1.2 Adjective 1.3 Pronoun 1.4 Verb

Notes

Introduction

Cm.. also article Ukrainian language .

The prevalence of the Ukrainian language in the beginning. XX century

Ukrainian language(pronounced) - a language common in southeastern Europe, belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European language family. the only official language in Ukraine and one of the three official languages in Transnistria.

The Ukrainian language is spoken in Ukraine, the border areas of neighboring countries, where Ukrainians have long lived, as well as in countries where a significant number of Ukrainians (Ukrainian diaspora) left at one time.

Colloquial southern regions Movement X - XIII century. is one of the stages in the development of the modern Ukrainian language.

1. Morphology

There are ten parts of speech in Ukrainian:

independent (can perform the syntactic roles of the members of the sentence - subject, predicate, application, definition and circumstance) - noun, verb, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, service (do not perform syntactic roles in the sentence) - union, preposition, share, exclamation.

The noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun and verb are the inflected parts of speech of the word (decline and declension), others are invariable.

1.1. Noun

Cm.. also article Noun .

In Ukrainian, nouns have the following grammatical characteristics:

glasses, holidays, money).

(Romashko a),

White hair),

barking dog)

(student, Ukrainian, poetess).

(Brother how a),

(Brother a, how a),

(Brother v / ove, how and),

(Brother a, how y),

(Brother om, how Oh),

(on brother and / ove, in languages and),

(Brother e, how O).

The declension of nouns depends on the gender of the noun, on its ending in the nominative singular (i.e., on its dictionary form), on the final consonant of the stem of the noun. According to these features, four cancellations of the noun and groups (soft, hard, mixed) in I and II cancellations are identified.

1.1.1. I cancel

I cancellations include nouns:

on-a/-z:

rose, dream, Anechka, tower,

on-a/-z:

Nikolai, Ilya, governor,

on-a/-z:

postman, judge, Seagull, slacker.

Division of nouns of the I declension into groups

solid group

case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	of the year	an orphan	year-and	With and mouth-and
	year-and	orphans and	R and To-?	With R e t-?
Dative	ritz-i	orphans and	R and to-am	With and mouth-am
Accusative	year-in	orphans-in	R and to-and	With R e t-?
Instrumental	year-about th	orphans-o Yu	R and to the links	With and mouth links
	(On the) ritz-i	(On the) orphans and	(On) r and k-ah	(US and mouth-ah
Vocative	year-in	With and mouth-in	R and to-and	With and mouth-and

soft group

case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	land	mr and I	With e ml-and	mr i-th
	earth	mr i-th	earth e l-?	mr and and-?
Dative	earth	mr i-th	With e ml-pit	mr i-yam
Accusative	With e ml-th	mr i-th	With e ml-and	mr i-th
Instrumental	earth Yu	mr i-tion	With e ml	mr and-yami
	(On the) land-and	(B) mr i-th	(US e ml-yah	(B) mr and-yah
Vocative	With e ml-e	mr i-e	With e ml-and	mr i-th

mixed group

case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	v e well	v e well
	v e well	v e f-?
Dative	v e well	v e f-am
Accusative	v e well	v e well
Instrumental	v e f-her	v e well
	(on) to e well	(on) to e f-ah
Vocative	v e well	v e well

Notes on case forms of the first declension

lady

ending-and

singular

panya,

na-i,

literary language

niya.

[

], [k], [x]

ending-and

, ,

scales a- vaz and hands a- RTC and father-in-law v ha - mother-in-law v si.

ending -u

bab v s-th, mom v n-th, V a l-u, T O n-u, T O l - yu.

young woman

girl,

man, child, chicken, goose

(l Yu di, d and you, to v ri, g in si)

plural

[O]

[and]

os v ba - os and b, orphans a- With R e t, legs a- n and G.

(m O d, n O rm, n O t, d O With),

(Doll v uh, count O d, count O in, above O d, set O v).

loz and lez nor and nor, goats and goats, goal v in and ch and in, cor O in and cor and in, punch v x and punch and X.

[e]

[and]:

March e by - rem and c, stud a- black and e).

[O]

[e]

[o], [e]

?).

[O]

(d v uA - doom O k, w and nka - husband v to, to a ZKA - kaz O To.

[e]

(v and shnya - in

and

shen, earth I am- earth e l)

(Spring a- v e hay, furrow a- furrow e n, king and vna - king and veins).

gangs, colors, battles, exchanges, bombs, letters, stands, verandas, willows, versts, alders, victims, maps, oaths, lamps, monkeys, secrets, colors, firms, mines.

kr and hot (cr and hit) and cr and xt, and fast and and cr, sl v zheb and sl v zhb.

Pine

With O dream

With O sen,

board

rain v To.

Atypical endings:

-Her

and in a growth),

woman

(bab and v and bab),

lip

(lips and v and lips),

lung

(lay down e new and lay down e j).

In the accusative plural

I see wives v to, sit down e p, salary and c,

I take a book and, hangers and, gr v shea,

pass St. e and and cv and no, oh e c and in and in these, cor and in and cor v you to and from and to O zi, density e i i g v si; I have a UPS and l and UPS v whether.

ending-we:

St. and niamas and pigs and, tears a we are tears and.

1.1.2. II cancellation

The second cancellation includes nouns:

ending -a/-z

(horse, marble, glue, father, Dnieper),

(village, field, sun, calm, leaves),

ending -a/-z

suffix-search (e) (assistant professor,

astronomer, Gaidai, showcase, beard).

Division of nouns of the II declension into groups

Division of nouns II declension masculine on-r into groups

hard	soft	mixed
Nouns that end na-r, in which the declension stress does not pass from the stem to the conclusion (on-r, -ar, -er, -er, -ir, -ir, -ir, -ur, -yur, -yar): cottage cheese, beast, mosquito, bullfinch, hectare, driver, quarry, cashier, paper, professor, lampshade, guipure, hero of the day.	Personal names ending in unstressed composition-ar,-ir, namely: those in which, during declension (especially in the plural), the stress passes from the stem to the conclusion: primer - primer, kobzar - kobzar, blister - bubble; having an emphasis on a different composition of the base: cooper, trump card, doctor, clerk.	Nouns that end only on Yar and mean a profession or occupation (stress in oblique cases also moves from stem to ending): collier, songwriter, glazier.

solid group

case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	v e P - ?	b a tk-o	steppe	Father-and
	v e p-in	b a tk-a	steppe v	Father-and v
Dative	v e p-ove / y	b a tk-ove / y	step-a m	Father-a m
Accusative	v e P - ?	b a tk-a	steppe	Father-and v
Instrumental	v e p-ohm	b a tk-ohm	step-a we	Father-a we
	(V) step-in	(On) b a tk-ove / y	(V) step-a X	(On the) father-a X
Vocative	v e n-e	b a tk-in	steppe	Father-and

soft group

case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	d e n - ?	G a and - ?
		G a-yu	days-and v	ha-th v
Dative	day / e e	ha-yu/ evi	days m	ha-i m
Accusative	d e n - ?	G a and - ?
Instrumental	day-th m	G a-em	days we	ha-i we
	(By) day	(B) g a-yu	(By) days X	(U) ha-i X
Vocative	d e n - ?	G a-yu

mixed group

case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	To at SCH - ?	bush-and
	bush-a	bush-and v
Dative	bush-y / e e	bush-a m
Accusative	To at SCH - ?	bush-and
Instrumental	bush-e m	bush-a we
	(V) bush-and	(V) bush-a X
Vocative	To at SCH - ?	bush-and

Notes on case forms of nouns of the second declension

In the genitive singular, masculine nouns have the ending and I)(for well-defined objects and concepts) or in (u)(for ill-defined objects and concepts).

Ending and I) have the following noun groups:

enrollment is an client, con I am, mosquito a Dmitry a,

With O shield, knife a pencil I am,

settlements

Zhgorod, Tern v fields,

Dnieper a, Donets I am,

G e May, gr a yu, t and reap (but r O ku, in and ku),

volumes, square a ta, excellent and nka,

greenhouse a bullfighting v ra, garage a.

Ending in (u) have nouns denoting:

c v kru, m e du, v CTU, sand v,

v and costs tum a well, gr a du,

X O ru, g in mouth (but herd a),

l v gu, pr O space, horizon v NTU,

Cr and m, Keith a Yu,

parl a mentu, train station a lu, then a rub,

the physical state

b v lu, see and hu

waste v du, pere th travel, cr and ku, in and stupa,

R O zoom m and ru, har a kter, n a build, cargo v

In the dative singular, nouns have parallel endings. The names of creatures are dominated inflections-ovi, -evi, and in the names inanimate mostly are used-u,-u.

In the accusative case of the singular of some nouns (inanimate names), parallel endings are possible: write l and in and letter a cut d v vi and d at b, give n and well and knife a fix the receiver a h and receiver a take a table e c and chairs I am.

In the nominative and vocative plural, some nouns have specific forms: mosquito and, bribe and, claw and, bullfinch and n and re, dr due With; v in sa and v in si, in?? and ECA (and oats and), bread a(and bread and with a different meaning) v chi, pl e chi.

In the genitive plural nouns na-Ana,-yanin lose element-in and have a null ending: Mishch a nin - Mishch a n, crows a nin - crows a n (but oset and new, cargo and new, mordva and new). Chob and t, gyg a n; gost e and, con e i, gr v neck, oh e and, shoulders e th (and pl and h); the senses and in, floor and rive, adj and viv, mor and v.

Some nouns in the instrumental plural have parallel endings: guests and(and guest I am mi), to and nm (and to O niami), boots and(and h O bots, chob v yourself), knees and(and count and us), wings and(and cr and llamas). The following forms of words are special: och and ma, shoulder and ma.

The following duties are fixed:

vowels-o-i-i-:

R and To-

- R O qty,

g, k, x

h, c, s

l v G-

- V l v from and Bairou a To-

- To Bayram a c-and mountains v X-

- In the mountains v s.

1.1.3. III cancellation

III cancellations include nouns:

ending-a/-z:

blood, success, conscience, love.

mother.

Case forms 3rd declension nouns

case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	T and n - ?	n and h - ?	T and n-i	n O h-and
	T and n-i	n O h-and	T and her	night-e and
Dative	T and n-i	n O h-and	T and n-pit	night-a m
Accusative	T and n-?	n and h - ?	T and n-i	n O h-and
Instrumental	T and nn-th	n and hh-th	T and n-yami	night-a we
	(B) t and n-i	(V) night and	(B) t and n-yah	(V) night-a X
Vocative	T and not	n O h-e	T and n-i	n O h-and

Notes on case forms of the III declension

Forms of indirect cases from nouns denoting abstract concepts of space (temporal n-?, Gliboch n-?, Dal and n - ?, Shiroch n-?), In addition to the accusative and instrumental, they are rarely used - they are replaced by the corresponding word forms of the first declension with suffix -in (a): hills-a, depth-a, Shirochin-a.

