General information about the country: territory area, population (composition, numbers), structure of the land fund, state symbols.

The official name is the Republic of Estonia.

Territory - 45,226 sq. km.

Population - 1 million 286 thousand people. National composition: Estonians (68.7%), Russians (24.8%), Ukrainians (1.7%), Belarusians (1.0%), Finns (0.6%) (as of December 31, 2011). Official language- Estonian. For about a third of the country's population, the native language is Russian. Religion - Lutherans, Orthodox (Russian Orthodox and Estonian Orthodox Church), other. The capital is Tallinn. Largest cities- Tallinn (415 thousand), Tartu (115 thousand), Narva (76 thousand), Pärnu, Kothla-Jarve (55 thousand). Administrative division- 15 areas. The form of government is a republic. The head of state is the president. The currency is Estonian kroon.

Geographical position

Estonia is a country located in the northwest of Eastern Europe. In the north it is washed by the Gulf of Finland, in the west by the Baltic Sea. In the east the country borders on Russia, in the south on Latvia. Estonia owns more than 1,500 islands, the largest of which are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa.

National flag of Estonia.

The state flag of Estonia is also the national flag. It is a rectangle consisting of three equal horizontal colored stripes. Top lane of blue color, middle - black and bottom - white. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 7:11, the standard size of the flag is 105 by 165 centimeters.

The blue-black-white flag was first consecrated and blessed as the flag of the Estonian Student Society in Otepää on June 4, 1884. In subsequent decades, the blue-black-white flag became the Estonian national flag. The first resolution on the Estonian national flag was adopted by the provisional government of the Republic of Estonia on November 21, 1918. In June 1922, the Riigikogu officially approved the blue-black-white flag as the state flag. After the forced annexation of the Republic of Estonia to Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the former flag was prohibited.

Estonian national colors reappeared openly in 1987-1988, when the movement for the liberation and restoration of Estonian independence began. The tricolor was again raised over the Long Herman Tower on February 24, 1989, and by law adopted in August 1990, it was decided to begin using the blue-black-white flag again as the state flag. The Estonian Flag Law was proclaimed on April 5, 2005.

National emblem of Estonia

The state emblem of Estonia exists in two formats: the large state emblem (shown in the illustration) and the small state emblem. On the big state emblem on the golden shield there are three blue lions walking, looking at the viewer (passant gardant). On the sides and bottom, the shield is bordered by a wreath of two crossed oak branches of golden color, intersecting at the bottom of the shield. The small coat of arms is identical, but it lacks oak branches.

The motif of the Estonian state coat of arms dates back to the 13th century, when the Danish king Valdemar II granted the city of Tallinn a coat of arms with three lions, similar to the coat of arms of the Danish kingdom. The same motif was later transferred to the coat of arms of the Estonian province, approved by Empress Catherine II on October 4, 1788.

The Riigikogu approved the Estonian state coat of arms on June 19, 1925. After the forced annexation of the Republic of Estonia to the Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the previous coat of arms was prohibited. Historical coat of arms of the Estonian state was again accepted for use on August 7, 1990. The Law on the State Emblem was proclaimed on July 3, 2001.

Entry into the USSR

In conditions when Latvia and Finland refused to provide support to Estonia, England and France (who were at war with Germany) were unable to provide it, and Germany recommended accepting the Soviet proposal, the Estonian government entered into negotiations in Moscow, which resulted in September 28 A Mutual Assistance Pact was concluded, providing for the deployment of Soviet military bases and a 25,000-strong Soviet contingent on Estonian territory.

In 1940, additional contingents of Soviet troops were introduced. USSR military bases were created on the territory of Estonia, where 25,000 soldiers were stationed. On June 10, combat readiness was declared at Soviet bases in Estonia. On June 14, a military and naval blockade of the Baltic states was declared. On June 14, Soviet planes shot down a Finnish airline plane taking off from Tallinn over the Gulf of Finland.

June, Molotov presented the Estonian ambassador with an ultimatum note, in which he demanded the immediate entry into Estonia of an additional contingent of Soviet troops numbering 90,000 people and the removal of the government, threatening otherwise the occupation of Estonia. Päts accepted the ultimatum.

