When choosing a school for a child, parents take into account many factors: location, traditions, educational focus of the school, reviews. Now this list has been supplemented with another important item: the training program.
Currently offering a variety of work programs for each level of the school from grades 1-11 . As a rule, educational institutions choose several educational programs, especially in primary grades, and parallel classes are taught according to different teaching materials.
Today it is important for parents to know: how to choose a suitable educational program and how do they differ? This question arises especially urgently in elementary school, because it determines how successfully the child will study.
Let's make a reservation right away: it is incorrect to divide programs into “bad and good”. All programs primary school according to the Federal State Educational Standard, approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. They're just designed for different ways perception and take into account the peculiarities of the child’s thinking. One thing in common: all programs allow the student to master the necessary minimum knowledge for primary school. The difference is in the presentation of the material, in the organization of educational activities, in the variety of exercises.
Educational programs for primary school
1. Program "School of Russia"(edited by A. Pleshakov) is one of the oldest and time-tested programs. Since Soviet times, the program has been improved more than once and adapted to the realities of modern times.
Designed for all children and allows them to thoroughly develop writing, reading and counting skills.
2. Program "Elementary school" XXI century "(edited by N. F. Vinogradova). The material is complex, designed for erudite children. The program teaches independence, a lot of work is being done to cultivate interest in the educational process, the ability to properly organize studies. There are many additional materials and exercises aimed at developing memory , logic, outlook, imagination.Each student can learn at his chosen pace, since there are tasks of different levels of complexity and different directions.
The main goal of the program: to teach the child to learn.
3. Program "Primary Promising School". Features: there is no need to cram rules, theorems and axioms. The emphasis is on the development of logic, intelligence and analytical thinking. Additional hours are provided for drawing, music, and physical education.
Suitable for any child, regardless of his level of readiness for school.
4. Program "School 2100"(edited by A. A. Leontyev). This program is gaining more and more fans. An undoubted advantage of the program: continuity of education, since you can study it from the age of 3 until graduation.
Features of the program: educational material is given to the maximum, varied, at different levels. The student himself chooses how much knowledge will be sufficient. An individual approach to each child is used.
Suitable for all children.
5. "Harmony"(edited by N. B. Istomin). The program involves close cooperation with parents. Many topics are suggested to be discussed at home first. Much attention is paid to the development of self-education skills.
Priority is given to students' independent work. The techniques of observation, selection, transformation and design are actively involved. All material is presented in a diverse manner, taking into account the students’ own experience and practical orientation of knowledge.
Suitable for children with analytical thinking and a penchant for technical sciences.
6. "Planet of Knowledge" - development-oriented creativity. During the course, schoolchildren compose their own fairy tales, stage plays, complete projects, and make presentations.
Provides the necessary minimum knowledge, skills and abilities. Everything beyond the program is at the request of the students.
Suitable for children with a humanitarian bias.
7. Primary school program "Perspective". Here, much attention is paid to the issues of raising children as citizens of their country and the formation of moral positions.
Many tasks are aimed at developing logic and imagination. A huge amount is used additional material, for each subject - several manuals. The teaching principle is dialectical. The presentation of the material is accessible, although sometimes boring.
Suitable for all children, regardless of their readiness for school.
8. Program by L. V. Zankov. There is a huge amount of material included in the system. All lessons are of equal importance, great attention is paid to the development of logic, analytical thinking, skills independent work. There are electives in computer science, economics, foreign languages. Training is carried out at a fast pace.
Suitable for children well prepared for school.
9. Elkonin-Davydov program. A rather controversial program, but very interesting for children. Much attention is paid to theoretical thinking, problem solving, problematic issues and seeking their permission. Learning is slow. The only disadvantage we can note is the discrepancy in some of the terms studied. So, for example, the authors of textbooks call verbs action words, and nouns - object words. This creates certain difficulties in high school.
During the Soviet era, schools offered the only educational program that was established for everyone from above. Since the nineties, the idea of diversifying educational programs has arisen in the education system. Today, schools choose the most popular forms and programs of education, and parents, in turn, choose schools that are suitable for their children. What educational programs are offered to first-graders and their parents today?
Primary school program School of Russia - classical general education program
A classic program known to all students from the Land of the Soviets. There are no exceptions - it is designed for everyone. Slightly modernized with non-standard tasks and tasks that develop logical thinking, it is easily absorbed by children and does not present any special problems. The goal is to educate the spiritual and moral principles in young citizens of Russia.