In the instrumental case of the singular, nouns of the third declension have ending-u (graphically-u), and:

G),

high and nn-th, in and ssyu, in "I am zzzyu, m and DDU,

(b, p, c, m, f),

r, w,

v e rfu, in and ss-yu, m a tyr-th, r a dist.

Since the third declension includes nouns denoting non-entities, the inflection of the vocative case was not developed, but appeared by analogy with the inflection of nouns of the first declension of the soft group (with e ml-e, p and sn-e, over and- there is): v and st-e, cm e rt-e, love O in-e.

To distinguish between homonymous forms of the genitive, dative, locative singular, nominative, accusative, vocative plural, as well as the nominative and accusative singular, it is necessary to have at least a minimal context: not to refuse travel; thank travel, be on a trip to Italy; travel helps a person; love travel; in travel, you are the best medicine.

Most of the case forms with nouns of the III declension coincide with the noun have, in which, when declining, form-creative appears suffix -er-, which in a closed syllable passes in-ir-:

case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	m a t-and	m a t-er-i
	m a t-er-i	mat-er-and v
Dative	m a t-er-i	mat-er-I m
Accusative	m a t-ir - ?	mat-er-and v
Instrumental	m a t-ir-th	mat-er-I we
	(B) m a t-er-i	(V) mat-er-I X
Vocative	m a t-and	mat-er-and

The following duties are fixed:

vowels-o-i-i-in

R a d

- R a dos

-AND,

With " Chapter"b - ? - c O l" -E.

consonants:

(b, p, c, m, f)

kr O v-

- Bloodj-in

G a pocket

- G a pocket

:-V,

G a pocket

- G a lose-e.

In a number of nouns of the III declension, which in the singular and in the nominative and accusative cases of the plural have stress on the root, in other cases of the plural, inflection is noted: n and h- ? - H O h-e - night-e and - night-a m - night-a we but :t and n- ? - T and n-i - t and her - and n-yam - t and n-yami.

1.1.4. IV cancellation

IV cancellation includes neuter nouns, declined with the suffix -at-/-yat-,-en-(chaenya, foal, duckling, tribe, crown). IV cancellation combines mainly nouns - the names of small creatures and objects: kitten, hand, bear cub, calf, girl.

Noun declensions fourth cancellation

case	The only thing	A bunch of
Nominative	chick-a	name	chick-a t-a	im-en-a
	chick-a t-and	and m-en-i / im "- I am	chick-a T - ?	im-e n-?
Dative	chick-a t-and	and m-en-and	chick-a there	im-en-a m
Accusative	chick-a	name	chick-a T - ? / chick-a t-a	im-en-a
Instrumental	chick-a m	and m-en-em / im "- I am m	chick-a t links	im-en-a we
	(On the) chick-a t-and	(By) and m-en-and	(On the) chick-a t-ah	(By) im-en-a X
Vocative	chick-a	name	chick-a t-a	im-en-a

Remarks on case forms of nouns fourth cancellation

In nouns IV of cancellation, the following changes are recorded in oblique cases:

-at-

-en-

Apply names with suffix - at -	List of names with suffix - en -
goose - I am- goose - I am t-and	im"- I am - і m-en-i
kurch - a- kurch - a t-and	pl e m "-i - pl e m-en-i
tel - I am- tel - I am t-and	With і m "-i - s і m-en-i
girl - a- girl - a t-and	T і m "-i - t і m-en-i
losh - a- losh a t-and	v and m "-i - in and m-en-i

The family vіdmіnku has multiple names with suffix -en- in the end closed warehouse there is no passage e v і in the aftermath of the basics: im e n- ? , tribe e n- ? , ale: in and m "-їv, t і m "-їv.

tel I am you - tel I am those.

suffix -en-:

and

men-e and name,

pl e men-em and pl e m "-yam.

suffix -at-:

in the accusative plural:

tel I am T-

and bodies I am t-a,

(took) wheel a uh, eyebrow I am t-a,

(met) Girls a T-

, Rice I am T-

stress:

-at-

kurch - a- kurch a t-i - kurch a t-a - curch a t-am - kurch a t-ami

-en-

im"- I am - і men-i - і men-em ta im" I am m - names - a- names - a m - names - a mi

1.2. Adjective

In the Ukrainian language, the names are changed for births, numbers and signs - the form of the name is to fall in the form of a specific name, with which the name is used: strunk uy yunak - string Wow yunak a, string oї poplar і , string і girls a- strunk their girls. Morphological signs of the applier in the Ukrainian language are number, number, marks and group of applier.

Yakіsnі prikmetniki, vrazhayuchi sign, yak can appear greater or lesser world, mayut steps porіvnyannya - greater and nayvischy, skin zі stepsіv maє two forms - simple and folded.

High foot -

suffixes -ish, -sh:

Good good ish y, darling - darling ish th, long - dov w oh, durable - durable ish th.

suffixes -k-, -ok-, -ek-:

tone To th - tone w oh deep OK d - depth w oh far away To ii - distance w th.

suffix -sh-may

zhch

SCH.

SCH

you SCH iy, OOO SCH ii (thicker), countries SCH uy.

zhch

bli zhch y, wah zhch y, woo zhch y, dear zhch y, yes zhch y, neither zhch y, i zhch th.

more, less: bright - more bright, fast less fast.

The highest level -

most:

more expensive - most expensive, durable most lasting.

like what would: how

expensive, what little.

largest, smallest

Vіd usіh

for all

above mustache

anxious - most anxious, anxious above mustache

Prisvіynі prikmetniki (settlement in the name of people and creatures) are the first to create for the help of the suffix -in(kіntsі prigosnі tvirnoї bases [r], [k], [x] are drawn s [g], [h], [w] - Olga - Olzh in, tіtka - tіtch in ), another note - for an additional suffix -iv (-їв), which is drawn from -ov, -ev (-єв) (uncle - uncle iv, uncle ov wow, likar - likar iv, likar ev Wow).

The number of examples of the human genus is not significant, the order with a galvanized new form may be a short (invariable) form: clear, driben, green, poven, glorious, red, wine, consumable, peven, fit, laden, glad.

More forms of prikmetnikov can mother:

garnaya, garni, garni; blue, blue, blue

garne, garne, garni; blue, blue, blue

Inspection of applicators to lie down in a group, to lie down until such an appliqué (solid and m "like"). -Lice.

1.3. Pronoun

According to the meanings and grammatical signs, borrowers in the Ukrainian language are divided into three groups:

tі, which are associated with names (I, ti, won, dehto, abischo, etc.) (skіlki, stilk, treasury-skіlki, n_skіlki, etc.)

Rank the borrowers for the values:

special (I, wine) healthy (for myself) vkazіvnі (that, tsey) significant (all, everyone, skin) nourishing (who? abikhto, sho-nebud) transverse (nіhto, nіyaky, nіskіlki)

1.4. Verb

There are 3 hours in the Ukrainian language school:

read

reading

readtime

you will read

Mustaches are subdivided into two types - finishing and not finishing. In order to convey the completion of the diї, the next to live the fiesti of the finished mind - for example, deputy write - write.

At the present and future hour, the words are given for a special number. In the past hour, the characteristics of the individual cannot be misplaced, the anatomy can characterize the genus.

Notes

1. In Russia, Moldova, incl. the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, in Belarus, Romania, Poland and Slovakia.

2. Canada, USA, Kazakhstan, Brazil, etc.

3. Modern foreign and foreign countries of Ukraine, Polish countries, Slovak regions, Belarusian countries, Romanian countries, Republic of Moldova.

P? v? r Ukrainian language

Literary language and dialects	Ukrainian language? Dialects - Southwestern dialect (Lemko? Nadsyansky? Transcarpathian? Pokutsko-Bukovina? Hutsul? Boikovsky? Southeastern dialect (Middle Dnieper? Slobozhansky? Steppe)? Northern dialect Ukrainian language in certain regions - Transcarpathia? Pryashivshchyna (Slovakia) ? Lviv guard? Canada Micromoves based on Ukrainian dialects - "Rusyn" (Rusyn in Pryashivshchyna (Lemko-Pryashevsky, Sharisko-Pryashevsky)? Subcarpathian-Rusyn in Transcarpathia? Lemko in Poland? Bachvansko-Rusynskaya in Vojvodina (Bachvansko-Srimska, Pannonian)) ? "Own" in Bilostochchini ("simple", pudlaska / pudlaska) ? Polissya in the Beresteyshchyna (zahidnopolisky, Yatvyazhsky / Jitvezha Volodya, Polessky-Rusinsky)? Kuban conversation

Institutions that regulate Ukrainian language	National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine? Institute of the Ukrainian language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine? Ukrainian Language and Information Foundation of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine? Institute of Linguistics. A. Potebni NAS

Classification, place among Slavic languages	Slavic languages? East Slavic languages? Russian in Ukraine? Differences between Ukrainian and other languages

	History of the Ukrainian language? Proto-Slavic? Old Russian? Church Slavonic Periods of development of the Ukrainian language - Proto-Ukrainian 7th-11th centuries? Old Ukrainian XI-XIV centuries? early middle Ukrainian and middle Ukrainian XV-XVI centuries and ser. XVI - the first years of the XVIII century.? piznyo-middle Ukrainian and modern XVIII Art. and XIX-XXI centuries? Historical language names Slavenoroska? Pagan? Ugroruska? Ukrainian in Russian Empire? Ukrainian in Austria-Hungary? Ukrainian in the USSR (Ukrainization? De-Russification? Russification? Ukrainization of the 20s - 30s of the XX century) Nyagivsky instructions? "Aeneid"? "Kobzar"

Current state	Status? Surzhik? Spreading? Ukrainian language in Ukraine? Language in Ukraine? Ukrainian linguistics? Action "Get busy with business, not language!" ? Common myths about the Ukrainian language

Phonetics	Phonetics? Orthoepy / Pronunciation? Emphasis? Assimilation and dissimilation of consonants

