Russia is the largest producer and consumer of commercial iron ores.
Ferrous metallurgy has following features raw material base:
Relatively high content of useful components in raw materials (from 17 in siderite ores to 53-55% in magnetite iron ores);
Diversity of raw materials in terms of species, which makes it possible to use various technologies and obtain metal with a wide variety of properties;
Various conditions mining (both mine and open pit, which accounts for up to 80% of all raw materials mined in ferrous metallurgy);
Use of ores with complex composition. Balance reserves of iron ore in Russia amount to 56 billion tons.
The location of deposits in the territory is relatively local.
The balance reserves of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) are about 31.9 billion tons. The thickness of the deposits in the north and center of the KMA is 40-60 m, in the south - 300-350 m. Rich ores lie at considerable depth. The average iron content in ferruginous quartzites is 32%. The main deposits are: Lebedinsky, Stoilenskoye, Mikhailovskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc. Mining is carried out by open-pit mining. Mine mining is carried out at the mine named after. I.M. Gubkina.
The Ural deposits contain balance reserves of 9.3 billion tons. The previously known rich deposits in the Urals (Magnitogorsk, Goroblagodatskoe and others with an iron content of over 50%) are practically depleted, and in their place there are quarries filled with dumps. The development of deposits continues in the region, where ores with an iron content of 17 to 30% are mined. The deposits are represented by the Kachkanar group in the Sverdlovsk region, the Bakal group in the Chelyabinsk region and the Orsko-Khalilovsk group in the Orenburg region.
The volume of balance reserves of iron ore in Siberian deposits is about 7.1 billion tons. In Western Siberia there are deposits of Gornaya Shoria (southern part Kemerovo region) Temirtau, Tashtagol (ores with an average iron content of 26-48%); deposits of the Altai Mountains (Altai Territory), including Insko-Beloretskoye. In Eastern Siberia there is the Angara-Ilimsky iron ore basin with large deposits of Korshunovsky and Rudnogorsky (iron in ore - 34-43%), as well as the Angara-Pitsky basin with the Nizhneangarsky, Ishimbinsky, Udorongovsky deposits (iron content - 40%).
Far Eastern fields in the foreground last place in terms of balance reserves and contain 4.5 billion tons. The iron content in Far Eastern ores ranges from 30 to 65%. Open pit mining is possible. The largest deposits include Gariiskoye in the Amur Region, Kimkanskoye in the Jewish Autonomous Region, and Taeznoye in South Yakutia.
The Kola-Karelian deposits are in last place in terms of the volume of balance reserves, there are 2.8 billion tons of them. The ores of the Kola-Karelian deposits contain about 33% iron. Complex ores include manganese, chromium, and aluminum. The ore occurrence is shallow. The main deposits are Kostomuksha in Karelia. Kovdorskoye and Olenegorskoye in the Murmansk region.
Ural metallurgical base is the largest in Russia. It is the oldest in Russia. The Urals use imported Kuznetsk coal. Our own iron ore base is depleted, so a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye deposit), from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia. The development of its own iron ore base is associated with the development of the Kachkanar titanomagnetite deposit (Sverdlovsk region) and the Bakal siderite deposit (Chelyabinsk region), which account for more than half of the region’s iron ore reserves. The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy have formed in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc. Currently, 2/3 of iron and steel smelting occurs in the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. Metallurgy of the Urals is characterized high level concentration of production.
The main enterprises of the Ural metallurgical base include:
Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works LLC (ML[K), Chelyabinsk Iron and Steel Works (Mechel Steel Group company), Chusovskoy metallurgical plant(ChMZ), Gubakhinsky Coke Plant (Gubakhinsky Coke).
The Central Metallurgical Base is an area of intensive development of ferrous metallurgy, where the largest reserves of iron ore are concentrated. The development of ferrous metallurgy is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the KMA, as well as metallurgical scrap and imported coking coals (Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk). The intensive development of metallurgy in the Center is associated with the relatively cheap extraction of iron ore (almost all ore is mined by open-pit mining).
The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the full metallurgical cycle: OJSC Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (NLMK) in Lipetsk and the Novotulsky plant in Tula, the Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant in Lipetsk, Elektrostal near Moscow (high-quality metallurgy). Small metallurgy has been developed at large machine-building enterprises. The Kola Electrometallurgical Plant for the direct reduction of iron (OJSC OEMK) operates in the Belgorod region.
The zone of influence and territorial ties of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia. Large enterprises here are the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant in Vologda region, Olenegorsk and Kovdorsky mining and processing plants in the Murmansk region, Kostomuksha mining and processing plant (now JSC Karelsky Okatysh in Karelia.
The metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. To the share of Siberia and Far East accounts for 21% of all-Russian ore reserves, approximately 1/5 of the country's cast iron and finished rolled products, and 15% of steel. The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia, the Angara-Ilimsk iron ore basin, and the fuel base of the Kuznetsk coal basin. Modern production is represented by two large ferrous metallurgy enterprises: the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (KMK OJSC) and the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (ZSMK). Pipe metallurgy has developed, represented by several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk (JSC Krasnoyarsk Iron and Steel Works Sibelektrostal), Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur). The mining industry is carried out by several mining and processing enterprises located in Kuzbass, Mountain Shoria, Khakassia (Western Siberia) and Eastern Siberia.
As a result of integration processes in the Russian market, metallurgical companies (associations, holdings, etc.) are formed, which include enterprises located within various metallurgical bases. These include Evrazholdiig, Pipe Metallurgical Company. United Metallurgical Company, OJSC Metallurgical Holding, which unites the Severstal Group company, Metalloinvest holding.
On the Russian ferrous metals market, 90% of production belongs to the largest metallurgical enterprises mentioned above. Russia has the world's largest proven reserves of iron ore (16.9% of the world).
EG mechanical engineering of the Russian Federation
Mechanical engineering accounts for more than 1/3 of the production volume of commercial products of Russian industry, about 2/5 of industrial production personnel and almost 1/4 of fixed industrial production assets.
The range of products of the Russian mechanical engineering industry is very diverse, which causes deep differentiation of its industries and significantly influences the location of production individual species products.
In Russia, mechanical engineering is one of the most widespread industries in territorial terms. However, in some areas it has a core significance, while in others its functions are limited mainly to meeting internal needs.
Among the factors influencing the location of mechanical engineering, specialization and cooperation of production play a significant role.
Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography.
Science intensity. The production of the most progressive and complex equipment is concentrated in regions and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus, pilot plants in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. Orientation towards scientific potential is the leading factor in the placement of machine-building enterprises.
Labor intensity. It is determined by high costs and high qualifications of the labor used. The production of machines requires a very large amount of working time. Therefore, many branches of mechanical engineering gravitate to areas with high population concentrations. The development of new types of equipment requires not just human resources, but highly qualified workers and engineering personnel. High labor intensity is inherent in the machine tool industry (Moscow), the aviation industry (Kazan, Samara), and the production of instruments and electronic equipment (Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk).
Metal consumption. The machine-building complex consumes a significant portion of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants that produce metal-intensive products (metallurgical, energy, mining equipment) are guided by metallurgical bases. Large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals (Ekaterinburg).
Many branches of mechanical engineering are developing in areas with a favorable economic and geographical position for organizing cooperation (for example, the automotive industry is confined to the European Center and the Volga region). Since the transportation of machines is usually carried out over long distances and in different directions, machine-building plants are located on large transport routes.
Some engineering enterprises focus on consumers of their products, since their products are difficult to transport due to their heavy weight and large dimensions. It is more profitable to produce them directly in the areas of consumption. For example, tractors for transporting timber are produced in Karelia (Petrozavodsk), combines for harvesting grain are produced in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog).
Depending on the characteristics of factors such as material intensity, labor intensity and energy intensity, heavy engineering, general engineering and medium engineering are distinguished.
Heavy engineering is a material-intensive industry with high metal consumption and relatively low labor intensity. Heavy engineering includes the production of metallurgical, mining, large-scale energy, lifting and transport equipment, heavy machine tools, large sea and river vessels, locomotives and cars. The location of heavy engineering primarily depends on the raw material base and areas of consumption.
For example, the production of metallurgical and mining equipment is located, as a rule, near metallurgical bases and in areas where finished products are consumed.
One of the most important branches of heavy engineering is the production of equipment for the metallurgical industry. The high metal intensity of the products of these industries and the complexity of transportation led to the location of these activities near the centers of development of metallurgy and consumption of these products (Ekaterinburg, Orsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur).
Large centers for the production of mining equipment have been created in Western Siberia (Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo). One of the largest factories for the production of heavy excavators, which are used in the development of lignite deposits in the Kansk-Achinsk basin, was built in Krasnoyarsk.
Production of equipment for the production of petroleum and gas industry developed in oil and gas producing regions: the Ural-Volga region, the Northern Caucasus, and Western Siberia.
Power engineering is represented by the production of powerful steam turbines and generators, hydraulic turbines and steam boilers. It is located mainly in large centers of developed mechanical engineering with the presence of highly qualified personnel. The largest centers for the production of turbines for hydroelectric power plants are St. Petersburg and Taganrog (the Krasny Kotelshchik plant, which produces half of all steam boilers in the country).
High-performance boilers are produced in Podolsk and Belgorod. St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg specialize in the production of gas turbines. The development of nuclear energy determined the production of equipment for nuclear power plant. Nuclear reactors are produced in St. Petersburg; a major center of nuclear power engineering was formed in Volgodonsk.
Enterprises producing heavy machine tools and forging equipment operate in Kolomna, Voronezh, and Novosibirsk.
The main centers of marine shipbuilding have formed on the coasts of the Baltic Sea (St. Petersburg, Vyborg), which specialize in the production of passenger, cargo-passenger, and nuclear-powered icebreakers. The main shipbuilding center on the White Sea is Arkhangelsk, and on the Barents Sea it is Murmansk. Timber trucks are produced in these centers.
