Future prospects
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article topic: | Future prospects |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Psychology |
Explaining autism in terms of central coordination still requires experimental testing and is overly restrictive. general character.
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It is not clear where the boundaries of this theory should be drawn; Perhaps the danger lies in trying to cover the whole problem of “comprehension”. One of the problems awaiting consideration is determining whether level, on which central coordination is weakened in autism. The “Nested Figures” and “Construction from Cubes” tests show the peculiarities of information processing at a fairly low perceptual level, while information processing at the level of memory or speech understanding requires coordination at a much higher level. high order. Agreement with ordinary person occurs on many levels, from the whole-dominant effect of images that have a hierarchical structure (Navon 1977) to the synthesis of vast amounts of information and the drawing of inferences in the process of perceiving a narrative (e.g., Trabasso and Suh 1993). One of interesting ways research should be a comparison of particular agreements within one system and general agreement between various systems information processing. Thus, for example, the brilliant arithmetic abilities of some autistics (Hermelin and O'Connor 1986) clearly show that information can be integrated in a particular domain, but the inability of many autistics to apply their abilities more broadly (some of them cannot multiply two numbers) shows that functional modules specialize in very narrow cognitive tasks. Similarly, Norris (1990) found that attempts to construct a connectionist model of the “special abilities” of autistic people were successful only when he used a modular approach.
Several levels of coordination are possible at the same time. For example, within a text there is the effect of closely spaced words, which creates local connections, the effect of the context of sentences, and the effect of the structure of the entire narrative. It is possible that these three levels of coordination are separated, and perhaps when performing tasks for which several methods of execution are suitable, autistic people use the most local levels of coordination. The value of such tasks for studying the state of central coordination has been shown in many experiments. For example, Snowling and Frith (1986) showed that autistic people can be taught to produce contextually appropriate (though less common) pronunciations of homographs. Weeks and Hobson (1987) showed that when autistic people choose to classify portraits, they classify them by type of headgear, but when asked, they can classify portraits by looking at the emotion the face expresses. It appears that the weakening of central coordination in autistic individuals is most clearly reflected in their (unconscious) preference for a particular processing style, which may reflect the relationship between these two modes of information processing (holistic and meaningful/local and fragmented).
Prospects for the future - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Prospects for the Future" 2015, 2017-2018.
We will conduct our “review” from a very special point of view - the object of study for us will be the world food situation.
Our old Earth must feed 100,000 more people every day than the day before, and already today many of the planet’s inhabitants are forced to go to bed with an empty stomach. It is therefore not surprising that our contemporaries fear world famine in the not too distant future, since food production clearly lags behind the growth of the world's population.
We will not discuss all possible pros and cons; we will also refuse to list all the possibilities that would allow us to increase global food production on a gigantic scale. We will only try to analyze what role the method of growing plants without soil can play here.
"...The simplest and most radical means of gigantic multiplication of food products is to transfer the biological ability of a plant - to assimilate carbon dioxide - to a technical basis, that is, to produce biologically highly valuable food products in mass quantities from carbon dioxide, water and salts. This will relieve the burden on arable land and the area of the Earth is increased."
Which of these possibilities have already been realized and are we not just talking about empty fantasies?
Crop production on an industrial basis
This was the name of one of the projects, which has already been implemented on a small scale. Even without the gift of prophecy, one can predict that the possibilities described here have the best prospects for practical implementation on a large scale, once materials and energy sources that are written off as waste by industry are put to useful use.
Whenever and wherever another form of energy is produced with the help of heat, sensitive losses are noted. Do they convert thermal energy Whether electrical, mechanical or chemical, a significant part of the originally produced heat always remains unused and is lost as “heat loss”. Yes, during production electric current from hard coal, 75–80% of the total energy is written off as losses. We can detect heat loss in waste water from condensers, where it is often supplied from wells or rivers, and its temperature for the most part is 20 - 25 degrees, that is, it lies within such limits that it practically cannot be used anymore. However, the picture changes completely if the same chilled water is used for the condensers in the circulating current. Then the waste water can have a temperature of up to 40 degrees.