	Ukrainian Cyrillic alphabet? Ukrainian Latin? Cyrillic? Glagolitic? Abetzadlo? alphabet war Spelling system of the Ukrainian language before the XX century. - "Grammar" Smotrytsky 1619 ? Spelling of Kotlyarevsky 1798 ? Spelling of Pavlovsky's grammar 1818 ? Maksimovichivka 1827 ? Spelling "Mermaids Dn? Strovoi" 1837 ? Spelling Dictionary Biletsky-Nosenko 1841 ? Kuleshovka 1856 ? Spelling Gatsuk 1857 ? Official Ukrainian spelling of the Russian Empire ("Yaryzhko") (Emsky decree, d. d.)? Drahomanivka 1870s? Zhelekhivka 1886 ? Russian spelling 1904 ? Spelling Dictionary Grinchenko 1907 Spelling in the XX-XXI centuries. - UNR (the main rules of Ukrainian spelling 1918 ? More basic rules of Ukrainian spelling 1919.) ? Ukrainian SSR / Ukrainian SSR (Spelling 1921 ? Kharkiv (Skrypnikov) spelling 1928 ? Spellings close to the Russian language in 1933, 1946, 1960? Spelling 1990) ? Ukraine after 1991 (Spelling 1993 ? Spelling Project 1999 ? Spelling Project 2003)

Morphology	Grammar? Morphology Parts of speech - Noun? Adjective? Pronoun? Verb (infinitive? participle? gerund) ? Numeral? Adverb? Preposition (in Ukrainian) ? Union? Share? exclamation Dual? Pluperfect tense

Morphemics	Morphemics

word formation	word formation

Syntax	Syntax

Lexicology and lexicography	Vocabulary? Lexicography? List of Ukrainian dictionaries? Active and passive vocabulary? Borrowings? Vocabulary from a stylistic view? Phraseology

Punctuation	Punctuation

Stylistics	Stylistics? Styles - artistic? conversational household? journalistic? official business? scientific? confessional (sacred)? Professional vocabulary

Notable linguists	L. Bulakhovsky? M. Gatzuk (Gazzuk) ? A. Gorbach? M. Zhovtobryuh? P. Zhitetsky? ? Y. Karpenko? F. Korsh? A. Krymsky? S. Kuzel? ? M. Maksimovich? F. Medvedev? ? V. Nimchuk? I. Ogienko? G. Poltorak? A. Potebnya? I. Sventsitsky? S. Smal-Stotsky? I. Sreznevsky? E. Timchenko? I. Uzhevich? F. Filin? A. Tsaruk? A. Chess? Y. Shevelev? I. Yushchuk

	Methods of teaching the Ukrainian language? Translation - Online transfers from Russian to Ukrainian, site "R2u. "? Russification - Valuev circular? Ukrainian language- history of linguocide

(Ukrainian language)

The Ukrainian language is part of the East Slavic languages. It is distributed mainly in Ukraine, as well as in adjacent regions of Russia and Belarus, in Poland, the Czech Republic, Canada, and Slovakia. The total number of Ukrainian speakers is about 41 million people.
The name "Ukraine" begins to appear already in the annals of the XII-XIII centuries in relation to the Pereyaslav land and part of the Galicia-Volyn principality. From the same time, the first dialectal features began to appear in the annals, which would later form the basis of the Ukrainian language. However, one can speak about Ukrainians and the language of the Ukrainian people only starting from the 14th century, when the final separation of South-Western Russia (Kiev, Pereyaslavl, Chernihiv) from Moscow and White Russia takes place, and the single Old Russian language is divided into three large dialects, which we now call Old Russian, Old Ukrainian and Old Belarusian languages. Throughout the eighteenth early XIX centuries, the Ukrainian (Little Russian) nationality is growing into the Ukrainian nation, and the Little Russian language is growing into the Ukrainian national language. The Ukrainian national literary language is based on the Kiev-Poltava dialects. In addition, the formation of the Ukrainian language at different times was greatly influenced by the Polish and Russian languages, as well as Lithuanian and Hungarian (part of Ukraine was under the rule of the Magyars for some time).

Literary language and its study

The earliest Cyrillic written monuments dating back to the 11th century are written in the Old Russian language common to the Eastern Slavs and do not contain any dialectal deviations. The first monuments in which Little Russian phonetic features are found belong to the 12th-13th centuries. The earliest source known to us is "Dobril's Gospel"(1164). It reflects the appearance of the so-called "new yat" - the writing of a letter in place of the original e in a new closed syllable: stone, spin, bite etc. From the XIV century, from the time of the final collapse of Kievan Rus, we expect the appearance of Ukrainian monuments proper, but the finds of scientists are limited only to legal acts of the XIV-XV centuries, the language of other works as a whole continues the Old Russian traditions, but, of course, they also reflect new elements peculiar to the language of the Ukrainian people. The convergence of the traditional bookish language with live colloquial speech begins at the end of the 15th century, and since the 16th century we have known translations of liturgical literature into Ukrainian proper: "Peresopnitsky gospel" (1556 – 1561), "Krekhovsky Apostle"(1560). There are also original works in Ukrainian. Among the liturgical literature, sermons stand out Cyril Tranquillion Stavrovetsky ( "Mirror of theology", 1618; "Teaching Gospel", 1619). Polemic literature is developing. The most outstanding in it are the works of I. Vishensky "Short Notice of Latin Charms"(1588), M. Smotrytsky "Key of the Kingdom of Heaven"(1587), "Trenos" (1610), anonymous "Perestroga" (1605). In the 16th-17th centuries, historiographic literature continued to develop. These are mainly short chronicle notes dedicated to individual cities, monasteries ( "Kiev Chronicle", "Ostroh Chronicle", "Lviv Chronicle"), and large historical works ( "Gustyn Chronicle", 1623 – 1627; Theodosius Sofronovich"Chronicle", 1672; "Chronicle of a witness about the wars of Bogdan Khmelnitsky and the internecine strife that were in Little Russia after his death"). On the basis of Latin treatises, Ukrainian works devoted to poetics are created (the earliest of them is "The Book of Poetic Art"- dates back to 1637). The Old Ukrainian language is reflected in the dictionary and grammar Lawrence Zizania(1596), in grammar Meletius Smotrytsky(1619), in "Lexicon of Slavonic Russian" Pamva Berynda (1627). Thus, during the 16th - early 17th centuries, two types of bookish Ukrainian language were formed: “prosta mova”, which combines the features of the Old Russian language and folk colloquial speech, and Slavic Russian, combining the traditions of Church Slavonic and Old Russian languages. The Slavic Russian language is used in liturgical literature, "simple mova" - in business texts, in polemical and fiction.

Of great importance for the creation of Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian literature in the XVII - XVIII centuries was Kiev-Mohyla Academy(until 1701 - the Kiev-Mohyla Collegium), which united the Kiev fraternal school in 1632 (since 1615) and the Slavic-Greek-Latin school founded by Peter Mohyla (in 1631) at the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Already in the second half of the 17th century, the Kyiv-Mohyla College acquired the features of a European-type university and became a major educational and scientific center of the Eastern Slavs. Graduates of the academy (training there lasted eight years) become the most educated people not only in Ukraine, but also in Russia and Belarus. Many of the graduates of the academy in the XVIII-XIX centuries moved to St. Petersburg, Moscow and other Russian cities, which contributes to the formation of a common book tradition for Russia and Ukraine. Among the Ukrainian figures of this time, who contributed to the development of Ukrainian and Russian culture, it is necessary to name Feofan Prokopovich, D. Tuptailo (Dmitry Rostovsky), V. Kapnist, I. Bogdanovich and others.

In 1721, an imperial decree was issued prohibiting the publication of original works in Ukraine, only the reprinting of old church books was allowed. Ukrainian literature continued to exist as handwritten. This, of course, slowed down its development, although it did not stop it completely. In Ukraine, historiography, satirical poetry and spiritual verses continue to develop. Dramaturgy is born in the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. Many works of the 18th century are anonymous, but the authorship of some works can be established.

The greatest contribution to Ukrainian literature of the 18th century was made by Grigory Skovoroda(1722 - 1794). His work determined the development of Ukrainian poetry not only in the 18th century, but also in the early 19th century.

The Ukrainian literary national language takes shape in the 19th century. Its formation is connected with the names I. Kotlyarevsky, E. Combs, and from the middle of the century - T. Shevchenko. In their work entrenched literary norms Ukrainian national language. In the second half of the XIX-XXI centuries, the Ukrainian national literary language continues to improve in creativity I. Franko, P. Mirny, L. Ukrainka, M. Kotsyubinsky; P. Tychyna, M. Rylsky, O. Gonchar, A. Korneychuk and others.

Dialect types

Currently, four main types of dialects are widespread on the territory of Ukraine:

northwestern (under the influence of the Belarusian language),
southwestern (Galician, Transcarpathian, Bukovinian, influenced by Polish and Slovak languages),
southeastern (Dnieper) and
Kiev-Poltava, on the basis of which the Ukrainian literary language was created.

There are also widespread dialects that are transitional between Ukrainian and Russian (the so-called surzhik).

Features of the Ukrainian language

Alphabet

The modern Ukrainian alphabet is based on the Cyrillic alphabet, which is somewhat different from the Russian alphabet. The alphabet of the Ukrainian language, like the alphabet of the Russian language, includes 33 letters, but it does not use Ъё, Ъъ, Yy, Ee, but there are four other letters: Ґґ, Єє, Iі and Її. Since the sound denoted by the letter G is usually pronounced fricatively (close to the German h), for several borrowed words from the Polish language with explosive [g] they use special sign G . To indicate a combination of sounds, the sign є is used, and the letter e corresponds to the sound [e]. The i sign (with one dot) is used for the sound [i], and the ї sign (with two dots) is used for a combination of sounds. An apostrophe is used after consonants to indicate the sound [j]: im’ya "name", friday.

Alphabet (abethka) of the Ukrainian language

Letter	phonetic meaning	Letter	phonetic meaning
A	[ a ] b a tko	H	[n] Ukraine n a, k i n b
B	[ b ] b atko, oak, [ b ’] bureau	O	[o]d O la, [o u] k O zhuh
V	[ v ] water, [ v ’] v i Tuesday, [ ў ] mo v	P	[p] P apa, p i h
G	[ γ ] G ux, r i G, [x]le G to	R	[r] R hell i st, R i ka
Ґ	[g] ґ rati	WITH	[s] ko With a, [s'] With i le, [ z ’] about With bba
D	[d] d olya, d i d, [d'] d i d	T	[t] zhi T oh [t'] right now T i, [d] oh T bi, [d ’] molo T bba
E	[je] e goist, [ e ] vyd e lka, [ i u ] s e lo	At	[u]n at be
Є	[je] kra є m, [‘e]syn є	F	[f] f macaw, [f'] f ert
F	[ ž ] ї well ak, n i well ka	X	[h] X stranded, [h ’] X i m i i
W	[z ] h aєts, ka h ka, [ z ’] on the beret h i ,[ ž ] ї h zhu	C	[c] c aplya, zaє c b
AND	[ y i ] SCH and t, in and juice	H	[č] h ah
I	[i] l i then	W	[š] w ar "layer, layer"
Ї	[ji] їhati	SCH	[š č ] SCH uka
Y	[j] th omu	YU	[ju ] Yu nak "young man", [‘ u] b Yu ro
TO	[k] To azka, [k ’] To i гт i , [г] in To Hall	I AM	[ja] I am bluco, [ ‘a] n i sn I am
L	[ l ] b i l uh-huh, [l ’] l i then	b	[-] den b
M	[m] m ati, cm i x

stress

In the Ukrainian language, the stress, as in all East Slavic languages, is forceful, multi-local, mobile. A stressed syllable is pronounced with more stress than an unstressed one, but the articulation of unstressed and stressed vowels is the same. Unstressed vowels are not weakened or reduced.