River shipbuilding is represented by shipyards on the largest river highways: the Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Amur. One of the largest shipbuilding centers is Nizhny Novgorod, where Krasnoe Sormovo JSC produces vessels of various classes: modern passenger liners, river-sea motor ships, etc. River vessels are manufactured in Volgograd, Tyumen, Tobolsk, Blagoveshchensk.
Railway engineering is located in Kolomna, Novocherkassk (North Caucasus region), Murom (Nizhny Novgorod region), Medunov (Kaluga region), Demidovo.
Car manufacturing (wood raw materials are also needed for the production of cars) is developing in Nizhny Tagil, Kaliningrad, Novoaltaisk, Bryansk, Tver, Mytishchi, and the Abakan Carriage Works (Khakassia).
general mechanical engineering. Includes a group of industries characterized by average consumption rates of metal, energy, and low labor intensity. General engineering enterprises produce technological, pulp and paper, construction, light and food industries. As a rule, enterprises in these industries are located in areas where products are consumed. However, factors such as the availability of qualified personnel and the proximity of the raw material base are also taken into account. Enterprises of this group are located throughout Russia.
Medium mechanical engineering unites enterprises with low metal consumption, but high labor and energy intensity. This industry includes instrument making, production of computer technology, electrical industry. It is located where qualified personnel are available. Includes a group of machine-building enterprises distinguished by their narrow specialization and broad connections in cooperative supplies: automobile manufacturing, aircraft manufacturing, machine tool manufacturing (production of small and medium-sized metal-cutting machines), manufacturing technological equipment for the food, light and printing industries.
One of the main branches of medium-sized engineering is the automotive industry, where specialization is most pronounced and extensive cooperation ties can be traced. Automotive industry enterprises have been built in many regions of Russia. Medium-duty trucks (3-6 tons) are produced by the Moscow (ZIL) and Nizhny Novgorod plants, and light-duty trucks are produced by the Ulyanovsk plant (UAZ).
A center for the production of heavy-duty KAMAZ vehicles was created in Tatarstan (Naberezhnye Chelny).
High-class passenger cars are produced in Moscow, middle class ones - in Nizhny Novgorod; small cars - in Moscow, Togliatti, Izhevsk; minicars - in Serpukhov. A wide network of bus factories has been created (Likino, Pavlovo, Kurgan).
The automotive industry also includes the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, etc.
The location of machine tool manufacturing enterprises is mainly influenced by the industry’s supply of qualified labor resources, engineering and technical personnel. The machine tool industry has developed greatly in many regions. Along with the old, established areas of machine tool building (Center, Moscow and North-West (St. Petersburg)), machine tool building developed in the Volga and Ural regions.
Instrumentation products are characterized by low material and energy consumption, but their production requires highly qualified labor and research personnel. Therefore, about 80% of commercial output is concentrated in the European part of Russia, in major cities(in Moscow and the Moscow region, in St. Petersburg).
The main centers of the aviation industry are located in Moscow, Smolensk, Taganrog, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Rostov-on-Don, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Ulan-Ude.
The main enterprises of the rocket and space industry are, first of all, NPO Energia named after. S.P. Korolev (Korolev, Moscow region) and the State Research and Production Center named after. N.V. Khrunichev in Moscow. In a number of cities in the country - Samara, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk - there are their branches.
Metallurgical complex are a set of industries that produce a variety of metals.
For the placement of metallurgical enterprises greatest influence provide:
It is most profitable to create metallurgical enterprises near raw materials (Ural, Norilsk) or energy bases (Kuzbass, Eastern Siberia), and sometimes between them (Cherepovets). When locating a metallurgical enterprise, the availability of water, transport routes, and the need for environmental protection are also taken into account. Non-ferrous metal ores differ from iron ores in lower metal content. Transporting them over long distances is unprofitable. Therefore, processing enterprises must be created in areas where such ores are mined. Based on their characteristics, non-ferrous metals are divided into several groups:
- heavy (copper, tin, lead, nickel);
- light (aluminium, titanium, magnesium);
- precious (gold, silver, platinum).
Geography of production various groups metals are not the same. The production of heavy metals, due to the low metal content in ores, is confined to the areas where they are mined. The most important factor in the location of light metal enterprises is their concentration near sources of cheap electricity. Metallurgical enterprises are located unevenly throughout the country, but in “clumps”, called the main metallurgical bases.
Main metallurgical base- a group of metallurgical enterprises that use common ore or fuel resources to meet the needs of the country's economy in metal.
There are three main metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia: Ural, Central and Siberian.
