Main events of the 12th century. Population of Kievan Rus

Story Kievan Rus officially begins in 882 - as recorded in the chronicle, it was then that Oleg of Rurik, having killed Askold and Dir, began to rule the principality with its capital in Kyiv. His campaigns, as well as the wars of conquest of other princes, led to the fact that there were more and more lands under the hands of Kyiv. Kievan Rus in the 9th-12th centuries was a large and developed European state.

Foreign and domestic policy of the ancient Russian state

From the very beginning foreign policy had several directions at once: it was necessary to resist both Byzantium, which extended its expansion to the Northern Black Sea region, and the Khazars, who impeded trade in the eastern direction, and the nomadic Pechenegs - they simply devastated Rus' with their raids.

Byzantium repeatedly tried to subjugate Ancient Rus', but not all of its attempts were successful. So, after Oleg’s sea campaign against Constantinople, a trade agreement beneficial for the East Slavic state was concluded between the countries, however, under the reign of Igor, after his less successful military actions, the conditions changed to less favorable for Rus'.

The most successful in terms of foreign policy was the reign of Svyatoslav - he not only defeated the army of the Khazar Kaganate and Volga Bulgaria (having previously captured the Vyatichi), but also conquered the North Caucasian tribes and founded the Tmutarakan principality.

Rice. 1. Svyatoslav Igorevich.

He also concluded an agreement with Byzantium, after which he turned his attention to the Balkans. However, the conquest of the Bulgarian kingdom in 967 turned a treacherous ally against him: the Byzantine ruler supported the Pechenegs, they went to Kyiv, but were defeated by Svyatoslav. He returned to the Danube again and, with the support of the Bulgarians, went to Constantinople. The map of military operations was constantly changing, either Svyatoslav or the Byzantine side gained the upper hand, and at some point the Kiev prince decided to return to his capital, but on the way he was killed by the Pechenegs.

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It is believed that the Pechenegs were persuaded to kill Svyatoslav by Byzantine diplomats sent to them.

The most politically stable was the reign of his son Vladimir, but already in 1015 a struggle for power began that lasted more than 20 years - only in 1036 did Prince Yaroslav begin to rule in Kyiv, after whose death his sons only strengthened the power of Kievan Rus. But this did not save the state from feudal fragmentation, the beginning of which had already been laid: the autocracy of the Kyiv princes fell. Vladimir Monomakh, who tried to resist it, achieved only a temporary increase in power, and under his son Yaropolk, the process of the collapse of the state was finally completed.

Rice. 2. Vladimir Monomakh.

Economy and culture of Kievan Rus

Rus' in the 9th and early 12th centuries was a state with feudal land ownership. The owners of the land were not only the princes, but also the boyars and warriors, and a little later the church was added to them. The labor force on which it was based economic development Kievan Rus, there were serfs, smerdas and other categories of the population. They took food rent from them.

As for culture, it was largely formed under the influence of the Byzantine tradition - this applies not only to architecture, but also to painting. Their own literature was also formed under the influence of translated literature, but it was ideologically rich and artistically perfect. The most famous works of that time are “The Tale of Bygone Years”, “Teachings” of Monomakh and, of course, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”.

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1103. Successful campaign of princes Svyatopolk II and Vladimir Yaroslavich against the Polovtsians. 1106 1107. Completion of the struggle for investiture (the right to appoint bishops) between the papacy and the kings of France and England; the royal power ceded this right to the church. 1106… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Georgy Yaroslavich, Prince of Murom, son of Yaroslav Svyatoslavich, was, if not subordinate, then in complete obedience to the Prince of Suzdal, then the Grand Duke of Vladimir. Georgy Dolgoruky in 1152, at the height of the struggle for the Kiev table, sent to ... Biographical Dictionary

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Books

• Library of Literature of Ancient Rus' Volume 4 XII century, Likhachev D., Dmitrieva L., Alekseeva A., Ponyrko N. (eds.). The St. Petersburg branch of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Publishing House “Nauka” publishes book series“Library of Literature of Ancient Rus'” in 20 volumes... In the history of the development of the ancient Russian written heritage, this is...
• People and stones of North-Eastern Rus'. XII century, S. A. Sharov-Delaunay. The architecture of North-Eastern Rus' of the 12th century is a unique phenomenon in the history of Russian culture, which set the vector of its development for centuries to come. His extraordinary nature is not fully appreciated...