Phonetics

The phonetic processes that took place in the X-XIV centuries originated in the period of common Slavic unity. The reflexes of these processes turned out to be unequal in the Slavic language groups, subgroups and dialects, which formed the basis for the formation of independent languages of the Slavic peoples.

Vocalism

1) In Ukrainian, vowels complete education do not differ in quantity. The final process of losing these distinctions was associated with the transformation of the reduced vowels ъ, ь and vowel.

2) The loss of nasal vowels that developed among the Slavs in the early Common Slavic period from diphthongoids of group N (*en, *em, *on, *om, etc.) was a process common to all East Slavic languages. Around the 11th century, *on and *en underwent a process of denasalization and, depending on the open or closed nature of the pronunciation, were transformed into qualitatively different sounds. The sound *on (ǫ, orph.), which had an open character, was transformed into clear sound[u], which was no different from the primary [u], which arose from the diphthongs of the group *u non-syllabic: kut, oak, path, tooth; I can, I will; Zhinku, land - dry, merchant, street etc. The sound *en (ę, orph.), which had a closed character, was transformed through an intermediate stage [ä] into a pure sound [a], which is usually used after soft consonants. The new sound coincided in sound with the primary [a], which arose from *ā, *ō: take it, tongue, five, half - storm, pit, hour etc.

3) The transformation of the reduced vowels b and b was also a common Old Russian process. As in Russian, in Ukrainian, Ъ in strong positions changed into O, and b into E: sn - dream, mh - moss, dzhd - doshch; day - day, chst - honor, all - all. The sound E, which developed from b, in Ukrainian after the primordially soft and in some cases after the secondarily softened l changes into O: linen - lyon, shl - isshov, m shk - bear, but: ps - dog, lgkyi - light. Weak reduced ones were lost: sleep, day. In some cases, with confluence of consonants, a weak reduced vocalized: lion - lion, moss - moss, mouth - company.

In the position before j, the reduced b and b formed the reduced, or tense, phonemes Ы (ы̌) and И (и̌). in Ukrainian and Belarusian languages in a strong position, they changed into a sound, which in the Ukrainian language is spelled with the letter I: young, slipy, drinking, whose. But in the genitive plural - stoves, guests. Probably, the appearance of the vowel e in ancient nouns *ĭ - declension in place of the expected and caused by analogy processes: in other grammatical forms, b was not before j and did not change into ǔ: *gostьmъ; *pečьmi, *guestmi; *pečьxъ, *guestхъ. In the genitive form, ǔ was supplanted by the usual b.

In a weak position, ǐ was lost. This led to the emergence of long soft sonorants in the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages and expanded the zone of use of soft front-lingual consonants: llu (*lǐjon), bone (*kostǐjon). Since the labial vowels in the Ukrainian language easily hardened, the results of the loss of ǐ turned out to be similar to the results in Russian - a new combination for the Slavs "consonant + j" arose: *pǐjon --> p'yu, *bǐjon --> b'yu .

4) In the Ukrainian language Proto-Slavic *y and *i became phonemically close, coinciding in sound, the average between [y] and [i]. In writing, this sound in Ukrainian is conveyed by the letter I. Compare: cute (*mylo) - dear (*milъ), syn (*synъ) - blue (*sin), walk (*xoditi), linden (*lipa), dim (*dymъ), riba (*ryba).

However, the phonetic opposition of the sounds of the upper rise of the anterior and mid-anterior row [y] and [i] exists in the modern Ukrainian language. The Ukrainian sound [i], softening the previous consonant, developed in place of the old and new yat: did, witch, fork, throw, fire, shist.

In contrast to the Russian and Belarusian languages, Ukrainian has preserved ancient combinations of back-lingual ones with the vowel y: *gy, *ky, *xy: Р. arms, legs, flies.

5) The widely known phenomenon in Russian and Belarusian languages of the transition of E into O in the Ukrainian language passed only after the original soft consonants before the hard one, without affecting the position after the secondarily softened ones, with the exception of the consonant l. The reason for the lack of labialization is the early hardening of semi-soft consonants before the vowel E, which probably occurred before the 13th century. The hardening of hissing consonants occurs in a later era, when labialization had already taken place. The subsequent solid consonant has an assimilating effect on the transition of E to O, so the vowel E moves to the non-front formation zone: cholovik, jona, yogo, ice. Unlike the Russian language, labialization in Ukrainian takes place regardless of stress - non-stress of the syllable, but does not affect the position of the absolute end of the word, where in Russian labialization took place by analogy: Rus. my, shoulder, face, okay- Ukrainian my, shoulder, face, good.

6) The lengthening of the vowel O under rising intonation is a process known back in the common Slavic era. During the period of independent existence of languages, it was complicated by other processes. After the fall of the reduced vowels in the new closed syllable, conditions are created for the second time to create an acute intonation. If in Russian and Belarusian languages, having initially lengthened, the vowel О again coincided with О in non-acute syllables, then in Ukrainian the lengthened ō narrows and moves to the front zone of formation, changing into the sound [i], softening the preceding consonant. In open short syllables, such a permutation did not occur, therefore, for the Ukrainian language, the alternation o // e is common: style - table, nich - nights, viz - cart. A similar lengthening in a new closed syllable after the fall of the reduced ones occurs in Ukrainian with the vowel e. In a closed acute syllable, it changes into and coincides in sound with the old yat (arising from *ē and diphthongs of group i non-syllabic). Since in the Ukrainian written monuments of the 12th-14th centuries this sound is transmitted by the Cyrillic letter , in science this phenomenon was called "new yat". V further fate the old and new yat coincided: both of them turned into the sound [i], softening the previous consonant. However, if i from the old yat is found in both open and closed syllables ( did - dida, bread - bread), then i from the new yat is found only in the closed syllable: pich - stoves, vechir - evening, kamin - stone.

7) The phoneme corresponding to the Cyrillic letter , in the Ukrainian language, as in other Slavic languages, was unstable and underwent transformations. In the dialects that formed the basis of the literary language, and in the South Ukrainian dialects from the middle-upper zone of education, it moved to the upper one and transformed into the sound [i] of the front row: fox, did, grikh, lito, sino, dilo, beast, on the water, near the village etc. In northern Ukrainian dialects, the diphthong vowels ie, ije are pronounced in place.

consonantism

1) From the Proto-Slavic back-lingual consonant *gh in the dialects that formed the basis of the Ukrainian language, a back-palatal fricative voiced consonant develops, which in writing is indicated by the Cyrillic letter Г: mountain [γorá], leg, zgoda, godina [γodýna].

At the same time, many borrowings have recently come into the Ukrainian language, which contain not a fricative, but an explosive sound [g]. In writing, this sound is transmitted by another letter - ґ: ganok - porch, dziga - yula, ґava - crow.

Denoting sounds that differ in articulation by only one differential feature (explosive - fricative nature of pronunciation), the sounds [γ] and [g] are still not variants of the same phoneme, since the first sound is actually Slavic in origin, and the second is borrowed.

2) In the Ukrainian language, the reflexes of the phonetic process of the second mitigation of back-lingual consonants at the junction of stems and endings of nouns remained unchanged: ruts, noz. In the forms of the imperative mood, on the contrary, the second mitigation of the back-lingual ones was eliminated, and in the foundations of the present tense, from which the forms of the imperative mood are formed, the basis was unified, reinforcing the reflex of the first palatalization of the back-lingual ones: inf. bigty - present bizhu, bizhish, bizhit; bizhimo, bizhite, bizhat - p.n. life, life; inf. take care - n.v. save, save, save, save, save, save - pov.n. take care, take care.

3) Fluent syllables, which developed in place of the ancient Slavic combinations *ъr, *ъl, *ьr, *ьl between consonants, did not resist in the East Slavic languages and initially developed combinations op, ol, er, ate, which in the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages underwent further transformations. In the Ukrainian language, in the combinations ol, ate, the hard sound [l], which ended up at the end of a closed syllable, changed into a bilabial [w], which in writing is conveyed by the letter v: vovk, tovsty, zhovty, seam j. Combinations with a smooth r in Ukrainian coincide with Russian and Belarusian: bargaining, throat, willow, top.

4) The combinations *rъ, *lъ, *rь, *lь between consonants in the Ukrainian language under stress were transformed into combinations ro, lo, re, le: blood, cane, throat, tears, cross; in an unstressed position, the reduced ones were first lost, and then restored again, but in the sound of the middle-front row yi, which is transmitted in writing by the letter and: krishiti, anxiety, glitati, bliha, shine.

5) All front-lingual and labial consonants of the Proto-Slavic language in the position before the front vowel acquired an unstable semi-softness, which during the period of independent existence of languages was either lost or increased (the so-called secondary softening of semi-soft consonants).

In the Ukrainian language, initially, apparently, a tendency began to increase the palatality of semi-soft consonants before the vowel i, which arose from the ancient , and from O and E in the new closed syllable, as well as before the vowel 'a, which developed from the front nasal vowel. Moving into the palatal formation zone, the consonant did not change qualitatively: did, sino, kit, sil, fire, lie down, take. However, during the period of independent existence of the language of the Ukrainian people, before the vowels E (from *ĕ and from *ĭ, which, after the loss of quantitative differences by vowels, changed into b) and the semi-softness of the consonants was completely lost: sky, nesesh, winter.

In the position before the consonant, the semi-soft labials and R hardened: truth - truth, exactly - equal, and the rest of the consonants moved into the palatal or velar zone of formation variably, and in different dialects the same word can sound with a softened or hardened consonant: walking - walking, visible - visible, messenger - gintsya [γ'in' c'a] and gintsa [γ'inca]. The semi-soft labial consonant and Р, which appeared at the absolute end of the word after the fall of the reduced ones, hardened, the rest of the consonants moved into the palatal zone of formation: dove, step, shelter, zvir; elk, vis, brush, strength.