The Ural metallurgical base is a leader in the production of ferrous metals. Rich deposits have already been developed. The largest iron ore deposit in the Urals is Kachkanarskoye. The Urals do not have enough of their own ore and 2/3 of it is imported from Kazakhstan, the Kola Peninsula and the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA). There is also virtually no coking coal in the Urals. It is being brought from Kuzbass. The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy in the Urals are Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk and Novotroitsk. Ural base It is distinguished by a wide variety of non-ferrous metallurgy industries. It has significant reserves of copper (Gai), aluminum (Severouralsk), nickel ores (Orenburg region), gold, and platinum. But more than 1/3 of non-ferrous metal ores are imported to the Urals. There is also a shortage of electricity here. Several copper production plants have been built in the Urals (Mednogorsk), aluminum is smelted (Kamensk-Uralsky), and nickel (Orsk).
The Central Metallurgical Base contains the bulk of the country's iron ore reserves. Almost all ore is concentrated within one of the world's largest deposits - KMA. Iron ore is also mined on the Kola Peninsula and in Karelia (Kostomuksha). The production of local coking coals (Pechora basin) does not cover the demand for them. Large centers of ferrous metallurgy are Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Stary Oskol. In the north-west of the Central Base, in the Kola-Karelian region, nickel is produced from local and Norilsk ores (Monchegorsk). Aluminum ores are mined in the Khibiny Mountains. Aluminum metal is smelted in Volkhov and Kandalaksha.
The Siberian metallurgical base is emerging. It is developing on Kuznetsk coal and iron ore deposits of the Angara region and Gornaya Shoria. They are used by two metallurgical enterprises in Novokuznetsk. According to the specialization features of non-ferrous metallurgy, two regions are distinguished: northern and southern. The south of Siberia is the largest aluminum producer. Large aluminum smelters operate in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, and Shelekhov. Norilsk copper-nickel ore deposits are being developed in the North Siberian region. Some of them are processed on site, the rest - at enterprises on the Kola Peninsula and Krasnoyarsk.
Ferrous metallurgy is a huge industry, which is a combination of various industries for the extraction of raw materials, smelting of steel, cast iron and production of rolled products. It is ferrous metallurgy that serves as the basis for the development of construction and mechanical engineering. Manganese, ores of alloying metals, iron ores, coking coals are the raw materials for the production of ferrous metal.
Ferrous metallurgy is of three types:
1. Metallurgy full cycle(characterized by the presence of literally all stages of production in a single enterprise).
2. Particle metallurgy (a type of production in which one of the stages is separated into a separate production or is associated with the processing of scrap metal).
3. Small metallurgy (these are metallurgical workshops as part of large machine-building complexes).
Let us note that the geographical location of enterprises depends on the type of metallurgy. Thus, small metallurgy is located in the centers of large machine-building bases.
Particle metallurgy, as a rule, is associated with the processing of scrap metal, therefore, enterprises of this metallurgy are located either in areas where ferrous metallurgy is concentrated or in areas of large machine-building bases, where residues remain in the production process a large number of scrap metal
Ferroalloy production is the improvement of the quality of iron products by adding alloying metals to give these products the necessary properties. The production of ferroalloys is material and energy intensive, so it is optimal to locate enterprises in areas where inexpensive energy is combined with alloying metal resources.
Full cycle metallurgy is fuel and material intensive (fuel and raw materials account for 90% of production costs). Therefore, it is rational to locate full-cycle enterprises in areas of inexpensive fuel or accessible raw materials.
Black coking coal is a fuel for metallurgy. The main fuel bases for ferrous metallurgy are located:
In the Pechora basin (Northern region).
In Kuzbass (Western Siberia).
In the city of Shakhty (North Caucasus).
In the South Yakut basin (Far East).
In the Karaganda basin (Kazakhstan).
In Donbass (Ukraine).
In Tkvarcheli and Tkibuli (Georgia).
Iron ores are raw materials for ferrous metallurgy. The main deposits in the CIS are:
The Tagilo-Kushvinskaya group of fields in the Sverdlovsk region, the Bakalskaya group in the Chelyabinsk region, the Orsko-Khalilovskaya group in the Orenburg region (Ural).
Abakanskoye, Teyskoye, Irbinskoye (Eastern Siberia).
Mountain Shoria (Western Siberia).
Kerch, Priazovskoe, Krivorzhovskoe (Ukraine).
Dashkesan (Armenia).
Sokolovo-Sarbaiskoye and Lisakovskoye fields (Kazakhstan).
Garinskoye, Aldanskoye (Far East).
Olenegorskoye, Kovdorskoye, Kostomukshaskoye (Northern region).
The Ural Metallurgical Base is the first base in the Russian Federation. In the Urals, there are two main principles for locating metallurgical enterprises.
The first principle is in fuel areas. Since there was never coal in the Urals, forest resources, namely charcoal, were mainly used as fuel. Chusovoy, Alapaevsk, Nevyansk, Nizhny Tagil became the first centers of metallurgy in the Urals. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. The first metallurgical plants were created, and to this day these centers have retained metallurgical specialization.
The second principle is the location of enterprises in raw material areas. With development in the 30s. In the 20th century, Magnitnaya Mountains began to actively locate enterprises in this industry near iron ore deposits. The construction of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, the largest in Europe, dates back to this period.
