The Latin language played a significant role in the enrichment of Russian vocabulary (including terminology), associated primarily with the sphere of scientific, technical and socio-political life. The words go back to the Latin source: author, administrator, audience, student, exam, external student, minister, justice, operation, censorship, dictatorship, republic, deputy, delegate, rector, excursion, expedition, revolution, constitution, etc. These Latinisms came to our language, as well as to other European languages, not only through direct contact of the Latin language with some other language (which, of course, was not excluded, especially through various educational institutions), but also through other languages. The Latin language in many European countries was the language of literature, science, official papers and religion (Catholicism). Scientific works up to the 18th century. often written in Latin; Medicine still uses Latin. All this contributed to the creation of an international fund of scientific terminology, which was mastered by many European languages, including Russian.
The compilers of the anthology of medieval Latin literature write: “The Latin language was not a dead language, and Latin literature was not dead literature. They not only wrote in Latin, but also said: it was colloquial, which united the few educated people of that time: when a Swabian boy and a Saxon boy met in a monastery school, and a Spanish youth and a Pole youth met at the University of Paris, then in order to understand each other, they had to speak Latin. And not only treatises and lives were written in Latin, but also accusatory sermons and meaningful historical works, and inspired poems."
Most Latin words came into the Russian language in the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries, especially through the Polish and Ukrainian languages, for example: school, auditorium, dean, office, vacation, director, dictation, exam, etc. (The role of special educational institutions.) All current names of months from the Latin language are borrowed through Greek.
In addition to borrowing foreign language vocabulary, the Russian language actively borrowed some foreign language word-forming elements to create Russian words themselves. Among such borrowings, special mention is made of a group of international terms, for example: dictatorship, constitution, corporation, laboratory, meridian, maximum, minimum, proletariat, process, public, revolution, republic, erudition, etc.
Let us give examples of the use of Latin as a unified language of science, which allows us to avoid confusion and achieve understanding by people of different nationalities.
· In astronomy, the most famous constellation of the northern hemisphere is the Big Dipper (lat. Ursa Major) - this asterism has been known since ancient times among many peoples under different names: Plow, Elk, Cart, Seven Sages Hearse and Mourners.
· In system chemical elements Uniform naming of all elements is applicable. For example, gold has the symbol Au and the scientific name (Latin) Aurum. Proto-Slavic *zolto (Russian gold, Ukrainian gold, Old Slavic gold, Polish złoto), Lithuanian geltonas “yellow”, Latvian zelts “gold, golden”; Gothic gulþ, German Gold, English Gold.
· “Golden grass is the head of all herbs” - this is a popular saying about one of the most poisonous medicinal plants in Russia. Common names: chistoplot, chistets, podtynnik, warthog, prozornik, gladishnik, glechkopar, yellow milkweed, yellow spurge, nutcracker, zhovtilo, dog soap, swallow grass. It is unlikely that we recognized the well-known celandine. To understand which plant we are talking about, scientists use the Latin names (Chelidónium május).
If the Greeks took upon themselves the “responsibility” of giving names to poetic and theatrical terms, then the Romans took prose seriously. Latin experts will tell us that this short word can be translated into Russian by the phrase “purposeful speech.” The Romans generally loved precise and short definitions. It is not for nothing that the word lapidary came to us from the Latin language, i.e. “carved in stone” (short, compressed). The word text means “connection”, “connection”, and illustration means “explanation” (to the text). A legend is “something that should be read,” a memorandum is “something that should be remembered,” and an opus is “work,” “work.” The word fabula translated from Latin means “story”, “legend”, but it came to the Russian language from German with the meaning “plot”. A manuscript is a document “written by hand,” but an editor is a person who must “put everything in order.” Madrigal is also a Latin word, it comes from the root “mother” and means a song in the native, “mother” language.
The Romans developed a unique set of laws for that time (Roman law) and enriched world culture with many legal terms. For example, justice (“justice”, “legality”), alibi (“elsewhere”), verdict (“the truth has been spoken”), lawyer (from the Latin “I urge”), notary (“scribe”), protocol (“ first sheet"), visa ("looked through"), etc. The words version ("turn") and intrigue ("confuse") are also of Latin origin. The Romans came up with the word lapse - “fall”, “mistake”, “wrong step”.
