home  /  Ancient world history  /  Standards for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere: formation and calculation. Air emissions: sources

Standards for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere: formation and calculation. Air emissions: sources

Ancient world history
20.05.2021

(see text in the previous edition)

1. For the purpose of state regulation of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air, the following are established:

(see text in the previous edition)

maximum permissible emissions;

maximum permissible standards for harmful physical effects on atmospheric air;

technological emission standards;

technical emission standards.

2. Maximum permissible emissions are determined in relation to pollutants, the list of which is established by the Government Russian Federation in accordance with legislation in the field of protection environment, for a stationary source and (or) a set of stationary sources by calculation based on quality standards atmospheric air taking into account the background level of air pollution.

(see text in the previous edition)

2.1. When determining the maximum permissible emissions(with the exception of emissions of radioactive substances), methods for calculating the dispersion of emissions of pollutants in the atmospheric air are applied, approved by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of environmental protection. Methods for developing and establishing standards for maximum permissible emissions of radioactive substances into the atmosphere are approved by the body authorized to exercise federal state supervision in the field of atomic energy use.

2.2. Programs for electronic computers, used to calculate the dispersion of emissions of pollutants in the atmospheric air (except for emissions of radioactive substances), are subject to examination, which is carried out by the federal executive body in the field of hydrometeorology and related fields, in order to recognize the compliance of these programs with the formulas and calculation algorithms included in approved methods for calculating the dispersion of pollutant emissions in atmospheric air.

The examination of a program for electronic computers used to calculate the dispersion of emissions of pollutants in the atmospheric air (with the exception of emissions of radioactive substances) is carried out at the expense of the copyright holder of such a program in the manner established by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and regulatory legal regulation in the field of environmental protection.

The examination of the program for electronic computers used to calculate the dispersion of emissions of radioactive substances in the atmospheric air is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of atomic energy use.

2.3. The background level of atmospheric air pollution is determined on the basis of state monitoring data of atmospheric air in accordance with methodological guidelines approved by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of environmental protection. If there are summary calculations of air pollution in the territory settlement, its part or on the territory of an industrial (industrial) park in relation to pollutants for which no state monitoring atmospheric air, the background level of atmospheric air pollution is determined on the basis of data from summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution.

Standardization in the field of environmental protection is carried out for the purpose of state regulation of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment, guaranteeing the preservation of a favorable environment and ensuring environmental safety.

According to paragraph 2 of Art. 19 of the Federal Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection” (as amended on June 25, 2012), regulation in the field of environmental protection consists of establishing standards for environmental quality, standards for permissible impact on the environment when carrying out economic and other activities, other standards in the field of environmental protection, as well as regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection.

One of the types of permissible impact standards established for natural resource users is maximum permissible emissions standards(PDV).

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 14 of the Federal Law of 04.05.1999 No. 96-FZ “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air” (as amended on 06.25.2012; hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 96-FZ) release of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air (hereinafter referred to as emissions) by stationary source is allowed on the basis of a permit issued by a territorial body of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation carrying out public administration in the field of environmental protection, in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

It should be noted that the statement MPE standards and issuing emission permits are two different administrative procedures that require time.

According to clause 10 of the Administrative Regulations Federal service for supervision in the field of environmental management for the provision of public services for issuing permits for emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air (with the exception of radioactive substances), approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated July 25, 2011 No. 650 (hereinafter referred to as the Administrative Regulations), in order to obtain permit for emissions in the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor, the application must be accompanied, among other things, by the duly approved and current standards of MPE and temporarily agreed upon emissions (TAE) for each specific stationary source of emissions and the economic entity as a whole (including its individual production territories) or for separate production areas.

Thus, we can conclude that if an enterprise has stationary (organized and unorganized) sources of emissions, it is required to obtain an emission permit. And an enterprise can obtain this permit only on the basis of approved MPE standards.

The responsibilities of legal entities with stationary sources of emissions are listed in Art. 30 of Federal Law No. 96-FZ. One of these responsibilities is to ensure that emissions inventories are carried out and ELVs are developed.

MPEs are established by territorial bodies of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection for a specific stationary source of emissions and their totality (the organization as a whole).

According to paragraph 4 of Art. 12 of Federal Law No. 96-FZ, if it is impossible for legal entities and individual entrepreneurs with emission sources to comply with the maximum permissible limits, territorial bodies of the federal executive body in the field of environmental protection may establish EMS for such sources in agreement with the territorial bodies of other federal executive bodies.