6) The hissing consonants and ts inherited from the common Slavic language have partially hardened in the Ukrainian language. The consonants w, w, h, shh and j moved inconsistently into the velar zone of formation: marry [ženýtys'a], six [šéstero], shosty [šóstyj], honor [čés't'], supper, study [účen'], siju, hoju, pike [ščúka]. Before the vowel i, which arose from the ancient yat, as well as the sounds o, e in the new closed syllable, hissing remains soft: svicha - svichi, soul - souls, lower - knife - knives, nich - at night, thick - thick, on drizhdzhi - drizhdzhi. The consonant q moves into the velar zone of formation only before the vowel e: street, street - street, lad, lad - lads. Thus, in the Ukrainian language, sibilants turn out to be paired on the basis of hardness - softness.

The consonant j in the Ukrainian language is preserved in the absolute beginning of a word (yogo, yama, ïsti), between vowels ( mine, belt, shia, mend), developed after hardened labials and r in place and ̌ (p’yu, p’єsh). At the end of a word and before a sonorant, it weakens to a non-syllabic i (new, edge).

7) Unlike Russian, Ukrainian has prosthetic vowels and prosthetic consonants. Prothetic vowels arose in connection with the fall of the reduced as a result of simplification of the consonant groups "sonor + sonor" or "sonor + noisy" at the absolute beginning of the word. After the loss of the reduced initial sonorant, it acquires unstable syllabism, which is realized through aspiration in the consonant articulation excursion, aspiration gradually develops into a full vowel i, and the sonorant syllability is lost: mist --> imgla, rye --> irzha.

The prosthetic consonant in (labial) in Ukrainian is found before the vowels y and i, which developed from o in a closed syllable: wuho, wus, vin, vyvtsya(*ovüca). Before the initial vowel o, a prosthetic r [γ] develops: gorix (*orěxъ).

8) From other phonetic processes, attention should be paid to the transition of the sound l in closed syllables and at the end of the word in non-syllable u, which is transmitted in writing by the letter in: walking (*xodilъ), vovk (*vьlkъ). The sound in at the beginning of the word before the lost reduced ones changed into y: usih [*vüsěxъ], ugoru (*vъ gorǫ).

Morphology

The modern morphological structure of the Ukrainian language is largely determined by the morphological structure of the Proto-Slavic language. The Ukrainian language clearly contrasts inflected and conjugated forms. However, the inflection systems in the Ukrainian language could not remain unchanged.

Noun

The noun in Ukrainian is characterized by the grammatical categories of gender, number, case, animateness/inanimateness in the singular and the category of personality/impersonality in the plural.

The grammatical category of gender is represented by three groups: masculine(human), feminine(zhinochiy) and neuter gender (middle). This category has semantic (male and female), morphological (inflections, specific suffixes) and syntactic expression (consent with adjectives, participles, generic pronouns, numerals, past tense verbs).

The grammatical category of number is represented by two opposed forms of singular (about one subject) and plural (about more than one thing) number. This category finds expression in different grammatical paradigms for singular and plural and in agreement. In Ukrainian, there are two groups of words singularia tantum, that is, words that are used only in the singular (real: milk, zukor, kava; collective: vishnyak, ridnya, youth; abstract: wisdom, goodness, honor; proper names: Ukraine, Rostislav) and pluralia tantum, that is, words that are used only in the plural (names of paired objects: sleigh, gate, pants, eyepieces; collective: people, firewood, layout; names of feelings: joy, goodness; temporary concepts, actions: imenini, stubble, see off, choose; real: drizhji, spirits; proper names: Karpaty, Alpi). The once existing category of dual number (about two or paired objects) in the Ukrainian language was lost at a fairly early stage of its development. Unlike the Russian language, with numerals two, three, four (I.p.), in modern Ukrainian the noun is put in the nominative plural: two (three, four) tables.

Case category represented by seven singular forms and six plural forms. In the Ukrainian language, in the singular, a special vocative form is preserved, which has its own endings: Rostislav, vidchini doors. In literary texts, inanimate nouns can also be used in the vocative case: Misiachenka! Our dove! Come to us supper(T. Shevchenko).

Grammar category of animateness / inanimateness and personality / impersonality in modern Ukrainian, it covers singular masculine nouns and plural nouns denoting male and female persons. It is most fully and consistently expressed through the homonymy of the accusative and genitive cases: viju student, vovka; student, wovci; zhinok, intestines(cf.: no student, vovka; student, vovkiv; women, cats); but: viju steel, tables, stini. In addition, in the genitive singular, animate nouns are always used with inflection -a: no sin, student, horse, ox, bull and under.

Depending on the paradigms that nouns form when changing in numbers and cases, in the modern Ukrainian literary language it is customary to distinguish four types of declension of hard, soft and mixed variants.

The first type of declension form feminine nouns and words denoting males, which in the nominative singular have inflection -а/-я: school, party, painting, leaf-carrier; headman, judge, leader, viscochka, Mikola. Nouns have hard, soft, and mixed stem varieties. In the mixed type, nouns change, ending in a hardened sibilant consonant, which remains soft before the vowel i. The historical distinctions between hard and soft declensions have been lost. In the paradigm of nouns with a stem on a back lingual consonant, the alternation "back lingual / whistling" is preserved before the vowel i, which arose from the old yat.

1 declination.

Feminine and masculine nouns in –а/ -я in Ukrainian

	Singular			Plural
	solid group	soft group	mixed group	solid group	soft group	mixed group
AND	water servant	land Sim'ya judgment	pear	drive services	lands sim'i suddi	pears
R	drive servants	lands sim'i suddi	pears	waters servants	lands Sim'ey judgment	pears
D	water services	lands sim'i suddi	pears	waters to the servants	lands sim'yam judges	pears
V	water servant	earth Sim'yu judge	pear	drive servants	lands sim’ i suddi	pears
T	servant water	earth Sim'єyu judge	pear	servants by the waters	lands Sims judges	pears
P	by the water about services	on earth sim'i suddi	on pears	by the waters about servants	on the lands sim'yah judges	pears
Sv	water serving	earth sim’e sudde	pear	= I.p.

The second type of declension form masculine nouns with a hard and soft stem, having zero ending and ending -o in the nominative singular, and neuter gender nouns with a hard and soft stem, having inflection in the initial form -o / -e / -ya: father, style, vovk, blue, plank, horse, fireplace, vidmid; lake, word, field, knowledge. The paradigms of these nouns are unified, however, during declension, there are fluctuations in the use of inflections of the genitive singular (-а/-у), dative singular (-оi, -еvi/-у, -у), prepositional singular (-оvi, -еvi/ -i / -у, -ю), genitive plural (-iv / -е / -¤). The category of animation (in the singular) and personality (in the plural) is expressed not only in the accusative, but also in the prepositional case. In the paradigm of nouns with a stem on a back-lingual consonant, the "back-lingual / whistling" alternation is retained.

2 declination. Masculine nouns with zero ending and neuter nouns with ending -о/-е in Ukrainian

	solid group		soft group		mixed
	Singular
AND	style friend father	vikno	day	sea	key doctor
R	table friend dad	vikna	days	seas	key doctor
D	table / tables friend / friend father / father	viknu	afternoon	sea	key doctor / doctors
V	style friend dad	vikno	day	sea	key doctor
T	table friend father	viknom	afternoon	by sea	key doctor
P	about the table about a friend / drogovi about dad / dad	on vikni by viknu	about days afternoon	on the sea by sea	keys doctor / doctors
W	table friendly dad		afternoon		key doctor
	Plural
AND	tables friends fathers	vikna	days	seas	keys doctors
R	table friend Batkiv	vikon	days	sea	key doctors
D	tables friends fathers	viknam	days	seas	keys doctors
V	tables friend Batkiv	vikna	days	seas	keys doctors
T	tables friends fathers	viknamami	days	seas	keys doctors
P	tables friends fathers	viknah	days	seas	keys doctors

The third type of declension includes feminine nouns with a soft stem that have a zero ending in the nominative singular: bone, mole, mish, pich, father-in-law, love. In addition, the noun mati changes according to the same type of declension. In the paradigms of these nouns, there is the least fluctuation in the use of inflections. In the instrumental case of the singular, in place of the former and ̌, fricative and sonorant consonants soften and lengthen: mazyu, vissyu, tinnyu; explosive, without lengthening, move into the palatal zone of formation: honor, radio; and the labials and r move into the velar zone of formation and develop new combinations for the Slavs "solid labial + j": blood, mother.

3 declension. Feminine nouns with zero ending in Ukrainian

Singular Plural
And tin nich mother shadows of mother night
P shadows of the night of the mother of the shadows of the nights of the mother
D shadows of the night of the mother shadows of the nights of the mother
In tin nich matir shadows of the night materiv
(single) fallow deer (single) fallow deer
(single)mish (single)mice
T tinnyu nichchu matir shadows at night mothers
About shadows about nights about mothers about shadows about nights about mothers
In the shadow of the night mom \u003d I.p.

The fourth type of declension includes neuter nouns that have a single ending in the nominative case -a, -я: losha, nemovlya, im'ya. Historically, these were declension words with ancient suffixes of determiner to consonant (*-ent, *-en). In indirect cases, they continue to retain these ancient suffixes.

4 declination. Neutral nouns ending in –a, -я in Ukrainian

Singular Plural
And curcha im'ya curcha names
R curl name curl name
D Kurchati names Kurchati names
In kurcha im’ya kurcha names
T kurchats with names kurchats
П Kurchati names Kurchatakh names
Sv = I.p. = I.p.

The Ukrainian language has a number of nouns that are not included in any of the types of declension. These are the invariable words: depot, taxi, zavviddil; nouns pluralia tantum: nights, sledges, discounts, people, vibori; substantiated adjectives and participles: chergovy, exercises.

Adjective

The Ukrainian language inherited from Proto-Slavic the main categories of adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive. Qualitative adjectives have full (pronominal) and short (nominal) forms, as well as degrees of comparison (comparative and superlative): saltine, solon; salty, naisolonic, presolony. Relative adjectives are used only in the pronominal form: wooden style, sleepy day, pracovita girl. Possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in, -ov are formally nominal: Mikolin zoshit, father's hat; with the suffix -y - pronominal: vovchiy's tail. Possessive adjectives have their own laws of change, different from the change of qualitative adjectives.