The following medical terms are of Latin origin: hospital (“hospitable”), immunity (“liberation from something”), disabled (“powerless”, “weak”), invasion (“attack”), muscle (“little mouse”) , obstruction (“blockage”), obliteration (“destruction”), pulse (“push”).
Currently, Latin is the language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new, never existing words and terms. For example, allergy is “another action” (the term was coined by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke).
Nowadays, scientific terms are often created from Greek and Latin roots, denoting concepts unknown in antiquity: astronaut [gr. kosmos - Universe + gr. nautes - (sea) - swimmer]; futurology (lat. futurum - future + gr. logos - word, teaching); scuba (Latin aqua - water + English lung - lung). This is explained by the exceptional productivity of Latin and Greek roots included in various scientific terms, as well as their international character, which facilitates the understanding of such roots in different languages.
The back of the tongue, facing the pharynx... Psychomotorics: dictionary-reference book
ROOT- ROOT, root, plural. roots, roots, m. 1. A part of a plant grown into the ground, through which it absorbs juices from the soil. The storm uprooted trees. The oak has taken deep roots into the ground. || The wood or substance of that part of a plant. Licorice root... Dictionary Ushakova
morphological root- Root allocated in relation to current state language. The root is pis in the words write, letter; extract, note, writing, inventory, census. The root is etymological. A root identified in relation to past eras of language development. Root... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
root- See beginning, reason, origin, uproot, take root... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. root, beginning, cause, origin; radical; spine, core, ... ... Synonym dictionary
Root of the word- ROOT OF THE WORD. Non-derivative base (q.v.), which does not contain any accessories to the form of words (q.v.); for example, in the word “mitten” K. “hand”; in Semitic languages, in which vowels within a word have a formal meaning, K. called. only consonants... Dictionary of literary terms
Root- The root is the carrier of the real, lexical meaning of a word, its central part, which remains unchanged in the processes of morphological derivation; expresses the idea of the word’s identity with itself; correlates with the concept of lexeme; simple or non-derivative... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
Root (river)- This term has other meanings, see Root (meanings). Root ... Wikipedia
root- noun, m., used. compare often Morphology: (no) what? root, what? root, (see) what? root, what? root, about what? about the root and the root; pl. What? roots, (no) what? roots, what? roots, (I see) what? roots, what? roots, about what? about roots 1. A root is... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary
Root (linguistics)- This term has other meanings, see Root (meanings). Root morpheme, carrier lexical meaning words (or the main part of this meaning); there is a root in every word, and the word can consist of one or more (in ... ... Wikipedia
root- rnya; pl. roots, her; m. 1. The underground part of the plant, through which it strengthens itself in the soil and receives water from the ground with dissolved in it minerals. Tree roots. Long K. K. of life (about ginseng). Rot the crop on the vine (in... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Look at the root, or the Golden Key, Olga Zablotskaya. The desire to revive the roots of the Slavic family tree and discover the wonderful world of the most ancient Language on Earth, the roots of which go back thousands of years, and in a highly branched crown it is still... Buy for 1118 RUR
- Russian root language. On the root figurative word formation of the Russian language, Vladimir Golovkov. It turns out that words in the Russian language do not consist of prefixes, roots, suffixes and endings, but of roots, each of which has its own unique image, which directly influences...
Latin or Latin was the language of the Roman Empire, the language of the Roman Catholic service, and today is the language of the Vatican State of Italy. Since there are no living native speakers of Latin, Latin is used as a second language. Latin spoken: in Vatican City Region: Italian Peninsula. Total number speakers: none. Classification: no classification. Genetic classification: Indo-European family. Official language: Vatican State. Regulated by: Roman Catholic Church.
History of the Latin language
Latin was originally spoken in the area located
near Rome, called Latium. It gained importance by becoming official language Roman Empire. All Romance languages originated from Latin, and many words with Latin roots can be found in many modern languages, for example in Russian, English, German, French.