There have been attempts to use this thermal waste in some way for many years. Unfortunately, they tried unsuccessfully to heat working and living spaces with warm cooling water. Only in Lately It was possible to use thermal waste to heat greenhouses using air heating units. In principle, they resemble truck radiators, in which the temperature of the cooling water is lowered by air flowing through the radiator. The radiator corresponds to an air heating unit, and the artificially blown air is heated in the same way and then heats the cultivation room. This method has already been sufficiently tested and, according to experts, is very suitable, firstly, for the intelligent use of industrial thermal waste and, secondly, for creating a reliably functioning low-cost greenhouse heating system.
Rice. 52. Plant growing on an industrial basis: 1 – plant; 2 – gas pipeline for exhaust gas; 3 – slags; 4 – gas cleaning unit; 5 – greenhouses; 6 - air heating device; 7 – water for cooling machines: a – cold; b – warm; 8 – coal.
We have already mentioned that the thermal waste from electricity production in the form of cooling water has a temperature of about 40 degrees. In blast furnaces, the cooling water temperature reaches even 80 degrees. It would be foolish to leave such energy sources unused.
Thus, we see that greenhouses can be successfully heated with previously unused thermal waste, and thanks to this, the first prerequisite for year-round horticultural production is created (Fig. 52). One might argue that in highly industrialized areas, gardeners will have difficulty obtaining the required quantities of organic fertilizers (manure). As a result of mechanization in town and country, manure suppliers have become almost a rarity.
We already know the proper answer to this objection. This problem can be successfully counteracted by methods of growing plants without soil, and with gravel culture it is even possible to a certain extent to use other industrial waste, namely coal slag. This feature is quite important when you consider how much it would cost for an equal amount of prepared gravel, which can now be replaced by the waste of the enterprise itself, which previously spent money on its removal.
Thus, we have a greenhouse operating without soil, in which, firstly, a certain amount of slag is used, which is almost of no value in any other respect, and secondly, this greenhouse is heated with the help of industrial thermal waste, which has almost no impact on the production costs of the installation. However, the above does not end the list of ideas.
Every modern plant grower is familiar with the enormous role of carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide itself) for plant nutrition. After all, it is known that almost half the dry matter of a plant consists of carbon, originally absorbed in the form of carbon dioxide from the air. Ordinary air contains 0.03% of this compound, and under normal conditions this is all that is available to assimilating plants. Relevant Scientific research showed that plant productivity can be increased with some enrichment of the air with carbon dioxide, and increasing the supply of carbon dioxide to plants makes it possible to achieve significant increases in yield. In general, the lush growth of plants during the Carboniferous period, when our thick coal deposits arose, is probably rightly explained by the significantly higher content of carbon dioxide in the air at that time.
Industrial gas waste removed through factory pipes contains on average 20% carbon dioxide and, in addition, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide are extremely toxic to people and plants. Using technical capabilities and some chemical indications, it is possible to obtain completely pure carbon dioxide by passing gases through purification columns. This way, nothing stops us from turning gas into excellent vegetables. The concentration of carbon dioxide can be suitably reduced by the admixture of ordinary air, and in this form it can be supplied to the greenhouses through the air heating units already mentioned. Consequently, in the full sense of the word, we solve two problems in a single operation: heating the greenhouse and at the same time feeding the crops with gaseous fertilizer.
The foregoing considerations should show quite clearly that the use of these modern facilities is capable of ensuring the production of significant quantities of fresh vegetables in industrial centers. These methods, of course, do not represent the speculations of an idealist concerned only with the issue of food production, but, on the contrary, these are the logical reasonings of a purely realist who wants to help both industry and world food production by using industrial waste and sources of useless and irretrievably lost energy.
