Conservation of documents- ensuring the safety of documents through storage, stabilization, restoration and copy making.
Creation and maintenance of a standard storage regime
The document storage mode ensures the maintenance of standard parameters of light, temperature, humidity and sanitary conditions.
In accordance with GOST 7.50-2002 “SIBID. Conservation of documents. General requirements” documents are stored in the dark or under diffused light. Do not expose documents to direct sunlight. The level of illumination on the surface of documents during storage should be no more than 75 lux, when exposed at the time of inspection - no more than 150 lux. In the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, control over the light regime of storage is carried out using a special device “TKA-Khanitel”.
In document storage rooms, it is necessary to constantly maintain an air temperature of 18 ± 2 ° C, a relative humidity of 55% ± 5%.
In order to ensure control over the storage regime of library collections in the library fund-holding departments, the conservation sector monitors the temperature and humidity conditions of document storage. As part of the implementation of activities under the project "Development of a regional center for the preservation of library collections on the basis of the National Library of the Komi Republic", temperature and humidity loggers were purchased.
The readings are automatically accumulated in the instrument’s memory and, if necessary, can be displayed on a computer in graphical form or in the form of statistical tables. Conducted on a computer comparative analysis data on changes in indicators, allows you to monitor temperature and humidity conditions and, if necessary, take measures to create conditions for storing documents in accordance with GOST.
In addition, it is very important to control the temperature and humidity inside books, newspapers, and magazines. This becomes especially relevant when emergency situations, damage to a large array of documents by water. The HygroPalm portable hand-held meter allows, in the process of examining document storage conditions, to identify publications with increased level humidity, which, in turn, prevents contamination of publications by mold microorganisms.
Along with monitoring the temperature and humidity conditions of storage, the conservation sector works to maintain the necessary sanitary and hygienic storage conditions and carries out mycological surveillance. Sector specialists inspect documents for damage by mold fungi. If necessary, documents are disinfected with a biocide.
Document stabilization
One of the most important factors influencing physical state books, is the acidity level of the paper. Both domestic and foreign scientists have repeatedly proven the negative impact of increased acidity of paper on its safety, and therefore the sector, if necessary, is working to determine the acidity level of paper of publications of national and local history literature, rare and valuable documents of the 19th-20th centuries. The acidity of paper is determined by a pH meter.
Documents with a high level of acidity undergo a stabilization procedure using the method of mass neutralization of paper acidity, which is carried out by the Federal Center for Conservation of Library Collections of the Russian National Library
Phase conservation- temporary storage of documents in containers made of paper-friendly material (acid-free cardboard). The purpose of phase conservation is to protect rare and especially valuable documents from mechanical damage and exposure to aggressive factors environment.
For the same purpose, the conservation sector works to select sheet materials that are in unsatisfactory physical condition and require additional measures to ensure safety. In order to prevent their further destruction, these documents undergo an encapsulation procedure (the documents are placed in a transparent polymer film). Encapsulation protects the document from dust, moisture, and reduces mechanical stress during operation.
The production of containers from acid-free cardboard and the encapsulation of sheet documents is carried out by
ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY COLLECTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
, Consultant of the Libraries Department of the Ministry of Culture Russian Federation
The importance of libraries for the economic, intellectual and spiritual progress of society is rated more and more highly every year.
The Russian Law “On Librarianship,” adopted in 1994, established that “the basis of state policy in the field of librarianship is the principle of creating conditions for universal accessibility of information and cultural property collected and made available for use by libraries.”
The Council of Europe, of which Russia is a member, constantly notes the extremely important role of libraries in modern stage. The draft recommendations on library legislation in Europe, prepared by the Council of Europe in 1999, emphasize that
· libraries are the main active and irreplaceable link both in the information chain and in the protection of cultural heritage,
They carry out the necessary external communications to disseminate knowledge in society,
· library heritage constitutes a major part of the cultural heritage of European states and, as such, is a key component of their identity.
In order to meet society's growing needs for information, it is necessary to preserve information and its media. In this regard, the problem of preserving library collections has ceased to be a private issue of librarianship and is becoming a problem of national importance, the solution of which largely determines the availability of necessary information, new ideas and knowledge to society.
At the UNESCO General Conference back in 1986, the “Directives for International Action for the Preservation of Library Materials” were adopted, which provide for the creation in each country of a national program for ensuring the preservation of library collections.
In Russia, since 1993, the Ministry of Culture has done a lot of work to study and analyze the state of the country's library collections. As a result, it was concluded that a crisis situation has developed in the field of preserving collections in libraries and that in order to overcome it it is necessary to develop a comprehensive long-term strategic program at the national level, which would become the basis of state policy in the field of preserving the country's library collections. Work began on the creation of the concept of the National Program for the Preservation of Library Collections of the Russian Federation, in which leading specialists from federal libraries and the Directorate for Libraries of the Ministry of Culture of Russia took part.