They say that 80% of scientific words in English language taken from Latin (in most cases via French). Moreover, in Western countries it was latin scientific language(lingua franca), used for scientific and political purposes, for over a thousand years. As a result, in the 18th century Latin was replaced by French, and in the 19th century by English. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the official language of the Roman Catholic Church to this day, making it official state language Vatican. The Roman Catholic Church used Latin language as the primary language for the service until the Second Vatican Council, which took place in the 1960s. Latin is still used (with the active participation of Greek roots) as a language for classifying the scientific names of living organisms.
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Latin gave rise to various Romance languages. For centuries, these languages were considered only spoken, while Latin was the written language. (For example, Latin was the official language of Portugal until 1296, when it was replaced by Portuguese.)
The Romance languages arose from the vernacular (vulgar) Latin, which was used everywhere, and which was formed from the old colloquial speech that gave rise to the official classical Latin. Latin and Romance languages differ, for example, in that in Romance languages the stress on a certain syllable is significant, whereas in Latin the length of the vowels is characteristic. For Italian language characteristic feature is the length of consonants and stress, in Spanish- only emphasis, but in French even the accent is fixed.
Another important distinguishing feature between the Romance and Latin languages is, with the exception of Romanian, that the Romance languages have lost case endings in most words except for some pronouns. The Romanian language still retains five cases (although there is no longer an ablative case).
Latin today
Latin language courses offered today at universities and higher education institutions are aimed mainly at teaching the translation of Latin texts into modern languages rather than using it as a means of communication. Therefore, the emphasis is on reading well, while speaking and listening are only superficially addressed. However, there is a Living Latin movement whose proponents believe that Latin can or should be taught in the same way as modern "living" languages: that is, teaching spoken language and writing. One of the interesting aspects of this approach is the theoretical understanding of how certain sounds were pronounced in ancient times. Without understanding what the pronunciation should be, it is difficult to determine the styles that are commonly used in Latin poetry. Institutions that offer guides to Living Latin are the Vatican and the University of Kentucky.
Latin dialects
As a living language, Latin underwent continuous evolution and was open to the influence of other languages. First of all, this statement was true for colloquial speech, which was used by an illiterate population, which already in ancient times borrowed many terms from Greek, Celtic, and later from Germanic languages. It was a language called sermo vulgaris, which spread throughout the Romanized parts Western Europe, for example, in Gaul, where it apparently coexisted with other languages (Celtic). The Celtic language probably disappeared from northern Gaul by the fifth century, and was later reintroduced here by people who fled to the Continent from the Angles, Saxons and Jutes who came to conquer the British Isles. In regions of the Northeastern part of the Empire that were less Romanized, as well as outside the borders of the Roman Empire, Germanic languages were spoken. These were languages such as Frisian, Saxon, as well as West Germanic languages and dialects.
Germanic languages (Gothic)
During the migrations, the languages of the invading tribes brought strong linguistic changes to the territories of the late Roman Empire. Gothic, the language of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths, became especially widespread. The Gothic bishop Wulfilas (or Ulfilas, 311 - 382) was responsible for preparing a translation of the Bible into Gothic, which remained in circulation among the Aryan Christians, considered heretics by the Roman Church. This Bible was used for several centuries, mainly in Visigothic Spain. As a spoken language, Gothic disappeared between the seventh and ninth centuries, but Wulfila's translation of the Bible (Gothic Bible) still remains the first major document of Germanic literature.
Dialects in Gaul
In Gaul, Latin sermo vulgaris combined elements from several languages and became known as Romance Latin. It was so firmly rooted that the warring Germanic tribes adopted it as their own. Proof of this is the fact that, starting from the sixth century, sermons read in the church councils of France were translated into this language. By the eighth century, Charlemagne prescribed that sermons be read in the vernacular, while the rest of the service be conducted in Latin. However, even in Gaul the same language used in different areas was not homogeneous. Along with separate languages There were various dialects, the main one being Provençal. IN general outline, starting from the early Middle Ages, two groups of dialects arose in the territories conventionally separated by the Loire River. In the south, Languedoc (langue d'oc), which had more similar features to Latin, and Languedoille (langue d'oil) in the north, which was heavily influenced by other languages. The terms for the two dialect groups indicate the manner in which the word "yes" is pronounced in each group.
