The habitat of organisms and its factors
1. What living environments do you know?
2. What environmental factors You know?
Everything that surrounds Living being in nature, called habitat. There are four main habitats on Earth that have been developed and inhabited by organisms. This is the aquatic environment, ground-air, soil and, finally, the environment formed by living organisms themselves (Fig. 119). It is clear that each of these environments has its own specific living conditions.
Environmental conditions have a certain impact (positive or negative) on the existence and geographical distribution of living beings. In this regard, environmental conditions are considered as environmental factors.
Environmental factors very diverse both in nature and in their impact on alive organisms. Conventionally, all environmental factors are divided into three main groups - abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic.
Anthropogenic factors are all those forms of human activity that affect the natural environment, changing the living conditions of living organisms, or directly affect individual species plants and animals.
Habitat- this is a part of nature that surrounds living organisms and has a direct or indirect impact on them. The habitat includes not only various physical and chemical (so-called abiotic) components, but also living organisms of their own or another species - the biotic component. From the environment, living beings receive everything necessary for life (matter and energy) and release the products of their metabolism into it. Currently, the habitat of each organism is, to one degree or another, shaped by man and his production activities. At the same time, some components of the environment are vitally necessary for the body, others have a negative effect on it, and others are completely indifferent.
Based on the characteristics of living conditions, three main types of habitat are distinguished, each of which has its own key components.
Terrestrial habitat - this is the surface of the land and living organisms of all four kingdoms that reproduce and develop either directly on the surface of the earth or on plants, including trees, but at the same time can move or hunt in water (Fig. 106), or in air (Fig. 107).
Aquatic habitat includes not only the World Ocean, rivers, lakes, but also puddles, voids and soil capillaries filled with water, and for parasitic protozoa and many bacteria - this is the cytoplasm of the cells of multicellular organisms. Feature aquatic environment is that different types organisms can be located in it not in one plane, as on the surface of the land, but in volume, for which they have developed the necessary adaptations. Organisms living at the bottom of reservoirs form a community called benthos (from the Greek. benthos- depth), living in the water column - a community called plankton (from the Greek. plankton- wandering) (Fig. 108), and those living on the surface - a community called neuston (from the Greek. neustos- floating) (Fig. 109). Water is the primary habitat, life originated here, and from here it came to land.
The most specific - underground habitat . It is characterized by high density, oxygen deficiency and lack of light. Few organisms can live in such conditions. These are mainly bacteria, as well as some fungi and certain species and groups of animals - insect larvae, oligochaete worms, legless amphibians of the caecilian order (Fig. 110) and some mammals (Fig. 111). Material from the site
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article topic: | Habitat |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Ecology |
Chapter 4. ECOLOGY OF ORGANISMS (AUTECOLOGY)
Part II. GENERAL ECOLOGY
4.2. Environmental factors and their classification
Environmental factors – These are individual elements of the environment that affect organisms. Each habitat has different characteristics of the influence of environmental factors. By nature, environmental factors are divided into abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic.
Abiotic factors – Components inanimate nature, directly or indirectly affecting the body. They are divided into the following groups:
– climatic factors(light, temperature, humidity, wind, Atmosphere pressure and etc.);
– geological factors(earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, movement of glaciers, radioactive radiation, etc.);
– orographic factors, or relief factors (height of the area above sea level, steepness of the area - the angle of inclination of the area to the horizon, exposure of the area - the position of the area in relation to the cardinal points, etc.);
– edaphic, or soil-ground factors(granulometric composition, chemical composition, density, structure, pH, etc.);
– hydrological factors(current, salinity, pressure, etc.).
Otherwise, abiotic factors are divided into physical and chemical.
Biotic factors – influence on the body of other living organisms.
Taking into account the dependence on the type of affecting organism, they are divided into two groups:
– intraspecific, or homotypic, factors - the influence on the body of individuals of the same species (hare on hare, pine on pine, etc.);
– interspecific, or heterotypic, factors - ϶ᴛᴏ influence on the body of individuals of other species (wolf on hare, pine on birch, etc.).
Taking into account the dependence on belonging to a particular kingdom, biotic factors are divided into four main groups:
– phytogenic factors – this is the effect on the body;
– zoogenic factors – influence of animals;
– mycogenic factors – influence of mushrooms;
– microgenic factors – influence of microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, protozoa).
Anthropogenic factors – human activity leading either to a direct impact on living organisms or to a change in their habitat (hunting, fishing, deforestation, pollution, soil erosion, etc.).
