The transition from ppm to degrees and degrees of intoxication. How to calculate transverse and longitudinal slopes? 5 ppm how many degrees

It is really impossible to convert the tangent of an angle into degrees. What's so funny?

You can determine the angle by the tangent, but this is not at all required for the project of an external fire-fighting water supply system.

PIC and PPR engineer

It really needs to be simpler.

1 ppm is equal to 1 mm/1 m (1000 mm) or 1‰ = 0.001 mm/m or 0.057 degrees.

But there are also percentages on road signs

The known 12% slope must be multiplied by 10 and get 120‰ or 6.84°

To earn a living, you have to work.

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But to get rich, you need to come up with something else.

Essentially a designer (mechanical engineer)

Equipment for excavation of mine workings, POS, standard control, KR, AR

Any more and the wheels will slide down, which is dangerous.

In fact, you can do 20% and a 2x4 car will overcome them with acceleration. Or he won't overcome it.

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More than 12% - for tracked vehicles and all-terrain vehicles.

However, mining machines also slide across the excavation soil at temperatures above 12°. And holding winches are made for them.

Or lugs are added to the tracks, increasing the angle to 20°.

In general, only humans can climb stairs so far.

“There are no hopeless situations” Baron Munchausen

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Slope 5 ppm is how much

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Convert ppm to degrees

To convert ppm to degrees, you need to divide the number of ppm by 1000 (we get the tangent of the angle) and calculate the arctangent of the resulting number on an engineering calculator or look at the Bradis table for the value of the angle in degrees (for whom this is more convenient).

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Example: let’s take the maximum permitted slope of the ramp for heated rooms - 130 ppm

130: 1000 = 0.13 which corresponds to 7 degrees. 25 min. according to the Bradis table

And the inverse task is to convert degrees into ppm or percentages. In the same Bradis table, you can see with the naked eye that 1 degree = 0.0175, or 1.75% (multiply by 100), or 17.5 ppm (multiply by 1000)

What is 1 ppm?

What is 1 ppm? How to find 1 ppm? What is measured in ppm?

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1 ppm is one thousandth of a number.

To indicate ppm there is a special sign - ‰ (percent sign with two zeros).

The word “ppm” comes from the Latin “pro mille” (per thousand, per thousand).

Since ppm is one thousandth of a number, the whole number is 1000 ‰.

Permille - tenths of a percent, that is

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To find 1 ppm of a number, you need to divide the number by a thousand.

1 ‰ of 563 is equal to 563:1000=0.563;

1 ‰ of 7204 is equal to 7204:1000=7.204;

1 ‰ is poisonous 65000:1000=65.

For some quantities, the thousandth part of a number has its own name.

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1 ‰ of 1 kilogram is equal to 1 gram;

1 ‰ of 1 ton is equal to 1 kilogram;

1 ‰ of 1 kilometer is equal to 1 meter.

Some quantities are traditionally measured in ppm.

For example, water salinity, railway slope, road slope, roof slope, natural population growth.

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The salinity of ocean water is about 35‰. This means that one liter of such water contains 35 grams of salts.

Salinity sea ​​water different: the highest ppm is in the Red Sea, in the Barents Sea - only 5 ppm.

The slope of the railway track is measured in thousandths, but, unlike the salinity of water, they are called thousandths (and not ppm).

If the length of the horizontal segment AB is 1000 meters, then a slope of 11 thousandths means that the height AC to which the train next along will rise railway from point B to point C is 11 meters.

In high school, you will learn that angle ABC can be expressed in terms of the lengths of segments AC and BC as the tangent of angle ABC:

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To convert ppm to degrees, that is, determine the degree measure of angle ABC, you need to find the arctangent of the ratio of the lengths of segments AC and AB:

How to calculate transverse and longitudinal slopes?

Regulatory requirements for slopes

When designing streets settlements it is necessary to comply with the requirements for minimum and maximum longitudinal and transverse slopes. Slope values ​​are given in ppm.