Dialects of Western Europe
A similar development took place in the German-speaking areas of Western Europe between approximately 500 and 700. AD in the north. Here a group of dialects emerged that are collectively known as the Low German languages, while the southern dialects are correspondingly called High German. As in France, after a long time the dominant influence of one group over the other began, in the fourteenth century in France and in the sixteenth in Germany.
Evolution of ancient writing
Ancient literature and science, as well as various Christian texts, are preserved in the form of manuscripts (i.e. manuscripts). The style of the fonts was according to the traditions of Roman writing, or the forms of writing that arose subsequently. However, starting from the seventh century, in various parts Europe began to develop more strict “national” writing techniques. The so-called "Insular script", used in Ireland and Scotland from the seventh century, differed significantly from the Visigothic handwritten font, common in Spain, and from Beneventan, which was common in Southern Italy. In the territories Frankish state, Merovingian types of script that were used in the seventh and eighth centuries were replaced during Charlemagne's reign by a new typeface, partly influenced by the Romanesque style of writing known as Carolingian minuscule. Fine manuscripts were often decorated with illustrations called miniatures or elaborate, ornamental lettering, such as the Lindisfarne Gospel of 698 and the Kell Book of the mid-8th century.
ImportantLatinwords
Months
January: Ianus (ancient Roman god)
February: Februaris (ancient Roman festival of purification)
March: Mars (ancient Roman god)
April: Aprilis (opening, beginning of the season)
May: Maia (ancient Roman goddess)
June: Iuno (ancient Roman goddess)
July: Iulius Caesar(Roman Emperor)
August: Augustus (Roman Emperor)
September: September: 7th month
October: October: 8th month
November: November: 9th month
December: December: 10th month
Days of the week
Sunday: Solis dies (day of the sun)
Monday: Lunae dies (day of the moon)
Tuesday: Martis dies (Mars day)
Wednesday: Mercurii dies (Mercury day)
Thursday: Jovis dies (day of Jupiter)
Friday: Veneris dies (Venus day)
Saturday: Saturni dies (day of Saturn)
Colors
Albi/Albus: white
Aurei/Aurantiacus: orange
Carnei: flesh color
Flavi: yellow
Fulvus: bright yellow
Lutei Niger/Nigra: black
Purpurei: purple
Rosei/Roseu: pink
Rubra/Rubri: red
Viride/Viridi: green
Family
filiam: daughter
filium: son
mater: mother
materfamilias: (female) head of the family
nepos: grandson. Also means "nephew" in some records.
neptis: granddaughter. Also means "niece" in some records.
uxor (ux, vx): wife
Listen to the Latin speech (subtitles in English):
And also: Christian prayer “Creed” in Latin:
Prayer Pater noster in Latin
PATER NOSTER, qui es in caelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum. Adveniat regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo.
Circulus Latinus Panormitanus is one of the best sites for modern Latin.
Latin: catchphrases, aphorisms and expressions - an authoritative collection of aphorisms, catch phrases and sayings in Latin.
We will also give several examples of Latin “winged words” and expressions that apparently originated from Slavic phrases. Let's use the "Dictionary of Latin winged words." We will cite the corresponding Slavic words, sometimes without taking into account cases, that is, we will indicate only the Slavic backbone of Latin expressions.
It is important to emphasize that here we are already dealing with entire sentences, composed of several Latin words, expressing a complete and often complex thought. The fact that these entire sentences are “read in Slavic” indicates that not only the individual words that make up a coherent text were Slavic, but also the rules for their combination, the construction of grammar, and the way of thinking of the people who uttered such phrases. In other words, the authors of many Latin " catchphrases", as it now turns out, they thought in Slavic.
1) "ABI IN PACE" = Go in peace. Words of the prayer of departure in the Catholic religious rite. Could come from: "GO TO REST." Here is the transition of Latin letters d-b, differing only in orientation, as well as the transition: Russian K ===> C Latin. That is, here the transition is as follows: IDI ===> ABI; ON ===> IN; PEACE ===> PACE.