As in Russian, adjectives of all categories have inflectional grammatical categories of gender (male, female, neuter) and number (singular, plural); pronominal qualitative, as well as relative and possessive adjectives - case. According to these grammatical categories, adjectives agree with nouns. Nominal adjectives in the history of the language have lost the ability to change by case.

The declension type of adjectives is determined by the ending and the nature of the stem. Relative adjectives and full qualitative adjectives have two types of declension: hard and soft. In connection with the processes of unification that took place in the history of the Ukrainian language, these varieties are largely brought together.

A feature of the declension of Ukrainian adjectives, as well as Russian ones, is the combination in oblique cases of the singular of the paradigms of the masculine and neuter genders (with the exception of direct cases), and in the plural of all three genders.

	Singular			Plural
	M.r.	Wed	Zh.r.	M.r.	Wed	F.r.
AND	sweet	sweatle	svitla	sweaters
R	bright		light	svitlich
D	bright		light	sweetlim
V	svitly (neod.) light (single)	light (neod.) light (single)	light	svitli (neod.) svitlikh (od.)
T	sweetlim		light	sweetlimi
P	oh light, on light		oh sweet	about svitlih

Declension of full adjectives in Ukrainian

soft variety

	Singular			Plural
	M.r.	Wed	Zh.r.	M.r.	Wed	Zh.r.
AND	early	early	early	early
R	early		early	early
D	early		early	early
V	early (neod.) early (od.)	early(neod) early (od.)	early	early (neod.) early (od.)
T	early		early	early
P	about early, early		oh early	about early

The degrees of comparison of adjectives are represented in Ukrainian by simple and compound forms of the comparative degree ( cheaper, more / less cheap), simple and compound forms superlatives (found, most cheap, cheapest above all). Simple forms of comparative and superlative degrees of comparison developed from the Proto-Slavic comparative degree, which was formed by adding the suffix *jьs (cf. - *jes) to the stem of a qualitative adjective, often complicated by the vowel *ē. This suffix was followed by a name suffix *j and a case ending: *star- ē-jьs-j-a (r.p.) > old man. In the Ukrainian language, the combination "and" did not survive. After the change in the sound quality of “yatya” and its transition to the sound [i], the intervocalic j was lost and the vowels i and and were contracted, as a result of which the suffix -ish- appeared in the place of the suffix -ish- in Ukrainian: older, tovstishy, retelnishy. But still, the model without the complication of the vowel *ē turned out to be a more common model for the formation of a comparative degree: *star-jüs-j-a (s.p.) > older woman > older woman(senior - im.p.). The superlative degree of comparison in Ukrainian is formed using the prefix nai-: oldest, oldest.

Pronoun

In the modern Ukrainian language, all the lexical and grammatical categories of pronouns that once existed in the Proto-Slavic language are represented:

personal (I, ti, mi, vee, vin, won, won, stink),
returnable (to oneself),
index (that, tsey, such, so many),
possessive (my, yours, yours, ours, yours, xniy, ïï, yogo),
interrogative (who, sho, kotry, whose, yakiy, skilki),
relative (same as interrogative),
negative (nothing, nothing, no one, none, nicotine, not much),
definitive (himself, himself, skin, other, all, every one),
indefinite (dehto, deshcho, htos, deaky; someone-nebud, sho-nebud, be-something, be-sho, be-yaky, abikhto, abtscho, abiyaky, htozna-scho, treasury-scho, treasury-hto).

Declension of pronouns is specific. Almost all of them change by cases, some - by numbers and genders. According to the features of the change, the pronouns form several groups:

1) personal and returnable;
2) non-personal:
a) changing as adjectives of the solid variety;
b) changing as adjectives of the soft variety.

Like other parts of speech, pronouns have completely lost their dual form.

Numeral

The numeral stood out as an independent part of speech rather late. This is explained by the fact that the names of numbers functioned either as adjectives ( one two three four), or as nouns ( five ... ten, one hundred etc.) and did not have special grammatical categories peculiar only to counting words.

In the modern Ukrainian language, numerals have syntactic connections different from nouns and adjectives, do not change by number and gender (with the exception of numerals one, one, one, one, two, two, offended, offended, repeat, repeat), vary by case.

By meaning and use, all numerals in Russian are divided into the following categories:

quantitative: one, two, three…, five…;
ordinal: first, another ..., eleventh ...;
fractional: five sodmih ...;
collective: two, three ...

Verb and verb forms

In modern Ukrainian, the verb has conjugated (personal) and non-conjugated (impersonal) forms.

Non-conjugated forms of the verb are infinitive, participle, participle, impersonal forms in -but, -to.

The infinitive in the Ukrainian language is formed by the suffixes -ti, -chi (for verbs with the basis of the present tense in the back lingual consonant): write, berechi. Recently, the suffix -t has penetrated from colloquial speech into literary. Diminutive forms of the infinitive are common in Ukrainian, complicated by the interfix -k-, -onk-, -ochk-, which breaks the traditional infinitive suffix -ti: ïs-t (points) and, pi-t (onk) and, spa-t (onk) and, movcha-t (k) and.

Participles designate an action or state as a sign of an object. In Ukrainian active present participles –uch-/-yuch-, -ach-/-cell- (the vowel [y] in place of the old; the vowel [‘a] in the place of the old, the consonant [č] reflects the East Slavic vocalization of the Proto-Slavic combination *tj): poozuchy, whirring, drizhachiy, flying; real past participles- using the suffix -l-: pozhovkly, rozkvitly. In the Old Russian language, there were two forms of real participles of the past tense: with the suffix -вш- / -ш- and with the suffix -l-. Unlike the Russian language, the second form prevailed in Ukrainian, while the first was lost as redundant. Passive present participles time in the Ukrainian language were completely lost; past passive participles are formed using suffixes –н-, -єн-, -т-: distributions, radiances, beaten, vigoeny, critia, robes ( and robes). Participles change by gender, number and case, like pronominal adjectives.

Participles denote an action that goes along with another action. Imperfect participles formed with suffixes –uchi- (-yuchi-), -achi- (-yachi-), which go back to the affixes of Old Russian short real participles of the present tense feminine singular: doing, leading, walking. Perfect participles are formed using the suffix -lice, which is added to the basis of the past tense: sdilavshi, vzvshi. Historically, gerunds date back to short real participles. They have lost the ability to change by gender, number and case and are, like infinitives, invariable forms.

Impersonal forms in –but, -to are formed from the passive participles of the past tense: write-offs - written off, accepted - accepted. These forms, like infinitives, are invariable in Ukrainian: The theater is closed for renovations. Doors are done. Application signed.

All other verb forms are conjugated, that is, they change for persons (1, 2, 3) and numbers (singular, plural).

In the modern Ukrainian language, verbs have two main types of conjugation, which differ from each other by the vowel endings 2, 3rd person singular and 1, 2, 3rd person plural, which was once the thematic vowel of the stem of the present tense.

Verbs first type of conjugation have the following set of inflections: -y (-y), -esh (-єш), -е (-є); -emo (-єmo), -et (-єte), -ut (-ut). Verbs second type of conjugation have endings -y (-y), -ish (-ysh), -it (-yt); -imo (-ïmo), -ite (-ïte), -at (-yat). These endings have developed from the common Slavic ones and echo the phonetic variants presented in the Russian and Belarusian languages, as well as in other Slavic ones. Compared with Russian forms, forms of 3 l. units and many others. numbers in the Ukrainian language are presented in a more archaic form - with a soft final consonant. In verb forms, the final labial, after the fall of the reduced ones, was apparently pronounced with strong tension, which was expressed through aspiration in recursion. This aspiration gradually turned into a full vowel, so the forms 1 l.pl. sound like bachimo, stoïmo, say, robimo, will be.

More archaic, in comparison with the Russian language, is the change in the verbs of the old non-thematic type of conjugation - give, give, add:

1 l. ladies, ladies; ïm, ïmo; add, add;
2 l. give, give; ïsi, ïste; dapoise, dapoiste;
3 l. give, give; eat, eat; add, add.

From the verb buti in the present tense, only the form 3 l.s.ch. - є.

In addition to the categories of person, number and voice (real, passive), the Ukrainian verb is characterized by the grammatical categories of aspect, mood and tense. The species-temporal system has undergone the greatest changes in the history of the language. In connection with the loss of the Proto-Slavic opposition of the actions performed by the degree of duration - non-duration, their one-time occurrence - repetition and the formation of species relations, which are based on completeness - incompleteness of the process, in the Ukrainian language, as well as in Russian, the ancient temporal forms of the aorist, imperfect and pluperfect. To express the meaning of the past verbal action, the perfect form has been preserved, which has lost the linking verb:

unit m.r. writing,
zh.r. wrote,
cf. wrote,
plural wrote.

The form of the future tense was also lost, however, in addition to the simple and compound forms, a complex form of the future tense arose in the Ukrainian language, which differs from the simple way of formation: special endings are added to the base of the infinitive: writing, writing, writing; write-me, write-me, write-me. The difference between the synthetic forms of the future tense is also that the simple form is formed from verbs perfect look(write), and complex - from imperfective verbs (write). The complex form of the future tense remains colloquial in Ukrainian.

In the Ukrainian language, two irreal moods are traditionally distinguished: imperative and subjunctive. There is no attachment of action to time limits in these moods.

Basic syntactic information

Some features of the order of words in a sentence. The modern Ukrainian language has inherited from Proto-Slavonic a relatively free order of words in a sentence, which is largely determined by its theme - rhematic articulation, logical stress, emotional and expressive load. In a narrative, emotionally uncolored sentence, the purpose of which is a simple communication of information, the direct word order is approximately the following: (agreed definition) subject (inconsistent definition) - circumstance (mode of action) predicate - circumstance (time, place) - (definition) object. In this case, the preposition always takes place before the object or circumstance, but can be torn off from it by the definition. The sun at once was similar to zgasayuche in an orphan poly osinnє bagattya(M. Stelmakh).

As a rule, in direct word order, the known is put at the beginning of the sentence, and the new at the end. Inversion word order is used in fiction and in a journalistic style, if you need to pay attention to something. Special attention. In addition to word order, logical stress can also be used to highlight important information.

The ways of expressing the main members of the sentence in Ukrainian coincide with the ways of expressing them in Russian. The subject can be expressed by a noun, a substantiated adjective or participle, a combination of a noun with a numeral or a numeral, a verb, an indivisible phrase, a personal pronoun of 1, 2, 3 persons.

The predicate, as in Russian, is represented by three main types: a) simple verb: Keep your tongue behind your teeth; Gold and shine in the lights; b) compound verb: My call - work, happy freedom(I. Franko); The day is restless, anxious(S. Barozdin); c) compound nominal: By long-term captivity, I wanted to live here(L. Kostenko). In the compound verbal predicate, the linking verb, as in the rest of East Slavic, is preserved only in the future and past tenses, and has been lost in the present.