June 1940 entered Tallinn Soviet troops; At the same time, the ships of the Baltic Fleet stood in the roadstead and an amphibious assault was landed. The Soviet military authorities banned public gatherings, meetings, and open-air photography; Weapons were confiscated from the population within 24 hours. On June 18, Advisor to the Soviet Embassy Bochkarev named the names of the first members of the new pro-Soviet government of Estonia. Subsequent events were led by the authorized representative of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for Estonia, A. A. Zhdanov, who arrived in Tallinn on June 19. On June 21, he dictated to Päts the composition of the new cabinet, headed by the poet Johannes Vares (Barbarus), who held leftist views and soon joined the Communist Party. In fact, the leadership of the country was carried out by the USSR Embassy. The NKVD arrived from Leningrad to Tallinn. Arrests and deportations of citizens of the Republic of Estonia began, including those actively opposed to the Soviet regime. Following this, Zhdanov ordered elections to the Riigikogu to be held within nine days.

By Päts' decree of July 5, early elections to the Riigikogu were scheduled for July 14, 1940. According to official data, 591,030 citizens took part in the elections, or 84.1% of total number voters. 548,631 people, or 92.8% of the number of voters, voted for the candidates of the “Union of Working People” (candidates of other parties were not registered). According to some Russian and Estonian historians, the elections were held in violation of existing laws, including the constitution, and the results were falsified.

July 1940 (even before the formal inclusion of Estonia into the USSR) Order No. 0141, People's Commissar of Defense Marshal S.K. Timoshenko, was issued, according to which by July 31, 1940, the territory of Estonia was to be included in the Leningrad Military District.

July the first session of the new Riigikogu decided to establish in the country Soviet power and the formation of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. On July 22, a declaration was adopted on Estonia's accession to the USSR. The Riigikogu made a corresponding request to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. On the same day, President Konstantin Päts submitted a request to be relieved of his presidential powers, which was granted. The powers of the President, in accordance with the Constitution, were transferred to the Prime Minister. On July 30, Päts was deported to Bashkiria.

On August 1940, the VII session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the admission of the Estonian SSR to the USSR.

Ethnic groups: Estonian 68.7%, Russian 24.8%, Ukrainian 1.7%, Belarusian 1%, Finn 0.6%, other 1.6%, unspecified 1.6% (2011)

Languages: Estonian (official) 68.5%, Russian 29.6%, Ukrainian 0.6%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.1% (2011)

Religions: Lutheran 9.9%, Orthodox 16.2%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 2.2%, other 0.9%, none 54.1%, unspecified 16.7 % (2011)

Population: 1,257,921 (2014)

Country's place in the world: 158

Age structure:

14 years old: 15.6% (males 101,018 / female 95,204)

24 years old: 11.2% (men 72,318 / women 68,373)

54 years old: 41.5% (men 250,244 / women 271,450)

64 years old: 18.6% (men 71,518 / women 94,029)

years and older: 18.2% (men 77,492/women 156,275) (2014)

Number dependence:

Total dependency ratio: 51.2%

Youth dependency ratio: 23.9%

Elderly dependency ratio: 27.3%

potential support ratio: 3.7 (2013)

Average age:

total: 41.2 years

men: 37.6 years

women: 44.5 years (2014)

Population growth rate:

Country's place in the world: 228

Fertility:

29 births / 1,000 (2014)

Country's place in the world: 187

Mortality:

69 deaths/1,000 population (2014)

Country's place in the world: 13

Net migration rate:

37 Migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)

Country's place in the world: 185

Urbanization:

Urban population: 69.5% of total population (2011)

urbanization rate: 0.02% rate of change (2010-15)

Main urban areas - population:

TALLINN (capital) 430,944 (2014)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

54 years: 0.92 male(s)/female

64 years: 0.84 male(s)/female

years and older: 0.49 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2014)

Mothers Average age at birth of first child:

3 (2010)

Maternal mortality:

deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Country's place in the world: 184

Infant mortality rate:

total: 6.7 deaths/1000 live births

Country's place in the world: 164

males: 7.81 deaths/1000 live births

women: 5.52 deaths/1000 births (2014 est)

Life expectancy at birth:

Total population: 74.07 years

Country's place in the world: 118

men: 68.85 years

women: 79.61 years (2014)

Total fertility rate:

46 children born/woman (2014)

Country's place in the world: 196

Natural resource potential

Estonia population climate economy

In addition to mainland territory, Estonia also has island territory. It owns 1,541 islands in the Baltic Sea. The largest among them are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Sometimes the sea freezes in winter. The country's territory is predominantly a low-lying plain with many lakes of glacial origin. In the northeastern part there is a strip of hilly hills with the highest point in the country - Munamägi (318 m). In the northern and central parts there is the Pandivere hill (up to 166 m). 2/3 of the forests are coniferous.

The climate is transitional from marine to continental. The average temperature in January is -6, July is +17 °C. Annual precipitation is about 650 mm. Mineral resources: oil shale, peat, phosphorites.

Natural resources Estonia is more significant than other Baltic countries. It has such minerals as shale, peat, and phosphorites. There are raw materials for the building materials industry - sands, gravels, clays, limestones, dolomites. There are deposits mineral waters and healing mud. Oil shale is a very valuable mineral, used as fuel to produce shale gas, as a raw material in the chemical industry. The shale reserves in the northeast of the republic are among the largest in the world, amounting to 15 billion tons.

GDP. Economics - general overview

Estonia, a member of the European Union and the Eurozone since 2004, has a modern market economy and is one of the higher levels income in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Successive Estonian governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic program and have wavered slightly in their commitment to market reforms. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have led to balanced budgets and low levels of public debt. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications and strong trade links with Finland, Sweden, Russia and Germany. Estonia's economy fell into recession in mid-2008, as a result of an investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the property bubble and reduced demand for exports as a result of slowing economic growth in the rest of Europe, but the economy has recovered strongly in the last five years. Growth was expected to start at 2% in 2014, before events in Ukraine. Estonia adopted the euro on January 1, 2011.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$29940000000 (2013)

Country's place in the world: 114

$29490000000 (2012)

$28370000000 (2011)

GDP (at official exchange rate):

$24280000000 (2013)

GDP - real growth rate:

Country's place in the world: 158

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$22,400 (2013)

Country's place in the world: 66

$22,000 (2012)

$21,200 (2011)

Please note: data in 2013 US dollars

Gross National Economy:

23.9% of GDP (2013)

Country's place in the world: 56

4% of GDP (2012)

9% of GDP (2011)

GDP - composition, by the end of use:

household consumption: 50.6%

government consumption: 19%

investment in fixed capital: 24.5%

investment in inventories: 0.9%

export of goods and services: 90.4%

import of goods and services: -90.3% (2013)

GDP - by sector of origin:

Agriculture: 3,9%

industry: 30%

services: 66.2% (2013)

Agriculture - products: grain, potatoes, vegetables; farm animals and dairy products; fish

Industries: electronics, wood and products, textiles; information Technology, telecommunications

Industrial production growth:

Country's place in the world: 104

Work force:

692,900 (2013)

Country's place in the world: 152

Labor force - by economic sector:

agriculture: 4.2%

industry: 20.2%

services: 75.6% (2010)

Unemployment rate:

10.9% (2013)

Country's place in the world: 114

Population below the poverty line:

Family income or share of consumption:

lowest 10%: 2.7%

over 10%: 27.7% (2004)

revenues: $8489 million

expenses: $8615 million (2013)

Taxes and other income:

35% of GDP (2013)

Country's place in the world: 67

Budget surplus (+) or loss (-):

0.5% of GDP (2013)

Country's place in the world: 57

State debt:

6% of GDP (2013)

Country's place in the world: 156

8% of GDP (2012)

Please note: the data covers total government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social insurance funds

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

Country's place in the world: 120

Exports: $15110000000 (2013)

Country's place in the world: 79

$14460000000 (2012)

Exports - goods: machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and products 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and spare parts 5%, food and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3%

Export partners: Sweden 16.8%, Finland 15.3%, Russia 12.7%, Latvia 9.2%, Lithuania 5.7%, Germany 4.8% (2012)

Imports: $1638 billion (2013)

Country's place in the world: 85

$15.6 billion (2012)