2) "ABIT, EXCESSIT, EVASIT, ERUPIT" = Left, performed, slipped away, escaped. Cicero, Speeches against Catiline. Could come from: “TO GO, EXODUS, TAKE AWAY, TEAR (rip out).” Here the transition is as follows: DECLINE ===> ABIT; EXCODE ===> EXCESSIT; TAKE AWAY ===> EVASIT; TEAR ===> ERUPIT during the transition V-P.
3) "ABSIT INVIDIA VERBO" = Let what is said not cause hostility; May they not condemn me for these words, may they not punish me for these words. It could come from: “WITHOUT, HATE, CONFIRM,” that is, treat what I say without hatred. Here the transition is as follows: WITHOUT ===> ABSIT; HATE ===> INVIDIA; STRONG ===> VERBO.
4) "ABSOLVO TE" = I'm letting you go. That is, I forgive you your sins. Formula for absolution in confession among Catholics. It could come from: “YOU ARE WITHOUT A CATCH,” that is, I don’t catch you, you are free. Here the transition is as follows: WITHOUT ===> ABS; LOV ===> LVO; YOU ===> TE.
5) "AB URBE CONDITA" = From the foundation of the city. Roman era. It could come from: “BY, HORDE, CREATE,” that is, the countdown of years from the moment of the creation of the Horde. Here the transition is as follows: PO ===> AB; HORDE ===> URBE; CREATE ===> CONDITA on transition Latin Z-N(put the letter on its side).
6) "A CAPILLIS USQUE AD UNGUES" = From hair to nails. Plautus, Epidicus. Could come from: “HAIR, BEFORE, NAIL.” Here the transition is as follows: HAIR ===> caPILLIS during the transition V-P; TO ===> AD; NAIL ===> UNGUES.
7) "AD UNGUEM" = Up to the nail; to complete perfection, exactly. Horace, "Satires". Could come from: “TO THE NAIL.” Here the transition is as follows: TO ===> AD; NAIL ===> UNGUEM during transition: Russian m (“te” with three sticks) ===> m Latin.
8) "ALMA MATER" = Nourishing mother. Could come from: "MOTHER'S MILK." Here the transition is as follows: MILK ===> ALMA, MOTHER ===> MATER. Most likely, in the same semantic bush are the Latin words ALUMNA = pupil, pet, ALUMNUS = nurtured, educated, cherished. That is, words originating from the Slavic MILK.
9) "A MARI USQUE AD MARE" = From sea to sea. Could come from: “I SEEK (seek) THE SEA TO THE SEA.” Here the transition is as follows: SEA ===> MARE, SEARCH ===> USQUE, TO ===> AD.
10) "AQUILA NON CAPAT MUSCAS" = The eagle does not catch flies. Could come from: “An EAGLE DOESN’T CATCH FLIES.” Here the transition is as follows: EAGLE ===> AQUILA during transition: Russian p ===> q Latin; NOT ===> NON; CAPAT ===> CAPAT during transition: Russian C ===> C Latin; FLY, MISTY ===> MUSQUE.
11) "CACATUM NON EST PICTUM" = Nailed - not drawn. Could come from: “POOD IS NOT DRAWING.” Here the transition is as follows: Poop ===> CACATUM; NOT ===> NON; IS ===> EST; DRAW ===> PICTUM during transition: Russian р ===> p Latin, Russian С ===> C Latin.
12) “CARPE DIEM” = Seize the day, that is, take advantage of today, seize the moment. Could come from: “SCRATCH THE DAY.” See SCRATCH, SCRATCH section above.
13) "CLAVUM CLAVO" = Number of stakes. Could come from: “BEAK BEAK”, that is, “KOLOM KOLOM”.
14) "EDITE, BIBITE, POST MORTEM NULLA VOLUPTAS" = Eat, drink, there is no pleasure after death! A common motif of ancient inscriptions on tombstones and table utensils. Could come from: "EAT, DRINK, BEHIND, DIE, NULL, FALL IN LOVE." Here the transition is as follows: EAT ===> EDITE; DRINK ===> BIBITE when transitioning P-B; BEHIND ===> POST; DIE ===> MORTEM; ZERO, old Russian word(see our Dictionary) ===> NULLA; FALL IN LOVE ===> VOLUPTAS.