Let us note that it is the metallurgy of the Urals that stands out for its high share in the smelting of steel, cast iron and the production of rolled products. Full cycle metallurgy includes the following plants: Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Orsko-Khalilovsky in Novotroitsk (Orenburg region). The largest ferroalloy centers in Russia are located in the Urals (Chelyabinsk, Serov), as well as pipe rolling production centers (Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk). The plants of Asha, Zlatoust, Satka (all Chelyabinsk region), Alapaevsk, Chusovoy, Revda, Yekaterinburg (all Sverdlovsk region) belong to pigment metallurgy. Small metallurgy is well developed in the largest machine-building centers of the Sverdlovsk, Perm and Chelyabinsk regions. The metallurgical base of the Urals also has its own problems: lack of fuel and a large depletion of the raw material base. Basically, ores are imported here from the Sokolvo-Sarbaiskoye deposit and from the KMA, but coal comes from Karaganda and Kuzbass.
The Central Metallurgical Base is considered the second largest metallurgical base in Russia. It is located on the territory of the Central Black Earth and Central economic regions. Here, the development of metallurgy is justified by the unique KMA iron ore deposit (approximate reserves of 16.7 billion tons). Metallurgy of the Center of the Russian Federation specializes in the extraction of iron ores and their enrichment. Full-cycle enterprises include two large plants: Novooskolsky and Lipetsk. It should be noted that the Novooskol plant was built under a German license; this technology consists of direct reduction of iron without the use of blast furnace processing. Conversion plants are located in Elektrostal, Moscow, Orel, and Tula. The central metallurgical base also has its own problems, the main one being the lack of fuel. Coal has to be imported from Kuzbass, Vorkuta, and Donbass.
The third metallurgical base of our country is the West Siberian base. Here, the development of metallurgy is facilitated by the availability of raw materials (iron ores of Gornaya Shoria) and fuel (Kuzbass) near the Trans-Siberian Railway. On the other hand, the remoteness of the base from the main consumers in the Central European regions complicates its development. That is why the lower levels of the industry, which are provided by the mining and export of coal, dominate here. The Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant belongs to full-cycle metallurgy. Novosibirsk is the center of pigment metallurgy. Ferroalloys are produced in Novokuznetsk.
Cherepovets is the largest metallurgical center in the country. The uniqueness of the Cherepovets full-cycle plant lies in the fact that it is located at the intersection of the fuel base (Pechersk coal basin) and the raw material base (iron ores of the Kola Peninsula). The main task of the plant is to provide metal to the machine-building bases of the Central and North-Western economic regions.
Among the CIS countries, the largest metallurgical base is the Southern Metallurgical Base of Ukraine. The basis for its development is the Donbass coal, as well as the iron ore deposits of Kerch and Krivoy Rog. The southern metallurgical base is characterized by a high level of development of the upper levels of the industry. Full-cycle metallurgy includes the plants of Dnepropetrovsk, Makeevka, Donetsk and Stakhanov. But for pig metallurgy the centers are Kramatorsk, Zaporozhye and Gorlovka.
Kazakhstan is also home to several large metallurgical industries, their development is due to the presence of its own fuel and raw material bases (Karaganda basin, Sokolovo-Sarbaiskoye, Ayatskoye, Lisakovskoye deposits). The metallurgical base of Kazakhstan is characterized by a large share of the lower levels of the industry; the extracted raw materials are sent mainly to the Urals. The Temirtau plant belongs to full-cycle metallurgy. Large centers for ferroalloy production are located in Temirtau, Aktobe, Pavlodar.
Metallurgical production in Georgia developed on the basis of the Tkvarcheli and Tkibuli coal deposits. Metal plants receive iron ore from Dashkesan. In the city of Rustavi there is a full-cycle metallurgical plant. A large center of ferroalloy production has developed in Zestafoni.
Russia is the largest producer and consumer of commercial iron ores.
Ferrous metallurgy has the following features of its raw material base:
Relatively high content of useful components in raw materials (from 17 in siderite ores to 53-55% in magnetite iron ores);
Diversity of raw materials in terms of species, which makes it possible to use various technologies and obtain metal with a wide variety of properties;
Various mining conditions (both mine and open pit, which account for up to 80% of all raw materials mined in ferrous metallurgy);
Use of ores with complex composition. Balance reserves of iron ore in Russia amount to 56 billion tons.
The location of deposits in the territory is relatively local.
The balance reserves of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) are about 31.9 billion tons. The thickness of the deposits in the north and center of the KMA is 40-60 m, in the south - 300-350 m. Rich ores lie at considerable depth. The average iron content in ferruginous quartzites is 32%. The main deposits are: Lebedinsky, Stoilenskoye, Mikhailovskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc. Mining is carried out by open-pit mining. Mine mining is carried out at the mine named after. I.M. Gubkina.