This important stage The work was completed in 1998 by the Board of the Ministry of Culture, which considered the issue “On the state policy of preserving library collections as part of the cultural heritage and information resource of the country.” A package of documents was prepared for the meeting, among which the main one was the Concept of the National Program for the Preservation of Library Collections. The Board approved the ways proposed for its consideration to formulate state policy in the field of preserving library collections and approved the Concept of the National Program.
In accordance with the decision of the Board on the basis of the Fundamentals of Legislation on Culture, the Federal Law “On Librarianship”, the Federal Law “On Information, Informatization and Information Protection”, as well as the “Directives for International Action for the Preservation of Library Materials” (UNESCO, Vienna 1986) , UNESCO Memory of the World Program (1992), IFLA Preservation and Conservation Program (1986), based on the Concept approved by the Board, leading experts of the country developed a draft National Program for the Preservation of Library Collections of the Russian Federation. In April 2000, the draft National Program was approved by the All-Russian meeting of heads of federal and central scientific libraries of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the topic “State policy in the field of preservation of library collections”, held in St. Petersburg, in July - by the Interdepartmental Expert Council on the problems of preserving library collections under the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.
On July 26, 2000, the project was discussed and approved by the Board of the Ministry of Culture, where the issue “On the National Program for the Preservation of Library Collections of the Russian Federation” was considered. Then the Program as a component Federal program"Culture of the Years" was approved by order of the Minister of Culture No. 000 dated January 1, 2001.
The overall coordination of the Program is carried out by the Ministry of Culture and the Russian Library Association.
The program plans to gradually cover the entire library network of the country. The federal libraries of the Ministry of Culture, as scientific, methodological and coordination centers, organize the implementation of the Program and provide its legal, scientific and methodological basis.
The interdepartmental level of the Program is provided by the Interdepartmental Expert Council on the problems of preserving library collections, created under the Ministry of Culture.
It included representatives delegated by ministries and departments, leading specialists from major libraries, museums, and other institutions with library collections.
To implement the Program, like any other major project, it is necessary to create certain conditions, the most important of which are the availability of an implementation mechanism and project financing.
Even in the process of preparing the concept, the developers solved the problem of forming a mechanism for implementing the Program.
Such a task as preparing a comprehensive program of this level, much less its implementation, would be beyond the power of even the largest library. An important organizational find was the creation, as a mechanism for the development and implementation of the Program, of a system of scientific, methodological and coordination centers that are responsible for each of the 7 subprograms that make up the National Program, namely:
· « Conservation of library collections» - for this subprogram the base is the Federal Center for Conservation of Library Collections of the National Library of Russia;
* « Preservation of information and creation of an Insurance Library Fund" - the scientific, methodological and coordinating center of this subprogram is the VGBIL;
* “Book monuments of the Russian Federation”- RSL;
* “Security of libraries and library collections”- Center for the Safety of Cultural Heritage of the State Research Institute for Restoration;
· “Preservation of library collections during use”- GPIB of Russia;
· “Accounting for library collections”- RSL;
· "Staffing of the program"- APRICT.
Practice has shown the need to organize such coordinating scientific and methodological centers, which constitute the management horizontal of the National Program. Already in the process of developing the Program, the centers proved their viability, readiness to organize further work on the implementation of the Program, and the justification of the principle of distributed responsibility.
Funding for large programs, especially those of national importance, cannot and should not come from a single source. No budget can handle this task on its own.
Therefore, the financing of the Program is comprehensive, consisting of the Federal budget of various departments that have libraries under their jurisdiction, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation, and extra-budgetary sources.
The budget of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, as the leading department responsible for the formation and implementation of state cultural policy, including library policy, will finance general scientific and methodological developments, the creation of a system of regulatory documents, the development of infrastructure for interlibrary, interdepartmental and international interaction, etc. The Ministry of Culture provides targeted financial support for projects of federal significance, carried out both by libraries of the Russian Ministry of Culture system and by institutions of other departmental subordination, as well as large regional projects, such as the creation of regional and inter regional centers preservation of library collections, training and retraining of personnel, analysis of the state of collections, etc.
Federal budget funds for the implementation of projects of the National Program for the Preservation of Library Collections are distributed within the framework of the Federal Program “Culture of Russia.” as a result of competitive selection of projects. In 2001, more than 150 applications were submitted for participation in the competition of projects aimed at implementing the National Program. Of these, 56 projects were selected for financing, a significant part of which have already been financed.
Currently, the problem of preserving library collections has taken its rightful place in the structure of state cultural policy in the field of librarianship, in the system of its priorities.
The national program received support from the Government of the Russian Federation. The Minister of Culture addressed the Government with a request “in order to effectively implement state policy in the field of preserving library collections, increasing the efficiency of work to ensure the safety and accessibility of national library collections
· to instruct federal ministries and departments to annually, when planning budgets, provide targeted allocations for the implementation of the National Program for the Preservation of Library Collections of the Russian Federation in the network of libraries under their jurisdiction,
· recommend that the Administrations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation provide shared targeted funding for work within the framework of the National Program for the Preservation of Library Collections, and also accept the Program as the basis for the development of corresponding regional programs.”
In response to this appeal, she instructed the federal executive authorities and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to “consider the proposals of the Russian Ministry of Culture for the preservation of library collections and take the necessary measures” (VM-P8-32365 dated 01.01.2001).