15) "ET TU"
16) "FESTINA LENTE" = Hurry slowly, do everything slowly. Could come from: “HURRY, LAZY”, that is, rush lazily, slowly. Here the transition is as follows: HURRY ===> FESTINA during the transition P-F and W-S; LAZY ===> LENTE.
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18) "IN NOMINE PATRIS ET FILII ET SPIRITUS SANCTI" = In the name of the father and son and the holy spirit. Catholic prayer formula. Could come from: "MOST (name), DADDY, AND, LOVE, AND, SOAR, LAW." Here the transition is as follows: NAME ===> NOMINE; BATYA ===> PATRIS during the transition B-P; LOVE ===> FILII (see our Dictionary above) during the transition B-F; AND ===> ET, SOAR ===> SPIRITUS; LAW (legitimize) ===> SANCTI.
19) "IN PLENO" = In full force. Could come from: “I WILL FILL” or “FULL”.
20) "IN SALTU UNO DUOS APROS CAPERE" = Catch two boars in the same forest. Considered equivalent to Russian: Kill two birds with one stone. Could come from: “WOODED (wooded), ONE, TWO PIGS (that is, boar, wild boar), CATCHING.” Here the transition is as follows: WOODED (forest) ===> SALTU; ONE ===> UNO; TWO ===> DOUS during V-U transition; PIG -> APROS; I CATCH ===> CAPERE during the transition C ===> C is Latin and Y ===> R due to the similarity of spelling.
21) "INSTAURATIO MAGNA" = Great restoration. Could come from: "CUSTOMIZE A LOT." Here the transition is as follows: CONFIGUR ===> INSTAURATIO; A LOT ===> MAGNA.
22) "INTERPRETATIO ABROGANS" = Overriding interpretation. An interpretation of a law that deprives it of its real meaning. It could come from: “TRANSFER YOUR GUTS, SCRUMBED (CURRENT).” Here the transition is as follows: NUTRO TRANSFER ===> INTERPRETATIO (see above dictionary); ABUSED (curse) ===> ABROGANS.
23) "IN VINO VERITAS" = Truth is in wine. Could come from: "WINE, BELIEVE."
24) "IRA FACIT POETAM" = Anger gives birth to a poet. Could come from: "ARY (rage), DRAG, SING (sings)." Here the transition is as follows: ARGENT, RAGE ===> IRA; DRAGING ===> FACIT during the transition T-F and Shch-S (see above Dictionary); SINGS ===> POETAM.
25) "IRA FUROR BREVIS EST" = Anger is a short-term madness (Horace). Could come from: “YARYY (rage), RAGE, RAVE, EAT.” Here the transition is: FUCKING ===> IRA; YARIT ===> FUROR during the transition T-F and rearrangement RT ===> TPP; BREVIS ===> BREVIS; IS ===> EST. Or FUROR here comes from the word TORYU, to torch.
26) "IS FECIT CUI PRODEST" = Made by the one who benefits. Could come from: “DRAG WHO WILL SELL.” Here the transition is as follows: DRAG ===> FECIT during the transition T-F (fit) and Shch-S; WHO ===> CUI; WILL SELL ===> PRODEST.
27) "JUS CIVILE" = Civil law. Could come from: “THE TRUTH, OWN (MASTERED, brother-in-law).” Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; OWN, MASTERED ===> CIVILE.
28) "JUS COMMUNAE" = Common law. Could come from: “THE TRUTH, WHOM (WITH ME, that is, together).” Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; COM (that is, group), WITH ME ===> COMMUNAE.
29) "JUS CRIMINALE" = Criminal law. Could come from: “THE TRUTH, SHAMEFUL.” Here the transition is TRUE ===> JUS; SHAMNOY (SHRAM, that is, shame) ===> CRIMINALE during the transition: Russian C ===> C Latin.
30) "JUS DICIT" = Says right. Could come from: “SPEAKS THE TRUTH.” Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; SPEECH ===> DICIT during the transition: Russian r ===> d Latin (the letter was turned over) and Russian CH ===> C Latin.
31) "JUS DIVINUM" = Divine right. Could come from: “THE TRUTH IS WONDERFUL.” Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; DIVINE ===> DIVINUM.