The Ural deposits contain balance reserves of 9.3 billion tons. The previously known rich deposits in the Urals (Magnitogorsk, Goroblagodatskoe and others with an iron content of over 50%) are practically depleted, and in their place there are quarries filled with dumps. The development of deposits continues in the region, where ores with an iron content of 17 to 30% are mined. The deposits are represented by the Kachkanar group in the Sverdlovsk region, the Bakal group in the Chelyabinsk region and the Orsko-Khalilovsk group in the Orenburg region.
The volume of balance reserves of iron ore in Siberian deposits is about 7.1 billion tons. In Western Siberia there are deposits of Gornaya Shoria (southern part of the Kemerovo region) Temirtau, Tashtagol (ores with an average iron content of 26-48%); deposits of the Altai Mountains (Altai Territory), including Insko-Beloretskoye. In Eastern Siberia there is the Angara-Ilimsky iron ore basin with large deposits of Korshunovsky and Rudnogorsky (iron in ore - 34-43%), as well as the Angara-Pitsky basin with the Nizhneangarsky, Ishimbinsky, Udorongovsky deposits (iron content - 40%).
The Far Eastern deposits are in penultimate place in terms of balance reserves and contain 4.5 billion tons. The iron content in Far Eastern ores ranges from 30 to 65%. Open pit mining is possible. The largest deposits include Gariiskoye in the Amur Region, Kimkanskoye in the Jewish Autonomous Region, and Taeznoye in South Yakutia.
The Kola-Karelian deposits are in last place in terms of the volume of balance reserves, there are 2.8 billion tons of them. The ores of the Kola-Karelian deposits contain about 33% iron. Complex ores include manganese, chromium, and aluminum. The ore occurrence is shallow. The main deposits are Kostomuksha in Karelia. Kovdorskoye and Olenegorskoye in the Murmansk region.
The Ural metallurgical base is the largest in Russia. It is the oldest in Russia. The Urals use imported Kuznetsk coal. Our own iron ore base is depleted, so a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye deposit), from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia. The development of its own iron ore base is associated with the development of the Kachkanar titanomagnetite deposit (Sverdlovsk region) and the Bakal siderite deposit (Chelyabinsk region), which account for more than half of the region’s iron ore reserves. The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy have formed in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc. Currently, 2/3 of iron and steel smelting occurs in the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. The metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high level of concentration of production.
The main enterprises of the Ural metallurgical base include:
Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works LLC (ML[K), Chelyabinsk Iron and Steel Works (Mechel Steel Group company), Chusovsky Metallurgical Plant (ChMZ), Gubakhinsky Coke and Chemical Plant (Gubakhinsky Coke).
The Central Metallurgical Base is an area of intensive development of ferrous metallurgy, where the largest reserves of iron ore are concentrated. The development of ferrous metallurgy is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the KMA, as well as metallurgical scrap and imported coking coals (Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk). The intensive development of metallurgy in the Center is associated with the relatively cheap extraction of iron ore (almost all ore is mined by open-pit mining).
The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the full metallurgical cycle: OJSC Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (NLMK) in Lipetsk and the Novotulsky plant in Tula, the Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant in Lipetsk, Elektrostal near Moscow (high-quality metallurgy). Small metallurgy has been developed at large machine-building enterprises. The Kola Electrometallurgical Plant for the direct reduction of iron (OJSC OEMK) operates in the Belgorod region.
The zone of influence and territorial ties of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia. Large enterprises here are the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant in the Vologda Region, the Olenegorsk and Kovdor Mining and Processing Plants in the Murmansk Region, and the Kostomuksha Mining and Processing Plant (now JSC Karelsky Okatysh in Karelia.
The metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. Siberia and the Far East account for 21% of all-Russian ore reserves, approximately 1/5 of the country's cast iron and finished rolled products, and 15% of steel. The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia, the Angara-Ilimsk iron ore basin, and the fuel base of the Kuznetsk coal basin. Modern production is represented by two large ferrous metallurgy enterprises: the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (KMK OJSC) and the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (ZSMK). Pipe metallurgy has developed, represented by several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk (JSC Krasnoyarsk Iron and Steel Works Sibelektrostal), Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur). The mining industry is carried out by several mining and processing enterprises located in Kuzbass, Mountain Shoria, Khakassia (Western Siberia) and Eastern Siberia.
As a result of integration processes in the Russian market, metallurgical companies (associations, holdings, etc.) are formed, which include enterprises located within various metallurgical bases. These include Evrazholdiig, Pipe Metallurgical Company. United Metallurgical Company, OJSC Metallurgical Holding, which unites the Severstal Group company, Metalloinvest holding.
On the Russian ferrous metals market, 90% of production belongs to the largest metallurgical enterprises mentioned above. Russia has the world's largest proven reserves of iron ore (16.9% of the world).
EG mechanical engineering of the Russian Federation
Mechanical engineering accounts for more than 1/3 of the production volume of commercial products of Russian industry, about 2/5 of industrial production personnel and almost 1/4 of fixed industrial production assets.
