By the end of the first quarter, Iran's position in the North Caucasus was greatly shaken due to the ongoing dynastic crisis and the invasion of Afghan tribes into its territory.
In 1722-1723, Peter I decided to take advantage of this favorable moment and carried out a Caspian campaign to conquer Dagestan and the territories of Persia (Iran), which are currently modern territory Azerbaijan.
Peter I set himself such tasks as strengthening Russia’s position in the Caspian Sea, supporting Georgian and Armenian Christians in Transcaucasia, developing trade with Persia and the East, and countering the strengthening of Turkey in the Caucasus.
The formal reason for the campaign was the robbery of Russian merchants during the devastation of Shamakhi during guerrilla warfare Dagestani feudal lords against the Iranian Shah.
Against the rioters
In his “Manifesto to the Peoples of the Caucasus and Persia,” the emperor stated that “the Shah’s subjects - the Lezgin owner Daud-bek (aka Hadji-Daud) and the Kazykum owner Surkhay - rebelled against their sovereign, took the city of Shemakha by storm and carried out a predatory attack on the Russians merchants. In view of Daud Beg’s refusal to give satisfaction, we are forced... to bring an army against the predicted rebels and all-evil robbers.”
True, Haji-Daoud and Surkhai committed these actions already in 1712, but Peter I only realized it 10 years later, and even under the pretext of protecting the territories of the Persian Shah. The capture of Shemakha was published in the manifesto of Peter I in 1712 in this way: “In 1712, the owner of the Lezgin Daud-bek and the owner of the Kazikumukh Surkhai, rebelling against the Shah, their sovereign, took the city of Shemakha by storm and the Russian people who traded there, chopped up their estates into four million rubles were stolen.”
A year before the Persian campaign, Hadji-Daoud repeatedly turned for help to representatives of the Russian authorities in Astrakhan and asked to accept Russian citizenship. The Lezgin ruler offered to exchange Russian iron and lead for Dagestan raw silk. The Astrakhan governor Volynsky wrote to Peter I: “it also seems to me that Daud-bek (the Lezgin owner) is not needed for anything, he answers me that of course he wants to serve your majesty, however, so that you deign to send him your troops and a sufficient number of guns , and he will take away the cities from the Persians, and those that are convenient for him, he will keep for himself (namely Derbent and Shemakha), and the rest will be ceded to your Majesty, which are on the other side of the Kura River all the way to Ispagan, which will never be in his hands, and he wants your work to be of benefit.”
Peter is more cunning
Hadji Daoud tried to use the Russian Tsar and his resources to achieve his own, while Peter I would receive “tasteless tops” or “useless roots.” Naturally, no help was provided to Haji Daoud, especially since at that time the troops were being prepared for the campaign. Also, reliable information reached the Russian authorities that Haji-Daoud, after being denied Russian citizenship, asked for Turkish citizenship and with a similar request for help in the fight against Persia.
This information caused concern to Peter I, since the intervention of the Porte would complicate the annexation of the Caspian territories. Haji Daoud would later become the Khan of Shirvan and never submit Russian Empire, choosing actually Turkish citizenship. For his unpredictability and self-will, Hadji Daoud would be captured when he arrived in Istanbul, and then exiled to Rhodes, where he would die in exile in 1728.
Kazikumykh Khan Surkhai, an ally of Hadji Daud, will accept citizenship of the Russian Empire, realizing that the fight against the Russian emperor will cost him too much.
Asking for forgiveness
When crossing the border, the Enderev rulers Aydemir and Chapan-shefkal and the Chechens dependent on them showed themselves to be hostile. During the fighting, not without serious losses, on June 23, Endirei was burned, and Aydemir and Chapan fled. Relations with these characters did not work out due to the fact that they attacked the Cossack town of Terki and gravitated towards the Crimean Khan and the Turkish Sultan.
But after the defeat, the Endireans sent envoys to Peter with a request for forgiveness and acceptance of their citizenship, as well as a request for permission to re-settle on the site of the burned Endire. The king gave permission and, in addition, generously freed the affected population of Endirei from taxes.
The Utamysh Sultan Mahmud and the Utsmi Kaitag Akhmet Khan joined the opposition to Russia, whose troops were defeated in the battle on the Inchkha River, which opened the way to Derbent, which was subsequently taken without a fight. As punishment for resistance, Peter's troops burned Utamysh and nearby villages, and the lands of the Kaitag Utsmiya also suffered. Both, having no other choice, will ask for citizenship and are accepted accordingly.
For the Russian Empire
Not all Dagestan rulers were hostile to the Russian Empire. Shamkhaly Mamet-bek Alypkaevich, Abdul-Girey, Adil-Girey, Akhmet-Khan sent letters during the Persian campaign asking for help, to accept them into Russian citizenship and leave them in their previous ruling positions. Confirming their citizenship, the shamkhals Adil-Girey and Mohammed made gifts to Peter I on July 28, 1722. The Kabardian shamkhals, Prince El-Murza of Cherkasy and Aslambek Kelemetev, voluntarily presented themselves to the sovereign on August 6 with their people and joined the Russian army.
Later, Derbent was occupied, and peacefully, the Derbent naib received the rank of general, and the local garrison went into the service of Peter I, began to receive salaries and perform police functions. And the Naryn-Kala fortress, the main citadel of the city, was given to the Russian garrison as a place of residence.
On July 26, Baku was taken, its population was disarmed, and the war formally ended with the signing of the St. Petersburg Peace on September 12, 1723. Persia ceded its Caspian territories: Dagestan, Shirvan, Gilan and Mazandaran with the cities of Derbent, Baku, Rasht and Astrabad, respectively. In 1724, the Peace of Constantinople was concluded with Turkey, according to which Turkey recognized Russia's rights to the Caspian lands, and Russia recognized Turkey's rights to Western Transcaucasia.
Peace came, but relations with the most influential Dagestan “owner”, Tarkov’s Shamkhal Adil-Girey, did not develop in the best way. Even during the campaign, Adil-Girey provided important assistance to Peter I, supplying him with information about the mood of the population and the hostile Dagestan khans, and after that he provided patronage to the unsuccessful resisters, bringing them under the arm of Moscow, for example, the same Aidemir of Endireevsky.
During the war, Adil-Girey received part of the territories of the Utamysh Khan, precious gifts from the king and a salary. But this was not enough for the Shamkhal, he asked in letters to the tsar, and then demanded to receive control of Derbent and the Cossack town of Terki with the surrounding settlements, which were under the control of the Kabardian princes. But Peter’s plans did not at all include strengthening Adil-Girey at his own expense. The irregular Cossack and Kalmyk units, which were based in Dagestan at that time, were not disciplined and regularly robbed the locals, which caused discontent and requests for compensation for the damage.