At the same time, a distinction is made between the impact of a person as a biological organism (food consumption, respiration, excretion, etc.) and his economic activity ( Agriculture, industry, energy, transport, household activities, etc.). Factors associated with economic activity people are called technogenic.
Taking into account the dependence on the nature of impacts, anthropogenic factors are divided into two groups:
– factors of direct influence – this is the direct (direct) impact of a person on the body (mowing grass, cutting down forests, shooting animals, catching fish, etc.);
– indirect influence factors- ϶ᴛᴏ indirect (indirect) impact on the body (environmental pollution, habitat destruction, disturbance, etc.).
Taking into account the dependence on the consequences of impact, anthropogenic factors are divided into the following groups:
– positive factors – factors that improve the life of organisms or increase their numbers (breeding and protecting animals, planting and feeding plants, protecting environment etc.);
– negative factors – factors that worsen the life of organisms or reduce their numbers (cutting down trees, shooting animals, destruction of habitats, etc.).
Environmental factors can affect the body direct action and indirect. Indirect impact occurs through other environmental factors. For example, high temperature can cause a burn (direct effect), or can lead to dehydration (indirect effect).
Different environmental factors have different variability in space and time. One of them relatively constant(for example, gravity, solar radiation, ocean salinity), others very changeable(for example, air temperature and humidity, wind strength). Based on the nature of changes over time, environmental factors are divided into three groups.
Regularly periodic factors – these are factors that change their strength based on the time of day, season of the year, the rhythm of the tides (illumination, temperature, length of daylight hours, etc.).
Irregular (non-periodic) factors – these are factors that do not have a clearly defined periodicity (flood, hurricane, earthquake, volcanic eruption, predator attack, etc.).
Directional factors – These are factors that act over a long period of time in one direction (cooling or warming of the climate, overgrowing of a reservoir, soil erosion, etc.).
Based on the nature of the body’s response to the influence of an environmental factor, the following groups of environmental factors are distinguished.
Irritants – factors causing biochemical and physiological changes (adaptations).
Modifiers – factors causing morphological and anatomical changes (adaptations).
Limiters – factors that predetermine the impossibility of an organism’s existence in given conditions and limit its distribution area.
Alarms – factors that inform changes in other factors.
Based on the principle of the possibility of consumption when interacting with the body, environmental factors are divided into resources and conditions.
Resources – these are environmental environmental factors that the body consumes, that is, their quantity as a result of interaction with the body can decrease (food, water, solar energy, oxygen, carbon dioxide etc.).
Conditions - these are environmental environmental factors that the body does not consume, that is, their quantity does not decrease, but they can affect the body (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, gravitational field, etc.). There are other classifications of environmental factors based on the criteria they are based on.
Habitat - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Habitat" 2014, 2015.
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has named ten animals whose populations are at risk of extinction due to global climate change on our planet. “Scientists estimate that if greenhouse gas emissions remain at the same level, by 2050 a quarter of those known to us will disappear...
Habitat, conditions and lifestyle Practical use paleontology in geology § In stratigraphy (based on the law of irreversibility of evolution). § In paleogeography, Trophic or food connections (Greek trophe - food, nutrition) are the main ones in... .
A special place among natural environments Soil occupies the habitat of microorganisms. This is an extremely heterogeneous (dissimilar) substrate in structure, having a micromosaic structure. The soil is a collection of many very small ones (from fractions of a millimeter to 3-5 mm)... .
The interior is from the French. “internal” - the internal (inhabited) part of the building, the space directly intended for a person to be in it. I. is the most important component of architecture as a volumetric-spatial (plastic) phenomenon. Often... .
Chapter III. Civilization Ancient Egypt Ancient East Chapter II. Typological characteristics of the civilizations of the Ancient East See: Ukolova V. I., Marinovich L. P. History Ancient world: Textbook for 5th grade. general education institutions / Ed. A. O. Chubaryan.... .
Considering nature as a habitat, the latter is divided into natural and artificial. This division took place already in antiquity, in the philosophy of Aristotle, who separated what is carried out according to natural laws, regardless of man, from what... .
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Eurasian National University them. L.N. Gumilyov
Department of Information Systems
Essay
On the topic: “The main living environments and their characteristics”
Completed by: student of group IS-14
Tursumbayeva Aigerim
Checked by: Senior Lecturer
Aubakirova L.S.
