How are thermal springs formed?
Geothermal springs are considered to be underground waters, the temperature of which exceeds more than 20 degrees. They are heated by magmatic intrusion in areas of active volcanism. Many of them are found in areas with recent volcanic activity, such waters are heated by contact with deep hot rocks.
In addition, there are springs where the volcano died out long ago. The further the depth, the higher the temperature rocks through which water moves and warms up. It comes out of the depth with low resistance, so it does not have time to cool down, thereby forming a thermal spring.
What are the benefits of hot springs?
The hot springs are clean and mineral water. It contains a natural chemical composition that has a therapeutic and prophylactic effect on the body. On the basis of such sources, health resorts and sanatoriums were created.
Geothermal springs are able to relieve human body from many ailments: musculoskeletal system, central nervous system, skin diseases, etc. The skin structure after regular intake of thermal waters becomes elastic and clean, the production of elastin and collagen is stimulated.
According to its chemical composition, the water of thermal mineral springs is divided into:
Sodium sulfate
- sodium chloride
- hydrocarbonate-calcium
Hot springs of Tyumen are classified as sodium chloride in terms of mineralization. This healing water, saturated with useful mineral salts and other trace elements, is very popular among Russian residents and foreign guests. The water temperature here throughout the year remains within + 40-45 degrees.
Most tourists who come here prefer to visit a comfortable spring. For vacationers, a swimming pool is organized, the water in which is constantly updated, changing rooms and showers, a bathhouse, a spa, and a cafe are working. You can stay in one of the hotel rooms, in a cabin or in a tourist trailer.
The wild hot spring is located a little further from Tyumen - 30 km. It lacks the conveniences inherent in comfortable places. Tourists who come here for rest and health improvement set up tents or stay in one of the city hotels.
The company "Golden Compass" regularly carries out. We invite you to visit the comfortable country club AVAN, which has 3 swimming pools: large, massage and children's. Check out the program of the event and the nearest trips to Tyumen on our website. Before traveling to hot springs, we recommend that you consult with your doctor.
Word " balneology"Means" the science of bathing. "
Currently under balneology is understood that part of the science of resorts that studies the origin of mineral springs, their physical and Chemical properties, technical devices for their therapeutic use, physiological bases of the influence of mineral waters on the body, clinical course of diseases after internal and external use of mineral waters.
Balneology divided into: 1) balneography, which provides a description and characteristics of resorts and medical areas; 2) balneotherapy - the science of the internal and external use of medicinal waters; 3) balneological engineering, in which technical measures are developed for the arrangement and equipment of sources, bathrooms of buildings, swimming pools, for heating water, etc.
Mineral water differs from ordinary one in special physicochemical properties, temperature, smell, color, taste and specifically physiological effect on the body; it is customary to call the water of mineral springs medicinal.
The origin of mineral springs and their properties
There was and exists a number of theories about the origin of medicinal waters. The most ancient theory explained the origin of underground, including mineral, waters by penetration into the soil to a great depth of atmospheric precipitation, their accumulation on water-resistant strata and their subsequent exit to the earth's surface.
Now established that: 1) the waters of mineral springs are obtained from atmospheric precipitation or come out of the unexplored bowels of the earth; 2) they either acquire their mineralization as a result of dissolution and decomposition of the rocks under which they pass, or bring it from the bowels of the earth; 3) the gases of mineral waters are formed during chemical processes in the soil, and also appear as a result of underground volcanic activity; some of them are released from the atmosphere during the formation of precipitation. The waters formed in the depths of the earth and first emerged on its surface are called "juvenile", in contrast to the rest of the mineral waters, called "water", that is, surface. Most of the deep waters, that is, coming from the deep bowels of the earth, are of a mixed type and consist of juvenile and aquatic water.
Quantity water in mineral springs depends on their origin: in some sources it is constant, in others it changes depending on the season, the amount of precipitation or volcanic activity in the bowels of the earth. The amount of water supplied by the source is calculated in liters per second or in hectoliters per day. For example, the Batalinsky spring, near Pyatigorsk, gives 720 hectoliters per day. Narzan in Kislovodsk - 1980 000 liters.