In a number of regions and departments, certain measures are already being taken.
Since the beginning of 2001, Russian libraries began the third, most serious and difficult stage - the implementation of the National Program for the Preservation of Library Collections of the Russian Federation.
One of the first stages in the implementation of the National Program in all its areas is the creation of a regulatory and methodological framework. The implementation of the Program is possible only on the basis of uniform legal norms and scientific and methodological approaches. To do this, first of all, it is necessary to improve legal and methodological documents related to the field of preserving library collections: developing new ones and modernizing existing ones, bringing them into a single system.
Currently, a number of new regulatory documents are being prepared that will significantly strengthen and develop the regulatory framework of the National Program and the entire field of preserving library collections.
· “Conservation of library collections”: the new GOST 7.50 “SIBID. Conservation of documents. General requirements" and GOST 7.48 "SIBID. Conservation of documents. Basic terms and definitions”, as well as a Collection of scientific and methodological documents “Organization of an interregional center for the conservation of library collections in a library”, prepared by the Federal Center for the Conservation of Library Collections of the National Library of Russia;
· “Preservation of information and creation of an Insurance Library Fund”: GOST “Procedure for creating an Insurance Fund for documentation that is national scientific, cultural and historical heritage", the leading organization is Rosarkhiv. The draft “Regulations on the Russian Insurance Fund of Library Documents”, prepared by the scientific, methodological and coordinating center of this subprogram - VGBIL, is being approved;
· “Book monuments of the Russian Federation”: is undergoing the final stages of approval of the “Regulations on book monuments of the Russian Federation”, developed by RSL specialists as the basis for the implementation of state policy in the field of work with book monuments;
· “Security of libraries and library collections”: The Center for the Safety of Cultural Heritage of the State Research Institute for Restoration continues to develop regulatory and scientific-methodological documents;
· “Accounting for library collections”: is undergoing the final stages of approval of the “Regulations on the sale of books excluded from library collections,” prepared by RSL specialists.
In addition to the development of a regulatory framework for the preservation of library collections, a lot of work is currently being carried out to survey the state of preservation of the collections Russian libraries, conducting training seminars, scientific and practical work on the development and implementation of new technologies within the framework of the subprogram “Conservation of Library Collections”.
Work has begun on the creation of library insurance funds; a number of projects in this area have been supported by the Federal Budget; work on the creation of a register of insurance microforms is coming to an end, within the framework of the subprogram “Preservation of information and creation of an insurance library fund.”
A lot of work is being done within the framework of the “Book Monuments of the Russian Federation” subprogram. Unfortunately, the coordinators of this subprogram were not able to come to the conference, so I will allow myself to dwell on it in more detail.
The purpose of the subprogram is to implement a unified policy in relation to book monuments stored in libraries, museums, archives, book chambers and other fund-holding institutions, to ensure their safety and use, state protection and legal protection.
A wide variety of institutions in the country, to one degree or another, work with book monuments. This work is mainly carried out in isolation, both vertically - federal, regional and local institutions, and horizontally - libraries, museums, archives, etc.
Currently, the task has been set to form a Unified Fund book monuments as a system of complementary collections of various institutions, where each collection performs the special task of providing the most complete representation of book monuments of the corresponding level: world and national, regional or local. The second global task is to organize a centralized state accounting of monuments in the Code of Book Monuments, which will become a distributed bank of bibliographic data about each monument as part of funds dispersed throughout the country.
The main approaches to working with book monuments are formulated in the “Regulations on book monuments of the Russian Federation”, prepared by specialists of the RSL. The federal scientific and coordination center for work with book monuments in Russia is the Research Department of Rare Books of the Russian State Library. The functions of regional scientific, methodological and coordination centers should be performed by the central libraries of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Conference “Book Collections of the Russian North: Problems of Study, Preservation and Use”, which was prepared and held by the Arkhangelsk Regional Scientific Library named after. , shows that this library is becoming one of such centers.
I am confident that this conference will be very productive and useful for all its participants and for our common work on the implementation of the National Program for the Preservation of Library Collections.
Scientific-methodological and coordination center - Federal Center for Conservation of Library Collections at the Russian National Library (FCKBF).
Head of the subprogram - S.A. Dobrusina, director of the Federal Center for Clinical Biological Funds at the Russian National Library.
Subroutine developers- S.A. Dobrusina(leader of the author’s group), director of the Federal Center for Clinical Biological Funds at the Russian National Library, Z.P. Dvoryashina, Director of the Center for the Conservation of Higher Documents educational institutions at the National Library of the Russian State University for the Humanities, G.A. Kislovskaya, deputy Director of VGBIL, Yu.P. Nyuksha, ch. OKD BAN consultant, N.I. Khakhaleva, deputy Director of the RSL, E.S. Chernina, senior researcher FCCBF under the Russian National Library, ON THE. Shcherbacheva, consultant of the Libraries Department of the Ministry of Culture of Russia.