The transverse slope of the roadway of streets and squares is taken depending on the type of road surface:

Asphalt concrete and cement concrete – 15 ‰ - 25 ‰;

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Prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete slabs, cobblestone pavements - 20 ‰ - 25 ‰;

During construction and reconstruction in cramped conditions, transverse slopes can be increased by 5 ‰.

Transverse and longitudinal slopes of parking spaces on parking lots and parking lots are accepted in the range from 5 ‰ to 40 ‰.

The transverse slope of parking spaces in parking lots adjacent directly to the roadway may be increased to 60 ‰.

Minimum longitudinal slope on streets with runoff surface waters carried out

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on trays along the roadway, you should take:

For asphalt concrete and cement concrete pavements - 4 ‰;

For other types of coatings - 5 ‰.

If drainage trays are not provided along the roadway, then the value of the minimum longitudinal slope is not standardized, and it is ensured by transverse slopes.

Longitudinal slopes on sections of streets with traffic of buses, trolleybuses and trams should not exceed:

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60 ‰ - with stopping points and curve radii in plan of 250 m or more;

40 ‰ - with stopping points and radii of curves in plan from 100 to 250 m;

40 ‰ - without stopping points with horizontal curve radii less than 100 m.

Converting ppm to degrees

When converting ppm to degrees, you can use the Bradis table. To do this, you need to divide the number of ppm by 1000 - this is the tangent of the angle, and look in the table for the value of the angle in degrees.

But it’s much easier and faster to use online unit converter(will open in a new tab).

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Using the Bradis table, you can also perform the inverse task - convert degrees to ppm. For example, the value 5 0 according to the table = 0.08749. If we multiply this value by 100, we get percentages (8.749%), and if we multiply by 1000, we get ppm (87.49‰).

Longitudinal slope calculation

To check whether the designed value of the longitudinal slope corresponds to the standard values, you can perform a small calculation:

Divide the difference in design elevations by the distance between these elevations and multiply by 1000. Obtain the slope value in ppm.

179..93 = 0.11; 0.11/15.2m*1000 = 7.2 ‰.

Calculation of cross slope

We will check the designed value of the transverse slope using two selected horizontal lines. From the middle of one of the selected horizontal lines we draw a perpendicular. We extend the other horizontal line to the perpendicular. The length of the resulting line (from the beginning of the perpendicular to the intersection point) is 16 m. as in the picture. Knowing the elevation and distance, we calculate the cross slope - (0.1m: 16m) * 1000= 6.3 ‰.

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3 comments on “How to calculate transverse and longitudinal slopes?”

Great resource. Thank you. Accurate, fast, convenient,...

Good afternoon. What is the maximum slope on the lawn?

ppm

Permille (lat. pro mille- per thousand) - one thousandth, 1/10 percent. Denoted by (‰). Used to indicate the number of thousandths of something in its entirety. It comes (like a percentage) from writing as a simple fraction: 27/1000 → 27 ‰; the number of zeros in the designation (3 zeros) corresponds to the number of zeros in the number 1000. The symbol can be entered on a Windows computer using Alt-0137: with NumLock turned on, while holding Alt, type 0137 on the keyboard numeric pad.

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The value in ppm of mass expressed in kilograms is equivalent to mass in grams. From mass in tons to kilograms.

Pro per mille

Propromille is one part per million, denoted by three Latin letters - ppm, read as “pi-pi-em”. It is interesting that the abbreviation ppm itself is more often understood as “parts per million” (English: “Parts per million”), and not as “Pro pro mille”. 1 ppm is 1000 times (3 orders of magnitude) less than 1 ppm.

Application

There are some quantities (shares) traditionally measured in ppm.

For example, the phrase “the salinity of the water is 11 ‰ (eleven ppm),” this is the same as 1.1% and means that of the total mass of water, 0.011 (11 thousandths) is occupied by salts; So, if you take 1 kg of water, then it will contain 11 g of salts.

Slope

Due to the fact that the slope of the railway track is relatively small, it is also customary to calculate it in ppm, but the term is used "thousandth"(for example: “slope 10 thousandths”).