Fortress of Discord
But the last straw that overflowed the cup of patience was the construction of the Holy Cross fortress, which was supposed to be a replacement for the town of Terki, which was regularly flooded by Sunzha. The Dagestan rulers were very jealous of the desire of nearby empires to build any fortresses on their territory that threatened their sovereignty as local rulers. And several of them appeared on the territory of Dagestan during the Caspian campaign.
These contradictions between Adil-Girey and the Russian government led to their clash. Adil-Girey attacked the Holy Cross and other fortresses of the Russian army in 1725, but suffered a fiasco, as a result of which he quickly began to lose influence and retreated. As a result, Adil-Girey was arrested in 1726 and exiled to the Arkhangelsk province where he died in 1732, and the Tarkov Shamkhalate was liquidated.
Despite the military-political successes of Peter I in annexing the Caspian territories, his successors failed to retain these acquisitions and already under Anna Ioanovna in 1732 and 1735. Agreements were concluded with Iran according to which Russia's borders returned to the position of 1722.
With the end of the Northern War in 1721, Emperor Peter I turned his highest attention to the South, to the Caspian Sea, where Russia already had significant trading interests.
The preparation of Peter I for the campaign in Persia is evidenced by expeditions undertaken by Russian researchers long before the Persian campaign. So, in 1714-1715. A. Bekovich-Cherkassky compiled a description of the northern and eastern coasts of the Caspian Sea. In 1718, A. Kozhin and V. Urusov also compiled a description of the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. In 1719-1720 K. Verdun and F. Soimonov compiled a description of the western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea. As a result of this expedition, a consolidated map of the entire Caspian Sea was compiled. It is noteworthy that the next time the Russians returned to explore the Caspian territories only in 1726 (the next expedition of F. Soimonov), that is, three years after the end of the Persian campaign.
The reason for the campaign was the robbery of Russian merchants in Shemakha. Peter I, by virtue of the trade treaty of 1718, demanded that the Persian side punish the perpetrators. Having not received satisfaction, at the end of the Northern War, in May 1722 he undertook a campaign to establish Russian influence in the Caspian region.
In June, Peter I arrived in Astrakhan. 22 thousand infantry and artillery were put on ships for transportation by sea, and cavalry (9 thousand dragoons, 20 thousand Cossacks, 30 thousand Tatars) were sent overland from Tsaritsyn to the Persian regions adjacent to the Caspian Sea.
As a result of successful operations, Peter I forced the Persians to conclude the Treaty of St. Petersburg in 1723, according to which Shah Tahmasp II (1722-1732) ceded Baku, Derbent and the provinces of Astrabad, Gilan, Mazanderan and Shirvan to Russia, and also entered into allied relations with Russia against Turkey. According to the Treaty of Rasht in 1732 and the Treaty of Ganja in 1735, Russia returned the named cities and territories to Persia.
During the Persian campaign, Admiral General F.M. Apraksin commanded the army, and the head of the Secret Chancellery P.A. Tolstoy and Prince D.K. Cantemir managed civil affairs. The three of them constituted His Majesty's Council. In addition, Peter I instructed Prince Kantemir, as an expert on the East, to be in charge of the military office.
On the way to the Caspian Sea, with the participation of Cantemir, and possibly on his initiative, measures were taken to preserve the ruins ancient city Bulgara. Peter I then ordered to make copies of the “grave inscriptions” located there, which useful work of this old city has been somewhat clarified": about fifty Arabic and Tatar gravestone inscriptions were copied and translated into Russian by Akhun Kadyr-Makhmed Syungaliev and Sloboda translator Yusun Izhbulatov. The work they completed was later called “almost the first work in Russia, caused not by practical need, but by scientific curiosity.” A translation of these inscriptions was published in the 1770s.
Knowledge of Central Asian languages allowed Kantemir to play a prominent role in this campaign. He produced an Arabic typeface, organized a special printing house and printed in Tatar, Turkish and Persian the Manifesto of Peter I, composed and translated by him, to the peoples of the Caucasus and Persia dated July 15 (26), 1722. “...On the printing of them (copies of the Manifesto. - P.G.) the following letter from Prince has been preserved. Dm. Cantemir to Cabinet Secretary Makarov, July 14, 1722: “Please report to His Imperial Majesty: the manifesto, which is now printed in Turkish, will it be signed by whose hand, or whose name will be printed instead of signing, or nothing will happen. Also, which month and date, and the place where it was printed, should be depicted in it?.. Half of the manifesto on one side of the sheet has already been printed, up to a thousand (copies - P.G.), and today the other half on the other side of the sheet will be printed “For this reason, I want to know whether to print exactly 1000 or more, so that everything can be printed by tomorrow?”
If at least 1,000 copies of the Manifesto were to be printed in Turkish, it can be assumed that at least twice as many copies were printed in Farsi, the language of the administration of the territory in which hostilities were to be conducted. Thus, the total circulation of the Manifesto in Oriental languages was probably 5,000 copies.
The following information can serve as indirect confirmation of the stated circulation volume of the Manifesto: “On the 24th (July. - P.G.) the Emperor sent Guard Lieutenant Andreyan Lopukhin to Tarkha to Shamkhal with Manifestos (that is, copies of the Manifesto. - P.G.) in Turkish and Persian with the command, giving a few of them to Shamkhal himself, and distributing the rest to Derbent, Shemakha and Baku; For this mailing, 30 Terek Tatars were given to him.” If we assume that each of the messengers had at least 100 copies, then the circulation of the Manifesto in Turkish and Farsi alone was at least 3,000 copies.
Ivan IV, having accepted Kabarda into Russian citizenship in 1557, became so partial to her that in 1561, for his second marriage, he married a Kabardian princess, the daughter of the Supreme Prince of Kabardians Temryuk Aidarov. And Russia always had its supporters among the Kabardian nobility. The Russian government cared about friendly relations with Kabarda, which kept all the neighboring mountain tribes dependent - Abaza, Ingush, Ossetians, Mountain Tatars - and controlled all the roads leading from the plain to the most convenient pass through the Main Caucasus ridge.
During the Persian campaign, the Kabardians, despite the threats of the Crimean Khan Saadet IV, sided with Peter I: their troops joined Russian army and took part in the campaign.