The range of products of the Russian mechanical engineering industry is very diverse, which causes deep differentiation of its industries and significantly influences the location of production of certain types of products.
In Russia, mechanical engineering is one of the most widespread industries in territorial terms. However, in some areas it has a core significance, while in others its functions are limited mainly to meeting internal needs.
Among the factors influencing the location of mechanical engineering, specialization and cooperation of production play a significant role.
Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography.
Science intensity. The production of the most progressive and complex equipment is concentrated in regions and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus, pilot plants in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. Orientation towards scientific potential is the leading factor in the placement of machine-building enterprises.
Labor intensity. It is determined by high costs and high qualifications of the labor used. The production of machines requires a very large amount of working time. Therefore, many branches of mechanical engineering gravitate to areas with high population concentrations. The development of new types of equipment requires not just human resources, but highly qualified workers and engineering personnel. High labor intensity is inherent in the machine tool industry (Moscow), the aviation industry (Kazan, Samara), and the production of instruments and electronic equipment (Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk).
Metal consumption. The machine-building complex consumes a significant portion of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants that produce metal-intensive products (metallurgical, energy, mining equipment) are guided by metallurgical bases. Large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals (Ekaterinburg).
Many branches of mechanical engineering are developing in areas with a favorable economic and geographical position for organizing cooperation (for example, the automotive industry is confined to the European Center and the Volga region). Since the transportation of machines is usually carried out over long distances and in different directions, machine-building plants are located on large transport routes.
Some engineering enterprises focus on consumers of their products, since their products are difficult to transport due to their heavy weight and large dimensions. It is more profitable to produce them directly in the areas of consumption. For example, tractors for transporting timber are produced in Karelia (Petrozavodsk), combines for harvesting grain are produced in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog).
Depending on the characteristics of factors such as material intensity, labor intensity and energy intensity, heavy engineering, general engineering and medium engineering are distinguished.
Heavy engineering is a material-intensive industry with high metal consumption and relatively low labor intensity. Heavy engineering includes the production of metallurgical, mining, large-scale energy, lifting and transport equipment, heavy machine tools, large sea and river vessels, locomotives and cars. The location of heavy engineering primarily depends on the raw material base and areas of consumption.
For example, the production of metallurgical and mining equipment is located, as a rule, near metallurgical bases and in areas where finished products are consumed.
One of the most important branches of heavy engineering is the production of equipment for the metallurgical industry. The high metal intensity of the products of these industries and the complexity of transportation led to the location of these activities near the centers of development of metallurgy and consumption of these products (Ekaterinburg, Orsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur).
Large centers for the production of mining equipment have been created in Western Siberia (Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo). One of the largest factories for the production of heavy excavators, which are used in the development of lignite deposits in the Kansk-Achinsk basin, was built in Krasnoyarsk.
The production of equipment for the oil and gas industry has developed in oil-producing and gas-producing regions: the Ural-Volga region, the North Caucasus, and Western Siberia.
Power engineering is represented by the production of powerful steam turbines and generators, hydraulic turbines and steam boilers. It is located mainly in large centers of developed mechanical engineering with the presence of highly qualified personnel. The largest centers for the production of turbines for hydroelectric power plants are St. Petersburg and Taganrog (the Krasny Kotelshchik plant, which produces half of all steam boilers in the country).
High-performance boilers are produced in Podolsk and Belgorod. St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg specialize in the production of gas turbines. The development of nuclear energy determined the production of equipment for nuclear power plants. Nuclear reactors are produced in St. Petersburg; a major center of nuclear power engineering was formed in Volgodonsk.
Enterprises producing heavy machine tools and forging equipment operate in Kolomna, Voronezh, and Novosibirsk.
The main centers of marine shipbuilding have formed on the coasts of the Baltic Sea (St. Petersburg, Vyborg), which specialize in the production of passenger, cargo-passenger, and nuclear-powered icebreakers. The main shipbuilding center on the White Sea is Arkhangelsk, and on the Barents Sea it is Murmansk. Timber trucks are produced in these centers.
River shipbuilding is represented by shipyards on the largest river highways: the Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Amur. One of the largest shipbuilding centers is Nizhny Novgorod, where Krasnoe Sormovo JSC produces vessels of various classes: modern passenger liners, river-sea motor ships, etc. River vessels are manufactured in Volgograd, Tyumen, Tobolsk, Blagoveshchensk.
Railway engineering is located in Kolomna, Novocherkassk (North Caucasus region), Murom (Nizhny Novgorod region), Medunov (Kaluga region), Demidovo.
Car manufacturing (wood raw materials are also needed for the production of cars) is developing in Nizhny Tagil, Kaliningrad, Novoaltaisk, Bryansk, Tver, Mytishchi, and the Abakan Carriage Works (Khakassia).
general mechanical engineering. Includes a group of industries characterized by average consumption rates of metal, energy, and low labor intensity. General engineering enterprises produce technological, pulp and paper, construction, light and food industries. As a rule, enterprises in these industries are located in areas where products are consumed. However, factors such as the availability of qualified personnel and the proximity of the raw material base are also taken into account. Enterprises of this group are located throughout Russia.