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Representing the rail as a hypotenuse right triangle, one of the legs of which has a length of 1000 meters and is parallel to the horizon, we will see that the second leg will be equal to height, to which the train will ascend after traveling (almost) 1 kilometer. The ratio of the second leg to the first in practice is often a very small value, so it is convenient to express it in thousandths. A slope of 8 ‰ means, for example, that after traveling 1 kilometer, the train will rise to a height of 8 meters (the tangent of the ascent angle is 0.008, that is, the actual ascent angle is arctan 0.008 ≈ 0.46°).

However, in American practice, track slope is measured as a percentage using decimals. This may be due to the fact that America uses the English system of measures, in which the ratios between distance units (particularly miles, yards and feet) are not divisible by 1000.

see also

• Basis point
• Precious metals sample
• Percent
• Thousand (artillery)

Literature

1. Big encyclopedic Dictionary. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: “Big Russian Encyclopedia”; St. Petersburg : “Norint”, 1998. - 1456 p. - ISBN60-2
2. Non-system units

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Promille” is in other dictionaries:

PROMILLE - [lat. pro mille per thousand] thousandth part of what l. numbers; a tenth of a percent (for example, the paragraph indicates the blood alcohol content during tests). Dictionary foreign words. Komlev N.G., 2006. ppm (lat. pro mille per thousand) thousandth part... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

PPM - PPM, adv. (lat. promille) (special). Per thousand. Express mortality in a certain number per mille. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. ... Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary

ppm - a thousandth of a number, indicated by the ppm sign; 1/10 percent. (Source: “Microbiology: a dictionary of terms”, Firsov N.N., M: Drofa, 2006) ... Dictionary of Microbiology

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PROMILLE - (from Lat. pro mille per thousand) thousandth part of a number, denoted ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PROMILLE - (from the Latin pro mille per thousand) (%0), the unit is relative. quantities (dimensionless ratio of two physical quantities of the same name), 1%0=10 3, in particular 1%0=0.1%. Physical encyclopedic dictionary. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Chief Editor A.M.... ...Physical Encyclopedia

PROMILLE - one thousandth of any value, for example. used to determine the salinity of water. Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. M.L.: State Naval Publishing House NKVMF USSR, 1941 ... Marine Dictionary

PROMILLE - thousandths of any number, denoted by the sign ‰. The P. sign is used to indicate the longitudinal slopes of the railway profile. dor. ways and in hydraulic engineering. Technical railway dictionary. M.: State transport railway... ...Technical railway dictionary

ppm - noun, number of synonyms: 2 share (55) ppm (1) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Dictionary of synonyms

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ppm is a unit of measurement of alcohol in human blood. EdwART. Dictionary of automotive jargon, 2009 ... Automotive dictionary

PROMILLE - a thousandth of a number, a tenth of a percent; denoted by %0; used as a unit relative size(dimensionless ratio of two physical quantities of the same name). Eg. The salinity of the World Ocean is 35%0, i.e. 35 g ... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia

Books

• Permille, Jesse Russell. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Promille (from Latin pro mille, lit. “for a thousand”) - one… Read more Buy for 1125 rubles

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Conversion from ppm to degrees and degrees of intoxication

Definition of ppm

When talking about the amount of alcohol in the blood, this means the concentration of pure ethanol in ppm, namely in thousandths of volume. The number 1.5 ppm means that 1000 ml of blood mixed with ethanol contains 1.5 ml of ethanol and 998.5 blood. In this case, it is important to understand that we are talking about volume, and this value should not be confused with mass, and the ppm sign ‰ with the percentage sign.

Portions of a substance that are different in density but identical in mass contain different ppm. And the transition from ppm to degrees will be calculated using several quantities.

Permille is used when blood is taken for analysis. Breathalyzers for traffic police inspectors or household types of breath alcohol analyzers use the unit mg/l.

How are ppm ‰ converted to percentage %?

To convert ppm to percentage, you must use the ratios of the proportions in both units.