Import - goods: machinery and electrical equipment, mineral fuels, chemical products, food products, plastics, textiles

Import partners: Finland 15.1%, Germany 10.7%, Sweden 10.7%, Latvia 10%, Lithuania 9%, Poland 6.6%, China 4.4%, Russia 4.1% (2012)

Foreign currency and gold reserves:

Country's place in the world: 151

Debt - external:

Country's place in the world: 76

Foreign Direct Investment Fund - houses:

Country's place in the world: 6

Foreign Direct Investment Fund - Abroad:

Country's place in the world: 60

Participation in international organizations

Participation in international organizations: Australia Group, B.A., BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGO), MIGA, MINUSMA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN Schengen Convention, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNTSO, UPU, WTO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Investment projects

The largest investors are Russian oil and gas concerns, such as Gazprom and Lukoil .

The largest Russian gas company Gazprom owns the largest block of shares Eesti Gaas , she owns 30.6%. It also owns a modern chemical plant Nitrofert in Kohtla-Jarve, producing chemical fertilizers.

So far cooperation Gazprom with Estonia was the most constructive among all the Baltic states. In February 1996 Gazprom announced the start of construction of a methanol production plant, which could become the most modern and expensive industrial enterprise in Estonia.

The plant would have to produce 1000 tons of methanol per day, 2/3 of which would be exported. Moreover, it would be the largest foreign investment in Estonia.

However, the project is experiencing problems obtaining a loan. Much depends on how Estonian politicians react to this matter.

Concern Lukoil engages in the supply of petroleum products. He owns a network of gas stations in Tallinn.

Currently, an oil terminal is being built in the port of Muuga, in which Lukoil invested $31 million.

Russian capital is also showing some interest in the Estonian financial sector.

However, Russian legislation prevents the widespread participation of Russian capital in foreign enterprises. The Central Bank of Russia allows the export of Russian capital for equity participation in the capital of a foreign bank, as a rule, only if this participation will provide the Russian side with control over the activities of the invested bank.

Among the existing Russian banks in Estonia, we can mention the Baltic Bank and MAPO-Bank

Estonia

General information about the country: territory area, population (composition, numbers), structure of the land fund, state symbols.

The official name is the Republic of Estonia.

Territory - 45,226 sq. km.

Population - 1 million 286 thousand people. National composition: Estonians (68.7%), Russians (24.8%), Ukrainians (1.7%), Belarusians (1.0%), Finns (0.6%) (as of December 31, 2011). The official language is Estonian. For about a third of the country's population, the native language is Russian. Religion - Lutherans, Orthodox (Russian Orthodox and Estonian Orthodox Churches), others. The capital is Tallinn. The largest cities are Tallinn (415 thousand), Tartu (115 thousand), Narva (76 thousand), Pärnu, Kothla-Jarve (55 thousand). Administrative division - 15 regions. The form of government is a republic. The head of state is the president. The currency is Estonian kroon.

Geographical position

Symbols

National flag of Estonia.

The state flag of Estonia is also the national flag. It is a rectangle consisting of three equal horizontal colored stripes. The top stripe is blue, the middle stripe is black and the bottom stripe is white. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 7:11, the standard size of the flag is 105 by 165 centimeters.

The blue-black-white flag was first consecrated and blessed as the flag of the Estonian Student Society in Otepää on June 4, 1884. In subsequent decades, the blue-black-white flag became the Estonian national flag. The first resolution on the Estonian national flag was adopted by the provisional government of the Republic of Estonia on November 21, 1918. In June 1922, the Riigikogu officially approved the blue-black-white flag as the state flag. After the forced annexation of the Republic of Estonia to the Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the former flag was prohibited.

National emblem of Estonia

The state emblem of Estonia exists in two formats: the large state emblem (shown in the illustration) and the small state emblem. The large state coat of arms on a golden shield depicts three blue lions walking with their gaze fixed on the viewer (passant gardant). On the sides and bottom, the shield is bordered by a wreath of two crossed oak branches of golden color, intersecting at the bottom of the shield. The small coat of arms is identical, but it lacks oak branches.