Features of the School of Russia program
- Development of such qualities as responsibility, tolerance, empathy, kindness, mutual assistance.
- Instilling skills related to work, health, and life safety.
- Creating problematic situations to search for evidence, to make assumptions and formulate one’s conclusions, for subsequent comparison of the results obtained with a standard.
A child does not have to be a child prodigy – the program is available to everyone. However, the willingness to work in any situation and the ability to self-esteem will come in handy. 
The Zankov Primary School program develops the student's individuality
The goal of the program is to stimulate the child’s development at a certain stage of education and to reveal individuality.
Features of the Zankov system program
- A large amount of theoretical knowledge that is given to the student.
- Fast pace of material delivery.
- Equal importance of all items (there are no primary or less significant items).
- Building lessons through dialogue, search tasks, and creative ones.
- A bunch of logical problems in a math course.
- Training in the classification of objects, the identification of primary and secondary.
- Availability of electives in computer science, foreign languages, economics.
Such a program requires excellent student preparedness. At a minimum, the child had to attend kindergarten.
Elkonin-Davydov primary school program 2013 - pros and cons
Quite a complex, but interesting program for children. The goal is the formation of theoretical thinking. Learning to change yourself, put forward hypotheses, search for evidence and argue. As a result, memory development occurs.
Features of the Elkonin–Davydov program
- Studying numbers in different number systems in a mathematics course.
- Changes in words in the Russian language: instead of a verb - action words, instead of a noun - words-objects, etc.
- Learning to consider your actions and thoughts from the outside.
- Independent search for knowledge, rather than memorizing school axioms.
- Considering the child's personal judgment as a trial of thought rather than an error.
- Slow pace of work.
Required: attention to detail, thoroughness, ability to generalize. 
Program 2100 elementary school develops the intellectual abilities of students
This program is, first of all, the development of intelligence and ensuring the effective integration of the student into society.
Features of the School 2100 program
- Most of the tasks are in printed format. You need, for example, to finish drawing something, enter the desired icon in a box, etc.
- Lots of logic problems.
- Training has several levels - for weak and strong students, taking into account individual development everyone. There is no comparison of children by development.
- Formation of readiness for work and continuous education, artistic perception, personal qualities for successful adaptation in society.
- Training in the development of a general humanitarian and natural scientific worldview.
The program involves eliminating stress factors during the learning process, creating a comfortable environment to stimulate creative activity, and interconnecting all subjects with each other.
Comfortable adaptation of first-graders with the program Primary School of the 21st Century
The program is a gentle training option that has a very long adaptation period for first-graders. It is considered the least painful for children. According to the authors, the child’s adaptation occurs only at the end of the first grade, therefore, for the most part, in this period there will be drawing and coloring, a minimum of reading and mathematics.
Features of the program Primary school of the XXI century
- The main emphasis is on the development of thinking and imagination, in contrast to the classical school curriculum(memory and perception).
- Individual subjects are combined with each other (for example, Russian language and literature).
- Lots of activities for collective and team solving of certain problems.
- A large number of tasks, the purpose of which is to relieve stress in children.
Harmony program for primary school - for the comprehensive development of the child
A program close to the Zankov system, but simplified.
Features of the Harmony program
- Emphasis on diversified personality development, including logic, intelligence, creative and emotional development.
- Creating a trusting student/teacher relationship.
- Teaching reasoning and building cause-and-effect relationships.
- A more complex program in the mathematics course.
There is an opinion that such a program is not suitable for a child who has difficulties with logic. 
The Promising Primary School program - is it suitable for your child?
The goal is the development of logic and intelligence.
Features of the Promising Primary School program
- There is no need to cram theorems/axioms of modern textbooks.
- Additional extracurricular activities.
- In addition to the basic subjects, there are ten more hours of sports, music, and drawing.
This program does not require any child’s superpowers – it is suitable for anyone.
The Planet of Knowledge program is aimed at developing children's creative abilities
The main emphasis is on creative development, humanitarian sciences, independence.
Features of the Planet of Knowledge program
- Children write fairy tales and independently create illustrations for them.
- Creating more serious projects - for example, presentations on certain topics.
- Dividing tasks into a mandatory minimum and an educational part for those interested.