Adil-Girey met Peter I near Tarki and escorted him to the camp prepared for the Russian troops. The emperor visited the residence of the shamkhal in Tarki and presented the owner with a gold watch. Meanwhile, a delegation from Derbent arrived in Tarki in response to the imperial manifesto, expressing their readiness to receive Russian troops.
On August 23, Naib Imam Kuli-bek presented Peter I with a silver key to Derbent. Here the emperor spent three days, paying a visit to the house of Kuli-bek. In Derbent, envoys from Utsmiya, Kadi and Maisum Tabasaran came to Peter I with a request to accept them into Russian citizenship.
In the camp on the Rubasa (Melikenta) river, which became extreme point During the Persian campaign, Peter I issued a letter of grant to the residents of Derbent and another one - separately to Kuli-bek, granting him his portrait with diamonds and thousands of red notes. On September 6, the main forces of the Russian expeditionary force moved back after the emperor, who had left the day before.
Let's return to Cantemir. For him Persian campaign was more of a scientific expedition than a military enterprise. So, in Derbent the attention of Prince Dmitry was attracted ancient fortress"Naryn-Kala". He carefully examined it, took measurements, and copied the discovered Arabic inscriptions. This study of Arabic inscriptions was presented in the collection “Collectanea orientalia” (“Oriental Collection”).
On the way, Cantemir kept a literary diary. For us, the pages dedicated to Derbent are of greatest interest. Along with a description of what he saw, the diary included legends about the city and stories about its fortifications recorded from the words of the population.
Upon arrival in Derbent, Kantemir visited the grave of Elder Korkut and left a description of it and brief information about Korkut itself. Kantemir's records about the Derbent elder, whom many Turkic-speaking peoples of the Caucasus and Central Asia revered as a saint, are the first in Russian.
In Derbent, Kuli-bek presented Peter I with the Persian manuscript Tarikh-i Derbend-nama - “The Book of the History of Derbent” as a gift. Kantemir set about translating it with interest, but did not have time to implement his plan.
Notes:
Berezin I. Bulgar on the Volga. Kazan, 1853, p. 29.
Savelyev P.S. Oriental literature and Russian orientalists // Russian Bulletin. 1856, vol. 2, book. 2, p. 119.
History of Russian Oriental Studies until the mid-19th century. M., 1990, p. 46-47.
Pekarsky P. Science and literature in Russia under Peter the Great. T. II. St. Petersburg, 1862, p. 652-653.
Tarki is an urban village in Dagestan, near Makhachkala. At the end of XV - early XIX V. the capital of the Tarkov Shamkhalate, one of the Dagestan principalities, which since the first half of the 17th century. was under Russian citizenship.
Russian state archive ancient acts (RGADA): F. 121 “Kumyk and Tarkov affairs” (1614-1719). Cm.: Kusheva E.N. Policy of the Russian state in the North Caucasus in 1552-1572. // Historical notes of the USSR Academy of Sciences. T. 34, 1950; It's her. Peoples North Caucasus and their connections with Russia in the second half of the 16th - 30s. XVII century M., 1963.
Shamkhal is the title of rulers in Dagestan. Here we are talking about Adil-Girey (1700-1725) from the Khalklavchi dynasty (1641-1858).
Golikov I.I. Acts of Peter the Great. T. 9. M., 1838, p. 154-155.
RGADA: F. 115 “Kabardian, Circassian and other affairs” (1578-1720). See: Kusheva E.N. Uk. Op.
See: Kabardino-Russian relations in the 16th–18th centuries. Documents and materials. In 2 vols. M., 1957.
Kurkin I.V. Persian campaign of Peter the Great. The lower corps on the shores of the Caspian Sea (1722-1735). M., 2010, p. 64-65.
Here: viceroy.
Kurkin I.V., With. 67.
There, p. 71.
Trunov D. Light from Russia. Makhachkala, 1956, p. 29-30.
See: History of World Literature. T. 3. M., 1985, p. 588-590; Kitab-i dedem Korkut. Transl. V.V. Bartold. M.-L., 1962.
Korogly H. Dmitry Cantemir and the culture of the East. - In the book: The legacy of Dmitry Kantemir and modernity: Sat. Art. Chisinau, 1976, p. 108.
Trunov D., With. thirty.
Article from Pavel Gusterin’s collection “The Russian Empire and the Caucasus” (Saarbrücken, 2014)
Persian campaign 1722-1723 was carried out in the south-eastern parts of Transcaucasia and in Dagestan. Its goal was to restore the trade route from India and Central Asia to Europe.
Prerequisites
Peter the Great paid great attention to economics and trade. In 1716, he sent a detachment of Bekovich-Cherkassky to Bukhara and Khiva across the Caspian Sea. During the expedition, it was necessary to study the routes to India and explore gold deposits in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. In addition, the task was set to persuade the Emir of Bukhara to friendship, and the Khan of Khiva to Russian citizenship. But the first expedition was a complete failure. The Khan of Khiva persuaded Bekovich-Cherkassky to disperse the detachment, and then attacked individual groups, destroying them. The Persian campaign was also conditioned by a message transmitted through representatives of Israel Ori from the Syunik meliks. In it they asked for help. Peter promised to provide support after the end of the battles with Sweden.
Situation on the coast
The history of Persia at the beginning of the 18th century was marked by increased activity in the Eastern Caucasus. As a result, all coastal territories of Dagestan were subjugated. Persian ships controlled the Caspian Sea. However, this did not put an end to the civil strife between local rulers. Violent clashes took place on the territory of Dagestan. Turkey gradually became involved in them. All these events worried Russia. The state traded through Dagestan with the East. Due to Persian activity, all paths were effectively cut off. Russian merchants suffered huge losses. This whole situation also had a negative impact on the state of the treasury.
Immediate reason
Having recently ended the Northern War victoriously, Russia began preparing to send troops to the Caucasus. The direct reason was the robbery and beating of Russian merchants in Shamakhi. The organizer of the attack was the Lezgin owner Daud-bek. On August 7, 1721, armed crowds destroyed Russian shops in the Gostiny Dvor, beat and dispersed the clerks. Lezgins and Kumyks plundered goods worth about half a million rubles.
Preparation
The Russian emperor learned that Shah Tahmasp II was defeated by the Afghans near his capital. Troubles began in the state. There was a threat that the Turks, taking advantage of the situation, would attack first and appear before the Russians in the Caspian Sea. Postponing the Persian campaign became very risky. Preparations began in winter. In the Volga cities of Yaroslavl, Uglich, Nizhny Novgorod, and Tver, the hasty construction of ships began. In 1714-1715 Bekovich-Cherkassky compiled a map of the eastern and northern coasts of the Caspian Sea. In 1718, Urusov and Kozhin also made a description, and in 1719-1720. - Verdun and Soimonov. This is how a general map of the Caspian Sea was compiled.