Algae - the food of the future
To begin with, we must firmly remember that algae are also plants that differ from above-ground plants primarily in that they do not have a root system. They absorb nutrients on their surface. Algae are already grown on a large scale in nutrient solutions today. Let's see how much algae culture can alleviate the nutritional difficulties of the world's population.
Seaweed has probably always been eaten. Norwegian peasants, for example, during periods of feed shortage, feed their livestock seaweed, mainly Fucus and Laminaria species, which they collect on the seashore. In the USA, so-called algae briquettes are sold as livestock feed. Undisputed masters in rational use and the preparation of these sea plants, apparently, is still the Japanese. They artificially grow algae in shallow waters (for example, in Tokyo Bay) and use them, preparing them in various ways to feed the population. Seaweed bread, called nori, has become widely known for its good taste and nutritional value.
For some time now, scientists from all countries have been paying more and more attention to these unchanging aquatic plants. Japanese researcher Hiroshi Tamiya even believes that “algae is more important than atomic Energy"He substantiates this opinion by listing the numerous valuable properties of algae.
Rice. 53. Factory installation for growing algae: 1 – gas holder for carbon dioxide; 2 – reservoir with nutrient solution; 3 – transfer pump; 4 – sources of artificial light; 5 – transparent tanks for cultivation; 6 – processing room.
In the current state of things, the following food products can be prepared from algae, if only the most important products are taken into account: bread, vegetables, soups, marmalade, powdered eggs, chocolate, as well as edible ice, gelatin, fuel oils, clothing fabrics and burlap.
There are no limits to the targeted cultivation of algae. They reproduce incredibly quickly. According to experiments at one research station, you can, for example, count on doubling the green mass of chlorella algae every 24 hours with favorable lighting and nutrients. What this could mean is easy to see with mathematical calculations. The construction of a modern “algae factory” is very simple (see Fig. 53). To feed algae, we only need a nutrient solution that is already known to us, as well as carbon dioxide, which we can obtain from industrial gas waste or from other sources. With the help of sunlight or artificial lighting (at night or during periods of inclement weather), algae are built from these starting materials organic compounds(fats, proteins, starch, etc.).
During the lifetime of our generation, algae culture will not yet become a competitor to traditional agriculture, but it may already fill some gaps in the food supply, and in underdeveloped and overpopulated areas, create additional food reserves. In short, it can “unload” arable land and increase the area of the Earth.
Both of these arbitrarily taken examples clearly show what opportunities the cultivation of plants on a nutrient solution opens up for humanity everywhere. This circumstance should be an incentive for us, amateur flower growers, who construct such installations ourselves, since growing plants without soil should not only give us pleasure. We have the opportunity, based on the experience gained, to suggest new ideas to research scientists or even contribute to the discovery of a completely new direction in development. After all, the method of growing plants without soil is still just developing and in some respects almost unexplored.
We will take note of the words of Prof. Bethge:
“If we want to get out of the lull of aquatic cultures, then very intensive painstaking work on a broad basis must now begin. It should be aimed not only at a detailed study of cultivation methods, but also the technology of aquatic culture itself. In this area great importance"has a hobbyist fascination with aquatic culture methods, since the amateur can accumulate knowledge using small, easily observable installations, and then make his findings available to large enterprises that are not able to experiment on such a large scale in their large installations."
>>Ecology 7th grade >> Future prospects
§ 12. Prospects for the future
Today, interest in the use of renewable energy sources is growing all over the world. This especially applies to energy sources such as the Sun, wind and bioenergy. Over the past 15 years, the competitiveness of renewable energy sources compared to sources such as oil, gas, coal and nuclear energy has increased significantly.
If this trend continues, renewable energy sources will occupy a larger share of the energy market. Already today we see that renewable energy sources can successfully compete with the construction of new nuclear power plants.
