stevenson - "TREASURE ISLAND")
To depict sounds in phonetics, it is customary to use transcription signs, since letters are not always convenient to use: Arabic letters have several forms of writing, in addition, they have additional signs, which can interfere with the designation of their variants; there are no letters for vowels.
There are two types of transcription: phonemic and phonetic, which are associated with the concept of phonemes and its variants.
If you want to convey the composition of phonemes, then phonemic transcription is used. The phoneme is enclosed in oblique brackets / d /. If it is necessary to convey sounds with their shades (variant of phonemes), then phonetic transcription is used. In this case, the sound is enclosed in square brackets: [a].
Arabic alphabet and transcription
Additional characters for phonetic transcription:
/ / - phoneme; word in phonemic transcription
Sound; word in phonetic transcription
[:] - vowel length (a :, i :, u :)
[ä] - front vowel
[å] - middle vowel
[a] - back vowel
[] - reduced vowel; neutral vowel
Topic 1. Consonants and vowels in ala
§6. Features of middle consonants
Mastering the pronunciation of the middle consonants of the Arabic language is very difficult due to their "similarity" with the corresponding sounds of the Russian language, for example:,,, etc.
It should be borne in mind that middle consonants in Arabic cannot acquire a sign of hardness under the influence of a subsequent vowel, as, for example, in Russian: "sad" - "sit", "hundred" - "sieve". In Arabic, the opposite process takes place: vowels adapt to consonants... Therefore, in the future, one should constantly work on the pronunciation of middle consonants, overcoming the habits of the native language to adapt the pronunciation of consonants to the subsequent vowel.
§7. Reduction of short unstressed vowels. Neutral vowel [].
The vowels of percussion and long syllables in ALA are distinguished by maximum stability and distinctness of sound. Such full vowel sound is called optimal, i.e. most favorable for auditory perception. The clarity and brightness of the optimal sounding of stressed and long vowels is explained by two interdependent reasons: firstly, all vowel sounds under stress sound louder and somewhat longer than vowels in unstressed syllables; secondly, such an increase in duration provides sufficient time for the full-fledged actions of the speech organs involved in tuning the resonant cavities and, therefore, determining the timbre of the vowels. Accordingly, the features of an unstressed syllable are some decrease in volume and a reduction in duration. With such a weakening of the syllable, especially in fluent colloquial speech, the tuning of the resonator systems is often defective, as a result of which the syllable-forming vowel loses its distinct timbre.
All types of vowel weakening are called "reduction", shortening the duration is called "quantitative reduction", and the loss of clarity of timbre - "quality reduction". The most common type of quality reduction is "neutralization".
Losing their timbre quality, the vowels acquire an indefinite shade, noticeably different from each of the basic cardinal timbres for a given sound. A neutral sound is denoted in our transcription by the sign [].
INSTALLATION EXERCISES
1. Using the position of the tongue, lower jaw and lips for Russian [A], raise the lower jaw, reducing the volume of the oral cavity. At the same time, carefully preserve the flatness of the tongue and the neutral position of the lips with slightly exposed teeth. Continuing the trial pronunciations of vowels from [A] until the complete loss of its cardinal timbre, observe the weakening of the shade [A] and the appearance of quality neutrality. A neutral vowel obtained in such an artificial way should be stable in isolated syllables under stress as an independently sounding vowel, which is necessary for practicing in the subsequent articulation of middle consonants.
2. (using a mirror and tactile control).
Pronouncing a neutral vowel several times, check the location of the articulation organs for the following three signs:
a) the body of the tongue is located in the center of the oral cavity, approximately in the position for Russian [A]
b) the distance between the upper and lower teeth is such that the tip of the tongue can be extended;
c) the upper lip is raised, and the lower lip is lowered, exposing the teeth; the lips are flat on the gums without protruding; the mouth opening is of a neutral shape without horizontal stretching and without rounding.
She is five years junior to me.
She is five years younger than me.
The bus stop is five minutes "walk from here.
The bus stop is located five minutes walk from here.
My clock is five minutes fast.
My watch is five minutes fast.
She weighs fifty five kilograms.
She weighs fifty-five kilograms.
War began five years later.
The war began five years later.
She has brought up five children.
She raised five children.
Nouns in Latin have five declensions.
Latin nouns have five declensions.
Mary raised five children.
Mary raised five children.
This book consists of five chapters.
This book is divided into five chapters.
He comes here every five days.
He comes here every five days.
I finally caught my breath five minutes after I finished the footrace.
I finally caught my breath five minutes after the race.
She has five older brothers.
She has five older brothers.