Program "School of Russia" for primary schools - one of the most famous projects in the country by the Prosveshcheniye publishing house. This is the elementary school kit we all learned from in Soviet time, with some changes. The School of Russia educational complex has been operating as a single whole since 2001. The authors of the “School of Russia” program are scientists whose names are known to everyone who works in the primary education system: V.G. Goretsky, M.I. Moreau, A.A. Pleshakov, V.P. Kanakina, L.M. Zelenina, L.F. Klimanova and others.
The main purpose of elementary school, according to the authors, is educational. Hence the tasks: child development human qualities, meeting the ideas of true humanity: kindness, tolerance, responsibility, the ability to empathize, willingness to help others, teaching the child conscious reading, writing and arithmetic, correct speech, instilling certain work and health-saving skills, teaching the basics of safe life, the formation of natural motivation for learning.
The primary school program “School of Russia” is considered traditional; most children master it without any problems.
Expert opinion
“I have been working at school with children for many years according to the traditional School of Russia program,” says the teacher primary classes secondary school No. 549 in Moscow Tatyana Mikhailovna Bobko. “Our parents, I, and my children studied under this program. Everyone grew up to be fairly educated people. I believe that this program is necessary, it was, is and will always be. The traditional program allows you to thoroughly develop the academic skills (reading, writing, counting) that are necessary for successful learning in secondary school. IN last years interesting educational kits have been published that meet modern teaching requirements (mathematics - author M.I. Moro, Russian language - author T.K. Ramzaeva), which are aimed at developing the student’s cognitive abilities.”
Primary school of the 21st century
Educational and methodological kit "Primary school of the 21st century"(edited by N. Vinogradova) is aimed at ensuring “soft” adaptation of children to the new conditions of school life. The program was developed by a team of scientists from the Institute of Content and Teaching Methods of the Russian Academy of Education, Moscow State pedagogical university, Russian Academy advanced training and retraining of education workers, Moscow state university. Project leader - Honored Scientist Russian Federation, corresponding member of RAO, doctor pedagogical sciences, Professor Natalya Fedorovna Vinogradova. The teaching and learning system “Primary School of the XXI Century” is published by the publishing center “VENTANA-GRAF”.
The main objectives of the program are: the formation of the main components of educational activity (if we discuss the student’s position, then this is the answer to the questions “why am I studying”, “what should I do to solve this educational task”, “in what way do I carry out the educational task and how do I I’m doing this”, “what are my successes and what am I failing at”).
Organization educational process is structured in such a way as to ensure a situation of success for each student and the opportunity to learn at an individual pace.
The basic principle of education is that primary school should be nature-appropriate, that is, meet the needs of children of this age (in cognition, communication, various productive activities), take into account typological and individual characteristics their cognitive activity and level of socialization. The student is not just a “spectator”, “listener”, but a “researcher”. Based on the principles, we can assume that this program will be comfortable for children who need a gentle adaptation to everything new to them, be it a group or a type of activity. All courses have a long preparatory period.
Expert opinion
“I’ve been working on this program for three years now, I really like it,” says Irina Vladimirovna Tyabirdina, a primary school teacher at secondary school No. 549 in Moscow. – I’ll be honest, the material is designed for strong, erudite children. With what amount of knowledge will a student move to high school, depends on the primary school teacher. Therefore, the main goal is to teach the child to learn. It is important that Vinogradova’s set realizes the child’s right to his own individuality: children are placed in conditions where they can independently acquire knowledge, apply it, think, fantasize, play (special notebooks are provided “Learning to think and fantasize”, “Learning to know”) the world»)».
Parents' opinions about the program
“We finished studying according to Vinogradova’s program. At first we waited a long time for the children to actually start learning. By the second grade we realized that she was not that easy. It also has some disadvantages: a large number of notebooks, which they do not have time to complete. Well, we, who studied under Soviet programs, don’t like everything about our current education, so we find fault with little things.”
"Promising Primary School"
“Promising Primary School” is the result of many years of work by a team of employees of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the AIC and PPRO, Moscow State University, and Moscow State Pedagogical University. The teaching and learning complex “Prospective Primary School” is published by the publishing house “Akademkniga/Textbook”.
The main idea of the educational complex “Prospective Primary School” is the optimal development of each child based on pedagogical support of his individuality (age, abilities, interests, inclinations, development) in the conditions of specially organized educational activities, where the student acts either as a student or as a teacher, then in the role of organizer of a learning situation.