The Riigikogu approved the Estonian state coat of arms on June 19, 1925. After the forced annexation of the Republic of Estonia to the Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the previous coat of arms was prohibited. The historical coat of arms of the Estonian state was again adopted for use on August 7, 1990. The Law on the State Emblem was proclaimed on July 3, 2001.

Area - 45.2 thousand km1.

Population: 1.4 million people.

The official name is the Republic of Estonia.

The capital is Tallinn.

The head of state is the president.

The legislative body is the unicameral Sejm. Territorially divided into 15 counties.

Economic and geographical location of Estonia

Estonia is located in the northeast of Central-Eastern Europe and also includes the islands of the Moonsund archipelago. It borders Russia in the east and Latvia in the south, and has wide access to the Baltic Sea.

Among the mineral resources, the country has powerful deposits of oil shale, as well as phosphorites, peat, and building materials.

The territory of Estonia is well developed, but the population is small, its usual density is small as for European countries. Estonians make up the overwhelming majority of the population, with Russians and representatives of other nationalities making up the majority former USSR. The official language is Estonian (Finno-Ugric language group). Widespread Lutheranism, Baptistism, Orthodoxy.

Economy of Estonia

The traditional Estonian culture of farmers and fishermen has experienced significant European influence. In the Middle Ages, cities began to emerge here, crafts developed (iron products, weaving, etc.), and trade with other countries revived. Until this time, medieval architecture was preserved. Old city in Tallinn has preserved the typical buildings of the 15th-17th centuries. and known as the city-museum. The university city of Tartu has a long history. The city is still a significant scientific, cultural and economic center.

The country's economy specializes in the extraction and processing of shale, electric power, qualified mechanical engineering (radio, electrical, instrument making), fisheries, dairy, meat, textile, and knitting industries. Tallinn is the most powerful industrial center and port of the country.

Agriculture is dominated by livestock farming, which specializes in dairy and meat and livestock breeding, and bacon pig farming. Traditional occupation of the population coastal territories there is fishing. This is one of Estonia's export areas.

Estonia's exports are constantly increasing, especially from Western European countries, almost twice as high as exports to the CIS countries. The country exports products from mechanical engineering, fishing, food, and light industry, and imports raw materials, fuel, some cars and consumer goods.

Geographical data

Located in the northeastern part of Europe. It is washed from the north by the waters of the Gulf of Finland, from the west by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga, and borders Latvia in the south and Russia in the east. The Republic of Estonia has a land border with Latvia; The border with the Russian Federation runs along the Narva River, along the Peipus and Pskov lakes and along the land section from the Pskov region. Length coastline 3,794 km. Estonia includes 1,521 islands in the Baltic Sea with a total area of 4.2 thousand km². The largest of them are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, as well as Muhu, Vormsi, Kihnu, etc. Despite their large area, less than 5% of the country’s population lives on the islands. The rivers of Estonia are small, but quite deep. The area of Estonia is 45,226 km². The capital of Estonia is Tallinn.

Relief features

In Estonia there are lowlands: West Estonian, Pärnu and North Estonian coastal lowlands, lake lowlands. Vyrtsjärv and Lake Peipus. Northern Estonia is a limestone plateau with a height of 30-60 m, only in its central part the Pandivere elevation reaches 166 m. The most significant elevations in Southern Estonia are Sakala (up to 145 m), Otepää (up to 217 m) and Haanja (318 m).

The terrain in the northern and western parts of the country is mostly flat, while in the southern it is hilly. Glacial and water-glacial plains dominate, moraine the hill. In coastal areas that for a long time were flooded by the waters of the Baltic Sea, forms of marine origin predominate. There are also dunes and swamps.

Climatic conditions

The climate of Estonia is mild and humid. The alternation of sea and continental air, the constant influence of cyclones make the weather here very unstable. The weather is especially changeable in winter and autumn. There are great fluctuations in weather conditions from year to year. There are years when the summer is dry and hot, and the winter is frosty, or the summer is cool and rainy, and the winter is mild. Climatic conditions make it possible to grow all agricultural crops in the northern temperate zone in Estonia. Crop failures (2-3 times within 10 years) are mainly due to excessive rainfall. According to climatic conditions, the region directly influenced by the Baltic Sea and inland Estonia are distinguished. The coast has mild winters and moderately warm summers; inland areas have cooler winters and warmer summers than the coast. On the island of Vilsandi, for example, the average monthly air temperature in February is -3.40, in Tartu -6.60. In July the temperature is 16.3 and 17.30, respectively, and the average annual temperature is 6.0 and 4.80C. Precipitation averages 550-650 mm, on the coast in some places less than 500 mm. Snow cover lasts from 70 to 130 days a year. The growing season lasts 170-185 days, the period of active plant growth is from 120 to 130 days.