It "s been five years since we moved here.
We moved here five years ago.
The damage to five million yen.
The damage was five million yen.
She "s been absent from school for five days.
She has been away from school for five days.
Four times five is 20.
Four times five is 20.
Five days later, President Taylor died.
Five days later, President Taylor died.
They paid me five dollars for the bag.
They paid me five dollars for the package.
Be sure to come to me by five o "clock.
Be sure to come to me by five o'clock.
I "ve got no more than five hundred yen.
I have no more than five hundred yen.
My annual income five million yen.
My annual income is over five million yen.
Do you know anybody who speaks five languages?
Do you know anyone who speaks five languages?
We have five kinds of kebab.
We have five types of kebab.
Maybe in a different universe, our basic five senses are useless and we would require different senses altogether.
Perhaps in another universe, our five basic senses will be useless and we will need completely different senses.
I lived there for five years.
I lived there for five years.
Interlingua has five older sisters.
Interlingua has five older sisters.
They have been in my employ for five years.
They worked for me for five years.
In peacetime, we worked five days a week.
In peacetime, we worked five days a week.
We have five classes every day except Saturday.
We have five lessons every day except Saturday.
It "s five to four.
It's now five minutes to four.
Transcription, phonetic transcription signs
Transcriptions are special signs and symbols that represent the spoken sounds of speech. The need to master transcription is due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation in English. There are a huge number of rules and exceptions with unreadable letters, or variations of sounds indicated by the same letter. No wonder they say: "London is written - read Liverpool." In the English pronunciation system, there are 48 sounds, therefore, there are 48 transcription signs.
Phonetic transcription signs for the image of the sounds of the English language:
Consonants
[f] five [d] do [v] very [k] key
[θ] thick [g] gas [ð] this [tʃ] chin
[s] so [dʒ] Jim [z] zoo [m] mother
[ʃ] ship [n] no [ʒ] pleasure [ŋ] long
[h] horse [l] less [p] park [r] river
[b] book [j] yellow [t] tea [w] white
Vowels
[i:] eat [ei] lake [i] it [ai] like
[e] pen [au] house [æ] bad [ɔi] boy
[a:] art [ou] home [ɔ] box [iə] ear
[ʌ] cup [ɛə] air [u] cook [uə] poor
[u:] school [juə] Europe [ju:] tune [aiə] fire
[ə:] girl [auə] hour [ə] paper [ɔ:] all
Sounds [p, b, k, g, f, v, m]
When pronouncing English consonants [p, b, k, g, f, v, m], the organs of speech close, and then quickly open, therefore they are called stop ,. The pronunciation of English stop sounds [p, b, k, g, f, v, m] coincides with the pronunciation of the corresponding Russian stop consonants [p, b, k, g, f, c, m]. At the end of words, English voiceless consonants [p, k, f] are pronounced vigorously. At the same time, voiced consonants [b, g, v] at the end of words and before voiceless consonants are not stunned.
Compare:
[p] stump - [p] pen (pen)
[b] box - [b] box (box)
[k] wedge - [k] clean (clean)
[g] goose - [g] goose (goose)
[f] football - [f] football (football)
[in] message - [v] vest (vest)
[m] cape - [m] miss (miss)
In writing, the sounds [p, b, k, g, f, v, m] are respectively designated by letters: Pp [pi:], Bb [bi:], Kk [kei], Gg [dʒi:], Ff [ef], Vv [vi:], Mm [em].
The combination ph [`pi:` eitʃ] is also read as [f]: photo [`foutou].
Sounds [s, z]
When pronouncing the English consonants [s, z], a gap is formed between the tip of the tongue and the alveoli, through which air passes, in connection with which they are called slit. When pronouncing slit sounds [s, z] in English, the tip of the tongue is raised to the alveoli, but does not touch them. A voice passes through the gap formed between the alveoli and the tip of the tongue, forming a sound. When compared with the pronunciation of Russian slotted consonants, the tongue is located at the base of the lower teeth.
Compare: [s] - [s] [h] - [z]
myself - some (several)
start - start
forest - less (less)
zebra - zebra
Zina - Zena
visit - visit
In writing, the sounds [s, z] are denoted:
Ss [es]: some, start, Zz [zed]: zebra, Zena
Combination ss [dʌbl es]: less
Cc [si:] before the vowels e, i, y: center, city, cycle.
Sound [r]
In Russian, there is no sound like the English sound [r]. When pronouncing the sound [r], the tip of the tongue is raised to the back of the alveoli (tubercles behind the upper teeth). The tongue is motionless and does not vibrate. In order to get the English sound [r], you should hold your cheeks with your fingers and pronounce the Russian sound "r" until the tongue stops vibrating.