Our dictionary. Maximum permissible emission(MPE) - a maximum permissible emission standard that is established for a stationary source of atmospheric air pollution, taking into account technical standards for emissions and background air pollution, provided that this source does not exceed hygienic and environmental standards for atmospheric air quality, maximum permissible (critical) loads on environmental systems, other environmental regulations.

Temporally matched release(VSV) is a temporary emission limit that is established for existing stationary emission sources, taking into account the quality of atmospheric air and the socio-economic conditions of the development of the relevant territory in order to gradually achieve the established maximum permissible emission.

Consequently, in order to find out whether an enterprise is obliged to fulfill the obligations established by Art. 30 of Federal Law No. 96-FZ, it is necessary to determine whether the enterprise has sources of emissions that are stationary objects of negative impact.

In paragraphs 3, 4 of the Procedure for maintaining state registration by territorial bodies of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision of objects that have a negative impact on the environment (Appendix to Rostechnadzor Order No. 867 dated November 24, 2005), the following definitions of stationary and mobile objects of negative impact are given:

  • stationary object of negative impact- an object from which pollutants are emitted (discharged) into the environment, firmly connected to the ground, i.e. an object whose movement without disproportionate damage to its purpose is impossible, an object for the disposal of production and consumption waste, as well as an explosion;
  • mobile objects of negative impact- vehicles, aircraft, sea vessels, inland navigation vessels, equipped with engines running on gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, liquefied (compressed) petroleum or natural gas.

Today, state registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs with sources of emissions, and the quantity and composition of emissions (hereinafter referred to as state registration) is carried out by Rosprirodnadzor in accordance with the Procedure for state registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs with sources of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmosphere air, as well as the quantity and composition of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air, approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated October 26, 2011 No. 863 (hereinafter referred to as the Accounting Procedure). It should be noted that the Accounting Procedure does not define mobile and stationary sources of emissions.

At the same time, in sub. “b” clause 7 of the Registration Procedure lists information (data) about emission sources that must be indicated when registering with the state. Thus, when submitting information about a mobile source of emissions, you must indicate:

  • type of mobile source of emissions (air transport, water transport, railway transport, road transport);
  • registration number of the mobile source;
  • environmental class of the vehicle;
  • type and consumption of fuel (by type) by a mobile source (air transport, water transport, railway transport, road transport).

Thus, the main criterion for determining a mobile object today is operation on a certain type of fuel, and the calculation of fees for emissions of mobile objects is based on the volume of fuel used. Mobile sources of emissions include various vehicles. Mobile installations used on the territory of the enterprise are mainly classified as stationary sources of emissions.

After determining the presence of operational stationary sources of emissions on the territory of the enterprise, it is necessary to find out whether these sources are subject to state registration and regulation.

Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated December 31, 2010 No. 579 approved the Procedure for identifying sources of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air, subject to state registration and regulation (hereinafter referred to as the Procedure) and the List of harmful (pollutant) substances subject to state registration and regulation (hereinafter referred to as the List) ).

TO emission sources subject to state registration and regulation, refer to emission sources from which harmful (pollutant) substances are released into the atmospheric air and are subject to state registration and regulation. In turn, harmful (pollutant) substances specified in the List, as well as harmful (pollutant) substances not included in the List that meet one of the criteria are subject to state registration and regulation:

  • the emissions hazard indicator established in accordance with Appendix 1 to the Procedure is greater than or equal to 0.1;
  • ground-level emission concentrations exceed 5% of the hygienic (ecological) standard for atmospheric air quality.

So, if emissions from stationary sources of an enterprise contain substances specified in the List or corresponding to one of the above criteria, i.e. subject to state accounting and regulation, then in this case it is necessary to develop a draft MPE, approve MPE standards (VSV) and obtain an emission permit.

The issue of developing a draft MPE will not be considered within the scope of this article. No less interesting is the question of the enterprise’s actions after the development of this project.

After the draft MPE has been developed, it must be agreed upon, MPE standards (VSV) must be established, and an emission permit must be obtained. The enterprise must have an idea of ​​the time frame for approvals and on what basis the enterprise may be refused.

To date, regulatory legal acts the procedure for establishing MPE standards is not regulated. Thus, the approval period and grounds for refusal to approve the draft MPE are also not established.

In accordance with clause 6 of the Regulations on standards for emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air and harmful physical effects on it, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 02.03.2000 No. 183 (as amended on 04.09.2012), the maximum permissible emissions for a specific a stationary source of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air and a legal entity as a whole or its individual production territories, taking into account all sources of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air of this legal entity or its individual production territories, background air pollution and technical standards emissions are established by the territorial bodies of Rosprirodnadzor (with the exception of radioactive substances) in the presence of a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion on the compliance of these maximum permissible emissions with sanitary rules.