Plans
The Persian campaign of Peter 1 was supposed to begin from Astrakhan. He planned to go along the Caspian coast. Here he intended to capture the cities of Derbent and Baku. After this it was planned to go to the river. Chickens to build a fortress there. Then the route went to Tiflis to assist the Georgians in the battles against the Ottoman Empire. From there the military flotilla was supposed to arrive in Russia. In case of outbreak of hostilities, contact was established with both Vakhtang VI (King of Kartli) and Astvatsatur I (Armenian Catholicos). Astrakhan and Kazan became centers for preparation and organization of the campaign. From 80 field companies, 20 battalions were created. Their total number was 22 thousand people. with 196 artillery pieces. On the way to Astrakhan, Peter agreed on support with the Kalmyk Khan Ayuki. As a result, the Kalmyk cavalry, numbering 7 thousand people, joined the detachments. On June 15, 1722, the emperor arrived in Astrakhan. Here he decided to send 22 thousand infantry by sea, and seven dragoon regiments (9 thousand people) by land from Tsaritsyn. The latter were commanded by Major General Kropotov. Don and Ukrainian Cossacks were also sent overland. In addition, 3 thousand Tatars were hired. Transport ships were built at the Kazan Admiralty ( total number about 200) for 6 thousand sailors.
Manifesto to the peoples of the Caucasus and Persia
It was published on July 15 (26). The author of the message was the person in charge of the field office. This prince spoke oriental languages, which allowed him to play an important role in the campaign. Cantemir produced typesetting Arabic font and created a special printing house. The manifesto was translated into Persian, Tatar and Turkish.
First stage
The Persian campaign began from Moscow. To speed up the passage along the rivers, alternating rowers were prepared along the way. By the end of May, Peter arrived in Nizhny Novgorod, on June 2 - in Kazan, on June 9 - in Simbirsk, on June 10 - in Samara, on June 13 - in Saratov, on June 15 - in Tsaritsyn, on June 19 - in Astrakhan. On June 2, ships with ammunition and soldiers also left Nizhny Novgorod. They also headed to Astrakhan. The ships sailed in five rows one after another. On July 18, all ships went to sea. Count Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin was appointed head. On July 20, the ships entered the Caspian Sea. For a week, Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin led ships along the west coast. By the beginning of August, Kabardian detachments joined the army. They were commanded by princes Aslan-Bek and Murza Cherkassky.
Endirei
On July 27, 1722, a landing took place. The Russian Tsar first set foot on the soil of Dagestan. On the same day, Peter sent a detachment led by Veterani to capture Endirei. However, on the way to the settlement in the gorge, he was attacked by the Kumyks. The mountaineers hid in the rocks and behind the forest. They managed to knock out 2 officers and 80 soldiers. However, the detachment quickly regrouped and went on the offensive. The enemy was defeated and Erdirey was burned. The remaining North Kumyk rulers expressed full readiness to serve the Russians. On August 13, troops entered Tarki. Here Peter was greeted with honor. Shamkhal Aldy-Girey presented the Russian Tsar with argamak, the troops received wine, food and fodder. After a while, the detachments entered the Utamysh possession, which was located not far from Derbent. Here they were attacked by a 10,000-strong detachment of Sultan Mahmud. However, as a result of a short battle, the Russians managed to put the army to flight. The village was burned.
G. Derbent
The Russian Tsar was very loyal to those who agreed to submit, and very cruel to those who resisted. The news of this soon spread throughout the area. In this regard, Derbent offered no resistance. On August 23, the ruler with several eminent townspeople met the Russians a mile from the city. Everyone fell to their knees, bringing Peter the silver keys to the gate. The Russian Tsar received the ruler kindly and promised not to send troops into the city. However, not all residents, but mainly Shiites, provided a warm welcome. They occupied a privileged position as they were the pillars of Safavid dominance. By August 30, the Russians approached the river. Rubas and founded a fortress in close proximity to the territory inhabited by the Tabasarans. Many villages came under Peter's rule. Over the course of several days, all the surrounding areas that lay between the Belbele and Yalama rivers also came under the control of the Russians.
Reaction of local authorities
The feudal rulers in Dagestan had different attitudes towards the appearance of the Russians. Haji-Davud began to actively prepare for defense. His allies Ahmed III and Surkhay tried to sit out in their own possessions, taking a wait-and-see approach. Haji Dawood understood perfectly well that he would not be able to resist the attackers alone. In this regard, he, hoping that Ahmed III and Surkhay would help, simultaneously tried to improve relations with the main rivals of the Russian Tsar - the Turks.
Completion of the first stage
The Persian campaign implied the annexation of not only the territories of Dagestan, but also almost the entire Transcaucasia. The Russian army began to prepare to advance south. In fact, the first part of the campaign was over. The continuation of the journey was prevented by storms at sea, which made it difficult to transport food. The Russian Tsar left a garrison under the leadership of Colonel Juncker in Derbent, and he himself went to Russia on foot. On the way by the river Sulak he founded the fortress. Holy Cross for border defense. From here Peter and his army set off by water to Astrakhan. After his departure, command of the detachments in the Caucasus was transferred to Major General Matyushkin.
Rasht
By the fall of 1722, the threat of occupation by Afghans loomed over the province of Gilan. The latter entered into a secret agreement with the Turks. The provincial ruler turned to the Russians for help. Matyushkin decided to forestall the enemy. Quite quickly, 14 ships were prepared, taking 2 battalions with artillery. On November 4, the ships left Astrakhan and a month later appeared at Anzeli. The city of Rasht was taken by a small landing force without a fight. The following year, in the spring, reinforcements of 2 thousand people were sent to Gilan. infantry with 24 guns. They were commanded by Major General Levashov. Having united, Russian troops occupied the entire province. Thus, control was established over the southern part of the Caspian coast.