Literature
Bulakhov M.G., Zhovtobryuh M.A., Kodukhov V.I. East Slavic languages. M., 1987.
Gorshkov A.I. History of the Russian literary language. M., 1963.
Gromova A.P. Comparative phonetics of the Slavic languages. Textbook for the special course. Part 1. Sverdlovsk, 1974; Part 2. Sverdlovsk, 1977; Part 3. Sverdlovsk, 1981.
Zhluktenko Yu.A., Karpilovskaya E.A., Yarmak V.I. We study the Ukrainian language. M., 2004.
Istrin V.A. 1100 years Slavic writing. M., 1988.
Kondrashov N.A. Slavic languages. M., 1962.
Krekoten V.I. Ukrainian literature // History of World Literature. V. 9 vols. T.4. M., 1987. S. 361 - 371.
Mishanich O.V. Ukrainian literature // History of World Literature. In 9 vols. T.5. M., 1988. S.399 - 407.
Selimski L. Slavyanski eszi: Essays and texts. Sofia, 1985.
Slavic Yezitsi: Brief characteristics, examples and rivers of the North Slavic group / Edited by Ivan Lekov. Sofia, 1978.
Sokolyansky A.A. Introduction to Slavic Philology. M., 2004.
Trofimovich K.K. Practicum on the correct grammar of the words of the Yang language. Phonetics. Lviv, 1960.
Trosheva T.B. Literary language / Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian literary language. M., 2003. S.208-211.
Shakhmatov A.A. Essay on the most ancient period in the history of the Russian language. Petersburg, 1915.
Yatsenko M.T. Ukrainian literature // History of World Literature. In 9 vols. T.6. M., 1989. S.404 - 417.

Note
1. Voiced consonants, except for the consonant r, at the end of a word and in front of the deaf in the middle of a word are not stunned; deaf consonants before voiced and in the middle of a word undergo assimilation by voicedness.

Declension of adjectives

Full and short forms of adjectives

In the modern Ukrainian literary language are used mainly full adjectives, have case endings in all forms: good, kind, good, good; good, good, good etc. There are very few short adjectives in modern Ukrainian, for example green, advice, full, must, ash, driben, glorious. Possessive adjectives with suffixes also have a short form of the nominative and accusative cases -ov (-ev), -in (-in).

Most adjective forms have exact inflections, which are created by merging the ending of the old demonstrative pronoun with the ending of short adjectives, for example: dobro dv - good; good-x - good; goodness-iego - goodness - good

- Good.

Nominative singular masculine form uncollected: good-and-kind-and

- Good[Good].

In poetic language, in folk art and in oral literary speech, full unrequited forms of the nominative singular of the feminine and neuter, the accusative of the singular of the feminine and the nominative and accusative are also used.

plural, for example: Summer has gone red, snow lies on the field(Lesya Ukrainka) And the fog, like an enemy, closes the sea and the ugly erysipelas... (T. Shevchenko); / You, my only one, lead my young years (T. Shevchenko).

Hard and soft adjectives

Full adjectives of the exacted form change by gender, number and case.

According to the final consonants (hard or soft), the stems of adjectives are divided into hard and soft groups.

Adjectives of the solid group mayug in the nominative case of the singular inflection -i, -is there, before which the final consonant of the stem is pronounced firmly: sunny, long; sunny, long; sunny, long

Soft group adjectives in the nominative singular have phonetic variants of inflection -y, -i, there is, denoting the softness of the final consonant of the stem: average, last year; average, last year; average, last year.

Most adjectives in modern Ukrainian belong to the hard group, and a small number belong to the soft group, namely:

1) qualitative and relative adjectives with a soft stem [n "], preceded by another consonant: abyss, middle, upper, evening, world, garden, ancient, road predawn, sufficient, rye, extreme, root, summer future, powerful, courageous, newest, dining, educational, autumn, last, front, late, empty, present, travel, early, middle, stranger, saturday, neighboring, home, artistic and derivatives from them and a small part of the less used ones, for example: winter, out-of-town; also blue(sound [n] after a vowel) dogovii ",

2) relative adjectives of adverbial origin in -zhny, -shny, For example real, internal, yesterday, home, today and etc.;

3) several possessive-relative adjectives on -zhny, derived from nouns: friendly (friendly hand(friend's hand), but friendly laughter(friendly laughter) - quality adjective), courageous (courageous wife(wife of her husband) is an obsolete word), as well as obscene(more often -mother), eagle.

Compound adjectives with a second part - faces have a soft stem in number (except for the nominative and instrumental cases), and in the plural - a hard stem (except for the nominative case).

Declension of adjectives into -face

Plural

N. white-faced and

R. white-faced's

D. white-faced-m

Zn. as G. (occasionally as N.)

Or. white-faced

M. (on) white-faced's

Attention to case forms of adjectives

The adjectives of the hard and soft groups differ in the final consonant of the stem. The case forms of both groups have basic inflections in the solid group: -ny, e; -ogo, -omu, -imu -nom in the masculine and neuter; -oh, -oh, -oh, -oh, -ey- in the feminine; -and, oh, -nym, -my, oh - plural for all genders.

In the forms of adjectives of the soft group, the same inflections appear in indirect cases (except for the accusative and instrumental), but after the preliminary soft consonant, which is indicated by a soft sign in writing (compare: black o th and blue black and blue-th). If the basis adjective ends in a consonant and C], then a soft sign is not put, but graphically this sound of the stem is transmitted along with loud inflection by the letters i, u, is, and, for example edgeless, edgeless, edgeless, edgeless. Before in a consonant and |]] is written with its own letter: lawlessness-go, lawlessness-m, lawlessness-th, in lawlessness-m.

In the accusative case of the singular, masculine adjectives can have, depending on the form of the noun, the ending of the nominative or genitive case. (faithful friend, pleasant impression).

In the instrumental singular masculine and neuter of the soft inflection group -them indicates a soft stem consonant (last year's snow, morning sun).

In the plural forms there are inflections common to all three genders,

In the nominative plural, the adjectives of the hard and soft groups have the ending -and (4): good - good, powerful - powerful, long-term - long-term.

In other oblique cases of the plural, adjectives of the solid group have inflections starting with a vowel -and (beautiful-x, beautiful-m, beautiful and (them), beautiful-th, on beautiful-x), and adjectives of the soft group are inflections starting with a vowel 4 (4) (powerful-them, powerful-them, powerful and (-them), powerful-ims, on powerful-them: long-them, dogoei-bv, long-th (-them), long-them, on long-them).

Attention! The Ukrainian language has a group of compound adjectives with a second component - faces (chubby, white-faced and under.). They have hard group case endings (nominative, accusative and instrumental singular masculine and neuter and all plural forms) and soft group endings in other cases of all three genders.

Ways of forming adjectives

1. Suffix: hefty, whitish, branched, buckwheat.

2. Prefixed: long, bestial, overcast, beautiful.

3. suffix-prefix: Visible, Mediterranean, invaluable, big.

4. stem without suffix and with suffix: pink-cheeked, frost-resistant, machine-building.

5. Transition of participles into adjectives: highway, stagnant water, hissing sound.

The spelling of Ukrainian surnames and geographical names is subject to general rules Ukrainian spelling. foreign surnames and geographical names require knowledge of certain rules about writing them in Ukrainian. These rules are associated with the transmission of sounds [e], [ye], [th and], [s], [and], writing a soft sign, an apostrophe, writing endings in writing.

1 adjective

1) adj.

name \ adjective - gram. prikmetnik

2) in meaning noun gram. prikmetnik

3) in meaning noun those who give

Books

Russian language. 5-9 grades. Workbook. Part 3. Adjective. GEF HVD, Galunchikova Natalya Grigorievna, Yakubovskaya Evelina Vyacheslavovna. Workbook in Russian "Adjective name" is intended for students with intellectual disabilities and ensures the implementation of the requirements of an adapted basic ... Buy for 643 rubles
Practical grammar in the lessons of the Russian language. In 4 parts. Part 1. Vocabulary. Word structure and word formation. Noun. Adjective. Grif of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Zikeev A.G. The four editions of the manual included exercises aimed at developing the lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic aspects of students' speech. ...

Lecture number 1.

Topic: Noun in Russian and Ukrainian.

PLAN

Noun (hereinafter IS) as a part of speech in Russian and Ukrainian.
Lexical and grammatical categories of IP in Russian and Ukrainian languages. Grammar features of each category.
Grammatical categories of IP in Russian and Ukrainian languages.
Declension types of IP in Russian and Ukrainian languages.

Literature

Russian language

Modern Russian lang. // ed. V.N. Belashapkova. - M., 1989. - p. 403-442.
Modern Russian lang. // ed. P.A. Lekanta. - M., 1988. - p. 180-196.
Modern Russian lang. // ed. D.E. Rosenthal. - M., 1987. - p. 172-212.
Svetlyshev D.N. Modern Russian lang. - M., 1989. - p. 137-157.
D.E. Rosenthal, I.B. Golub M.A. Telenkova. Modern Russian lang.: Textbook for students of philology distance learning. - M., 1991. - S. 226-241.

Ukrainian language

1. The grammatical core of names are nouns ( names), words expressing objectivity and representing it in the forms of gender, number and case are brought under this category. The meaning of objectivity is an abstract meaning inherent in all nouns without exception, because this concept is not logical, but grammatical. In grammar, the subject is everything to which our consciousness can attribute properties, qualities, actions, states, etc. To detect the grammatical meaning of objectivity, in practice, the setting of pronominal words with a generalized objective meaning is used - who? what? (who?, what?). noun- this is an independent part of speech that has a general grammatical meaning of objectivity and expresses this meaning in the grammatical categories of gender, number and case.

The means of expressing grammatical objectivity are morphological (grammatical) categories and properties of nouns.

4. Depending on the lexical meanings and grammatical /mainly morphological/ features nouns in Russian and Ukrainian are divided into groups called lexico-grammatical categories: own (vlasnі) and common nouns (zagalnі).

To the names own in Russian and Ukrainian languages include the words of the following thematic groups: names, patronymics, surnames of people; animal names; names of cities, rivers, seas; the name of the planets, constellations; title of periodicals, etc. For example: Natalka, Dnister, Odessa.

TO common nouns in Russian and Ukrainian languages include words that are generalized names of homogeneous objects, for example: grew up(living room, ring, curtain, etc.); Ukrainian(people, kin, generosity, dim toshcho). The boundaries between the discharges are mobile, i.e. there is a transition from proper to common nouns and vice versa, for example: truth - the newspaper "Pravda", ball - puppy Sharik; scientists Ohm, Joule, Newton - units of measurement - ohm, joule, newton.