Mineral springs temperature depends mainly on the thermal conditions that are observed in earth crust, and on the average annual temperature of the area. There are springs, the temperature of which slightly “exceeds the freezing point (for example, Darasun in Transbaikalia), in some springs the temperature reaches the boiling point (Goryachevodsk). In most cases, the temperature of the medicinal waters approaches the temperature of the spring water. Those sources, the water temperature "of which is higher than 37 °, are usually called terms, that is, warm. According to the international balneological classification, mineral waters, depending on the temperature, are divided into the following groups: 1) cold (below 20 °); 2) moderate, or subthermal (from 20 to 36 °); 3) warm, or thermal (from 37 to 42 °); 4) hot, or hyperthermal (above 42 °). Waters that have a high temperature with low salinity and low gas content are called acrotherms.
Sources of groundwater, springs, springs, natural outlets of groundwater on the earth's surface (on land or under water). The formation of I. can be caused by various factors: the intersection of aquifers by negative forms of modern relief (for example, river valleys, gullies, ravines, lake basins), geological and structural features of the terrain (the presence of cracks, zones of tectonic disturbances, contacts of igneous and sedimentary rocks), filtration heterogeneity of water-bearing rocks, etc. There are several classifications of I. According to the classification of the Soviet hydrogeologist A.M. Ovchinnikov, three groups of I. are distinguished, depending on the supply of upstream waters, ground or artesian waters. I. of the first group, which are usually located in the aeration zone, have sharp fluctuations in the flow rate (up to complete drying out), chemical composition and water temperature. I., feeding on groundwater, are distinguished by great constancy over time, but they are also subject to seasonal fluctuations in flow rate, composition, and temperature; they are subdivided into erosional (appearing as a result of deepening of the river network and opening of aquifers), contact (associated with the contacts of rocks of different water permeability) and overflowing (usually ascending, associated with facies variability of layers or with tectonic faults). I. artesian waters are distinguished by the greatest constancy of the regime; they are confined to the areas of discharge of artesian basins. According to the characteristics of the regime, all I. can be subdivided into constantly, seasonally and rhythmically acting. The study of the I. regime is important. practical significance when using them for drinking and medicinal water supply. On the basis of hydrodynamic characteristics, I. are divided into two types: descending, feeding on unconfined waters, and ascending, feeding on pressure (artesian) waters. I., confined to porous rocks, are distributed more or less evenly in the places where the aquifer emerges to the surface; I. in fractured rocks are located at the intersection of cracks with the Earth's surface. Irrigation karst areas are characterized by significant fluctuations in the regime associated with the amount of atmospheric precipitation. The water temperature in I. depends on the depth of the groundwater, the nature of the supply canals, the geographic and hypsometric position of the I., and the temperature regime in which the groundwater is contained. In the area of the development of permafrost rocks, I. with a temperature of about 0 ° C occurs; in areas of young volcanism, hot I., often with a pulsating regime, is widespread. The chemical and gas composition of I. water is very diverse; it is mainly determined by the composition of the discharging groundwater and the general hydrogeological conditions of the area. The design of the natural outlet of various waters is called their Capturing. Lit .: Altovsky M.E., Classification of springs, in the collection: Questions of hydrogeology and engineering geology, Sat. 19, M., 1961; P. P. Klimentov, General Hydrogeology, 3rd ed., M., 1971; Ovchinnikov A.M., General hydrogeology, 2nd ed., M., 1954. I. S. Zektser. Examples of conditions for the formation of sources: a - intersection of the earth's surface by the free surface of groundwater; b - infiltration of atmospheric precipitation into coarse-clastic deluvial deposits; c - a combination of permeable sandstones and their underlying layers of impermeable clay shale; d - rupture at the contact of impermeable rocks with permeable alluvial deposits; e - platy structure of granites; e - the predominant direction of rock fracturing.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
Synonyms:See what "Sources" are in other dictionaries:
Encyclopedia of mythology