"Planet of Knowledge"
The first set of textbooks and programs for primary schools, which fully implement the state standard - “Planet of Knowledge”. Among the authors are 4 honored teachers of Russia.
The program is designed taking into account psychological and age characteristics younger schoolchildren, based on the principle of variability, this creates the possibility of teaching children with different levels of development.
The set’s assignment system provides students with the right to choose, to make mistakes, to help, to succeed, thereby contributing to the creation psychological comfort during training.
Expert opinion
“The program is interesting,” comments a primary school teacher at secondary school No. 353 named after. A.S. Pushkin, Moscow Natalya Vladimirovna Chernosvitova. – A variety of texts on the Russian language and reading were excellently selected. In addition to good reading texts, interesting questions, developmental tasks. The child must come up with a fairy tale, think up the text, and make a drawing. Mathematics is interesting because each task leads the student independently to the answer. Not like in the standard program: the teacher explained - the student completed it. Here's a different approach. Let me draw your attention to the fact that there is a soft transition from the “Planet of Knowledge” to the traditional program. For fourth grade students, we introduce tasks from the fifth grade, so, in my opinion, this program has some advantages. As for reading, everyone says in unison: “Children read great.”
I would like to note that, being ahead of the standard program, “Planet of Knowledge” does not overload students. If we take everyone’s favorite mathematics according to L.G. Peterson, it requires a physical and intellectual approach. To study under the “2100 Program” or “Harmony”, the child must already be prepared. “Planet of Knowledge” can be taught to any children with kindergarten training, including toddlers. Children studying according to this program are noticeably different from those studying according to the classical one. These kids are creative. There is only one downside to this program - it is a change for a teacher who has worked in a traditional program for many years. Although special courses are held for such teachers in the Central District.
"RHYTHM"
A set of textbooks “Development. Individuality. Creation. Thinking" ("RHYTHM") is intended for grades 1-4 educational institutions. The authors of the textbooks are famous scientists and methodologists who have a serious influence on the development of modern primary education. The educational and methodological set (UMK) “RITHM” is published by the publishing house “Drofa”.
The basic principles of the program are that every child: should be successful; is included in active educational and cognitive activities; gets the opportunity to reveal his individuality; learns to think creatively and independently, communicate meaningfully with peers and adults.
"Perspective"
The author of the program is the scientific supervisor, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, director of the Center for System-Active Pedagogy “School 2000” of the AIC and PPRO, laureate of the Presidential Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of education - L.G. Peterson. By the way, her personal textbooks are not included in the list of state textbooks.
The educational program "Perspective" was created on a conceptual basis that reflects modern achievements in the field of psychology and pedagogy, while maintaining a close connection with the best traditions of classical school education Russia.
The advantage of learning using the Perspective educational complex is that the system for constructing educational material allows each student to maintain and develop interest in discovering and learning new things.
In textbooks, tasks are offered in such a form that the child’s cognitive activity, cognitive interest and curiosity develop into the need to learn new things and learn independently. At each lesson, the student, as it were, reveals for himself the content of future topics.
Reviews from parents
“The program is too simple, the math is weak, and little time is devoted to writing. At the school the future first-grader was taught according to Peterson, the child learned more than in the entire first grade using “Perspective”. But it’s perfect for kids who didn’t have much to do before school. All topics are “chewed” for a long time by the teacher. Homework is easily completed without parental input except from the outside world. They systematically assign reports or presentations on it, which the child is not able to complete on his own, so I have to do everything.”
Developmental system L.V. Zankova
L.V. program Zankova is aimed at developing the mind, will, feelings, and spiritual needs of younger schoolchildren, awakening their interest in learning about the wider picture of the world, passion for learning, and the development of curiosity. The task of teaching is to give a general picture of the world based on science, literature, and art.This program is aimed at providing conditions for self-realization, to reveal the child’s individuality, his inner world. One of the most important tasks is to instill in a primary school student an attitude towards himself as a value. Training should be focused not so much on the entire class as a whole, but on each individual student. In this case, the goal is not to “bring up” weak students to the level of strong ones, but to reveal the individuality and optimally develop each student, regardless of whether he is considered “strong” or “weak” in the class.
Distinctive feature Zankov’s system is training at a high level of difficulty, passing educational material “in a spiral.” When completing tasks, children learn to draw theoretical conclusions and creatively comprehend the material.