Baku
Even from Derbent, the Russian Tsar sent Lieutenant Lunin to this city with an invitation to surrender. However, the Baku residents were under the influence of Daoud Beg's agents. They did not allow Lunin into the city and refused Russian help. On June 20, 1773, Matyushkin headed for Baku from Astrakhan. On July 28, troops entered the city. The authorities, welcoming them, handed Matyushkin the keys to the gate. Having occupied the city, the detachments settled in 2 caravanserais and established control over all important strategic points. Having received news that Sultan Mohammed Hussein Bek was in contact with Haji Dawood, Matyushkin ordered him to be taken into custody. After this, he and his three brothers were sent to Astrakhan with their property. Dergakh-Kuli-bek was appointed Baku ruler. He was promoted to the rank of colonel. Prince Baryatinsky was appointed as commandant. The campaign of 1723 made it possible to capture almost the entire coast of the Caspian Sea. This, in turn, caused serious damage to Haji Dawood's position. Having lost the Caspian provinces, he actually lost the opportunity to recreate an independent and strong state on the territory of Lezgistan and Shirvan. Haji Dawood at that time was under Turkish citizenship. They did not provide any support to him because they were busy solving their own problems.
Results
The Persian campaign became very successful for the Russian government. In fact, control was established over the coast of the Eastern Caucasus. The successes of the Russian army and the invasion forced Persia to sign a peace treaty. He was imprisoned in St. Petersburg. In accordance with the agreement of September 12 (23), 1723, vast territories were transferred to Russia. Among them were the provinces of Shirvan, Astrabad, Mazandaran, and Gilan. Rasht, Derbent, and Baku also passed to the Russian Tsar. However, the advance into the central parts of Transcaucasia had to be abandoned. This was due to the fact that in the summer of 1723 Ottoman troops entered these territories. They devastated Georgia, the western lands of modern Azerbaijan and Armenia. In 1724, the Treaty of Constantinople was signed with the Porte. In accordance with it, the Sultan recognized the acquisitions of the Russian Empire in the Caspian region, and Russia, in turn, recognized his rights in the territory of Western Transcaucasia. Later, relations with the Turks became very strained. To prevent a new war Russian government, interested in an alliance with Persia, returned to it all the Caspian territories according to the Ganja Treaty and the Treaty of Rasht.
Conclusion
Peter undertook his campaign in a timely manner. Its success was ensured by a sufficient number of people, ships and guns. In addition, the Russian Tsar was able to enlist the support of his neighbors. They readily responded to his requests. So, for example, Russian detachments were replenished by Kabardian wars and mercenary Tatars. Preparations for the hike were carried out in a fairly organized manner. Overall it didn't take that long. Transport ships were of particular importance during the campaign. They ensured an uninterrupted supply of provisions. The strategic maneuvers of the Russians were also of no small importance. Considering that the terrain was unfamiliar, they were able to establish control over almost the entire territory. The Turks could cause big problems for the Russians. They put a lot of pressure on Haji Dawood. He, in turn, influenced Baku residents and other rulers. Nevertheless, even this could not prevent the implementation of Peter’s plans. If it were not for the autumn storms in the Caspian Sea, it is quite possible that he would have advanced even further. However, the decision was made to return. Nevertheless, Russian troops remained in the controlled territories. Several fortresses were established. Russian officers were present in the administration in villages and cities. On the territory of the Eastern Caucasus at the time of Peter’s sailing to Russia there was not a single one left uncontrolled settlement. The situation for some mountaineers was complicated by the inaction of the allies. Some of them might have resisted, but given the inequality of forces, they chose to surrender. Most of The battles took place bloodlessly or with minor losses on the part of the Russians. This was largely due to the fact that the local rulers were aware of Peter’s behavior with his subordinates. If he said that he would not send troops into cities that surrendered on their own, then he kept his promise. However, the Russians dealt quite harshly with those who resisted. The key moment was the capture of Baku. With the occupation of the city, the Russians established control along almost the entire coast. This was the most effective and largest capture. Against the backdrop of the recent victory in the Northern War, the success of the Persian campaign further exalted the Russian Tsar. It should also be taken into account that within the country the emperor carried out active reforms that involved the Europeanization of the state. All this together made Russia a truly powerful power, whose participation in foreign policy relations became mandatory.
Peter's campaign in Eastern Transcaucasia ensured unhindered trade for Russian merchants. The paths were open for them again, they stopped suffering losses. The royal treasury was also replenished. The officers who remained in the garrisons and fortresses continued to serve there until new agreements were signed in 1732 and 1735. Peter needed these treaties to relieve tension on the borders and prevent clashes with the Turks.
At the beginning of the 18th century, Persia intensified its activities in the Eastern Caucasus, and soon all the coastal possessions of Dagestan recognized its power over them. Persian ships were complete masters in the Caspian Sea and controlled its entire coastline. But the arrival of the Persians did not put an end to civil strife between local owners. There was a fierce massacre in Dagestan, into which Turkey, which was at enmity with Persia, was gradually drawn into.
The events that took place in Dagestan could not help but alarm Russia, which was actively trading with the East through its lands. Trade routes from Persia and India through Dagestan were essentially cut off. Merchants suffered huge losses, and the state treasury also suffered.
As soon as it emerged victorious from the Northern War, Russia, proclaimed an empire, began preparing for a campaign in the Caucasus. The reason was the beating and robbery of Russian merchants, organized by the Lezgin owner Daud-bek in Shemakha. There, on August 7, 1721, crowds of armed Lezgins and Kumyks attacked Russian shops in the Gostiny Dvor, beat and dispersed the clerks who were with them, and then plundered goods totaling up to half a million rubles.
At the beginning of 1722, the Russian emperor learned that the Persian Shah was defeated by the Afghans near his capital. The country began to be in turmoil. There was a threat that, taking advantage of this, the Turks would strike first and appear on the coast of the Caspian Sea before the Russians. It became risky to further postpone the campaign to the Caucasus.
Preparations for the campaign began in the winter of 1721−1722. In the Volga cities (Nizhny Novgorod, Tver, Uglich, Yaroslavl), the hasty construction of military and cargo ships began.
About 50 thousand people took part in the Persian campaign, including 5 thousand sailors, 22 thousand infantry, 9 thousand cavalry, as well as irregular troops (Cossacks, Kalmyks, etc.).
On May 15, 1722, Peter set out from Moscow on a campaign. He sailed on a plow called “Moskvoretskaya” along the Moscow River, Oka, and Volga. To speed up the voyage, alternating rowers were prepared along the entire route. On May 26, Peter I was already in Nizhny Novgorod, on June 2 - in Kazan, on June 9 - in Simbirsk, on June 10 - in Samara, on June 13 - in Saratov, on June 15 - in Tsaritsyn, on June 19 - in Astrakhan.
The departure of ships with troops and ammunition from Nizhny Novgorod to Astrakhan took place on June 2. The ships were divided into five detachments, sailing one after another. In all detachments there were 45 last ships and up to 200 island boats, each of which carried about 40 people. In the first half of July, all ships and troops arrived in Astrakhan.