Rivers and lakes

There are many small rivers in Estonia, of which only nine are 100 km or more in length. The Narva River (Narova) is the deepest river in Estonia; The rivers Suur-Emajõgi and Pärnu are also relatively rich in water. Kazari and some others. The rivers of Northern Estonia, cutting through limestones and dolomites, form picturesque waterfalls (on the rivers of Narva). Many rivers in Southern Estonia also cut into bedrock. Floods on Estonian rivers occur during the spring snowmelt. Autumn rains rarely cause floods. Estonia is rich in lakes, there are more than 1150 of them (including reservoirs). The largest bodies of water are Lake Peipus (Estonian name Peipsi), Lake. Võrtsjärv (270 sq. km) and Narva Reservoir (200 sq. km, within Estonia - 40 sq. km). Most of Estonia's lakes occupy basins of glacial origin. These include lakes of hilly-moraine landscapes (for example, Lake Pyhajärv, i.e. “holy lake”), as well as oblong lakes among drumlins (Lake Saadjärv) and valley lakes (Lake Viljandi, etc.). On the western and northern coasts there are many coastal (relict) lakes formed as a result of the retreat of the sea. There are many lakes and swamps. The small lake Kaali on the island of Saaremaa is unique due to the meteorite origin of its basin.

Natural areas

Estonia lies in the temperate mixed forest subzone. Currently, forests occupy about 40% of the republic's territory. The most widespread typical pine forests are on podzolic sandy soils, especially in South-East and South Estonia. Broad-leaved forests grow only in isolated patches on fertile carbonate soils, mainly in Western and Northern Estonia. On limestones, mainly on the island of Saaremaa and in Northwestern Estonia, there are low-growing, sparse alvar forests, mainly pine and spruce forests. Black alder forests are typical for wetlands with flowing groundwater. They are widely represented in Southwestern and Northeastern Estonia. Meadows and wooded meadows in Estonia, as well as almost everywhere in the forest zone, were formed mainly as a result of the destruction of forests and constant haymaking and grazing.

The peoples of the country. Their main activities

Structure National economy Estonia: industry, agriculture, construction, transport and communications, other sectors of material production - National income was produced in: industry, agriculture, transport and communications, construction, and other sectors of material production. In terms of the size of the total social product and national income per capita, Estonia ranks one of the first places among the Baltic countries. By 1990, the population was approximately 40% higher than before the war, while, along with migration from other Soviet republics, the Estonian population was also growing (951 thousand in 1940, 830 thousand in 1945, 966 thousand in 1991 - maximum). Since 1992, the depopulation of the country began, the cause of which was both mass emigration and negative natural growth. By 2008, the country's population had decreased by 14.5% compared to 1990, and the Estonian population had fallen to 920,885 people. National minorities (mostly Russians) live mainly in Tallinn (52.8% of the population, 66.1% of which are Russians) and in the industrial region in the northeast, in Ida-Viru County (in the city of Narva - about 97% population).

The official language is Estonian. Russian is also widely spoken.

Estonia ranks first in Europe in terms of the level of infection of the adult population with the human immunodeficiency virus - 1.3% in 2007.

Geographical location of Estonia. Features of its relief; water and forest resources of the country. Climatic conditions and their influence on agricultural development. Changes in the population for 1990-2017, its main occupations.

Geographical data

Located in the northeastern part of Europe. It is washed from the north by the waters of the Gulf of Finland, from the west by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga, borders on Latvia in the south and Russia in the east. The Republic of Estonia has a land border with Latvia; border with Russian Federation passes along the Narva River, along Lakes Peipus and Pskov and along the land section from the Pskov region. The length of the coastline is 3,794 km. Estonia includes 1,521 islands in the Baltic Sea with a total area of 4.2 thousand km?. The largest of them are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, as well as Muhu, Vormsi, Kihnu, etc. Despite their large area, less than 5% of the country's population lives on the islands. The rivers of Estonia are small, but quite deep. The area of Estonia is 45,226 km?. The capital of Estonia is Tallinn.