According to clause 6 of the Procedure for organizing and conducting sanitary and epidemiological examinations, examinations, studies, tests and toxicological, hygienic and other types of assessments, approved by Order of Rospotrebnadzor dated July 19, 2007 No. 224 (as amended on August 12, 2010), deadline for sanitary and epidemiological examinations at the request of a citizen, individual entrepreneur, legal entity is determined depending on the type and volume of research for a specific type of product, type of activity, work, services and cannot exceed two months.

Then, based on the expert opinion, the territorial body of Rospotrebnadzor issues a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion. The period for issuing a sanitary-epidemiological certificate is also not regulated. Consequently, according to the Standard Regulations for the internal organization of federal executive authorities, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 28, 2005 No. 452 (as amended on December 27, 2012), the period for issuing a sanitary and epidemiological report is 30 days.

The MPE and VSV standards are established by the territorial bodies of Rosprirodnadzor (with the exception of radioactive substances) for a specific stationary source of emissions and their totality (the organization as a whole).

According to clause 8.13 of the Regulations of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, approved by Order of Rosprirodnadzor dated June 29, 2007 No. 191 (as amended on October 15, 2009), the response to the applicant is sent by the head (deputy head) of the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor within 30 days from the date of registration appeal to Rosprirodnadzor, unless a different period is specified in the order. If necessary, the period for consideration of the application may be extended by the head of the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor, but not more than for 30 days, while simultaneously informing the applicant and indicating the reasons for the extension.

Thus, according to the general regulations for addressing issues related to the activities of Rosprirodnadzor, approval period for MPE standards is 30 days(can be extended by the head of Rosprirodnadzor for 30 days).

On a note. The draft MPE is being developed in accordance with the Methodology for calculating concentrations in the atmospheric air of harmful substances contained in emissions from enterprises (OND-86) (approved by the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology on August 4, 1986 No. 192), GOST 17.2.3.02-78 “Nature conservation. Atmosphere. Rules for establishing permissible emissions of harmful substances by industrial enterprises,” Recommendations on the design and content of draft standards for maximum permissible emissions into the atmosphere (MAE) for an enterprise (approved by the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology on August 28, 1987) and other legal and methodological documents.

Since the legislation does not establish grounds for refusal to approve the draft MPE, it means that if the draft MPE was completed in accordance with the requirements of the documents listed above and received a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion, then the refusal to establish the MPE is unlawful.

After receiving a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion on the project MPE, approval of MPE standards (VSV), the enterprise applies to the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor or the executive body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation to obtain an emissions permit.

In accordance with the Administrative Regulations, the territorial body of Rosprirodnadzor makes a decision on issuing or refusing to issue an emissions permit within a period not exceeding 30 working days.

The basis for refusal to issue emission permits is the presence of distorted or unreliable information in the applicant’s materials. No other grounds have been established for refusal to issue emission permits.

In conclusion, I answer the question that resource users ask most often: “What threatens us if we do not develop a draft maximum permissible limit and do not obtain permission for emissions?” In the absence of permits, emissions may be limited, suspended or terminated in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Moreover, according to Art. 31 of Federal Law No. 96-FZ, persons guilty of violating the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of atmospheric air protection bear criminal, administrative and other liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

So, according to Art. 8.21 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences, the release of harmful substances into the atmospheric air or harmful physical impact on it without special permission entails imposition of an administrative fine:

  • for citizens - from 2000 to 2500 rubles;
  • for officials - from 4,000 to 5,000 rubles;
  • for persons carrying out entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity - from 4,000 to 5,000 rubles. or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days;
  • for legal entities - from 40,000 to 50,000 rubles. or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days.

E.N. Kolchina, environmental expert at Bravo Soft Group of Companies

Description of the content set

The data set “Emissions of the most common air pollutants from stationary sources” contains information on the amount of emissions of the most common air pollutants in the city of Moscow. The data is presented on the basis of the annual statistical collection “State of Atmospheric Air in the City of Moscow”, published by the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service for Moscow (Mosgorstat). The indicators are given for legal entities that have stationary sources of emissions of pollutants into the air.

Basic concepts:

release source - construction, technical device, equipment that release harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air

stationary source - a source of release, the location of which is determined using a single state system coordinates or which can be moved by a mobile source

The current situation in Russia.