Permille is used to denote the number of thousandths of any content as a whole. Percent means the number of hundredths in total, hence the following ratios:

Relationship between ppm and degrees

To convert ppm to degrees, it is necessary to take into account that since the initial volume of fluid in the body is different in men and women (for men this figure is 70%, and for women - 60%), then the effect of alcohol will be different. The degree of intoxication varies depending on the state of health, gender, age, and strength of the drink.

To start calculations you need to determine:

1. the amount of alcohol in 100 g of drink must be multiplied by the amount drunk, for example, for a 40⁰ drink 40% x 150 g = 40/100 x 150 = 60;
2. We divide a person’s body weight by 70% for men and 60% for women, for example, for a man 90 kg/100 x 70 = 63;
3. divide the result from the first action by the result of the second action, for example, 60/63 = 0.95‰.

Concentration ethyl alcohol in the blood of a 90kg man who drinks 150g of 40⁰ vodka will be equal to 0.95 ppm. Over time, the concentration will decrease.

To calculate the alcohol concentration at a certain point in time, you can use the following formula:

C = A / (P x r) – b60 x T

с – pure ethanol in ppm ‰;

A is the amount of alcoholic drink converted into grams;

P – weight of the person whose study is being carried out;

R is the data conversion coefficient, for women it is 0.55, and for men – 0.68;

T – time elapsed after drinking alcohol;

B60 – decrease in ppm level in 1 hour.

What can be determined using formulas?

There are formulas that can be used to calculate the following data:

• The volume of any alcoholic drink if its strength is known;
• Calculate the time it will take to completely cleanse the body of alcohol;
• Determine the amount of alcohol at the desired hour.

To determine the amount of ppm drunk and to convert one unit of measurement to another, formulas were developed that were initially used for calculations in the practice of forensic medicine, where it is especially important to carry out such an analysis for solving crimes.

The simplest is Widmark's formula.

Widmark conducted research in the 20s of the last century and made calculations of the amount of alcohol in the blood.

c - ethanol in ppm ‰,

A - the weight of the alcoholic beverage entering the body, since not all alcohol reaches the peripheral blood, it is necessary to subtract from this value from 10 - 30%,

m - body weight in kg,

r is the Widmark coefficient, for men it is 0.70, and for women it is 0.60.

In order to do the reverse calculation and determine the weight of alcohol entering the body, the formula is used:

This formula does not take into account the time of drinking alcohol.

Without special equipment, it is possible to carry out independent calculations if an accurate result is not required. To answer the question as accurately as possible, it is necessary to involve specialists in the analysis.

Below are the ratios of intoxication in ppm, which are used in formulas that help calculate the content of ethyl alcohol in the blood. It should be remembered that the tabular data are always averaged and it must be taken into account that the indicators are influenced by health status, gender and age.

Stages of intoxication

Table of the ratio of ppm indicators and intoxication properties.

1. From 0.1‰ to 0.29‰. A degree of intoxication that is not noticeable to the eye of an outside observer. On average, behavior is within normal limits. It can only be detected by special tests.
2. From 0.3‰ to 0.59‰. There is a decrease in restraint, the error detector in the brain turns off, the person ceases to understand the correctness of actions, a feeling of permissiveness appears, causeless joy and excessive talkativeness. Impaired concentration.
3. From 0.6‰ to 0.9‰. Cognitive abilities change, peripheral vision is greatly weakened, the pupil does not adapt well to light. Sensations become dull, and a state of disinhibition occurs.
4. From 1‰ to 1.9‰. Basic motor skills are lost, reaction times are excessively increased, and reflexes are weakened. A characteristic drunken gait appears. Emotions quickly change from joy to anger.
5. From 2 ‰ to 2.9 ‰. Severe degree of intoxication with impaired motor skills, memory loss and a high probability of loss of consciousness. Inhibition to the point of complete stupor. Complete loss of cognitive abilities.
6. From 3‰ to 3.9‰. Loss of control over urination, complete loss of balance, rapid heartbeat. The person almost does not understand what is happening and cannot stay on his feet.
7. From 4‰ to 5‰. Control over the movement of the pupils is lost. A person completely loses control over what is happening and his actions.
8. from 5‰. Alcohol poisoning and high possibility lethal outcome.