Library collections of permanent and long-term storage represent a complex and heterogeneous array of documents published in different time, having different circulation, readership, demand, prerequisites for aging and damage and, accordingly, varying degrees safety.
The heterogeneity of documents makes it necessary for libraries to use different forms conservation - preventive, stabilizing treatments, restoration. Within each form, there are various methods and technological techniques used individually and in combination.
In world practice, priority is given to the form of conservation, which allows to maximize the safety of the largest possible number of documents with minimal intervention of the conservator in the structure of the document. This form is recognized as preventive (prophylactic) conservation as a set of actions in order to protect publications and manuscripts from external influences by ensuring regulatory conditions for storage and use, i.e. creating and maintaining favorable storage conditions (light, temperature and humidity, sanitary and hygienic) and the use of phase storage. In Russia, preventive conservation as a set of measures began to be dealt with only recently.
Currently, in Russian libraries there is a significant accumulation of dilapidated and damaged documents. Their volume continues to grow rapidly due to the critical state of storage facilities, lack of space and equipment, the lack of conservation services in most libraries, as well as insufficient awareness of library workers in matters of preservation of collections.
The unfavorable state of library collections is becoming widespread, which can only be countered by taking a set of the broadest measures, among which it is necessary to note the priority ones. Based on an analysis of the current situation, the following priority areas for conservation have been identified:
- creation and maintenance of a normative storage regime in existing libraries, in library buildings being reconstructed and under construction;
- introduction of phase preservation (phase storage as a form of temporary preservation);
- development of mass stabilization methods;
- development of mass restoration of documents.
1. Creation and maintenance of a normative storage regime in existing libraries, library buildings being reconstructed and under construction- the main component of preventive conservation, which represents a set of actions in order to protect publications and manuscripts from adverse external influences. The document storage regime is ensured by observing standard air temperature and humidity, lighting, and the sanitary and hygienic condition of the premises.
When reconstructing old and constructing new library buildings, the requirements of SNiP and GOST 7.50 "Conservation of documents. General requirements" must be strictly observed.
Libraries must be equipped with the necessary technical means environmental control and maintaining regulatory conditions for document storage.
2. Phase conservation. The introduction of phase preservation - temporary storage of documents in containers made of special materials approved for use - is another component of preventive preservation.
The purpose of phase preservation is to protect documents from mechanical damage and exposure to aggressive environmental factors for a certain period of time.
Documents are placed in boxes made of acid-free cardboard or other material that is harmless to the storage object. For the same purposes, encapsulation is used for sheet documents - enclosing the document in a transparent polymer inert film.
3. Development of methods for mass stabilization of documents - special treatment that slows down aging and prevents damage to documents. This is, first of all, neutralization of paper acidity, creation of an alkaline reserve, protection against biodamage with a prolonged effect. Mass stabilization is preferable as it is more productive and applicable to most documents of permanent and long-term storage.
In Russia, mass stabilization technologies are practically absent.
The development of forms of preventive conservation and mass stabilization will reduce the need for restoration of documents.
4. Development of mass restoration of documents. In domestic practice, the most widespread labor-intensive, low-productivity and expensive form of conservation is restoration. As a rule, the proportion of restored material, even in libraries with large restoration departments, is too small in relation to the entire body of damaged documents. That is why documents should be restored only by special decision of the custodian and conservator. The development of mass document restoration is aimed at increasing the productivity and efficiency of restoring dilapidated and damaged documents. The relevance of this area lies in the fact that the share of restored material, even in libraries with large restoration departments, is too small in relation to the entire array of damaged documents. Increasing the efficiency of technologies and productivity of mass restoration will lead to a reduction in the volume of documents requiring urgent restoration.
Since document restoration is the most labor-intensive and expensive process of document conservation, its development should be accompanied by the improvement of a comprehensive scientific examination of documents, taking into account the uniqueness, historical and cultural significance, reader demand, and physical condition of documents.
The development of preventive conservation and modernization in the field of stabilization and restoration is feasible only by strengthening existing ones and creating new ones. document conservation centers serving specific regions . The extreme limitation of the state's financial capabilities is one of the reasons behind the concentration of material and human resources in a few centers equipped with the necessary equipment.
Conservation centers carry out research, methodological, educational, and practical activities.
Scientific activity consists of conducting a comprehensive scientific examination and studying the processes of aging and damage to documents, developing and implementing new conservation methods, and effectively mastering equipment. Research activities should develop on the basis of coordination, which will make it possible to make fuller use of scientific personnel and instrumental base.
Methodical activity consists of conducting consultations, preparing publications and distributing methodological manuals. Currently, there is an urgent need for methodological assistance for further implementation state standards and other regulatory documents regulating the storage and use of funds.
Educational activities carried out by teaching the scientific foundations of conservation, giving lectures and conducting internships for conservators and library curators. The universities and libraries of Moscow and St. Petersburg have accumulated experience in scientific and practical work, which can be adapted to the specific needs of other libraries. In the future, the centers should develop a unified training program and determine service regions.
Practical activities includes the implementation of work on the conservation of documents in Russian libraries that do not have their own services.
The subprogram is designed for 10 years.