On July 18, the entire flotilla of 274 ships went to sea under the command of Admiral General Count Apraksin. At the head of the vanguard was Peter I, who was Apraksin’s junior flagship. On July 20, the fleet entered the Caspian Sea and followed the western coast for a week.
2 Endirei
On July 27, 1722, Peter I landed in the Agrakhan Bay and set foot on Dagestan soil for the first time. On the same day, he sent a detachment under the command of Brigadier Veterani to occupy Endirei. On the approach to the village in the gorge, the detachment was suddenly attacked by the Kumyks. The mountaineers, hiding in the rocks and behind the trees, disabled 80 soldiers and two officers with well-aimed rifle fire and arrows. But then the Russians, having recovered from the surprise, went on the offensive themselves, defeated the enemy, captured the village and turned it into ashes.
Unlike the Endireevsky ruler Aidemir, the rest of the North Kumyk rulers - the Aksaevsky, Kostekovsky and Tarkovsky shamkhals expressed their readiness to be in Russian service.
On August 13, the Russian regiments solemnly entered Tarki, where they were greeted with honor by the Shamkhal. Aldy-Girey gave Peter a gray argamak in a golden harness. Both of his wives paid a visit to Catherine, presenting her with trays of the best grape varieties. The troops received food, wine and fodder.
Later, Russian troops entered the small Utamysh possession, located near Derbent. There they were attacked by a 10,000-strong army led by the local ruler Sultan Mahmud. After a short battle with the Russians, the attackers were put to flight, and their village was put on fire.
3 Derbent
Having put an end to the Utamysh uprising, Tsar Peter headed to Derbent. The Russian emperor's loyalty to the submissive and his cruelty to those who resisted soon became known throughout the region. Therefore, Derbent did not resist. On August 23, its ruler with a group of eminent townspeople met the Russians a mile from the city, fell to his knees and presented Peter with two silver keys to the fortress gates. Peter kindly received the delegation and promised not to send troops into the city. He kept his word. The Russians set up a camp near the city walls, where they rested for several days, celebrating a bloodless victory.
Such a warm welcome to Peter I was provided not by all residents of Derbent, but only by the Shiite part of the city’s population, which, being the support of Safavid dominance in the region, occupied a privileged position. By the time the Russian troops arrived, Derbent had already been under siege for several years. The rebels, led by Haji-Davud, constantly threatened the city, intending to clear it of the occupying Persian-Kyzylbash authorities.
For the peaceful surrender of the fortress, Imam-Kuli-bek was appointed ruler of the city by Peter I, awarded the rank of major general and a constant annual salary.
On August 30, Russian troops approached the Rubas River and founded a fortress in the immediate vicinity of Tabasaran territory, designed for a garrison of 600 people. Many villages of the Tabasarans and Kyura Lezgins came under the rule of the Russian Tsar. Within a few days, the entire environs of Derbent and Muskur, lying between the Yalama and Belbele rivers, also came under the rule of the Russian Empire.
Thus, in a relatively short period of time, Russia subjugated a significant part of the Caspian lands from the mouth of Sulak to Myushkur.
The reaction of Hadji-Davud and other feudal rulers of Dagestan to the appearance and actions of Russian troops in the Eastern Caucasus was very different. Haji-Davud himself, knowing that he was called by Peter I the main “rebel”, to punish whom he undertook his campaign, began to intensively prepare for the defense of his possessions. His allies Surkhay and Ahmed Khan took a wait-and-see attitude, trying to sit out in their possessions. Haji-Davud understood that he could not resist Russia alone, so at the same time he attempted to improve relations with the Turks, Russia’s main rivals in the Caucasus.
Peter I's plans included the annexation of not only Caspian Dagestan, but also almost the entire Transcaucasus. Therefore, the Russian army, having captured Derbent, was preparing for further advance to the south.
This effectively ended the 1722 campaign. Its continuation was prevented by autumn storms in the Caspian Sea, which complicated the delivery of food by sea. The leak in the ships partially spoiled the flour supplies, which put the Russian army in a difficult situation. Then Peter left a garrison in Derbent under the command of Colonel Juncker, and he and his troops moved on foot back to Russia. On the road near the Sulak River, the tsar founded a new fortress, the Holy Cross, to cover the Russian border. From there Peter went to Astrakhan by sea.
After Peter's departure, the command of all Russian troops located in the Caucasus was entrusted to Major General M. A. Matyushkin, who enjoyed the special trust of the emperor.
4 Rasht
In the fall of 1722, the Persian province of Gilan was under threat of occupation by Afghans, who entered into a secret conspiracy with Turkey. The provincial ruler, in turn, turned to the Russians for help. M.A. Matyushkin decided not to miss such a rare opportunity and forestall the enemy. Within a short time, 14 ships were prepared for sailing, and two battalions of soldiers with artillery boarded them. The squadron of ships was commanded by captain-lieutenant Soimanov, and the infantry detachment was commanded by Colonel Shipov.
On November 4, the squadron left Astrakhan and a month later entered the Anzeli raid. Having landed a small landing party, Shipov occupied the city of Rasht without a fight.
In the spring of the following year, reinforcements were sent to Gilan from Astrakhan - two thousand infantry with 24 guns, commanded by Major General A. N. Levashov. With combined efforts, Russian troops occupied the province and established control over the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Their separate detachments infiltrated deep into the Caucasus, frightening the vassals of Persia, the Sheki and Shirvan khans.
5 Baku
While still in Derbent, Peter I sent Lieutenant Lunin to Baku on August 24, 1722 with “a manifesto inviting the city to surrender. But the Baku residents, incited by Daud-bek’s agents, did not let Lunin into the city and replied that they did not want Russian help,” although shortly before this a letter was received from the city rulers, which stated that the Baku residents were ready “by your Majesty’s decree and serve the manifesto and remain in obedience according to our desire.”
June 20, 1723 Russian fleet under the command of Major General Matyushkin, he left Astrakhan and headed for Baku. 15 gekbots, field and siege artillery and infantry took part in the campaign.
Upon arrival, Matyushkin sent Major Nechaev to the city with a letter from the Persian ambassador Izmail Bek to the Sultan, in which the ambassador tried to persuade the Sultan to surrender the city. However, the Baku Sultan, who was under the influence of Haji Dawood, refused to allow Russian troops into Baku. Having received a refusal, the Russians began a siege of the fortress, which lasted for seven days.