§ 11 – 12. ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 11th – BEGINNING OF THE 12TH CENTURY

Polovtsian danger. In 1055, detachments of nomadic Kipchaks appeared off the banks of the Dnieper, near Pereyaslavl. In Rus' they were called Polovtsians. These tribes came from the Ural-Altai steppes. From this time until beginning of XIII centuries, the Polovtsians constantly raided Russian lands. The fight against them became one of the main tasks of the Kyiv princes.

The basis of Polovtsian society was the large patriarchal family. Its head was considered the owner of all property. The richest heads of families - beys or beks - were subordinate to the head of the tribe (horde) - the soltan, or khan. Tribal alliances also emerged.

Nomads worshiped stone statues depicting deceased rich warriors and women. These statues were placed on high mounds, at crossroads. The statues were considered the patrons of a clan or large family. The nomads made sacrifices to them. The Polovtsians believed in evil spirits, in the afterlife as a continuation of earthly life. Often the Polovtsian khans were also the high priests of the tribe.

Yaroslavichy. Yaroslav the Wise bequeathed to his children to live in love and harmony, when the younger brothers are obedient to the elders. The prince divided the Russian land among his sons. Izyaslav received Novgorod, Kyiv, Svyatoslav - Chernigov land, Ryazan and Murom, Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl and Rostov-Suzdal land, Igor - Vladimir-Volynsky, Vyacheslav - Smolensk. In the 11th century, Kyiv, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl were considered the main cities of Ancient Rus'.

For about ten years the brothers lived in harmony and did not violate their father's commandments. The troubles were started by the Polotsk prince Vseslav, the great-grandson of Vladimir I. In 1067, he tried to capture Pskov and later Novgorod. The Yaroslavichs united and defeated Vseslav with joint forces. After a short reconciliation of the princes, Izyaslav lured Vseslav to Kyiv and imprisoned him.

Polovtsian warrior

The prince and his retinue set out on a campaign against the Polovtsians. Artist A. Mayboroda

As the chroniclers believed, treachery was punished. In 1068, on the banks of the Alta River, the squads of Izyaslav and his brothers were defeated by the Polovtsians. The Kievans gathered a veche and demanded weapons and horses from the prince to fight the nomads. Izyaslav refused them. Then the people of Kiev freed Vseslav from prison and declared them their sovereign. Izyaslav regained Kyiv with the help of Polish troops. Vseslav fled to his native Polotsk.

The princely strife continued for decades. At this time, the Polovtsy carried out raids, devastating Russian lands. Thousands of people died in battles, cities and villages were deserted. The population of Rus' saw this as a manifestation of God's wrath. In 1071, wise men appeared in Kyiv, frightening the people with prophecies that the Dnieper would turn its waters back and flood cities and villages.

Lyubech Congress. In 1093, the last of the Yaroslavichs, Prince Vsevolod, died. Svyatopolk Izyaslavich became the Grand Duke. And the struggle for the Kiev throne began again - now among the grandchildren of Yaroslav the Wise.

In 1093 Kyiv lands The Polovtsians invaded and defeated the Russian squads near Trepol. Svyatopolk fled from the battlefield. The prince's authority was completely undermined. Another grandson of Yaroslav the Wise, the Tmutarakan prince Oleg Svyatoslavich, entered into an alliance with the Polovtsians and brought them to Rus'. Sweeping away everything in their path, the Polovtsians reached Chernigov, where Vladimir Monomakh ruled. However, the city survived. The strife continued for about three years.

Congress of Princes. Artist S. Ivanov

In 1097, the princes gathered in Lyubech for a congress. They decided to together defend the Russian land from the Polovtsians. The princes agreed that “let everyone own their fatherland,” that is, the eldest in the princely family should inherit. Kyiv remained with Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, Chernigov - with the Svyatoslavichs, Pereyaslavl - with Vladimir Monomakh. Thus, at the Lyubech Congress, the princes consolidated the division into destinies- each representative of the princely family was allocated his own share in the principality. However, the strife did not stop. Now the princes were arguing about which lands in the principality should be included in the “fatherland” of each of them. The Kyiv throne was the cherished dream of ambitious princes.