This state of affairs is very pleasing. In a report presented by the UN International Commission on environment and development, today's energy situation is presented as follows:
“We cannot live without energy of one form or another. Future development depends entirely on forms of energy that are continually available in increasing quantities from reliable, renewable sources that are neither hazardous nor harmful to the environment. At the moment we do not have a single universal source that could provide us in the future in accordance with our needs.”
The problem we face is huge, and everyone can contribute to solving it. We can start from the very beginning simple solution, which benefits most of us from an economic point of view, and that solution is: learn to use the energy at our disposal as efficiently and environmentally friendly as possible.
Think and answer
1. Why is the transition from non-renewable energy sources to renewable ones so important for humanity?
4-9 grades. Tutorial For high school. SPb. 2008. - 88 pp., ill. I. Lorentzen.
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Lesson content lesson notes supporting frame lesson presentation acceleration methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-test workshops, trainings, cases, quests homework discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photographs, pictures, graphics, tables, diagrams, humor, anecdotes, jokes, comics, parables, sayings, crosswords, quotes Add-ons abstracts articles tricks for the curious cribs textbooks basic and additional dictionary of terms other Improving textbooks and lessonscorrecting errors in the textbook updating a fragment in a textbook, elements of innovation in the lesson, replacing outdated knowledge with new ones Only for teachers perfect lessons calendar plan for the year guidelines discussion programs Integrated Lessons- (new Latin, from perspicere to see through). 1) the art of depicting distance in pictures the way it appears in reality. 2) future. 3) a view into the distance, opening from the observation point, to various objects standing in the distance... Dictionary foreign words Russian language
perspective- y, w. perspective f. 1. Distance, the space covered by the eye. BAS 1. The rotten huts were demolished, and new ones with cheerful prospects and romantic peristyles were built in their place. Danilevsky Ek. Great. // PSS 18 6. || View, panorama of what... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
In the near future, in the future... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. future future times, tomorrow, upcoming, future, prospect, tomorrow, fate, future... ... Synonym dictionary
See view, expectation... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. perspective view, angle... Synonym dictionary
Prospects, women [from Latin. perspectus through something seen, examined] (book). 1. Distance, space. In the future, all this had a different look. 2. only units. The art of depicting, reproducing in a drawing, on a flat surface... ... Dictionary Ushakova
- (French perspective from Latin perspicio I see clearly), 1) a system of depicting the objective world on a plane in accordance with visual perception objects by a person.2) Linear perspective, a method of depicting spatial figures on a plane with... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
perspective- Perspective, apparently, under the influence of the erroneous perception of this word as supposedly beginning with the prefix per, an incorrect perspective arose; However, let us repeat, in order to better remember, what is true: perspective. Misunderstanding... ... Dictionary of Russian language errors
PERSPECTIVE, s, female. 1. The art of depicting three-dimensional space on a plane in accordance with the apparent change in the size, outline, and clarity of objects is determined by the degree of their distance from the point of observation. Laws… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- (from Latin perspicio I see clearly) English. perspective; German Perspective. 1. Image of objects on the sheet. surfaces in accordance with the apparent change in their size, outline, etc., which is determined by the degree of their distance from the viewer, from the point... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology
Y; and. [French perspective] 1. View into the distance, the space covered by the eye. Far, far away. Getting lost in perspective. A moving dot appeared in the perspective. // Panorama of something viewed from a certain point. P. streets, avenues... encyclopedic Dictionary
This term has other meanings, see Perspective (meanings). Center for Animation Creativity Perspective ... Wikipedia
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- Scenario and prospects for the development of Russia. The collection, prepared by a number of leading Russian scientists, examines the causes and consequences of the global and Russian financial and economic crisis. Specific forecasts are given and…
- Scenario and prospects for the development of Russia. Issue 11, Sadovnichy V.A.. The collection, prepared by a number of leading Russian scientists, examines the causes and consequences of the global and Russian financial and economic crisis. Specific forecasts are given and…