Today in Russia there is a decrease in emissions of pollutants. The dynamics and changes in the overall structure of emissions of harmful substances are presented in the Russian Statistical Yearbook of the Federal State Service.

According to regular observations of Roshydromet for the period 2011 – 2015. The annual average concentrations of suspended solids, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide decreased by 8-15%.

The current situation in Moscow.

According to the Moscow City Statistics Service, there are 457 enterprises operating in the territory of Moscow, with less than 30 thousand registered stationary sources of pollutant emissions into the air. At the moment, in the city of Moscow there is a negative dynamics of numerical indicators characterizing the emission of the most common air pollutants emanating from stationary sources - 6.9% from 2014 to 2016.

Table “Emissions of the most common air pollutants emanating from stationary sources” Moscow. (thousand tons).

Years

Total

including:

emissions

solid

gaseous and liquid

of them

sulfur dioxide

nitrogen oxides

oxide

carbon

hydrocarbon (without volatile organic compounds)

volatile organic compounds

2011

61,2

59,6

13,2

35,4

2012

71,6

70,3

17,3

36,5

2013

66,0

64,7

12,9

33,1

2014

67,7

66,1

10,7

33,0

10,0

2015

63,2

61,6

29,7

2016

63,0

61,5

31,5

10,3

Do you know what?

In Moscow, the law “On Environmental Monitoring in the City of Moscow” and the Moscow Government Decree No. 866-PP dated 08.11.2005 “On the functioning of the Unified Environmental Monitoring System and the practical use of environmental monitoring data” are being implemented, the most significant from the point of view of anthropogenic impact on the environment. Industrial enterprises are required to create automated systems for direct instrumental measurements of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere at organized sources.

Sources of pollutant emissions that are most likely to produce excess emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, as well as sources used in measures to reduce emissions of pollutants under unfavorable meteorological conditions, are subject to equipment with automated control means.

Automated local environmental monitoring systems provide continuous automatic monitoring of the main characteristics of pollutant emissions - the amount of emissions of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, the sum of suspended solids, a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons C1-C5, hydrogen sulfide, flow rate, linear speed and temperature exhaust flue gases. The list of controlled parameters is determined individually, taking into account the composition of emissions from an industrial enterprise. The measurement results are transmitted in real time to the information and analytical center of the Unified State Environmental Monitoring System of the city of Moscow, the functions of which are performed by the State Budgetary Institution “Mosekomonitoring”.

At the moment, 55 industrial enterprises in Moscow are equipped with local environmental monitoring systems: 51 enterprises of the heat and power complex (11 Moscow thermal power plants, 40 district thermal stations), 3 waste incineration plants and one oil refinery of Gazpromneft-MNPZ JSC.

Analysis of the operation of control systems demonstrates their effectiveness in preventing unauthorized excess emissions. Thus, in 2016, based on the results of the control systems, 3 cases of exceeding MPE standards were recorded at enterprise emission sources, which is 15 times less than the same figure in 2011. At the same time, the total total excess emissions in 2016 decreased by more than 100 times compared to 2011 (from 1317 kg to 13 kg).

The material was prepared based on information: http://data. mos. ru /, http://moscow.gks.ru, State report “On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2015.”

The vast majority of modern technological processes emit various pollutants into the air. At the same time, sources of air pollution (APP) can be organized or unorganized. According to the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, environmental standards for atmospheric air quality are established - maximum permissible concentrations of air pollutants.

The main contribution to air pollution is made by organized sources of pollutant emissions (pipes, ventilation shafts, aeration lamps), so we will focus on them.

The task of regulating pollutant emissions is to establish for each source of atmospheric pollution such a limiting emission value that in the surface layer of the atmosphere the concentration of any substance emitted by it does not exceed the MPC value.

Let's consider one organized source of air pollution - the chimney of a boiler room. It is known that when burning organic fuels (natural gas, coal, firewood, fuel oil, etc.), the flue gases contain various pollutants:

1. Natural gas: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides.

2. Coal: solid particles (ash), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, benzopyrene, sulfur dioxide.

3. Fuel oil: solid particles (fuel oil ash), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide.

A chimney is characterized by a number of parameters: height, mouth diameter, volumetric flow rate of flue gases, their temperature. All these parameters influence the dispersion of emissions in the atmosphere.

In addition, it is necessary to know the magnitude of the mass release of each pollutant, g/s.