Vladimir Monomakh. Vladimir was born in Kyiv in 1053. His father was the beloved son of Yaroslav the Wise, Prince Vsevolod, and his mother was Princess Maria, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomakh. This is how the legend arose about the royal regalia, allegedly received by Vladimir from the Byzantine emperor. In fact, the crown, which later became known as the “Monomakh cap” and has survived to this day, was made only in the 14th century and became a symbol of the power of the Russian tsars. She was crowned king. After Russia was declared an empire under Peter I, the Monomakh cap was replaced with the imperial crown.

As a child, Vladimir lived in Pereyaslavl, bordering the steppe, and saw the consequences of the Polovtsian raids: plundered and burned cities and villages, the bodies of Russian soldiers hacked to pieces by nomads and ordinary people, crowds of slaves whom the Polovtsians drove to foreign lands.

In 1078, Vsevolod Yaroslavich became the Grand Duke and sent his son Vladimir to reign in Chernigov.

After the Lyubech Congress, Vladimir Monomakh was at odds with Svyatopolk for a long time. Not only Russian princes were drawn into the princely strife, but also nomads, Poland, Hungary, who sought to profit at the expense of Russian lands.

Vladimir Monomakh led the fight against the Polovtsians. He managed to unite the forces of the Russian princes and make successful campaigns in 1103 and 1111. The victory over the Polovtsians brought Vladimir Monomakh the glory of a commander and defender of Rus'.

Vladimir Monomakh. Artist I. Bilibin

The battle of the Russians with the Polovtsians. Chronicle miniature

In 1113, the Kiev prince Svyatopolk II died. An uprising broke out in Kyiv. The townspeople destroyed the yards of those who profited from usury minions of Svyatopolk, including the palace of the thousand Putyata Vyshatich. The frightened Kyiv boyars sent messengers to Monomakh: “Prince, come to Kyiv. If you don’t come, then know that great misfortunes will happen.” Vladimir arrived in Kyiv and restored order in the city. Interest rates on loans were reduced, and the situation of ordinary citizens improved.

Monomakh, elected to the Kiev throne, reigned in the capital city from 1113 to 1125. He subjugated all the ancient Russian lands to Kyiv and brutally suppressed princely feuds.

In his declining years, Vladimir Monomakh recalled that he led 83 campaigns for peace in Russian lands. Luck accompanied him everywhere. Energetic and intelligent, Vladimir devoted all his strength to serving the Fatherland.

Old Russian cities. Old Russian cities consisted, as a rule, of two parts. The first is a fortified castle ( child, or Kremlin), where the princely court, city and church authorities were located. The second is a roundabout city ( Posad) - the territory where the craft and trade (townsman) population lived. In some cities, a settlement adjoining the detinets was not protected by defensive fortifications; in others, a fortress wall encircled the entire city. In a number of cities, the outer city was divided into "ends". There were five of them in Novgorod. “Ends” existed in Kyiv, Rostov and Smolensk. The posad was also divided into streets and separate villages. Blacksmiths settled at the city gates, leather workers settled along the banks of rivers and streams, and potters lived near ravines with clay banks.

The center of the city’s social life was the “trade” (or “marketplace”) - the city market, where on certain days townspeople, residents of surrounding villages, merchants from other cities and foreign guests traded. Here the townspeople gathered for a meeting.

What the prince's castle was like is known from archaeological excavations carried out in Lyubech. Here scientists discovered the remains of buildings from the time of Vladimir Monomakh. The castle was surrounded by strong walls made of oak logs. The upper platform of the fortress was small in size, and therefore all the buildings stood on it very closely.

The castle was surrounded by a moat, over which a drawbridge was thrown. A bridge tower rose nearby.