Groundwater (springs, springs), natural outcrops of groundwater to the earth's surface (on land or under water). Springs can be hot or cold (thermae) and have different chemical and gas composition ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Groundwater springs, springs (a. Springs, sources; n. Untergrundwasserquellen; f. Sources des eaux souterraines; and. Fuente: de aguas subterraneas), concentrated natures. outcrops of underground) waters on the earth's surface (on land or under ... ... Geological encyclopedia
List of literature, bibliography, literature, list of sources Dictionary of Russian synonyms. sources noun, number of synonyms: 4 bibliography (10) ... Synonym dictionary
- (Streams) Red and white stripes on the saint's mantle, symbolizing streams of sources of divine wisdom ("Blood and Water" - the Sacraments of the Eucharist and Baptism), falling to which the hierarch draws the wisdom and grace of God and which he transmits ... Icon painter's dictionary
1. That which gives rise to something, where something comes from. 2. A written document on the basis of which the scientific research is based. Accounting topics ... Technical translator's guide
- (1) groundwater natural outcrops of groundwater (see) on the earth's surface on land or under water. They are also called springs, springs; (2) I. power supply is a functional part of the equipment that converts and uses electricity received from ... ... Big Polytechnic Encyclopedia
The term "source" can be used in the following meanings: Source (natural) discharge of groundwater to the surface. Hydrothermal springs of mid-oceanic ridges. Source of law legal concept. Source of honor a term from history ... ... Wikipedia
Water played a very significant role among the Celts, but springs and springs, which were attributed with healing properties, were especially important. Since springs and springs by their very nature pour out water from the ground, this gave rise to ... ... Celtic mythology. Encyclopedia
Groundwater (springs, springs), natural outcrops of groundwater to the earth's surface (on land or under water). Springs can be hot or cold (thermae) and have different chemical and gas composition ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- , Duvernois. Sources of Law and Court in Ancient Russia: Experiments on the History of Rus. citizen rights / Works. N. Duvernoy E 105/2 R 310/208 F 1-52 / 2713 F 1-73 / 11720: Moscow: Univ. type., 1869: Works. N. Duvernois ...
The content of the article
A SOURCE, natural outlet of groundwater to the earth's surface. Groundwater is found in cavities, pores and cracks in rocks in the upper part of the earth's crust. The upper boundary of a water-saturated zone is called a mirror, or level, of groundwater. Where aquifers intersect with the earth's surface, springs arise. As the depth of the water table changes with the season and the amount of precipitation, springs can suddenly disappear, be trickling, drip, or bubbling.
Springs on the hillsides.
In areas with rugged topography, some of the water that seeps into the soil at the top of the hill may return to the surface below the slope as a source located above the watercourse level (Fig. 1). This happens if the water table is above the watercourse level. Springs arise where water, when moving downward, meets a water-resistant horizon, and then comes to the surface in the place of outcropping of permeable rocks. The discharge of water from sources on hillsides is usually small and variable.
Artesian sources.
Water entering porous permeable layers overlain by impermeable rocks can gush under pressure in low-lying outlets, forming an artesian source. Sometimes artesian aquifers occupy a significant area, and then artesian springs have a high and fairly constant water discharge. Part of the famous oases north africa confined to such artesian sources. Where there are faults in the earth's crust, artesian waters rise from aquifers along the fault lines. They often dry up between the rainy seasons.
Karst springs.
The world's largest springs are often associated with the release of water from karst limestones. Containing carbon dioxide infiltrating waters are capable of dissolving limestones; therefore, karst caves and canals are common in many areas of limestone. In such areas, underground rivers and very large karst springs are quite common, for example, Vaucluse in the south of France, which is considered one of the most powerful in the world, and Silver Springs in Florida, famous for its amazingly clear water.
Sources in porous lavas.
Large springs are found in places where groundwater flows out of horizons composed of porous fractured lavas. For example, a group of such springs, confined to a lava plateau, feeds the Snake River below Shoshone Falls (Idaho).
The hot springs.
Most hot springs are confined to volcanic areas in which water is heated by rocks, the upper layers of the earth's crust, located near volcanoes, although it is possible that some of the water is of magmatic origin. In some hot springs (for example, Warm Springs in Virginia), the high water temperature is due to the rise of water from great depths (after all, the temperature of the rocks rises by about 1 ° C with an increase in depth of 30 m).
Mineral springs.