Astana, 2014-2015
1. Ground-airWednesday
Wednesday- everything that surrounds organisms directly or indirectly affects their condition, development, survival and reproduction.
The most difficult environmental conditions is the ground-air environment. Here, on the border of two earthly shells, the vast majority of plants and animals live. The specifics of their habitats are determined by the terrain, the nature of the soil and atmospheric phenomena. The main features of the ground-air environment are the large amplitude of changes in environmental factors, the heterogeneity of the environment, the action of gravitational forces, and low air density. A complex of physical-geographical and climatic factors characteristic of a certain natural area, leads to the evolutionary formation of morphophysiological adaptation of organisms to life in these conditions, the diversity of life forms.
Depending on the moisture conditions and soil fertility, plant communities occupy optimal habitats corresponding to the prevailing forest stand. The nature of the soil affects the specifics of animal movement: rocky - places special demands on the structure of the animals' bodies. Ungulates, ostriches, and bustards living in open spaces have adapted their limbs to hard ground to enhance repulsion when running fast. In animals that live on loose, loose sand, the toes are fringed with a fringe of horny scales, like some lizards. The sand gecko, which lives in the Namib Desert, has feet that resemble the swimming membranes of waterfowl. They perform the function of a kind of skis with the help of which he moves. In the hottest part of the day, with their help, the gecko digs holes for shelter. Other lizards, such as the skink in the Sahara and the desert iguana in the Californian deserts, actually “swim,” vigorously raking their paws and plunging into the sand.
Living conditions in ground-air environment is largely determined by weather conditions. The long-term weather regime characterizes the climate of the area. It is determined by the geographical conditions of the area.
For most terrestrial organisms, it is not so much the climate of the area that is important as the conditions of their immediate habitat. Often the vital functions of organisms are greatly influenced by local elements environments (relief, exposure, vegetation), which fundamentally change the regime of temperature, humidity, light, air movement, etc. in a specific area. This local modification of climate, developing in the surface layer of air, is called microclimate. In each climatic zone, microclimates are very diverse, which is reflected in the uneven development natural phenomena. Thus, the microclimate of the northern and southern exposure of hills and mountainous areas is very different. The microclimate of bare soils differs from that in places covered with vegetation (forest or meadow). A special microclimate occurs in burrows, nests, hollows, caves and other similar habitats.
2. WaterWednesday
In accordance with modern hypotheses of the origin of life, it is generally accepted that the evolutionarily primary environment on our planet was precisely the aquatic environment. This is confirmed by the fact that the content of chlorine, sodium, oxygen, calcium, and potassium in human blood (maintained at a relatively constant level) is close to that in ocean water. This probably has a health-promoting effect. sea water per person. In addition, the life activity of the vast majority of organisms is impossible without water or, at least, without maintaining a certain fluid content inside it. The internal environment of the organism, in which the main physiological processes occur, obviously still retains the features of the environment in which the evolution of the first organisms took place. The properties of the oceanic environment largely determined the chemical and physical evolution of life forms.
Water is part of all elements of the biosphere. It is an integral part of not only bodies of water, but also air, soil, and living beings. Water is the source of life. The totality of all the water on the planet is called the hydrosphere. "Any manifestation natural water- glacier ice, vast ocean, soil solution, geyser, mineral spring- form a single whole, directly or indirectly, but deeply connected with each other,” these are the words of the outstanding scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere, Academician V.I. Vernadsky characterize the hydrosphere, the aquatic environment of our planet.
The earth is unique not only because it has so much water in liquid phase, but also its decisive role in the formation of the special features of the planet. The hydrosphere plays a great role in maintaining a relatively constant climate, which has allowed living organisms to reproduce for more than 3 billion years. Since for life it is necessary that the prevailing temperatures be in the range from 0° to 100° C, i.e. within limits that allow the hydrosphere to remain mainly in the liquid phase, we can conclude that the temperature on Earth was constant.
The hydrosphere is one of the integral human habitats. It supplies him with drinking fresh water, food, water for irrigation and irrigation of the lands on which vital crops are grown. IN modern society Without water, no industry can develop.
3. Soil environment
Soil is a loose surface layer earth's crust, which was formed in the process of weathering, the activity of living organisms, the decomposition of organic residues and the mixing of the resulting substances. Russian soil scientist V.V. Dokuchaev gave it the following assessment: “... soil is the same independent, natural-historical body as any plant, any animal.” IN AND. Vernadsky also considered the soil to be a “living” organism and called it a bioinert body.