32) "JUS GLADII" - The right of the sword. Could come from: “THE TRUTH OF THE KLOAD” or “THE TRUTH OF COLD (cold).” Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; KLADENETS (antique Russian name sword) ===> GLADII, or HLAD (cold, edged weapon, as they still say) ===> GLADII, during the transition: Russian X ===> G Latin.
33) "JUS NATURALE" = Natural law. Could come from: “TRUTH, CREATED (that is, co-created, creation).” Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; DID IT ===> NATURALE.
34) "JUS PRIMAE NOCTIS" = Right of the first night. Could come from: "THE TRUTH, FIRST NIGHT." Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; FIRST (first) ===> PRIMAE when transition Sh-M(turned the letter over); NIGHT ===> NOCTIS.
35) "JUS PRUMAE OCCUPATIONS" (or PRIMI POSSIDENTIS) = Right of first occupation. Could come from: “THE TRUTH OF THE FIRST SCRATCH (GRACH, SCRATCH, GRAB)” or from: “The TRUTH OF THE FIRST PLANT (SIT, SITTING, “SITTING”).” Here the transition is: TRUTH ===> JUS; FIRST ===> PRIMAE; SCRATCH, SCRATCH ===> OCCUPATIONS; PLANT (SIT) ===> POSSIDENTIS, that is, “The Truth of the First Lander.”
36) "JUS PUBLICUM" = Public law. Could come from: "THE TRUTH OF THE CROWD." Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; CROWD, CROWD ===> PUBLICUM during the transition from P-B and during rearrangement.
37) "JUS PUNIENDI" = The right to punish. Could come from: “THE TRUTH, TO PENALE (FINE, GUILTY, BLAME).” Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; BLAME, BLAME ===> PUNIENDI during the transition V-P and T-D.
38) "JUS SCRIPTUM" = Written law. It could come from: “THE TRUTH TO STAPLE” or “THE TRUTH, TO SCRATCH (with a pen)”, that is, to write down with a pen, to fix on paper, to fasten or secure the truth, to SEALED. Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; FASTEN, STAPLE or CREAK (with a pen) ===> SCRIPTUM.
39) "JUS STRICTUM" = Strict law. Could come from: "THE TRUTH IS STRICT (STRICTNESS)." Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; STRICT, Strictness ===> STRICTUM.
40) "JUSTA CAUSA" = Legal reason. Could come from: “THE TRUTH IS THE LAW.” Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUSTA; LAW ===> CAUSA in the transition of Latin u-n (turned the letter over) and rearrangement: ZKN ===> KNZ.
41) "JUS TALIONIS" = Right to equal retribution. Could come from: “TRUTH, SHARE (“share”, DIVISION).” Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; SHARE, LOVE (part) ===> TALIONIS at the transition D-T. They still say: “in equal shares”, to repay in kind, in equal measure.
42) "JUS UTENDI ET ABUTENDI" = Right of use and exploitation - the right to use a thing at your own discretion, i.e. ownership. It could come from: “TRUTH, PULL AND PULL (towards yourself)”, that is, the one who pulls (pulls) something for himself is right, will pull towards himself. Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; PULL, PULL ===> UTENDI; AND ===> ET; PULL (toward yourself) ===> ABUTENDI when moving P-B.
43) "JUS VITAE AC NECIS" = The right to control life and death. Could come from: “THE TRUTH, TO BE (BEING), I WILL PUNISH.” Here the transition is as follows: TRUE ===> JUS; TO BE, BEING ===> VITAE during the transition B-C; I WILL PUNISH ===> NECIS (see above Dictionary).
44) “LABOR EST ETIAM IPSE VOLUPTAS” = Labor in itself is a pleasure (Manilius). Could come from: “ALABORIT (Old Russian WORK) IS ALSO, YOURSELF, TO FALL IN LOVE.” Here the transition is as follows: ALABORIT ===> LABOR (see above dictionary); IS ===> EST; ALSO ===> ETIAM during transition: Russian w ===> m Latin (see above Dictionary); YOURSELF, YOURSELF ===> IPSE during the transition B-P and rearrangement; FALL IN LOVE ===> VOLUPTAS.