And of course, there is the body’s individual ability to cope with alcohol intoxication. A lethal dose for one person may not cause much harm to another.

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Typically, the issue of measuring dosage becomes relevant if any offense has occurred, for example, the driver of a vehicle, while driving, violated the rules traffic, because of which he was detained by law enforcement officers, or the vehicle was stopped for an inspection, during which it was determined that the person driving had characteristic signs of alcohol intoxication. In order to bring him to justice - criminal or administrative - road inspectorate employees must have documentary evidence of the presence of the offender in the body, as well as a note on its amount in the blood.

World practice shows that in such cases designations such as ppm or BAC are used. However, when it becomes necessary to establish the volume and type of alcoholic beverage consumed, it should be remembered that everyone has a certain level of strength, which affects the results of converting ppm into percentages.

Characteristics of ppm and degree of alcohol

The term “ppm” refers to a thousandth of the total volume, quantity or size of a substance.

Initially, the concept was used in physics, construction, industry, and today it is associated specifically with calculations of the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the human body. 1 ppm is defined as 1 gram of ethyl alcohol per 1 liter of blood, or 1 milligram per 1 milliliter, respectively.

This unit of measurement is relevant when determining chemical composition blood and identifying the amount of ethanol in it, as well as when testing a person using a device that determines the concentration of alcohol vapor in the air exhaled by a person. In the process of converting ppm to degrees, units such as milligrams of ethyl alcohol per 1 liter of exhaled air, 1 microgram per liter or per 100 milliliters of air are used.

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The formulas used for translation, although they allow one to determine the degree of alcohol, nevertheless do not provide information about how long ago the alcohol was drunk, as well as about the degree of intoxication of a particular person. It should be noted that the degree or strength of the drink is one of the factors influencing the degree of intoxication. So, 500 milliliters and a similar volume have different effects on the same person.

Techniques and rules for calculating ppm

In terms of its content, the concept of “ppm” means a tenth of a percent of a substance. If there is a need to convert this category into units of measurement in degrees, it should be taken into account that the effect of alcohol for a man and for a woman will be different. Thus, the female body contains a slightly smaller amount of fluid than the male body - the difference is about 10% of the volume.
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There are standards for slopes when designing various communications and structures, which guide architects and builders in their work. You can use any dimensions, including degrees. In practice, it is customary to denote steep slopes in degrees, and gentle slopes in percentages and ppm.

Methods for calculating percentage slope

The unit of measurement of roll, depending on its value, is degree, percentage, ppm - thousandth of a whole number: 1‰ = 1/10% = 1/1000 of 1. Physical meaning slope - the ratio of the difference in height to the length of the section on which it is observed. In fact, it is the tangent of the angle: the excess of 12 meters on a section of the road of one hundred meters is expressed by the value 0.12 (tangent) = 12% = 120 ‰. That is, to calculate the slope in ppm, you need to multiply the percentage by ten.

When performing planning work on plot of land we have to resort to measuring the steepness of the slopes. This can be done in several ways:

Roofers are often faced with the need to determine the actual slope of a roof and know how to calculate the slope using a special tool called an inclinometer. The design of the device is simple: a frame is attached to the rail with a protractor and a pendulum fixed inside, which has a weight and a pointer. The base of the device is placed on the lower surface the measured section of the roof, and the arrow indicates the angle.

Determining the angle of inclination through tangent

From trigonometry it is known that tangent is a fraction, at the base of which is the leg adjacent to the angle, and on top is the opposite leg (difference in heights). To determine the roof slope in percentage and degrees via tangent, you will need to take measurements:

• heights from the ceiling to the roof ridge;
• distance from the edge of the slope to the projection of the upper line of closure of the two planes.