Personal (person) and impersonal (not person). Personal nouns include nouns denoting persons by: a / profession - driver, engineer, health worker; b/ place of residence - a city dweller, a Donetsk dweller, a Petersburger; c/ social status – pupil, student, pensioner; d/ religion - Christian, Muslim, Catholic. All others are non-personal.

Animate (istota) and inanimate (neistota). A formal indicator of animation - inanimateness is the questioning who? - what? (who?, what?), but using these questions can be difficult, for example: grew up doll, matryoshka, water, ace, virus, etc. A grammatical indicator of animateness-inanimateness in the Russian and Ukrainian languages can be a formula where animate IS have the same R.p. forms. pl. h = V.p. pl., and in inanimate I.p. pl. h = V.p. pl. h.

Concrete (concrete) - abstract (abstract) - material (verbal) - collective (collection). Specific nouns in Russian and Ukrainian are opposed to the other three digits according to the following grammatical features: a/ change in numbers; b/ combined with cardinal numbers; in / can be presented separately and subjected to an account; g/ in combination with the words measures are used in the plural. For instance: grew up throw - throws; two throws - ten throws, few and many throws; Ukrainian zoshit, wind, maple. abstract nouns in Russian and Ukrainian do not have all of the above features, they call abstract concepts, for example: grew up glory, kindness, modesty; Ukrainian sum, bіl, joy.

Real names in Russian and Ukrainian are called various substances, do not change in numbers, do not combine with cardinal numbers, with words measures are used in the singular, for example: grew up oxygen - a cubic meter of oxygen, coal - an echelon of coal; Ukrainian tea, uzvar, oats, honey, sand, clay.

Collective nouns also do not have the above grammatical features, call a set of homogeneous objects as an indivisible whole, for example: grew up foliage, students, equipment, generals, rags, professors, etc.; Ukrainian colossus, coma, studentship.

5. Category of the genus (category of the genus) nouns in Russian and Ukrainian is a non-inflecting Civil Code, presented as an opposition of 3 classes of words (trinomial), each of which is characterized by the features of declension and agreement, for example: a free contract is signed (masculine), a free state is created (neuter) , free print approved (feminine). The generic affiliation is established by the singular form. The system of 3 grammatical genders in Russian and Ukrainian is not perfect, because outside this system are nouns that do not have singular forms, the so-called pluralia tantum names, for example: grew up glasses, tongs, sledges, gates, finances, chores, etc.; Ukrainian gates, eyepieces, doors.

Names capable of occupying a non-unique position in the classification of generic affiliation include names of the type: grew up ignorant, sleepyhead, slob, capricious, dirty, sneaky, etc. Such names are called nouns. o f the city/ sleepy family: ukr. orphan, nevdakha, grabber.

There are fluctuations in the definition of the genus category of some IPs / there are about 150 of them /, and the reasons for such fluctuations are different, for example: my bottle - my bottle, my shoe - my shoe, my veil - my veil. The gender of indeclinable nouns / ivasi, tornado, coffee, cafe, highway, vis-a-vis, protégé / is determined and subject to separate rules (independently).

Case category nouns in Russian and Ukrainian is an inflectional grammatical category that expresses the relationship of nouns to other words in a phrase and sentence, for example: love the Motherland /V.P./, miss the Motherland /D.P./, live away from the Motherland /R.P./. The case system in the Russian language includes 6 members: nominative / who? what? / - always unprepositional, direct case is opposed to all other indirect ones, which can be both prepositional and unprepositional. Distinguish between adjective and verbal use of prepositional forms, for example: rose petal (adjective) - buy roses (verb). Each case has a specific set of meanings associated with the position in the phrase and with such concepts as subject, object, attribute and circumstance.

Number category (numbers) nouns in Russian and Ukrainian languages is an independent inflectional grammatical category denoting the number of objects called IP and built as a contrast between two series of forms - singular (one) and plural (multiple), for example: grew up student - students, heart-hearts, country - countries; Ukrainian Fox - fox, blue - blue. This opposition does not include ISs that name uncountable objects and have only forms of the only one, for example: grew up game, poor, linen, blue, cheerfulness, comfort (singularia tantum); Ukrainian paper, joy, children ; or plural: grew up canned food, cabbage soup, negotiations, elections (pluralia tantum) and Ukrainian teresi, checks, pennies, visivki. In such nouns, the category of number can be considered as a non-inflective, i.e. permanent

6. Changing nouns by cases in Russian and Ukrainian is called declination. In russian language Traditionally, there are three declensions:

To 1 cl. the words include - a young man, a girl, an orphan / m. and female /

Co. 2 cl. - gold, hero, house / cf.r and m.r./

To 3 cl. - news, youth / f.r. /

Beyond the Declension System nouns remain, which can conditionally be grouped into the following groups:

Differing - path, name, tribe, time, etc.

Substantiated ICs - universe, champagne, ice cream

Pluralia tantum - scissors, jeans, finance

Zero declination - bourgeois, counterpart, coffee, protégé

The word d and t i has a special paradigm.

In UYa, 4 declensions are traditionally distinguished:

To 1 cl. include the words - hut, share, statya, Mikola / m. and f.r. / on -a, -z.

Co. 2 cl. - father, dіm, leafing, sea, field / cf.r on -o, -e, -a, -ya and / m.r. on –o, Ø

To 3 cl. - shade, strength, nich / f.r. / on Ø ta mother.

To 4 cl. - name the little ones for the age of istot s.r. on -a, -ya - kurcha, calf, lamb or im'ya, sіm'ya, tribe.

Subject: Adjective in Russian and Ukrainian.

PLAN

Adjective as CR in RY and UYa.
Grammatical categories and syntactic functions of IP in RL and SL.
Discharges of the name of the adjective (hereinafter IP) by value. Characteristics each rank.
Formation of degrees of comparison of IP in RL and UY.

Literature

Russian language

Modern Russian lang. ed. V.N. Belashapkova. - M., 1989. - p. 443-451.
Modern Russian lang. ed. P.A. Lekanta. - M., 1988. - p. 197-205.
Modern Russian lang. ed. D.E. Rosenthal. - M., 1987. - p. 212-229.
Svetlyshev D.N. Modern Russian lang. - M., 1989. - p. 158-171.
D.E. Rosenthal, I.B. Golub M.A. Telenkova. Modern Russian lang.: Textbook for students-philologists of distance learning. - M., 1991. - S. 249-261.

Ukrainian language

Kozachuk G.O. Ukrainian language. Workshop: Navch. helper. - K., 1991. - 398 p.
Kozachuk G.O. Ukrainian language. For entrants: Navch. helper. - K., 1993. - 272 p.
Contemporary Ukrainian language: Podruchnik / O.D. Ponomariv, V.V. Rizun ta in .. - K., 1991. - 312 p.

1. In close grammatical connection with nouns are adjectives. “The semantic basis of adjectives is the concept of “quality”.

Adjective (prikmetnik) in Russian and Ukrainian is a significant part of speech that has a general categorical meaning of a sign, property, quality of an object and expresses this meaning in dependent grammatical categories of gender, number and case.

For instance: grew up useful advice, healthy porridge, healthy milk; Ukrainian white snow, railway station. The semantic basis of adjectives is the designation of the quality, attribute, belonging of objects as a relatively constant property.

2. In morphological relation IPs change by gender, number and case, i.e. they have dependent, consistent grammatical categories. The categories of gender, number and case in IP are inflectional.

Syntactically adjectives in Russian and Ukrainian have specific syntactic functions: the full form is an agreed definition, the short form is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.

3. Depending on what sign and how IP is designated, as well as on what grammatical properties IP has, all IPs in Russian and Ukrainian are divided into 3 main lexico-grammatical categories: qualitative (yakіsnі), relative (vіdnosnі) and possessive (private). Qualitative adjectives in their grammatical features in the Russian and Ukrainian languages are opposed to other categories, as lexical and grammatical units.

Quality adjectives have a number of grammatical features: a / have forms of degrees of comparison (however, not all IPs form degrees of comparison, for example: Russian bold; Ukrainian fox), For example: more cheerful, more cheerful, more cheerful than all, the most cheerful, the most cheerful; b/ have full and short forms, for example: new - new, cheerful - cheerful, sad - sad; c/ the presence of forms of subjective assessment, for example: gray-haired, cheerful, merry; d/ combined with adverbs of measure and degree, for example: unusually cute, surprisingly stupid, very young; e/ can form adverbs in -o-, -e-, for example: superfluous - superfluous, hot - hot, quiet - quiet, quieter; e / form abstract nouns: new - news, novelty, direct - directness, curve - curvature; w/ can enter into synonymous and antonymous relations, for example: bold cowardly.

4. Quality adjectives in Russian and Ukrainian languages form comparative (greater degree of perfection) and superlative degree of comparison (highest degree of equalization), each of which has a simple and compound form. The formation of the degrees of comparison in the RJ and UYA differ. So, in the UYa, a simple comparative degree is formed by adding suff to the stem IP. –sh- (h), -ish- (Russian –ee-, -e-), for example: rich - rich; the analytical form is formed with the help of words more and less (Russian more and less) + IP, for example: more vіdomy. A simple superlative form is formed by adding a prefix find to IP in the form of a comparative degree, for example: the richest. The analytical form of the superlative degree of comparison in CL is formed using naybіsh i naymensh + IP, for example: the largest vіdomy.

Introduction

1. Morphology

1.1. Noun

1.1.1. I cancel

1.1.2. II cancellation

1.1.3. III cancellation

1.1.4. IV cancellation

1.2. Adjective

1.3. Pronoun

1.4. Verb

Notes

Literary language and its study

Dialect types

Features of the Ukrainian language

Alphabet

Alphabet (abethka) of the Ukrainian language

stress

Phonetics

Vocalism

consonantism

Morphology

Noun

1 declination.

Feminine and masculine nouns in –а/ -я in Ukrainian

2 declination. Masculine nouns with zero ending and neuter nouns with ending -о/-е in Ukrainian

3 declension. Feminine nouns with zero ending in Ukrainian

4 declination. Neutral nouns ending in –a, -я in Ukrainian

Adjective

Declension of full adjectives in Ukrainian

Pronoun

Numeral

Verb and verb forms

Basic syntactic information

Declension of adjectives

Full and short forms of adjectives

Hard and soft adjectives

Declension of adjectives into -face

Attention to case forms of adjectives

Ways of forming adjectives

See also other dictionaries:

Books