An ancient Chinese wisdom says: “The condition of the land and, above all, arable land is the best indicator of the moral health of society.” What is earth, soil? This is the result of nature’s patient labor of centuries. This is the dirt about which we often utter unflattering expressions. Soil is a unique and vulnerable natural formation. Suffice it to say that the vital exchange of minerals between the biosphere and the inorganic world occurs precisely in the soil. The soil is like a living being, it is not for nothing that they say about it as about a woman: it gives birth. If the soil becomes ugly, there will be a harvest, there will be bread. Soil fertility is drying up - and masses of people are leaving their settled settlements in search of a suitable place where they could plant grain.
Plants receive water and nutrients from the soil. Leaves and branches, dying, return to it, where they decompose, releasing the contents contained in them. minerals. In the surface layers of the soil, where the freshest dead organic matter arrives, many destructive organisms live - bacteria and fungi, small arthropods and worms, termites and centipedes. Their activity promotes soil development from above, while physical and chemical destruction of bedrock promotes soil formation from below.
4. Organismal environment
Posted on Allbest.ru
...Similar documents
Definition of habitat and characteristics of its species. Features of the soil habitat, selection of examples of organisms and animals inhabiting it. The benefits and harm to the soil from the creatures living in it. Specifics of adaptation of organisms to the soil environment.
presentation, added 09/11/2011
Habitats mastered by living organisms in the process of development. The aquatic habitat is the hydrosphere. Environmental groups hydrobionts. Ground-air habitat. Features of soil, groups of soil organisms. The organism as a habitat.
abstract, added 06/07/2010
presentation, added 11/20/2014
Characteristics of the environment as a set of conditions surrounding a person. The ability of parent organisms to transmit to their offspring all their characteristics and properties, the role of hereditary and environmental factors in human development. Relationship between heredity and environment.
presentation, added 01/02/2012
Ecological zones of the World Ocean. Properties of the aquatic environment (sound, electricity and magnetism; salt, light, temperature) and its role in the life of aquatic organisms. Adaptation of plant and animal organisms to their habitat. Filtration as a type of nutrition.
course work, added 12/16/2012
The relationships of organisms with each other and between organisms and the physical environment. Ecological factors, their interaction, species adaptations. Interdependence of organisms and environment. Main climatic factors and their influence on the body.
abstract, added 10/13/2009
Concept and components of soil megafauna. Habitats, structural features and lifestyle of burrowing vertebrates: common mole rats, mole rats, zokors, moles. Forms of influence of the digging activity of vertebrates on erosion processes.
course work, added 09/29/2011
Description of the structure of water in fresh water bodies and bottom silt deposits. Characteristics of soil as a habitat for microorganisms. Study of the influence of plant species and age on rhizosphere microflora. Consideration of the microbial population of soils of different types.
course work, added 04/01/2012
presentation, added 12/31/2013
Activation of certain plant enzymatic systems with trace elements. The role of soil as a complex edaphic factor in plant life, the ratio of microelements. Classification of plants depending on their nutrient needs.
Biology and genetics
On our planet, living organisms have mastered 4 habitats: aquatic, ground-air, soil and organic. Comparative characteristics of habitats and adaptation of living organisms to them. Environment Characteristics of the organism’s adaptation to the environment Aquatic The most ancient.
Characteristics of the main habitats.