Expert opinion
“I really love the L.V. system. Zankova,” says Nadezhda Vladimirovna Kazakova, deputy director for educational work of secondary school No. 148 in Moscow. “The children I taught in this program are now in seventh grade. As a specialist, I see excellent results in my studies. Schoolchildren are excellent at reasoning and arguing, the development of their horizons compares favorably with their peers, and their performance is higher.”
“The program is aimed at the comprehensive development of the child, it teaches children to obtain information themselves, and not receive ready-made information,” adds L.V. about the system. Zankova head methodological unification teachers of primary school No. 148 in Moscow Tatyana Vladimirovna Korsakova. “After finishing primary school under this system, children become more liberated; they have approximately three times more knowledge than their peers.”
System D.B. Elkonina - V.V. Davydova
Educational system D. B. Elkonina-V.V. Davydov has a history of existence of more than 40 years: first in the form of developments and experiments, and in 1996, by the decision of the Board of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, the Elkonin-Davydov educational system was recognized as one of government systems. A special place in this system is given to theoretical knowledge and the logical side of learning. The level of subjects taught is extremely difficult.
The Elkonin-Davydov education system involves the development of a large set of skills in primary school graduates. The child must learn to look for missing information when faced with a new task and test his own hypotheses. Moreover, the system assumes that junior schoolboy will independently organize interaction with the teacher and other students, analyze and critically evaluate their own actions and the points of view of partners.
The main principle of this system is to teach children to obtain knowledge, to seek it on their own, and not to memorize school truths. The system of D. B. Elkonin - V. V. Davydov is suitable for those who want to develop in a child not so much the ability to analyze, but the ability to think unusually, deeply.
In the Elkonin-Davydov system, however, the lack of marks can be daunting. But experts assure that everything is under control: teachers communicate all the necessary recommendations and wishes to parents and collect a kind of portfolio of students’ creative works. It serves as an indicator of progress instead of the usual diary.
Currently, there are two systems for preparing children in primary school: traditional and developmental. Each has its own programs. The traditional programs include: “Primary School of the 21st Century”, “School 2100”, “School of Russia”, “Harmony”, “Prospective Primary School”, “Classical Primary School”, “Planet of Knowledge”, “Perspective”. Developmental systems include two programs: L.V. Zankova and D.B. Elkonina - V.V. Davydova.
Different programs may be used within the same school. Regardless of the program, the student has the opportunity to obtain the same knowledge expected state standard. Tasks of increased difficulty, which are associated only with developmental systems, are included in all programs, but are not mandatory for study.
School of Russia
The traditional program “School of Russia” (edited by A. Pleshakov) has existed for decades. The Russian school is the program in which all Soviet schoolchildren studied. Of course, there have been major changes in terms of content, but the learning objectives remain the same. The most common misconception about this training program is that it is outdated. This is far from true. The program has been updated many times since 2000, improved and supplemented. This program allows you to thoroughly develop the academic skills (reading, writing, counting) that are necessary for successful learning in secondary school.
Program "Harmony"
Educational and methodological set “Harmony” (edited by N.B. Istomin (mathematics), M.S. Soloveichik and N.S. Kuzmenko (Russian language), O.V. Kubasov (literary reading), O.T. Poglazova (the world around us), N.M. Konysheva ( labor training)) is successfully practiced in many schools. This program has common goals and objectives for everyone educational subjects, priority teaching methods and forms of organizing educational activities have been identified.
Pros of this program:
advanced learning is underway, the included textbooks contain a methodological part, with the help of which parents can study and explain to the child the missed topic. The program uses new teaching technologies that allow you to develop your child’s logical thinking abilities. It is also noteworthy that the set offers tasks designed for children of different levels of preparedness. But there are also disadvantages: in mathematics, solving problems begins only in the second grade, and test papers The same ones are offered for all classes.
Primary school XXI century
Primary school XXI century edited by N.F. Vinogradova. This kit takes a very serious look at the problem of forming the educational activity of a primary school student, and this is the only kit that has a parallel program “Learning Activities”. The material in this program is designed for strong, erudite children. What knowledge a student will have when moving on to secondary school depends on the primary school teacher. Therefore, the main goal is to teach the child to learn. It is important that Vinogradova’s set realizes the child’s right to their individuality: children are placed in conditions where they can independently acquire knowledge, apply it, think, fantasize, play (special notebooks are provided “Learning to think and fantasize”, “Learning to understand the world around us”)
School 2100
School 2100 edited by A.A. Leontyev. This program, according to some estimates, is the most widespread in our region. Every year more and more teachers work in this educational program. The main advantage of this program is its deep continuity and continuity of education. Under this program, children can study from the age of three until they enter university. All textbooks in the program are built taking into account the psychological specifics of age. Characteristic feature of this educational program is the following principle:educational material is offered to students to the maximum, and the student must learn the material to a minimum standard. This way, each child has the opportunity to take as much as he can.The program teaches children to act independently and is aimed at developing logical thinking, speech, imagination, and memory.