The English sound [r] sounds in the following words:
[ˈBrʌðə] brother - brother [veri] very - very
[rivə] river - river [ˈkærət] carrot - carrot
[ri: zn] reason - reason [beri] berry - berry
[ru: d] rude - rough [ru: l] rule - rule
[rait] write - write [stri: t] street - street
In writing, the sound [r] is indicated only by the letter Rr [a:]. For example: rain, river, very.
Sound [j]
The English sound [j] is pronounced in the same way as the Russian sound "y", but less distinctly. It's not difficult at all. When pronouncing [j], the back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, but lower than in the Russian "y". Forming an air passage along the middle of the dorsum of the tongue, the edges of the tongue are slightly pressed against the upper molars.
The English sound [j] sounds in the following words: [jet] yet - not yet
[jes] yes - yes
[jel] yell - to scream loudly
[ˈJeləu] yellow - yellow
In the letter, the sound [j] is not represented by any single letter.
This sound is denoted by the letter y [wai] if it is followed by any vowel letter. For example: yet, yes, yell, yield, yard, yoke.
Sound [w]
When pronouncing the English sound [w], the lips must be strongly rounded and pushed forward, forming a round slit. Then, instantly translate the tongue and lips into position for pronouncing the subsequent vowel.
For instance:
[wu: d] wood - forest [wi: l] wheel - wheel
[wou] woe - woe [wið] with - with (preposition)
[weit] wait - wait [wet] wet - wet
[wel] well - good [wi: k] weak - weak
In writing, the sound [w] is transmitted only by the letter Ww [dʌbl ju:]: wait, watch, week, wet, wheel, woe.
Since there is no sound [w] in Russian, they try to replace it with the Russian sound "f", less often "v". When pronouncing [w], the lips are rounded and slightly protruding forward. When pronouncing [f, v], the upper teeth touch the lower lip as in the Russian "f".
For comparison:
[fi: l] feel - [wi: l] wheel
[fou] foe (enemy) - [wou] woe (grief)
[fel] fell - [wel] well
[feil] fail - [weil] whale
[fu: l] fool (fool) - [wu: l] wool (wool)
[wet] wet (raw) - [vet] vet (veterinarian)
[weil] wail - [veil] veil (veil)
[wi: l] wheel - [vi: l] veal (mutton)
[west] west (west) - [vest] vest (vest)
[wein] wane (damage) - [vein] vane (blade)
Sound [h]
The English sound [h] is a slight exhalation by ear and occurs only before vowels. At the moment of pronouncing the sound [h], the language takes a position to produce the subsequent vowel. Replacing the English sound [h] with the Russian "x" does not affect the meaning of the words, but it gives the speech a strong Russian accent.
This is how [h] sounds in English words:
[ˈHɪərəu] hero - hero [hɔ: s] horse - horse
[houm] home - home [help] help - help
[ˈHju: mən] human - person [hu: z] whose - whose
[hai] high - high [ha: d] hard - hard
[həˈləu] hallo - hello [houtel] hotel - hotel
In writing, the sound [h] is conveyed by the letter Hh [eɪtʃ]: hot, help, how, hotel, hoсkey, hallow.
VIII
Sounds [ʃ, ʒ]
When pronouncing English sounds [ʃ, ʒ], the tip of the tongue, without touching the alveoli, is raised to them. The sound [ʃ] is pronounced clearly, especially at the end of words, as it is voiceless. The English sound [ʒ] is voiced. Pronunciation of sounds [ʃ, ʒ] in Russian resembles combinations in words: "awl, lively." Sound [ʃ] in English words: Sound [ʒ] in English words:
[finiʃ] finish - finish
[ʃip] ship - ship
[ʃi: p] sheep - sheep
[ʃeip] shape - shape
[ʃou] show - show
[meʒə] measure - measure
[pleʒə] pleasure - pleasure
[viʒn] vision - vision
[ˈLeʒə] leisure - leisure
[treʒə] treasure - treasure
In writing, the sound [ʃ] is transmitted:
The letter combination sh: ship, shelf, shut, fish, finish.
In the suffixes tion, sian: vacation, Russian.
There is no letter match for the sound [ʒ].
It is pronounced only in suffixes: sure, sion: pleasure, measure, vision.