Purpose of the subroutine:
ensuring the safety of documents using conservation methods;
development and implementation of a unified approach to the conservation of documents of various types.
Subroutine tasks:
- creation of a system of interregional (regional) centers;
- ensuring the safety (conservation) of documents;
- development of a set of basic scientific and methodological documents on the organization and activities of interregional (regional) conservation centers;
- development of a regulatory framework for document conservation;
- organization and coordination of the activities of Russian libraries in the field of conservation;
- development and implementation of mass conservation technologies in the activities of interregional centers.
- providing access to stored original documents;
- expanding access to information contained in documents through recommended copying technologies (microfilming, photocopying, scanning);
- efficient use of financial resources, thanks to the cooperation of libraries and the development of mass conservation technologies.
The selection of objects and the determination of forms of conservation are carried out in strict accordance with the results of a comprehensive scientific examination and are based on four main criteria: uniqueness, historical and cultural significance of the document, its physical condition, demand.
- Uniqueness - a criterion that separates, first of all, manuscripts, rare books, and archival materials from the bulk of documents. Improved storage conditions are necessarily created for them and, if necessary, restoration and stabilization are provided. For a large volume of documents that are not unique, information regarding the other three criteria is important.
- Historical and cultural significance . The group of documents for priority conservation includes documents that have high historical and cultural significance. The vast majority of these are unique documents.
- Document status - a criterion characterizing the degree of change in the properties of materials under the influence of environmental factors. Documents with significant damage are subject to priority conservation.
- Frequency of use
. The order of preservation of documents according to the above criteria is adjusted according to the frequency and nature of use.
The increased demand for documents is the basis for their translation into non-traditional media; the life of the originals is extended through special processing.
To improve the selection of documents for priority conservation and determine the form of conservation, the following is necessary:
- computer software to create a database that allows you to obtain statistical and analytical information for each document or group of documents;
- personnel and logistics support modern technologies conservation;
- availability of instrumental base for physicochemical and biological research;
- availability of a system of comparative assessments labor intensity and cost of recommended technological processes.
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Preservation of collections as a library problem
1.1. Issues of ensuring the safety of funds in the works of domestic librarians 10
1.2. Experience in scientific, methodological and practical activities to ensure preservation in Russian libraries 34
Chapter 2. Current state preservation of library collections and ways to resolve the issue (using the example of academic libraries)
2.1. Analysis of the results of a survey of ensuring the safety of collections in the libraries of the system Russian Academy sciences: : : 60
2.2. Forms and methods of preventive conservation 79
Chapter 3. Technology for introducing phase conservation in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences
3.1. Development and main directions of the 101 program
3.2. Some results of the program 125
Conclusion 141
List of used literature 146
Applications 172
Introduction to the work
Society is always responsible to future generations for the preservation of world cultural heritage. This situation is especially relevant in our time, when, on the one hand, there is a deep understanding of the enduring value of the historical and cultural monuments that have reached us, and on the other hand, the danger of their destruction is increasing due to the constantly worsening major cities environmental situation, economic and political instability, cases of vandalism and careless attitude towards documents, as well as due to often simplified access to them.
Libraries, no matter what values they store, are designed to provide access to them and provide them to the user. Consequently, it is objectively necessary to perform contradictory functions: storing cultural and historical monuments and at the same time ensuring access to them for current and future generations. We must remember that libraries are institutions that bear direct material, professional and moral responsibility to future generations for preserving the achievements accumulated by humanity.
Documents stored in libraries are made mainly on paper and are gradually destroyed during storage and use. Natural aging, irregularities in storage conditions, carelessness of readers, emergencies caused by accidents and natural disasters are the main reasons for the loss of library monuments. Therefore, issues of ensuring their safety have become a separate branch of scientific research by librarians, biologists, chemists and other specialists.
It is no coincidence that issues of collection preservation are increasingly becoming the subject of special library research. Knowledge and experience in preserving and restoring the values of culture and art turn out to be very significant when society comes to understand the need to create effective means and methods for ensuring the preservation of cultural heritage for contemporaries and future generations.
In recent decades, priorities have been given to forms of preventive conservation that make it possible to maximize the safety of the largest possible number of documents with minimal interference in the structure of the documents themselves, and, accordingly, to achieve the most economical form of work. In Russia, preventive conservation as independent direction Activities in the field of ensuring the safety of library collections began to be carried out relatively recently.
If we turn to the history of studying the problem, then research into the benefits of preventive measures in ensuring safety has been only sporadic. One of the first domestic librarians who included in their scientific interests the study of the implementation of preventive measures in ensuring preservation were L.B. Khavkina and Yu.V. Grigoriev. The problems of the effectiveness of preventive measures in their studies were also touched upon by such scientists as A.M.Chukaev, Yu.N.Stolyarov, V.PLeonov and others.
A great contribution to the study of this scientific topic was made by the works of the conservation departments of large libraries: the Russian State Library, the Russian National Library, the All-Russian State Library of Foreign Literature, the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as the Laboratory of Conservation and Restoration of Documents of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Theoretical and practical issues of preventive conservation were developed by chemists and biologists: Yu.P. Nyuksha, D.P. Erastov, S.A. Dobrusina, O.I. Perminova, Z.P. Dvoryashina and others.