45) "LEGE NECESSITATIS" = According to the law of necessity. Could come from: “CODE (Russian LZYA), NEED.” Here the transition is as follows: LEGATION (LZYA = possible, allowed, see above dictionary) ===> LEGE; NEED, need ===> NECESSITATIS.
46) "LEX FATI" = Law of fate. It could come from: “LZYA (that is, LODGE, possible, allowed, see above Dictionary) TO BE (BEING).” Here the transition is as follows: LZYA ===> LEX; TO BE, BEING ===> FATI during the transition B-P-F.
47) "LEX LAESAE MAJESTATIS" = The lese majeste law, in ancient Rome- damage to the dignity of the Roman people. Could come from: “LZYA (LAYING), LIE, COURAGE (POWER).” Here the transition is as follows: LZYA ===> LEX; FALSE (insult) ===> LAESAE; COURAGE (MULTIPLE, that is, majestic) ===> MAJESTATIS.
48) "LEX TALIONIS" = Law of equal retribution, i.e. a law based on the principle: an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. Could come from: “LEZYA (LAYING, possible, allowed), SHARE (DONNY).” Here the transition is as follows: LZYA ===> LEX; SHARE, LOBE ===> TALIONIS at the transition D-T. They still say: “in equal shares.”
49) "LIBERUM VETO" = Free "I forbid", free veto; the right to impose a unilateral prohibition on a resolution of the legislative assembly. It could come from: “I TAKE YOUR WILL, NO.” Here the transition is as follows: I TAKE THE WILL ===> LIBERUM; NO ===> VETO (see our Dictionary above).
50) "LUCIDUS ORDO" = Bright order, clear and consistent presentation (Horace). Could come from: “RADIATE (RADIATE, radiate) ROW (order).” Here the transition is as follows: RADIATE ===> LUCIDUS; ROW ===> ORDO.
51) "LUX IN TENEBRIS" = Light in the darkness. Could come from: “RAYS, I THROW A SHADOW (I TAKE A SHADOW).” Here the transition is as follows: RAYS ===> LUX; SHADOW BROOCH ===> TENEBRIS.
52) "LUX VERITAS" = Light of truth. Could come from: “RAYS, BELIEVE,” that is, rays of faith, truth.
53) "MEDICE, CURA TE IPSEM" = Doctor, heal yourself. Could come from: “MIGHTY (MAGUS), SEE YOURSELF.” Here the transition is as follows: CAN, power, MAG, magic ===> MEDICE (see above Dictionary); ZRI ===> CURA during transition: Russian З ===> C Latin; YOU ===> TE; YOURSELF ===> IPSEM during the transition B-P and reverse reading. Or the Latin CURA came here from the Old Russian CHURA = to protect, to protect from evil. In this case, it turns out: “MIGHTY (MAG) YOU ARE FUCKING ABOUT YOURSELF.”
54) "MEDICUS CURAT, NATURA SANAT" = The doctor heals, nature heals. Could come from: “THE MIGHTY (MAGIC) SEE, I CREATE (CREATION), SLEEP.” Here the transition is as follows: MIGHTY (MAG) ===> MEDICUS; MATTER ===> CURAT; I CREATE, CREATION ===> NATURA; GET TO SLEEP ===> SANAT (healing properties of sleep). Or the Latin CURA came from the Old Russian CHURA = to protect. In this case, it turns out: “THE MAGIC CHURCHES, THE NATURE KNOWS.”
55) “MEL IN ORE, VERBA LACTIS, FEL IN CORDE, FRAUS IN FACTIS” = Honey on the tongue, milk in words, bile in the heart, deception in practice. Could come from: “HONEY ORU, TERZHU (repeated), LUCK, YELLOW, HEART, YOU’RE LIEING TO WRITE.” Here the transition is as follows: MED ===> MEL for D-T transition and confusion Latin t-l; ORU ===> ORE; VERIFY ===> VERBA (see above Dictionary); YELLOW ===> FEL during the Zh-F transition; HEART ===> CORDE during transition: Russian C ===> C Latin; LIE ===> FRAUS when V-F transition and Sh-S; WRITE ===> FACTUS (?).