Sound [ŋ]
There is no sound like [ŋ] in Russian, which is why it is often replaced by the Russian sound "n". Unlike the Russian "n", when pronouncing which the tongue rests against the upper teeth, when pronouncing English [ŋ], the tongue is at the base of the lower teeth. The mouth is open quite wide. Since the back of the tongue is in close contact with the lowered soft palate, the air stream passes through the nasal cavity. The tip of the tongue should not be lifted to the alveoli in order to get a clear nasal sound.
If you have problems pronouncing the sound [ŋ], you can try to start practicing it by pronouncing the Russian sound "m", gradually opening your mouth, but without removing your tongue from the base of the lower teeth. It is very useful to control the work of the language by looking in the mirror. For setting the sound [ŋ], inhaling through the nose with the mouth open is also a good technique. The English sound [ŋ] sounds not only at the end of words, but also before the sounds [k], [g], [d].
Examples of the sound [ŋ] in English words:
[siŋ] sing - to sing [kiŋ] king - king
[lɔŋ] long - long [mɔ: niŋ] morning - morning
[rɔŋ] wrong - wrong [i: vniŋ] evening - evening
[bæŋk] bank - bank [iŋglənd] England - England
[tæŋk] tank - tank [kiŋdm] kingdom - kingdom
The sound [ŋ] has no letter match. It is pronounced before the consonants [k], [g] if they are preceded by the sound [n], which in writing is denoted by the letter n: bank, England.
Be careful about the differences in the pronunciation of the sounds [n] and [ŋ].
The differences between the sounds [n] and [ŋ] are in the location of the barrier. When pronouncing the sound [n], the tongue rests against the alveoli. When pronouncing [ŋ], the tongue rests against the base of the lower teeth, the soft palate is lowered and air passes through the nasal cavity.
Compare:
[sin] sin (sin) - [siŋ] sing (to sing)
[kin] kin (relationship) - [kiŋ] king (king)
[win] win - [wiŋ] wing
[fæn] fan (fan) - [fæŋ] fang (fang)
[bæn] ban (prohibit) - [bæŋ] bang (rumble)
Sounds [θ, ð]
There are no sounds like [θ, ð] in Russian.
To pronounce these sounds correctly, do the speech exercises below.
Blow air through your tongue stuck between your teeth. Make sure that the tongue is not tense, and the lips do not touch the edges of the tongue.
Slide your tongue between your teeth and then quickly pull it out. Repeat this exercise several times.
When pronouncing the sounds [θ, ð], the tongue is spread out and not tense, the tip of the tongue is between the teeth. The sound [θ] is pronounced deaf, and the sound [ð] with a voice is pronounced as voiced. Remember that the lips should not touch the edges of the tongue. You should quickly remove your tongue by the teeth so as not to interfere with the pronunciation of the subsequent sound. These sounds should not be replaced with Russian "s, z" or English [z, t, d].
For instance:
[ðei] they - they [θik] thick - thick
[ðem] them - im [θin] thin - thin
[ðen] then - then [miθ] myth - myth
[ðis] this - this [tenθ] tenth - tenth
[beið] bathe - to bathe tooth - Timofey
In writing, the sounds [θ, ð] are denoted by the letter combination th. The sound [ð], as a rule, sounds in service words:
In the definite article (the)
In pronouns (this, that, they, them)
At the end of words before the letter e (bathe)
If the combination of letters th is the ending for the formation of ordinal numbers, then it is pronounced as [θ], for example: tenth.
Note the difference in pronunciation of the sounds [θ] - [s] - [t]:
Since there is no sound [θ] in Russian, they try to replace it with either the sound [s] or [t], which leads to a gross violation of the meaning. The sound [θ] is interdental. When pronouncing it, the tip of the tongue is between the teeth. Sounds [t, s] are alveolar. When pronouncing [t], the tip of the tongue touches the alveoli. When pronouncing [s], the tip of the tongue rises to the alveoli.
Compare:
[feis] face - [feiθ] faith
[mis] miss - [miθ] myth
[tens] tense (tense) - [tenθ] tenth (tenth)
[tin] tin (tin) - [θin] thin (thin)
[tru:] true - [θru:] through
[tri:] tree - [θri:] three
[sik] sick - [θik] thick
Due to the absence of the sound [ð] in Russian, it is often replaced by the sounds [z], [d], which leads to a gross violation of the meaning. The sound [ð] is a voiced interdental consonant. It is pronounced the same as [θ] with voice only. Sounds [z, d] are voiced alveolar consonants.