Comparative characteristics of habitats and adaptation of living organisms to them
|
Wednesday |
Characteristic |
Adaptation of the body to the environment |
|
|
Water |
The most ancient. Illumination decreases with depth. When diving, for every 10 m, the pressure increases by 1 atmosphere. Oxygen deficiency. The degree of salinity increases from fresh water to sea and ocean water. Relatively uniform (homogeneous) in space and stable in time |
Streamlined body shape, buoyancy, mucous membranes, development of air cavities, osmoregulation |
|
|
Soil |
Created by living organisms. She mastered the ground-air environment simultaneously. Deficiency or complete absence Sveta. High density. Four-phase (phases: solid, liquid, gaseous, living organisms). Inhomogeneous (heterogeneous) in space. Over time, conditions are more constant than in the terrestrial-air habitat, but more dynamic than in the aquatic and organismal environment. The richest habitat for living organisms |
The body shape is ridged, mucous membranes or smooth surface, some have a digging apparatus and developed muscles. Many groups are characterized by microscopic or small sizes as an adaptation to life in film water or in air-bearing pores |
|
|
Ground-air |
Sparse. Abundance of light and oxygen. Heterogeneous in space. Very dynamic over time |
Development of the supporting skeleton, mechanisms for regulating the hydrothermal regime. Freeing the sexual process from the liquid medium |
|
|
Organismal |
Very ancient. Liquid (blood, lymph) or solid (dense tissue). The greatest constancy of the environment over time of all habitats |
||
As well as other works that may interest you |
|||
| 83793. | Related parties: general provisions | 40.7 KB | |
| Interdependent for tax purposes are: 1 organizations if one organization directly or indirectly participates in another organization and the share of such participation is more than 25 percent; 2 an individual and an organization if such an individual directly and or indirectly participates in such an organization and the share of such participation is more than 25 percent; Note: The share of participation of an individual in an organization is recognized as the total share of participation of this individual and his relatives in clause 3 of the organization in the case of... | |||
| 83794. | General provisions on prices and taxation. Peculiarities of recognizing prices as market prices for tax purposes | 45.02 KB | |
| For the purposes of this Code, prices applied in transactions in which the parties are persons who are not recognized as interdependent, as well as income, profit, and revenue received by persons who are parties to such transactions are recognized as market prices. When determining the tax base, taking into account the price of goods, work, services applied by the parties to the transaction for tax purposes later in this section, the price applied in the transaction, the specified price is recognized as market price if the federal executive body authorized for control and supervision in... | |||
| 83796. | General provisions on the methods used in determining income (profit, revenue) for tax purposes in transactions to which the parties are interdependent persons | 41.35 KB | |
| The comparable market prices method is the priority method for determining price conformity for tax purposes. The use of other methods is permitted if the use of the comparable market prices method is impossible or if its use does not allow one to reasonably draw a conclusion about the conformity or non-compliance of the prices used in transactions with market prices for tax purposes. In the absence of publicly available information on prices in comparable transactions with identical homogeneous goods, works, services for the purpose of determining the completeness... | |||
| 83797. | Controlled transactions. Preparation and submission of documentation for tax control purposes | 41.33 KB | |
| Controlled transactions are transactions between related parties. The following transactions are equated to transactions between interdependent persons: 1 a set of transactions for the sale, resale of goods, performance of work, provision of services performed with the participation through the mediation of persons who are not interdependent, taking into account the features provided for in this subclause. A transaction between related parties with the place of registration or place of residence or place of tax residence of all parties and beneficiaries under which... | |||
| 83798. | Tax control in connection with transactions between related parties | 41.14 KB | |
| 17 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, verification of the completeness of calculation and payment of taxes in connection with transactions between interdependent persons is carried out by the federal executive body authorized for control and supervision in the field of taxes and fees at its location on the basis of a notice of a controlled transaction received from the taxpayer or a notice received from the territorial the tax authority which, during an audit, has identified the fact of a controlled transaction, as well as in the event of a controlled transaction being identified as a result of a repeated... | |||
| 83799. | Agreement on pricing for tax purposes: general provisions; parties to the pricing agreement; procedure for concluding an agreement | 41.59 KB | |
| A pricing agreement for tax purposes is an agreement between a taxpayer classified as a major taxpayer and the Federal Tax Service of Russia on the procedure for determining prices and or applying pricing methods in controlled transactions. Concluding a pricing agreement allows taxpayers and tax authorities. The subject of the pricing agreement is: 1 types and or lists of controlled transactions and goods, works, services in respect of which the agreement is concluded; 2nd order... | |||
| 83800. | General provisions on liability for committing tax offenses: concept, persons liable for their commission. Conditions for bringing to responsibility for committing a tax offense | 39.43 KB | |
| Conditions for bringing to responsibility for committing a tax offense. Organizations and individuals bear responsibility for committing tax offenses. An individual can be held liable for tax offenses from the age of sixteen. | |||
| 83801. | Forms of guilt when committing a tax offense. Circumstances excluding, mitigating and aggravating guilt. Tax sanctions | 40.83 KB | |
| A person who has committed an unlawful act intentionally or through negligence is recognized as guilty of committing a tax offense. The guilt of an organization in committing a tax offense is determined depending on the guilt of its officials or its representatives whose actions and inaction led to the commission of this tax offense. These include: 1 absence of a tax violation event; 2 the person is not guilty of committing an offense; 3 commission of an act by an individual under the age of sixteen... | |||