Classical elementary school
The “Classical Primary School” program is based on a holistic system of teaching junior schoolchildren, built on uniform psychological and pedagogical foundations.
Why is the proposed model of teaching primary schoolchildren a classic? Because it is based on the classical principles of didactics, the most important theoretical principles, developed and tested by many years of practice. A classical primary school is a holistic system of educating junior schoolchildren, built on uniform psychological and pedagogical foundations. It allows you to form knowledge, skills, and even personality traits of a child that meet the individual needs of each and are necessary for their future life.
Promising Primary School
The main idea of the “Prospective Primary School” program is the optimal development of each child based on pedagogical support of his individuality (age, abilities, interests, inclinations, development) in the conditions of specially organized educational activities, where the student acts either as a student or as a teacher, then in the role of organizer of a learning situation. Pedagogical support The child’s individuality during learning brings to the fore the problem of the relationship between learning and development. A system of tasks of different levels of difficulty, a combination of a child’s individual educational activity with his work in small groups and participation in club work make it possible to provide conditions under which learning goes ahead of development, that is, in the zone of proximal development of each student based on taking into account the level of his actual development and personal interests. What a student cannot do individually, he can do with the help of a deskmate or in a small group. And what is difficult for a specific small group becomes understandable in the process of collective activity. High degree differentiation of questions and tasks and their number allow the younger student to work in the conditions of his current development and create opportunities for his individual advancement.
Perspective program
The “Perspective” program was created on a basis that reflects modern achievements in the field of psychology and pedagogy, while maintaining a close connection with the best traditions of classical school education. The program ensures the availability of knowledge and high-quality assimilation of program material, the comprehensive development of the personality of a primary school student, taking into account his age characteristics, interests and needs. Each of the subjects of the educational complex “Perspective”, in addition to the direct effect of training - the acquisition of certain knowledge, abilities, skills, contributes to the formation of universal educational skills: communication skills, including the ability to navigate a communication situation, adequately understand a partner’s speech and construct one’s own speech utterance ; ability to use sign systems and symbols for modeling objects and relationships between them; skills to perform logical actions of abstraction, comparison, finding general patterns, analysis, synthesis.
Planet of Knowledge Program
An organic part of the concept of the “Planet of Knowledge” program are the author’s subject concepts, which take into account modern scientific achievements in the subject area of knowledge and the result of many years teaching practice. The main feature of this program lies in its integrity - in the unity of the structure of textbooks, in the unity of the forms of the educational process, in the unity of the educational schemes used, in the unity of through lines of standard tasks, in the unity of approaches to the organization of educational and extracurricular activities.
An important role in the formation of universal educational activities plays a role in the general structure of all textbooks in the set. Route sheets preceding each topic clearly represent the educational tasks facing primary schoolchildren. Highlighting invariant and variable content of the material on the pages of textbooks, a multi-level system of tasks provide the opportunity to organize the educational process taking into account the student population, creating individual educational trajectories. All the structural components of the “Planet of Knowledge” kit allow, first of all, to develop in students such general educational skills and abilities as: the ability to solve creative problems at the level of combinations and improvisations; work with educational, artistic and popular science texts; master the initial skills of searching for the necessary information; independently establish the sequence of actions to solve educational task; determine ways to monitor and evaluate activities; determine the causes of difficulties that arise and ways to eliminate them; ability to negotiate, distribute work, evaluate overall result activities and their contribution to it.
Zankov system
Zankov's system relies on the student's independence and his creative comprehension of the material. The teacher does not give schoolchildren the truth, but forces them to “get to the bottom” themselves. The scheme here is the reverse of the traditional one. First, examples are given, and students themselves must draw theoretical conclusions. The learned material is also consolidated practical tasks. The new didactic principles of this system are the rapid mastery of material, high level difficulties, the leading role of theoretical knowledge, the passage of educational material “in a spiral”. For example, schoolchildren are already introduced to the concept of “Parts of Speech” in the first year of study, and they must come to an understanding of these concepts on their own.The task of teaching is to give a general picture of the world based on science, literature, and art. The program is aimed at the comprehensive development of the child; it teaches children to obtain information themselves, rather than receive it ready-made.