Meanwhile, in the city itself, Sultan Mohammed Hussein Beg was captured by supporters of Russian orientation and thrown into prison. Power in the city passed to Yuzbashi Dergakh-Kuli-bek, who then wrote a letter to Matyushkin stating that the new authorities agreed to surrender the city.
On July 28, Russian battalions entered Baku. Welcoming them, the city authorities presented Matyushkin with four keys to the city gates. Having occupied the city, Russian troops settled in two caravanserais and took control of all important strategic points.
Having learned that the Sultan was in contact with Hadji Dawood and was going to surrender the city to him, Matyushkin ordered Mohammed Hussein Bek to be taken into custody. Then the Sultan and his three brothers with all their property were sent to Astrakhan. Dergakh-Kuli-bek, elevated by the Russian command to the rank of colonel, was appointed ruler of Baku. Prince Baryatinsky became the commandant of the city.
The Russian occupation of Baku allowed them to capture almost the entire Caspian coast of the Eastern Caucasus. This was a serious blow to the positions of Haji Dawood. The loss of the Caspian provinces significantly complicated the task of recreating a strong and independent state on the territory of Shirvan and Lezgistan. The Turks, under whose citizenship Haji-Davud was at that time, did not help him in any way. They were busy solving their own problems.
Caspian (Persian) campaign 1722-1723.
Caspian (Persian) campaign 1722-1723. ( Russian-Persian War 1722-1723) - the campaign of the Russian army and navy in Northern Azerbaijan and Dagestan, which belonged to Persia, the first of a series of Russian-Persian conflicts.
Peter I, wanting to establish direct economic ties with the countries of Central Asia and India, paid special attention to the Caspian Sea. Already in 1693, he seriously thought about conquering the Caspian coast. However, the war that soon began with Turkey for access to the Sea of Azov, and then the war with Sweden for access to the Baltic Sea did not allow Peter the Great begin to implement his plan to conquer the Caspian coast before 1721, when the Treaty of Nystadt was concluded between Russia and Sweden and a favorable situation was created for a campaign in Persia.
After graduation Northern War Peter I decided to make a trip to the western coast of the Caspian Sea, and, having captured the Caspian Sea, restore the trade route from Central Asia and India to Europe, which would be very useful for Russian merchants and for the enrichment of the Russian Empire. The route was supposed to pass through the territory of India, Persia, Armenia, from there to the Russian fort on the Kura River, then through Georgia to Astrakhan, from where it was planned to transport goods throughout the entire Russian Empire.
Preparations for war began in the winter of 1721–1722. In the Volga cities (Nizhny Novgorod, Tver, Uglich, Yaroslavl), the hasty construction of military and cargo ships began, and by July 1722, up to 200 island boats and 45 fin ships were built and concentrated in Nizhny Novgorod. By this time, the troops necessary for the campaign had been gathered in Nizhny Novgorod, including both guards regiments.
It should be noted that Peter the Great paid great attention to trade and economics. Back in 1716, he sent a detachment of Prince Bekovich-Cherkassky across the Caspian to Khiva and Bukhara.
The expedition was tasked with persuading the Khan of Khiva into citizenship and the Emir of Bukhara into friendship with Russia; explore trade routes to India and gold deposits in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya.
However, this first expedition completely failed - the Khiva Khan first persuaded the prince to disperse his forces, and then attacked individual detachments.
The reason for the start of a new campaign was the uprising of rebels in the coastal provinces
Persia. Peter 1 announced to the Shah of Persia that the rebels were making forays into the territory of the Russian Empire and robbing merchants, and that Russian troops would be sent into the territory of Northern Azerbaijan and Dagestan to assist the Shah in pacifying the inhabitants of the rebellious provinces.
Even during Northern War Russian troops were preparing for a campaign in Persia. Captain Verdun compiled detailed map Caspian Sea, later sent to the Paris Academy, Russian units were constantly on the border with Persia.
Peter the First planned to set out from Astrakhan, go along the shores of the Caspian Sea, capture Derbent and Baku, reach the Kura River and establish a fortress there, then go to Tiflis, assist the Georgians in the fight against Ottoman Empire and from there return to Russia.
Kazan and Astrakhan became centers for organizing the Persian campaign. For the upcoming campaign, 20 battalions with a total strength of 22 thousand people were formed from 80 companies of field troops.
June 15, 1722 Russian Emperor Peter the First arrives in Astrakhan. He decides to transport 22 thousand infantry by sea, and send 7 dragoon regiments with a total of 9 thousand people under the command of Major General Kropotov by land from Tsaritsyn. By order Peter I and with his direct participation in the Kazan Admiralty, about 200 transport ships were built. Over 30 thousand Tatars also took part in the campaign.
May 15, 1722 - speech Peter 1 from Moscow on a campaign “with many noble persons.” Peter the Great walked on a plow called “Moskvoretskaya” along the Moscow River, Oka, and Volga. To speed up the voyage, alternating rowers were prepared along the entire route. 26 of May Peter 1 I was already in Nizhny Novgorod, June 2 - in Kazan, June 9 - in Simbirsk, June 10 - in Samara, June 13 - in Saratov, June 15 - in Tsaritsyn, June 19 - in Astrakhan.
Apraksin F.M.
2 June. The departure of ships with troops and ammunition from Nizhny Novgorod to Astrakhan. The ships were divided into five detachments, sailing one after another. In all detachments there were 45 last ships and up to 200 island boats, each of which carried about 40 people. In the first half of July, all ships and troops arrived in Astrakhan.
On July 18, 1722, the entire flotilla of 274 ships went to sea under the command of Admiral General Count Apraksin. At the head of the avant-garde was Peter I, which was Apraksin’s junior flagship.
On July 20, the fleet entered the Caspian Sea and followed the western coast for a week.
On July 27, the infantry landed at Cape Agrakhan, 4 versts below the mouth of the Koysu River. A few days later the cavalry arrived and joined the main forces.
“And until this day, the memories of Victoria, who was at Gangut in 1714, where they took the Swedish schoutbenacht with one frigate and 6 galleys, as well as with skerry boats, also in Lameland on the island of Grengam, where they took 4 Swedish ships in 1720, that day, after the clock had rung, they fired from cannons from the gukor, on which Admiral General Count Apraksin was, and then from all the island boats, soldiers fired from small guns with rapid fire once.”
July 28th. Landing of a flotilla of troops on the shore of the Agrakhan Gulf. Upon arrival at the Agrakhan Bay, 9 thousand regular cavalry, coming from Tsaritsyn by land, Peter 1 decided to launch an attack on Derbent along the coast with the assistance of flotilla ships.