Having made simple calculations, they obtain a certain value and, using the Bradis table or using an engineering calculator, find the corresponding number of degrees for the desired angle. How to calculate slope as a percentage - defined above: the height of the ridge is divided by half the width of the attic floor if the slopes are of equal size. Or on the projection of each of the roof surfaces, when the sizes of the sides differ. You can see that this is the tangent of the angle already defined in degrees. To go to the percentage expression of the slope, you need to perform the action: value tg * 100, and the result will be obtained as a percentage.

Correlation of values ​​with roof slope

For each roofing material, tolerances are established for the smallest slope. Other factors influencing the choice of roof slope angle:

Building codes and regulations - SNiP II -26−76 regulate the flatness of slopes as a percentage. The ratio of percentages and degrees for some angles is given in the table.

Mathematical methods for calculating slope are used when special accuracy is not needed and measurements are made approximate. If it is necessary to calculate accurate indicators, use modern measuring instruments.

Calculation example: the distance from the edge of the roof slope to the projection of the connecting line of the sides - laying length, 5.2 m. The height from the attic floor to the top level of the roof is 2 meters. The slope (tangent of the angle) is determined by the action: 2/5.2 = 0.3846. The closest value from the table is 20 degrees, which corresponds to approximately 38%.

Another variant- using a protractor, we determined the angle of inclination of the roof, its value is 5º. According to the corresponding line, the surface slope will be 8.75 percent or 87.5 ppm.

When designing streets in populated areas, it is necessary to comply with the requirements for minimum and maximum longitudinal and transverse slopes. Slope values ​​are given in ppm.

Cross slope the roadway of streets and squares is taken depending on the type of road surface:

— asphalt concrete and cement concrete – 15 ‰ – 25 ‰;

- prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete slabs, cobblestone pavements - 20 ‰ - 25 ‰;

- crushed stone and gravel - 20 ‰ - 30 ‰;

- cobblestone pavements - 20 ‰ - 35 ‰.

During construction and reconstruction in cramped conditions, transverse slopes can be increased by 5 ‰.

Transverse and longitudinal slopes of parking spaces on parking lots and parking lots are accepted in the range from 5 ‰ to 40 ‰.

The transverse slope of parking spaces in parking lots adjacent directly to the roadway may be increased to 60 ‰.

Minimum longitudinal slope on streets with surface water runoff carried out

on trays along the roadway, you should take:

— for asphalt concrete and cement concrete pavements - 4 ‰;

— for other types of coatings - 5 ‰.

If drainage trays are not provided along the roadway, then the value of the minimum longitudinal slope is not standardized, and it is ensured by transverse slopes.

Longitudinal slopes on sections of streets with traffic of buses, trolleybuses and trams should not exceed:

— 60 ‰ - with stopping points and curve radii in plan of 250 m or more;

— 40 ‰ - with stopping points and radii of curves in plan from 100 to 250 m;

— 40 ‰ - without stopping points with horizontal curve radii less than 100 m.

Converting ppm to degrees

When converting ppm to degrees, you can use the Bradis table. To do this, you need to divide the number of ppm by 1000 - this is the tangent of the angle, and look in the table for the value of the angle in degrees.

But it’s much easier and faster to use online unit converter(will open in a new tab).

Using the Bradis table, you can also perform the inverse task - convert degrees to ppm. For example, the value 5 0 according to the table = 0.08749. If we multiply this value by 100, we get percentages (8.749%), and if we multiply by 1000, we get ppm (87.49‰).

Longitudinal slope calculation

To check whether the designed value of the longitudinal slope corresponds to the standard values, you can perform a small calculation:

Divide the difference in design elevations by the distance between these elevations and multiply by 1000. Obtain the slope value in ppm.

179.04 - 178.93 = 0.11; 0.11/15.2m*1000 = 7.2 ‰.

Calculation of cross slope

We will check the designed value of the transverse slope using two selected horizontal lines. From the middle of one of the selected horizontal lines we draw a perpendicular. We extend the other horizontal line to the perpendicular. The length of the resulting line (from the beginning of the perpendicular to the intersection point) is 16 m. as in the picture. Knowing the elevation and distance, we calculate the cross slope - (0.1m: 16m) * 1000= 6.3 ‰.