System of D. B. Elkonin - V. V. Davydov
In this program, a special place is given to theoretical knowledge and the logical side of learning. The level of subjects taught is extremely difficult. The Elkonin-Davydov education system involves the development of a large set of skills in primary school graduates. The child must learn to look for missing information when faced with a new task and test his own hypotheses. Moreover, the system assumes that the younger student will independently organize interaction with the teacher and other students, analyze and critically evaluate his own actions and the points of view of his partners. This system is suitable for those who want to develop in a child not so much the ability to analyze, but the ability to think unusually and deeply. In this system, however, the lack of marks can be intimidating. But experts assure that everything is under control: teachers communicate all the necessary recommendations and wishes to parents and collect a kind of portfolio of students’ creative works. It serves as an indicator of progress instead of the usual diary.
In the Elkonin-Davydov system, the emphasis is not on the result - acquired knowledge, but on the methods of comprehending it. In other words, the student may not remember something, but he must know where and how, if necessary, to fill this gap. Another feature: children learn not only that two and two make four, but also why four and not seven, eight, nine or twelve.In class, the principles of language construction, the origin and structure of numbers, etc. are studied. Knowledge of the rules, based on an understanding of their reasons, certainly stays stronger in the head.
A logical question arises for parents: which program to choose for their child? All current programs are approved and recommended by the Ministry of Education and tested in practice. Moreover, the learning outcomes for any of the programs are focused on a single educational standard. This means that the list of knowledge and skills that a primary school graduate must have is common to everyone - regardless of which program the child studied in.
In traditional programs, educational material is presented in such a way that the child follows the path “from simple to complex.” This material is fixed using large quantity similar problems located in the textbook page by page. By solving them, the child remembers the method of solving problems of this type and confidently uses it. It is this teaching method that is criticized for the fact that many children, as a result, do not know how to apply knowledge in non-standard conditions. If the text of the task is formulated atypically, the child cannot use the existing skill. However, no one doubts the many years of experience and effectiveness of training in traditional programs.
Training systems L.V. Zankova and D.B. Elkonina - V.V. Davydov still raises many questions and discussions. There are most often two reasons for this. The first - in the majority modern schools it is impossible to create conditions in which these training systems will work as the authors intended. The second is that there are few enthusiastic teachers who are ready to follow the teaching technology, and without this it is impossible to achieve good results. The structure of these programs does not imply a clear division into topics, there is no usual selection of rules that need to be learned, there are no tasks of the same type arranged in a row. These training programs imply a completely new approach to the learning process - more creative, requiring children to be active and inquisitive. The teacher acts not as a mentor, but as a friend and assistant who guides the children's thinking. The purpose of these programs is to teach the child to think outside the box. A general drawback of the Zankov and Elkonin-Davydov systems: they do not receive a worthy continuation at higher levels of school education. And if you choose one of them, be prepared that after primary school your child will still have to adapt to traditional teaching, and this may create problems for him at first.
Before choosing a school, you need to know everything about it. In Russian schools, from April 1 to August 30, comprehensive interviews are conducted jointly by teachers, psychologists, and speech therapists. Experts help parents not only decide on the choice of one or another educational model, but also identify gaps in preschool education and prepare your child for school.
All public Schools our country educates children according to educational and methodological programs that must comply with the Federal State Educational Standard - Federal State Educational Standards educational standards. However, their very content, as well as teaching methods, may differ significantly. “Littlevan” tried to figure out how certain curricula for primary grades are formed, which of them are officially approved for use, and how they differ from each other.
Curricula: general provisions
Many parents of future first-graders are concerned about the question of what program their children will study in, and whether they can somehow influence its choice. According to current legislation and educational standards, each school has the right to create its own. However, it can only be based on educational literature approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated March 31, 2014 No. 253 (with subsequent amendments, the latest dated April 21, 2016) “On approval of the federal list of textbooks recommended for use in the implementation of existing state accreditation of educational programs of primary general, basic general, secondary general education.” The so-called “federal list” is not a disparate set of textbooks, but several completed subject lines, which, in turn, are an integral part of certain programs - educational and methodological complexes (UMK). Each of them has its own principles and characteristics. The educational complex is created by one team of authors with a specific scientific supervisor.