The very concept of “preventive conservation” was introduced into preservation practice by foreign researchers in the late 80s and early 90s. of our century. The greatest contribution to the development of this direction was made by specialists from the Institute of Conservation named after. P. Getty (USA), Northeast Center for Document Conservation (USA), as well as J. Banks (Canada), P. Waters (USA), R. Harvey (Australia), A. Giovanini (Switzerland).
But, unfortunately, the complex of library science problems to ensure the safety of collections and, in particular, preventive conservation was considered by different specialists in isolation, without active participation library workers.
Despite the increasing interest in the problem of preventive conservation, many aspects of this process have not yet been sufficiently studied; the unification of the intellectual efforts of specialists working in different areas of librarianship is required. To date, the place and significance of forms of preventive conservation in modern library science have not been determined. In Russia, there is no systematic training of specialists at various levels on issues of preventive conservation. The existing experience of practical activities of libraries in this regard has not yet been essentially studied, generalized or analyzed.
The degree of development and specific features of the problem determined the goal of this dissertation research:
Expand the scope of research activities of libraries by including a range of issues on preventive conservation in library science;
Show the importance of this area in ensuring the safety of historical and cultural funds using the example of a large universal library - the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
The object of this dissertation is the preservation of historical and cultural collections of scientific libraries recorded on traditional media.
The subject of the study is the forms and methods of preventive conservation that ensure the safety of library collections and the possibility of their use.
Preventive preservation is a system of measures that provides comprehensive protection of documents, aimed at slowing down the aging process by creating and maintaining standard conditions for storage and use of phase preservation. Phase conservation as a form of preventive conservation means that documents are placed in microclimatic containers made of acid-free cardboard or inert material.
The purpose, object, subject of the research determined the formulation and solution of the following tasks of the dissertation work:
1. Study and summarize the results of the works of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists on the importance of preventive measures in ensuring the safety of library collections.
2. Analyze and evaluate the state of preservation of library collections in Russia using the example of libraries of the Russian Academy of Sciences system.
3. Justify the importance of preventive conservation in general and phase conservation, in particular, at the present stage.
4. Develop a technology for introducing phase conservation as a form of preventive conservation and, on its basis, propose a standard program for libraries and archives in Russia.
5. Summarize the experience and summarize the implementation of phase conservation in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
The methodological basis of the study was the ideas and provisions formulated in the works of leading domestic and foreign librarians and document preservation specialists. Significantly strengthened methodological basis, on which the study of this problem is based, theoretical principles and conceptual conclusions contained in the works of: L.Z. Amlinsky, E.P. Arefieva, N.G. Belenkaya, A.N. Vaneev, V.I. Vasilenko, Yu. V. Grigorieva, Z. P. Dvoryashina, S. A. Dobrusina, G. A. Kislovskaya, K. B. Lavrova, V. P. Leonov, S. L. Lokhvitskaya, N. K. Nikolaeva, V. G. Nosova, Yu.P.Nyuksha, O.I.Perminova, V.F.Sakharov, E.V.Starova, Yu.N.Stolyarova, Yu.M.Tarasova, G.V.Tarachenko, L.V.Trapeznikova, V.I. Tereshina, L.B. Khavkina, O.S. Chubaryan, A.M. Chukaev, V.V. Shilova, D.P. Erastova, A. Abida, S. Buchanan, M.-T. Varlamof, V. Wechter, M. Smith, P. Waters, K. Haris, R. Harvey, D. Etherington, and others.
The study used statistical and sociological methods, including questionnaires and interviews.
The research was based on the collections of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences: the Baer collection, the collection of printed and handwritten books of Peter I, the collection of foreign manuscripts, the Slavic collection, the incunabula collection, and the Struve collection.
The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive study of issues of preventive conservation, which have not previously been the subject of independent research. Wherein:
Based on the results of the study, the concept of preventive conservation, as well as its forms and methods, was proposed;
The criteria for selecting documents for conversion into phase storage form are substantiated;
A technology has been developed for introducing phase conservation in various types of libraries and archives.
The practical significance of the work lies in the development of a Program for the implementation of phase conservation. The results of the study can be used by specialists when drawing up plans to eliminate the consequences of emergency situations. The dissertation materials can be useful in training library personnel of medium and higher qualifications.
Approbation of work. The main provisions and conclusions of the study were reported and discussed at international conferences:
"Preservation of cultural property and natural disasters: The international cooperation with the Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences" (Leningrad, 1990), "Preservation of cultural heritage: an international imperative" (Leningrad, 1993), "BAN:
10 years after the fire" (St. Petersburg, 1998), "Libraries and associations in a changing world: New technologies and new forms of cooperation" (Crimea, 1998 and 2000); at an international seminar on preventive conservation issues, held by the company "Blackmon-Mooring Steamatic catastrophy" (Fort Worth, Texas, USA, 1991), at the third annual seminar on the problems of preventive conservation and storage of cultural property: "Storage of exhibits in small sealed volumes" (St. Petersburg, 1994 .); at the international training seminar "Libraries and archives in extreme situations"(St. Petersburg, 1995); at the All-Russian meeting of heads of federal and central libraries subjects of the Russian Federation "State policy in the field of preservation of library collections" (St. Petersburg, 2000), at scientific and practical conferences held at the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1989, 1991, 1994), and are also reflected in the author’s publications.