Relief features

The relief in the northern and western parts of the country is mostly flat, in the southern it is hilly. Glacial and water-glacial plains dominate, moraine the hill. In coastal areas, which have long been flooded by the waters of the Baltic Sea, forms of marine origin predominate. There are also dunes and swamps.

Climatic conditions

The climate of Estonia is mild and humid. The alternation of sea and continental air, the constant influence of cyclones make the weather here very unstable. The weather is especially changeable in winter and autumn. There are great fluctuations in weather conditions from year to year. There are years when the summer is dry and hot, and the winter is frosty, or the summer is cool and rainy, and the winter is mild. Climatic conditions make it possible to grow all agricultural crops in the northern temperate zone in Estonia. Crop failures (2-3 times within 10 years) are mainly due to excessive rainfall. By climatic conditions distinguish the area of direct influence of the Baltic Sea and inland Estonia. The coast has mild winters and moderately warm summers; inland areas have cooler winters and warmer summers than the coast. On the island of Vilsandi, for example, the average monthly air temperature in February is -3.40, in Tartu -6.60. In July the temperature is 16.3 and 17.30, respectively, and the average annual temperature is 6.0 and 4.80C. Precipitation averages 550-650 mm, on the coast in some places less than 500 mm. Snow cover lasts from 70 to 130 days a year. The growing season lasts 170-185 days, the period of active plant growth is from 120 to 130 days.

Rivers and lakes

There are many small rivers in Estonia, of which only nine are 100 km or more in length. The Narva River (Narova) is the deepest river in Estonia; The rivers Suur-Emajõgi and Pärnu are also relatively rich in water. Kazari and some others. The rivers of Northern Estonia, cutting through limestones and dolomites, form picturesque waterfalls (on the rivers of Narva). Many rivers in Southern Estonia also cut into bedrock. Floods on Estonian rivers occur during the spring snowmelt. Autumn rains rarely cause floods. Estonia is rich in lakes, there are more than 1150 of them (including reservoirs). The largest bodies of water are Lake Peipus (Estonian name Peipsi), Lake. Võrtsjärv (270 sq. km) and the Narva Reservoir (200 sq. km, within Estonia - 40 sq. km). Most of Estonia's lakes occupy basins of glacial origin. These include lakes of hilly-moraine landscapes (for example, Lake Pyhajärv, i.e. “holy lake”), as well as oblong lakes among drumlins (Lake Saadjärv) and valley lakes (Lake Viljandi, etc.). On the western and northern coasts there are many coastal (relict) lakes formed as a result of the retreat of the sea. There are many lakes and swamps. The small lake Kaali on the island of Saaremaa is unique due to the meteorite origin of its basin.

Natural areas

The peoples of the country. Their main activities

Structure of the national economy of Estonia: industry, agriculture, construction, transport and communications, other sectors of material production - National income was produced in: industry, agriculture, transport and communications, construction, and other sectors of material production. In terms of the size of the total social product and national income per capita, Estonia ranks one of the first places among the Baltic countries. By 1990, the population was approximately 40% higher than before the war; with all this, along with migration from other Soviet republics, the Estonian population was also growing (951 thousand in 1940, 830 thousand in 1945, 966 thousand in 1991 - maximum). Since 1992, the depopulation of the country began, the cause of which was both mass emigration and negative natural growth. By 2008, the country's population had decreased by 14.5% compared to 1990, and the Estonian population had fallen to 920,885 people. National minorities ( for the most part Russians) live mainly in Tallinn (52.8% of the population, 66.1% of which are Russians) and in the industrial region in the northeast, in Ida-Viru County (in the city of Narva - about 97% of the population).

The official language is Estonian. Russian is also widely spoken.

Estonia ranks first in Europe in terms of the level of infection of the adult population with the human immunodeficiency virus - 1.3% in 2007.

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