The smoke stream, entering the atmosphere from the chimney, is carried away by the wind, and at the same time, dissipates in the horizontal and vertical directions. The dispersion process strongly depends on the nature of atmospheric diffusion, and this, in turn, on the weather conditions existing at the moment. The process of dispersion of impurities is influenced by wind speed, its distribution with height, vertical temperature variation, the nature of the underlying surface, and terrain features.

There are also regional features processes of atmospheric diffusion, all these and other factors are taken into account in the mathematical model of the dispersion of impurities.

If we plot the course of the surface concentration with increasing distance from the pipe, we obtain a characteristic curve shown in Fig. 3.1.

The level of air pollution from industrial enterprises has reached levels that seriously threaten human health. The main culprits are industry, transport, and domestic boiler houses. Industrial enterprises make the greatest contribution to pollution.

Industrial sources of air pollution

The level of harmful impurities in the air increases in proportion to the size of the settlement - from insignificant over villages to heavy smog over major cities. This is explained by the accumulation of vehicles and industrial enterprises in cities.

The main sources of air pollution are the following industrial productions:

  • thermal power plants;
  • nuclear industry enterprises;
  • metallurgical plants;
  • processing plants;
  • chemical plants.

Such enterprises release waste on a regular basis. They constantly use liquid and solid fuels for their needs, which release toxic substances when burned.

The use of high-ash coal by thermal power plants leads to the formation of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Toxic waste from the nuclear industry is produced during the processing of nuclear fuel and its use in reactors. The chemical composition of waste from metallurgical plants is varied - over a dozen different metals are found in it.

Types of harmful impurities

Industrial waste forms mixtures with oxygen (when steam and gas are released) or aerosols (when solid and liquid particles are released). Aerosols come in several types:

  • smoke - formed with the participation of small solid particles;
  • dust - obtained from large solid particles;
  • fog - formed by liquid particles.

The most dangerous form emissions - radioactive dust leading to significant deterioration of the atmosphere. Over 150 million tons of dust per year are released during the production of cement, cast iron and coal combustion.


The highest air pollution is recorded in cities. Chemical composition impurities are different, depending on the types of operating plants. The following substances are constantly present in the airspace above the city:

  • sulfurous, carbonic and carbon dioxide;
  • nitrogen oxides;
  • fluorine and chlorine compounds;
  • heavy metals.

Sulfur dioxide is produced by burning sulfur-containing fuel, processing sulfur ores and takes part in the formation of acid rain. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide create the greenhouse effect. Nitrogen oxides are formed during all types of combustion and the production of fertilizers from nitrogen. Fluorine and chlorine compounds come from plants producing fertilizers, chemicals, and pesticides. They are highly toxic.

The study of the interaction of industrial waste and the atmosphere has shown that toxic substances react with oxygen and with each other. Ozone gas, which is considered one of the most toxic impurities, is formed with the participation of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. This results in phenomena such as acid rain, ozone holes, greenhouse effect, increased incidence.

Impact of transport on airspace

The main source of carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere is motor transport. The reasons for this are:

  • unsatisfactory technical condition of cars;
  • use of low quality gasoline containing metals;
  • lack of demand for cars that meet environmental requirements due to their high cost.

The combustion of gasoline in the fuel tank of a car leads to the release of hydrocarbons into the air - unburned components of the fuel. Some of them turn into soot and resins.

Rail transport has less impact on the air. Hazardous waste is generated during the exhaustion of fuel by diesel locomotives. Replacing them with electric locomotives reduces damage.


The development of technology and transport will reduce the impact on the atmosphere. Today the following are being developed and implemented:

  • electric cars - eliminate fuel combustion and the release of toxic substances;
  • hydrogen fuel - makes engines run silently, dramatically reduces harmful emissions;
  • sealed capsules moving through the tunnel on a monorail.

The impact of toxic waste on humans

When exposed to harmful substances, a person develops specific diseases. Inhalation of sulfur dioxide leads to pulmonary edema and poor circulation. Carbon monoxide molecules react with human hemoglobin, limiting the flow of oxygen into the blood. In addition, allergies and cancer develop, and immunity decreases.

Ways to reduce impurities

There are regulations limiting the emission of harmful substances, however this process impossible to fully control. For decreasing harmful effects the remote location of industrial production from cities and villages and the creation of sanitary protection zones near enterprises are used. The strength and direction of winds are taken into account when building plants.


Factories clean waste from toxic components using the following types of dust collectors:

  • dry type - to retain solid particles (dust);
  • wet type - to retain vapors.

Other methods are used to neutralize toxic gas impurities. An example is absorption - the absorption of gas molecules by water, and adsorption - the absorption of gas molecules by adsorbents (for example, coal).