Implementation of work results. The results of the dissertation research were introduced into the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (the Baer Fund, the personal library of Peter I, the Incunabula Fund, the Foreign Manuscript Fund, the Slavic Fund), and were also used to eliminate the consequences of a fire in the library of the Pulkovo Observatory. The technological process of phase conservation was implemented in the Vorontsov Memorial Library of the Alupka Palace and Park Reserve, the St. Petersburg Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Provisions for defense
1. Preventive conservation as an effective form of preserving library collections is aimed at slowing down the processes of their destruction both as a result of natural aging and as a result of accidents, natural and environmental disasters.
2. Phase conservation as a promising form of preventive conservation allows libraries to preserve documents for a long period of time, protect them from harmful effects environment and mechanical damage, reduce the need for restoration and rationally spend funds to ensure safety.
3. A typical phase conservation program, designed to ensure the safety of collections in libraries of various types, can be used during emergency response. The experience accumulated by the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences in restoring and ensuring the safety of the collection damaged in the fire of 1988 has confirmed this.
4. In the process of education and training of library workers of medium and higher qualifications, it is necessary to include learning programs library technical schools and library and information departments of universities of culture sections on preventive conservation as part of the course "Library collections".
Program for the preservation of library collections of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation Stage 1 NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY COLLECTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 2001 – 2010 Stage 2 ALL-RUSSIAN PROGRAM FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY COLLECTIONS 2011 – 2020.
Approved by Order of the Minister of Culture 540 of September 13, 2000. Implemented within the framework of the federal target program “Culture of Russia” 2001–2005. and 2006–2010 Consists of seven subprograms: “Conservation of library collections” 1. “Conservation of library collections” 2. “Book monuments of the Federation” 2. “Book monuments of the Russian Federation” 3. “Creation of an insurance fund for library documents” 3. “Creation of an insurance fund for library documents” 4. “Preservation of library collections in the process of their use” 4. “Preservation of library collections in the process of their use” 5. “Safety of libraries and library collections” 5. “Safety of libraries and library collections” 6. “Accounting for library collections” 6. “ Accounting for library collections" 7. "Staffing for the preservation of library collections" 7. "Staffing for the preservation of library collections" NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY COLLECTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Goal of the Program: To ensure the preservation of library collections as part of the cultural heritage and information resource of the country in the interests of present and future generations. Objectives of the Program o Carrying out a targeted policy in the field of preservation and use of library collections. Creation of a system of federal and interregional centers for the preservation of library collections. o Creation of a system of unified national accounting of library collections in Russia, state registration of book monuments. o Creation of the Russian Insurance Fund of Library Documents. o Creation of a regulatory framework and methodological support for all areas of library activity related to the preservation of library collections. o Technical support programs, implementation of the latest equipment and technologies in the processes of working with library collections. o System creation special education, providing libraries with qualified specialists. o Formation of public opinion on the problems of preserving book collections.
Priority areas: Creation of infrastructure for the implementation of the program: systems of federal, regional and interregional centers for the preservation of library collections Creation of infrastructure for the implementation of the program: systems of federal, regional and interregional centers for the preservation of library collections Training of personnel Training of personnel Creation and implementation of new technologies for the preservation of library collections Creation and implementation of new technologies preservation of library collections
Federal scientific, methodological and coordination centers for the implementation of the National Program Federal Center conservation of library collections of the Russian National Library (FCKBF RNL) Russian State Library (RSL) V All-Russian State Library of Foreign Literature (VGBIL) R Russian State Library State Public historical library(GPIB) Center for the Security of Cultural Property of the Directorate of the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation ROSIZO (CBKTs) Academy of Retraining for Workers of Art, Culture and Tourism (APRIKT) o Subprogram “Conservation of Library Collections” o Subprogram “Book Monuments of the Russian Federation” o Subprogram “Accounting for Library Collections” o Subprogram “Creation of an insurance fund of library documents and preservation of information” o Subprogram “Preservation of library collections in the process of their use” o Subprogram “Security of libraries and library collections” o Subprogram “Staffing of the sphere of preservation of library collections”.
Financing of the National Program for the Preservation of Library Collections within the framework of the Federal Target Program “Culture of Russia” and the years. (million rubles)
Financing of regional centers for the conservation of library collections in the years. From the federal budget within the framework of the Federal Target Program “Culture of Russia” (million rubles)
During the period of implementation of the program, it was possible to lay the foundations for identifying, identifying, and accounting for the most valuable part of the country's library collection, and to carry out significant work to create a regulatory, legal, scientific and methodological framework. The All-Russian Code of Book Monuments (OSKP) has been created and is developing in order to prepare the basis for a centralized state accounting of book monuments.