Mineral spring water contains a significant amount of dissolved chemical substances... Warm and hot springs usually have a higher mineralization because chemical reactions proceed more intensively at elevated temperatures.
Geysers are gushing hot springs in areas of volcanic activity.
Thermal springs or the hot waters of the earth- this is another amazing gift of nature to man. Thermal springs are an indispensable element of the global ecosystem of our planet.
Let us briefly formulate what is thermal springs.
Thermal springs
Thermal springs are underground water temperatures above 20 ° C. Note that it is more "scientific" to say geothermal springs, because in this version the prefix "geo" indicates the source of heating the water.
Ecological encyclopedic dictionary
Hot springs - springs of thermal waters with temperatures up to 95-98 ° С. Distributed mainly in mountainous areas; are extreme natural conditions the spread of life on Earth; they are inhabited by a specific group of thermophilic bacteria.
Ecological encyclopedic Dictionary... - Chisinau: Main editorial office of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Grandpa. 1989
Technical translator's guide
Thermal springs
Springs with temperatures significantly higher than the average annual air temperature near the source.Technical translator's guide. - Intent. 2009 - 2013
Thermal springs classification
Classification thermal springs depending on the temperature of their waters:
- Thermal springs With warm waters- springs with water temperature above 20 ° С;
- Thermal springs with hot waters- springs with a water temperature of 37-50 ° С;
- Thermal springs, which have about chen hot water- springs with water temperatures above 50-100 ° С.
Classification thermal springs depending on the mineral composition of the waters:
Mineral composition thermal waters differs from the composition of the mineral. This is due to their deeper penetration, in comparison with mineral waters, into the thickness of the earth's crust. Based on their medicinal properties, thermal springs are classified as follows:
- Thermal springs with hypertonic waters - these waters are rich in salts and have a tonic effect;
- Thermal springs with hypotonic waters - they stand out due to the low salt content;
- Thermal springs with isotonic waters - soothing waters.
What heats the water thermal springs to such temperatures? The answer, for most, will be obvious - this is the geothermal heat of our planet, namely its earthly mantle.
Thermal water heating mechanism
Heating mechanism thermal waters occurs according to two algorithms:
- Heating occurs in places of volcanic activity, due to the "contact" of water with igneous rocks formed as a result of crystallization of volcanic magma;
- Heating occurs due to the circulation of waters, which, sinking into the thickness of the earth's crust for more than a kilometer, "absorb the geothermal heat of the earth's mantle," and then rise up in accordance with the laws of convection.
As the results of studies have shown, when immersed in the depths of the earth's crust, the temperature rises at a rate of 30 deg / km (excluding areas of volcanic activity and the ocean floor).
Types of thermal springs
In the case of water heating according to the first of the above principles, water can escape from the bowels of the Earth under pressure, thereby forming one of the types of fountains:
- Geysers - fountain hot water;
- Fumaroles - a fountain of steam;
- Mud fountain - water with clay and mud.
These fountains attract many tourists and other lovers of the natural beauty of nature.
Using the waters of thermal springs
Long ago hot water were used by humans in two directions - as a source of heat and for medicinal purposes:
- Heating houses - for example, even today, the capital of Iceland, Reykjavik, is heated by energy from underground hot water;
- In balneology, the Roman Baths are well known to everyone ...;
- To generate electricity;
- One of the most famous and popular qualities thermal waters are their medicinal properties. Circulating water across the earth's crust geothermal springs, dissolve in themselves a huge amount of minerals, thanks to which they have amazing healing healing qualities.
Man has long known about the healing properties of thermal waters. There are many world famous thermal spas open on the basis of thermal springs. If we talk about Europe, the most popular resorts are located in France, Italy, Austria, Czech Republic and Hungary.
In this case, one should not forget about one important point. Despite the fact that the waters of thermal springs can be very hot, some of them are home to bacteria that are dangerous to human health. Therefore, it is imperative to check each geothermal source for "purity".
And in conclusion, we note that thermal springs, or hot waters of the Earth, are a vital and necessary resource for entire regions of our planet and for many species of living beings.
DATE OF PUBLICATION CREATION: Aug 24, 2014 13:05