Castle in Lyubech. Reconstruction by B. Rybakov

A road paved with logs ran between the walls and led to the main gate of the fortress. Behind the gate there was a courtyard where the guards were located and from where there was an exit to the walls. Special buildings were used as storage cages (premises for storing food supplies, grain, clothing and other property). On the walls there were large copper cauldrons for “var” - boiling water, which was used to pour on enemies during the assault. The castle had deep underground passages through which it could be left unnoticed.

In the courtyard there was a four-tiered structure, to which all the paths in the castle converged - a tower (vezha). Only through this tower could one enter the princely mansions. Not connected to the fortress walls, it could act as the last stronghold of defense. Supplies of grain and water were stored in the vezha's basements.

The prince's palace was a three-tiered building with many small rooms. On the second tier - the front one - with a wide gallery ("canopy"), summer feasts were held; in the large princely chamber, tables could be placed for about a hundred people. There was a church in the castle.

Cumans – Kipchak nomads.

Destiny (from the Old Slavonic word “deeds” – Part) – the share of a member of a princely family in a principality.

Usury – providing money to a person at a high interest rate.

Detinets – the inner fortified part of the city where the prince or bishop lived.

Posad – trade and craft part of the city. As a rule, it was located outside the fortress wall.

1068 year- defeat of Russian troops in the Battle of the Alta River.

1097 year- Lyubech Congress of Princes.

1113 – 112 5 years- reign of Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh in Kyiv.

Questions and tasks

1. What was the reason for the civil strife between the sons of Yaroslav the Wise?

2. What decisions did the princes make at the Lyubech Congress?

4. Find on the map (p. 89) the ancient Russian cities known to you from the previous paragraphs of the textbook and indicate the dates of their founding.

5. Fill out the table in your notebook “ Old Russian state in the second half of the 11th – beginning of the 12th century.”

Working with the document

From “Teaching” by Vladimir Monomakh.

“Do not be lazy in your house, but watch over everything: do not rely on the tiun or the youth, lest those who come to you make fun of your house or your dinner. When you go to war, do not be lazy, do not rely on the commander, do not indulge in food, drink, or sleep; and dress up the guards yourself and at night, having dressed up soldiers everywhere, also go to bed and get up early. Do not immediately take off your weapons: through negligence, a person suddenly dies. Beware of lies, drunkenness and debauchery, for in this the soul and body perish. When you travel through your lands, do not allow the youths to do evil either to your own or to others, neither in villages nor in fields, so that they do not begin to curse you. Wherever you go, wherever you stop, give drink, feed the poor; honor the guest, no matter where he comes to you, whether simple, noble, or an ambassador; if you cannot, then with a gift, then with food and drink: as they pass, they will glorify the person either good or evil throughout all lands.

If you forget this, then read it more often - and I will have no shame, and you will feel good. What good you can do, do not forget, and what you cannot do, learn; This is how my father, while at home, mastered five languages; This is something that commands respect from other countries. For laziness is the mother of all evil; what a person knows how to do, he will forget, but what he does not know how to do, he does not learn.”

1.What do you think is most important in the Instruction and why?

2.What qualities statesman highlights Vladimir Monomakh?

LET'S SUM UP CHAPTER 2

In the 9th – 10th centuries, tribal unions Eastern Slavs united in single state– Ancient Rus' with its capital in Kyiv. The new state soon became known far beyond the borders of its land. The state was ruled by the Kiev prince with his retinue, prince-governors, posadniks, thousands, sotskys and other princely servants. The main tasks of the ruler were the establishment of general laws, the protection of the Russian land from external dangers, the strengthening of its borders, and the princely court.

The veche played great importance in the Old Russian state - a meeting, without which not a single important issue in the life of society was resolved.

Under Vladimir Svyatoslavich, Rus' adopted Christianity as the official religion, which gave Russian society internal unity and strength and strengthened the power of the Grand Duke. Metropolitans often acted as defenders of internal order in the Russian lands, condemning princely strife.

Most of the population - traders, artisans, merchants, communal peasants - were free. Among the dependent population, serfs (slaves) stood out for their powerless position.

For many years, Rus' was rocked by princely strife. Smart and far-sighted rulers sought to maintain peace in the state, defended common interests, and suppressed discord between princes. This is precisely the policy pursued by Prince Vladimir Monomakh.