A network of regional centers for working with book monuments is being created; to date, the central libraries of more than 30 constituent entities of the Russian Federation are participating in this work. Their task is to organize work to identify, describe, and record particularly valuable documents stored in their region, as well as the formation of regional collections of book monuments and the creation of special websites.
Over 10 years of implementation national program about specialists from federal and central libraries of Russian regions held special training as in the additional system vocational training, as well as operational training on the basis of the largest federal centers. This made it possible to significantly form a new professional environment and a new ideology for preserving library collections.
The tasks set at the first stage have been largely solved: o For the first time in Russia, planned activities to ensure the safety of library collections have received comprehensive government funding for all identified priority areas and are being implemented in practice. Systematic activities in most areas of NP have begun and are being successfully developed. o The attitude towards the problems of preserving library collections has changed for the better in the library community, and in a number of regions – in the authorities. A number of regions have adopted local programs for the preservation of library collections. o Qualified personnel have been trained in the field of preservation of library collections. A professional community of specialists in the preservation of library collections has been created. o The situation with ensuring the safety of library collections has changed qualitatively in more than half of the country’s regions, in which conditions have been created for professional activity on the preservation of library collections. o New methods and technologies are being introduced to ensure the safety of documents. o The material and technical base for preserving library collections is being modernized.
Thus, as a result of ten years of work, the basic principles laid down in the National Program, the chosen strategy, priorities and areas of activity that need to be continued and developed in the future have been confirmed, and above all the following: 1. the priority of organizing systematic activities to preserve funds; 2. an integrated approach to solving problems of preserving library collections; 3. comprehensive financing of program implementation from budgets of all levels; 4. focus on new technologies for preserving funds; 5. development of the management infrastructure for the preservation of library collections - a system of federal and regional centers.
ALL-RUSSIAN PROGRAM FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY COLLECTIONS Project MINISTRY OF CULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FSBI "RUSSIAN STATE LIBRARY" FSBI "RUSSIAN NATIONAL LIBRARY" FSBI "STATE PUBLIC HISTORY" CZECH LIBRARY OF RUSSIA" FSBEI DPO "ACADEMY OF RETRAINING ART, CULTURE AND TOURISM WORKERS" LLC "INTERREGIONAL CENTER FOR LIBRARY COOPERATION"
Consists of five subprograms: “Conservation of library collections” 1. “Conservation of library collections” 2. “Book monuments of the Federation” 2. “Book monuments of the Russian Federation” 3. “Creation of an insurance fund of library documents” 3. “Creation of an insurance fund of library documents” 4. “Preservation of library collections in the process of their use” 4. “Preservation of library collections in the process of their use” 5. “Staffing for the sphere of preservation of library collections” 5. “Staffing for the sphere of preservation of library collections”
Federal scientific, methodological and coordination centers Federal Center for Conservation of Library Collections at the Russian National Library (FCKBF RNL) Russian State Library (RSL) State Public Historical Library (GPIB) Academy of Retraining for Workers of Art, Culture and Tourism (APRIKT) 1.P subprogram “Conservation” library collections" 2.P subprogram "Book monuments of the Russian Federation" 3.P subprogram "Creation of an insurance fund of library documents and preservation of information" 4.P subprogram "Preservation of library collections in the process of their use" 5.P subprogram "Staffing for the field of preservation of library collections" funds."
The goal of the Program is the same: Ensuring the preservation of the library collections of the Russian Federation as an information resource and a significant part of the cultural heritage of Russia and the world. Expanding user access to information contained in Russian library documents. The strategic objectives of the Program are basically the same, but have received some new emphasis: o Implementing a targeted policy in the field of preserving library collections, aimed at developing systematic activities for the preservation of library collections in Russia. o Effective use of financial resources. o Expanding the geography of implementation of the program for preserving library collections, the number of regions participating
The following are proposed as tactical ways to solve the set strategic tasks: Creation and development of a system of federal, regional and interregional centers for the preservation of library collections as the basis for the implementation of the assigned tasks. Development of a special education system that provides for the training and retraining of qualified personnel in the field of preserving library collections. Development of a professional environment for preserving library collections. Improving the regulatory framework and methodological support for all areas of library activities related to the preservation of library collections. Development and implementation of new methods and technologies for preserving library collections into the practical activities of libraries. Development of a system for monitoring the state of library collections in Russia. Development of the material and technical base for preserving library collections
In the process of implementing these subprograms, the following tasks will be solved: Providing document storage modes. The development of modern technologies for document conservation, including mass conservation, in which losses and aging processes of document materials will be reduced to the possible minimum. Creation and development of a system of unified national accounting and registration of especially valuable book objects on the basis of the All-Russian Code of Book Monuments and the Register of Book Monuments. Creation of the Russian Insurance Fund of Library Documents as part of the Unified Russian Insurance Fund of Documentation. Ensuring constant control over compliance with regulatory documents in the field of preservation of funds and in the process of their use. System modernization professional development library personnel, focused on a comprehensive solution to the problems of preserving and enhancing the documentary cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia.