Compare:
[beið] bathe (to swim) - [beiz] base (base)
[bri: ð] breathe - [bri: z] breeze (light breeze)
[si: ð] seethe (to boil) - [si: z] seize (to grab)
[ðei] they (they) - [dei] day (day)
[ðen] then (then) - [den] den (den)
Sound [tʃ]
When pronouncing the English sound [tʃ], the tip of the tongue touches the alveoli (tubercles behind the front upper teeth), in this position of the tongue, pronounce the Russian sound "h" (tea, often), get exactly the same English sound [tʃ]. This sound is pronounced clearly and consistently and does not soften before vowels. A common mistake is the indistinct sound of [t ошиб]. To overcome this error, the tip of the tongue should be held at the alveoli longer, prolonging the sound [tʃ].
The English sound [tʃ] sounds in the following English words:
[ditʃ] ditch - ditch [tʃik] chick - chick
[tʃein] chain - chain [piktʃə] picture - picture
[ri: tʃ] reach - reach [ti: tʃə] teacher - teacher
[bentʃ] bench - bench [tʃi: z] cheese - cheese
The sound [tʃ] in the letter is conveyed by letter combinations:
Ch [si: eitʃ]: bench, chick, cheese, chain.
Tch [ti: si: eitʃ]: ditch, catch
The 4-letter rule: to know which letter combination to choose ch or tch, you can use the 4-letter rule, which says that the letter h must be the fourth, including the first vowel. For example: each, bench, teach, reach, match, scotch, catch.
The ture suffix is \u200b\u200bpronounced [tʃə]: picture, lecture.
Sound [dʒ]
The English sound [dʒ] is articulated in the same way as [tʃ], but pronounced loudly. Both elements of the sound should be pronounced together, without lifting the tip of the tongue from the alveoli.
The English sound [dʒ] sounds in the following English words:
[dʒim] gym - gym [vilidʒ] village - village
[dʒæm] jam - jam [keidʒ] cage - cage
[dʒʌɡ] jug - jug [ledʒ] ledge - ledge
[dʒu: n] June - June [si: dʒ] siege - siege
[deindʒə] danger - danger [peidʒiz] pages - pages
[eidʒ] age - age [ingeidʒmənt] engagement - engagement
In writing, the sound [dʒ] is transmitted:
J [dʒei]: Jill, Jane, June.
Letter g [dʒi:] before vowels e, i, y: Gem, cage, gym
The exception is the words: get [get], give [giv], gift [gift].
In English, consonants differ in voicing - deafness. Therefore, you should not mix voiced [dʒ] and voiceless [tʃ], as this leads to confusion of words:
[tʃin] chin (chin) - [dʒin] gin (gin)
[tʃein] chain - [dʒein] Jane
[tʃest] chest (chest) - [dʒest] jest (joke)
[tʃu:] chew (to chew) - [dʒu:] Jew (Jew)
[ritʃ] rich - [ridʒ] ridge (mountain range)
XIII
Sound [ʌ]
The English sound [ʌ] is a short, relaxed vowel. When pronouncing [ʌ], the lips are neutral, the mouth is half-open. The tongue is slightly pushed back from the base of the lower teeth. If we pronounce the Russian sound "a", then we significantly move the tongue away from the teeth, and do not stretch our lips. The sound [ʌ] is similar to the Russian unstressed sound "a" in the word "braid".
Compare:
"match" - much - a lot
"buck" - buck - buck
"pan" - pun - pun
"myself" - some - several
"drip" - cup - cup
And this is how it sounds [ʌ] in English words:
[bʌt] but - but [kʌm] come - to come
[lʌv] love - love [kʌntri] country - country
[dʌl] dull - boring [ʌs] us - us
[gʌn] gun - weapon [ʌgli] ugly - ugly
[sʌmə] summer - summer [stʌdi] study - study
In writing, the sound [ʌ] is transmitted:
The letter u, if it is followed by one or more consonants: but, dull, just, gun, under.
The letter o before m, n, v, th: come, mother, love, front.
Note the difference in pronunciation between the short, relaxed sound [ʌ] and the long, tense [a:]. The differences in the pronunciation of the sounds [ʌ] and [a:] lie not only in the longitude - brevity, but also in the quality of these sounds. When pronouncing [ʌ], the tongue lies at the base of the lower teeth, the lips are neutral. This is a more forward sound, reminiscent of the "a" sound in the unstressed position in the word "wasp". When pronouncing [a:], the tongue is pulled away from the lower teeth, the lips are slightly rounded. This sound has a thick timbre and a deep shade of low tone.
Compare:
[kʌm] come - [ka: m] calm
[dʌk] duck - [da: k] dark
[lʌk] luck (luck) - [la: k] lark (lark)
[bʌt] but (but) - [ba: t] Bart (Bart (name))
[pʌk] puck (washer) - [pa: k] park (park)