July 31st. Beginning of construction at the mouth of the Agrakhan River of a temporary fortification (retranchement), intended to protect the time removing the army of island boats and sick soldiers left here.
On August 5, 1722, the Russian army continued to move towards Derbent, and on August 8 crossed the Sulak River.
On August 15, the troops approached Tarki, the seat of the Shamkhal (the title of the rulers of the Kumyks in Dagestan (Kazikumukh Shamkhalship, Tarkov Shamkhalship) with late XIV centuries to 1867). Arrival at Derbent under the command of Captain Verdun of a transport flotilla (21 ships) with artillery and provisions.
In a letter to Peter I on August 15, 1722, Captain Verdun reported that “from the city of Derbent the commandant or naib sent own person his to me (Verdun. - Ed.) to the ship with congratulations on the happy arrival with fin ships in. And. V. and he was greatly amazed at these ships, how they sailed at sea, and said verbally from the naib that they were very glad to see their eyes. And. V. and in subordinating your cities to your imperial power.”
On August 19, 1722, an attack by a 10,000-strong detachment of the Otemish Sultan Magmud was repulsed.
covered the coastal route along the Caspian Sea. Residents of the city greeted the Russians friendly and hospitably.
August 30, 1722 Peter I wrote to Kruys from Derbent: “When the (Russian troops) were approaching - Ed.) to this city, then the naib (governor) of this city met us and brought us the key to the gate. It is true that these people did not hypocritically bring it with love, and so for the sake of helping us out of the siege, as it were. We have the same letters from Baku as we had from this city before we arrived, for this reason we will send a garrison there, and so in these parts, with God’s help, we received a foot (that is, we established ourselves. - Ed.), than we congratulate you. Although this march is not far, it is extremely difficult due to the lack of food for the horses and the great heat.”
On August 28, all Russian forces, including the flotilla, converged on the city. Further progress to the south was stopped by a strong storm, which sank all the ships with food.
August 29. “There was a general consultation on what to do, at which everyone agreed in writing that we should go back without provisions for only a month.” They were waiting for the delivery of new provisions on 17 ships sailing from Astrakhan under the command of Captain Vilboa, but on September 4 Peter 1 received a message from Vilboa that in
While anchored 30 versts from the island of Chechen, his ships were caught in a storm, a strong leak appeared in the ships from the rolling, and in order to prevent them from sinking at depth, they had to cut the ropes and throw themselves ashore. In this case, almost all the cargo intended for the army was lost.
Peter I decided to leave a garrison in the city and returned with the main forces to Astrakhan, where he began preparations for the 1723 campaign.
This was the last military campaign in which the emperor Peter the First was directly involved.
October 4–14, 1722 Return of the flotilla with troops to Astrakhan. Assessing the campaign in Persia, Peter I wrote to the Senate: “And thus we can, thanks to the Most High, by this campaign
be glad: for we have now received a strong foundation on the Caspian Sea.”
In November, a landing force of five companies was landed in the Persian province of Gilan under the command of Colonel Shipov to occupy the city of Ryashch. Later, in March of the following year, the Ryashch vizier organized an uprising and, with a force of 15 thousand people, tried to dislodge the Shipov detachment that occupied Ryashch. All Persian attacks were repelled
During the second Persian campaign of 1723, a much smaller detachment was sent to Persia under the command of Matyushkin, and Peter I only directed the actions of Matyushkin from the Russian Empire. 15 gekbots (a small sailing vessel with a transom stern), field and siege artillery and infantry took part in the campaign.
On March 17, 1723, Otrad of Captain-Lieutenant Soimonov, leaving at the disposal of Colonel Shipov 3 ships under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Zolotarev, went to the mouth of the Kura River, so that, as ordered Peter 1, choose a place here for the proposed construction of the city, and then return to Astrakhan.
Meanwhile, the Persians, taking advantage of the weakening of the fleet's forces, attacked Colonel Shipov's detachment in Rasht and, in order to destroy the ships of Captain-Lieutenant Zolotarev, who were in the Gulf of Anzel, built a strong battery at the exit from the bay, guarded by a 5,000-strong detachment. Simultaneously with repelling the attack on Rasht, the detachment of captain-lieutenant Zolotarev, using naval artillery fire, silenced the Persian battery and dispersed the detachment guarding it.
June 20. Exit on order Peter I The Caspian flotilla from Astrakhan to sea for operations against Baku. On the ships there was a landing party consisting of four regiments. The expedition was led by Major General M.A. Matyushkin. During the sea crossing, the flotilla was divided into three detachments, each of which had land and sea commanders: on the first - Major General Matyushkin and Lieutenant Commander Prince Urusov, on the second - Major General Prince Trubetskoy and Lieutenant Commander Pushkin, on the third - brigadier Prince Baryatinsky and captain-lieutenant Soimonov.
July 6. Arrival of the Caspian flotilla with landing forces to Baku. Due to the Persians’ refusal to surrender the city, preparations for the assault began voluntarily.
On July 21, 1723, the Russians repelled an attack by the besieged with four battalions and two field guns. Meanwhile, 7 geckbots anchored next to the city wall and began to fire heavily at it, thereby destroying the fortress artillery and partially destroying the wall.
On July 25, 1723, an assault was planned from the sea through the gaps formed in the wall, but a strong wind arose, which drove away the Russian ships. The residents of Baku managed to take advantage of this by sealing all the gaps in the wall, but still, on July 26, the city capitulated without a fight.
The successes of Russian troops during the campaign and the invasion of the Ottoman army in Transcaucasia forced Persia to conclude a peace treaty in St. Petersburg on September 12, 1723, according to which Derbent, Baku, Rasht, the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad went to Russia.
From penetration into the central regions of Transcaucasia Peter I had to be abandoned, since in the summer of 1723 the Ottomans invaded there, devastating Georgia, Armenia and the western part of Azerbaijan.
In 1724, the Treaty of Constantinople was concluded with the Porte, according to which the Sultan recognized Russia's acquisitions in the Caspian region, and Russia recognized the Sultan's rights to Western Transcaucasia.
Later, due to the aggravation of Russian-Turkish relations, the Russian government, in order to avoid a new war with the Ottoman Empire and interested in an alliance with Persia, according to the Treaty of Rasht (1732) and the Ganja Treaty (1735), returned all the Caspian regions of Persia .
Information sources:
1. Battle chronicle of the Russian fleet: Chronicle major events military history Russian fleet since the 9th century. to 1917