Medium mechanical engineering unites enterprises with low metal consumption, but high labor and energy intensity. This industry includes instrument making, production of computer equipment, and electrical engineering. It is located where qualified personnel are available. Includes a group of machine-building enterprises distinguished by their narrow specialization and broad connections for cooperative supplies: automobile manufacturing, aircraft manufacturing, machine tool manufacturing (production of small and medium-sized metal-cutting machines), production of technological equipment for the food, light and printing industries.
One of the main branches of medium-sized engineering is the automotive industry, where specialization is most pronounced and extensive cooperation ties can be traced. Automotive industry enterprises have been built in many regions of Russia. Medium-duty trucks (3-6 tons) are produced by the Moscow (ZIL) and Nizhny Novgorod plants, and light-duty trucks are produced by the Ulyanovsk plant (UAZ).
A center for the production of heavy-duty KAMAZ vehicles was created in Tatarstan (Naberezhnye Chelny).
High-class passenger cars are produced in Moscow, middle class ones - in Nizhny Novgorod; small cars - in Moscow, Togliatti, Izhevsk; minicars - in Serpukhov. A wide network of bus factories has been created (Likino, Pavlovo, Kurgan).
The automotive industry also includes the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, etc.
The location of machine tool manufacturing enterprises is mainly influenced by the industry’s supply of qualified labor resources, engineering and technical personnel. The machine tool industry has developed greatly in many regions. Along with the old, established areas of machine tool building (Center, Moscow and North-West (St. Petersburg)), machine tool building developed in the Volga and Ural regions.
Instrumentation products are characterized by low material and energy consumption, but their production requires highly qualified labor and research personnel. Therefore, about 80% of commercial output is concentrated in the European part of Russia, in large cities (Moscow and the Moscow region, St. Petersburg).
The main centers of the aviation industry are located in Moscow, Smolensk, Taganrog, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Rostov-on-Don, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Ulan-Ude.
The main enterprises of the rocket and space industry are, first of all, NPO Energia named after. S.P. Korolev (Korolev, Moscow region) and the State Research and Production Center named after. N.V. Khrunichev in Moscow. In a number of cities in the country - Samara, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk - there are their branches.
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Ural.
Ferrous metallurgy. It is based on its iron ore resources; there is not enough coal - it is brought from the Kuznetsk basin. The metal is used at the largest enterprises in the Urals (they produce tanks, tractors, agricultural machinery, equipment for resource extraction) and is supplied to the central regions of the country (the European part). centers: Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Asha, Chusovoy, Serov, Nizhny Tagil, Kyshtym.
Non-ferrous metallurgy.
Copper ore smelting (Karabash, Kamensk-Uralsk, Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Kirovograd, Revda, Krasnouralsk), aluminum smelting (Krasnoturinsk, Yekaterinburg), nickel - Orsk, lead, zinc - Chelyabinsk. Color metallurgy is based on its resources. The smelted metals are used at local machine-building enterprises.
European Center. Ferrous metallurgy is mainly of the conversion type (scrap metal is smelted in Elektrostal, Vyksa, Moscow, Orel), full-cycle, the largest plants in Tula, Stary Oskol, Lipetsk work on imported raw materials - coal from Siberia, Donbass, the Komi Republic; iron ores are brought from the Kursk magnetic anomaly (our own).
Non-ferrous metallurgy - copper ores are smelted in Moscow.
All products of metallurgical enterprises are used in the central regions for the manufacture of machine-building complex products (combines, cars, buses, wagons, railway electric locomotives, diesel locomotives, trolleybuses, river and sea vessels, etc.)
European North. Ferrous metallurgy in Cherepovets is one of the largest Russian iron smelting enterprises, working on imported raw materials.
The metal is sent to the central regions, to the European North and to St. Petersburg for mechanical engineering and marine shipbuilding. Particle metallurgy in St. Petersburg.
Non-ferrous metallurgy operates on its own raw materials. Aluminum is smelted in Nadvoitsy, Kandalaksha, Volkhov, Boksitogorsk; copper - Veliky Novgorod, Monchegorsk, nickel - Mochegorsk. Melted ores are sent to machine-building plants in the central and southern regions of Russia.
Siberia.
Ferrous metallurgy - Belovo. Non-ferrous metallurgy. Specializing in the smelting of aluminum ores - Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Achinsk, Belovo, Shelekhov - use their own resources and cheap energy from hydroelectric power stations. Lead and zinc are smelted in Novokuznetsk, copper and nickel in Norilsk. All enterprises use local raw materials; smelted metals are exported to enterprises in the Urals and central regions.
Far East - a metallurgical base is being formed. This area mainly contains mining and processing plants. Mined: tin, lead, zinc, gold. Lead and zinc are smelted in Dalnegorsk, and iron ore is smelted in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Products are exported to China, Japan, South Korea and the European part of Russia.