Thus, choose a specific curriculum a parent can only indirectly - by finding out in advance which school teaches using the textbooks of the educational complex they like, and, if possible, by enrolling their child there (we wrote about the rules for admission to 1st grade here and here). Some schools, in which parallel classes teach different teaching materials, test children to determine the program that is more suitable for them.
What teaching methods are allowed today?
Today, the federal list includes textbooks that are included in the following educational and methodological complexes:
- "Russian School"
- "RHYTHM",
- "Perspective"
- "Primary school of the XXI century",
- "Promising Primary School"
- "Planet of Knowledge"
- System of D. B. Elkonin - V. V. Davydov,
- "Elementary innovative school."
The list must be updated once every three years or more often. Thus, since 2014, including on the basis of negative expert opinions, the textbooks previously distributed in many educational educational institutions were removed from it: “School 2000”, “School 2100”, “Dialogue”, “Harmony”. And in the developmental education system of L.V. Zankov, only manuals on fine arts are now recommended!
However, it is worth keeping in mind that all books and notebooks that are no longer included in federal list, can be used for training for another 5 years after the entry into force of the relevant acts. In addition, over time, some completed subject lines of textbooks within the framework of one educational textbook may be excluded and replaced in the list of recommended ones with new ones (a corresponding order is issued by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation).
One more nuance. Primary school teachers themselves have the legal right to choose which textbooks to use educational process(and follow this choice for all 4 years of study). However, they do not necessarily relate to one specific educational system. The main thing, we repeat, is that all textbooks are listed on the federal list.
Peculiarities
This project of the publishing house "Prosveshcheniye" is currently perhaps the most widespread in Russian schools textbook system. The teaching and learning center has existed since 2001 and has been updated and supplemented more than once since then. Its peculiarity is its focus on the formation of universal educational actions in the child. As advantages of the “School of Russia”, parents on Littleone.ru note the simplicity, consistency and “clarity” of the presentation of the material (the presence of rules, algorithms for solving problems), as well as the fact that it is most similar to how they were taught in “Soviet childhood” . At the same time, the simplicity of the program, when compared with other educational systems, is also considered one of its disadvantages. Some also note with a minus sign that during training little imagination and personal logical thinking. About authors and textbooks.
Reviews from forum members about the educational complex. , , , , , , , , , .
“RHYTHM” stands for “Development. Individuality. Creation. Thinking”, which very clearly defines the peculiarity of this educational complex. The program integrates all primary school subjects and is based on the principles of revealing the individuality of each student, instilling in him the ability to think creatively and independently. Its basis is a revised, supplemented and brought into conformity with the Federal State Educational Standard of Educational Instructions “Classical Primary School” (previously very common, now its textbooks are excluded from the list of recommended ones). This teaching aid is quite rare in elementary schools now; there are few reviews on it. The textbooks are published by the Drofa publishing house. About authors and textbooks.
Reviews from forum members about the educational complex. , , , , .
Another set of textbooks published by Prosveshchenie. Since 2010, the scientific director of this teaching and learning center has been Lyudmila Georgievna Peterson, laureate of the Russian Presidential Prize in the field of education. In contrast to “Schools 2000”, which was excluded from the federal list, this educational complex, with some similar principles, evokes greater sympathy from parents. It is based on the idea that the teacher only pushes towards knowledge; the child must “discover” it himself. At the same time, some say that the program is difficult for average children and is largely designed for intuitive understanding and independent extracurricular work. Other parents, on the contrary, consider its complexity and focus on cognitive activity and is recommended for children with a mathematical mind. About authors and textbooks.
Reviews from forum members about the educational complex. , , , , , , .
According to the methodology of this educational complex, each child acts as a researcher and is an equal subject of the learning process (and not “listened-remembered-repeat”). The program includes many tasks for imagination and ingenuity. The textbook system is published by the VENTANA-GRAF publishing center. It is part of the educational system “Algorithm of Success”. Parents of children enrolled in the program note its confusion and inconsistent presentation of material as disadvantages. Others consider the long period of adaptation of the child to school, the difference from the “Soviet school”, the strong philological component as advantages and call the educational complex “quite adequate and interesting.” Most people agree that it will be easier for those children who entered 1st grade to learn how to read, but who do not know how to write. About authors and textbooks.
Reviews from forum members about the educational complex. ,