Example 1
In which sentence should I use the word VALUABLE instead of
VALUE?
1) All participants in the Olympiad were awarded VALUABLE gifts.
2) Each era develops its own VALUABLE guidelines.
3) In the article you can find information that is VALUABLE for a geologist.
4) There are many VALUABLE trees in the reserve.
Preparation plan
Violation of lexical compatibility - common speech error. It manifests itself in the wrong choice of words for a specific context. To know which words a given paronym is “friendly” with, you need to clearly understand the nuances of its meaning. It is problematic to prepare for this question by memorizing a certain list (the list would be too long). It is not necessary to read it all - select only those words whose nuances of meaning you do not understand. This is not only useful, but also entertaining reading. MANDATORY PROGRAM MINIMUM - study a short dictionary of paronyms on the website Rus-Exam.ru.
Of course, you can’t look it up in the dictionary during the Unified State Examination. But you've probably heard the words offered to you in the test before. If you remember the peculiarities of their semantic compatibility, then the trick is in the bag. If not, you will have to resort to some manipulations. Usually one of three procedures will be sufficient. Let's look at them with an example.
Tools
01 Try it without looking at the sentences from the example, come up with a “small” context yourself(at the level of phrases) for each word. What can be called valuable? Advice, personnel (i.e. employee), gift, prize. What words go together with the word “value”? Perhaps only two: guidelines and settings. Now let's look at an example. In sentence (2) we see “landmarks”. Let’s put the word “value” in there.
Most likely, knowing the possible context, you will easily cope with the task. But additional considerations may be needed:
02 How can modify the context? The word "valuable" clearly has a quantitative message. It can be used with words that indicate quantity, such as "very valuable." Now look at an example. It is easy to see that the word “very” cannot be substituted in sentences (2) and (4). What are "highly valuable landmarks"? What nonsense! What could be valuable in them? You can’t say “very valuable securities” either, but for a different reason. The phrase “securities” (stocks, bonds, etc.) is so stable that nothing can be inserted into it, and if you remove the word “valuable”, the meaning will be completely distorted. So with " securities"Everything is fine, but the error is contained in option (2).
03 If the first two approaches do not dispel doubts, you can try understand the semantic range of a word, regardless of context. “Valuable” has to do with price (literally or figuratively), and valuable has to do with values. It should be noted that we are not talking about specific values (gold, real estate, etc.), but about the abstract attitude of a person, his life priorities: what is most important for him - career, material wealth, patriotism, power, family and etc. Having understood these nuances, we again can easily see that it is in option (2) that we are talking about values, and not about price.
Sample reasoning
So, you have three main tools in your hands. Sometimes it is also useful to try to substitute synonyms. There is no universal scheme here. But you always need to “dance” from a specific word: in what context can it be used, what associations does it evoke, how limited is its compatibility, is the meaning concrete or abstract, what are the nuances of meaning(quantitative, qualitative characteristics). But the main thing, I repeat, remains the search for a suitable context.
Often, tutors in such questions require the student to give an example of reasoning. This is a very useful matter, but with one small amendment. You don’t need to build some kind of scientific narrative at all. You should either very briefly explain the difference between the two paronyms, or simply offer a context option for each of them at the level of a phrase or short sentence. Don't worry about the details. When considering the example described above, it is enough for the following to pop up in your mind during the exam. “More valuable” is good, “more valuable” is not good. “Valuable” is about quantity. “Value-based” is some kind of abstraction. Possible context: " value guidelines". All!
What to pay attention to
· Although in the above version, a couple of words (paronyms) are given in the task, in the real task there may be a different wording. You may simply be asked to find in which of the four sentences the highlighted word is not appropriate. In this case, we are not talking about paronyms, but the essence is the same - assessing the legitimacy of lexical compatibility of this word in the context.
Example 2
In which sentence is the highlighted word used incorrectly?
1) A true teacher must strive to ENCOURAGE all his students.
2) The plan drawn up by the project manager underwent major changes during the work process.
3) A huge SELECTION of discs was presented in the Music Salon.
4) At the book fair, everyone will be given the opportunity to meet their favorite authors.
This formulation of the question should not confuse you: you just need to forget about all sorts of paronyms and evaluate compatibility separately for each sentence. Hopefully one of the suggestions will resonate with you. In this case, the error is so gross that it is difficult to miss: “SELECT disks” should be replaced with “SELECT disks.” But the answer may not be so obvious, so let’s look at other points of the question.
Sentence (1) sounds a little strange. But remember that your task is not to evaluate the stylistic beauty of the text, but only the legitimacy of this or that phrase. In this sense, the expression “grab one’s attention” can be experienced. But you just need to be aware of the presence of such an expression as “undergo changes.” Finally, there is a serious pitfall in sentence (4). Is the opportunity GRANTED or PRESENTED? If you are not sure, try to speculate. Please note that when choosing words, you must use the same grammatical form as in the sentence (in this case, the passive voice). By doing this we will reduce the range of meaning, for example we will cut off the meaning imagine=imagine. What or who can be REPRESENTED? Speaker (introduce someone to the audience), report, officer (introduced for an award). What can be PROVIDED? Opportunity, chance, plane. What synonym can replace the word “provide”? The word "give". Therefore, in sentence (4) the word “provided” is used correctly.
· Sometimes the nuances of a word's meaning depend on the ending. In this sense, the question of lexical compatibility sometimes overlaps with the question of stress (different endings can lead to different stresses). Remember that, unlike question A1, where you were asked to evaluate the possibility of a particular emphasis, in this case you must evaluate the correctness of the use of this word in the context. Don't be confused.
For example, take the following sentence: “In July, the whole class went to a LANGUAGE camp for three weeks.” This option must be recognized as erroneous. Why? After all, the word “linguistic” exists! The problem is that “linguistic” refers to the tongue as an organ. If we are talking about language as a means of human communication, then it is necessary to use the word LANGUAGE.
Practice
From the above reasoning, you understand that when analyzing you must proceed from the characteristics of a particular word. Let's try to use an equally flexible approach in training exercises. Go to workbook and do the assignments. In Ex. 1 if there is an error in a sentence, it is necessary to replace one of the words with one that is similar in form but different in meaning. In Ex. 2 it is proposed to make lexical pairs (A+B).
There are lexical pairs in which, according to teachers and tutors, students most often make mistakes.
A) Make sure you understand the differences between the following words.
b) If in doubt, look it up in the dictionary.
V) Then try to put each word into context yourself (for example, come up with a short sentence).
+
Pay attention to the spelling (difficulties are underlined).
LAWSUIT WITH NY - SUIT SST VEIN
ETC E STAND UP - ENDURE - PR AND BE PATIENT
ETC E INTRODUCE YOURSELF - INTRODUCE YOURSELF
ADDRESSER - ADDRESSEE
The answers to tasks 1–24 are a word, phrase, number or sequence of words, numbers. Write the answer to the right of the assignment number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
Read the text and complete tasks 1–3.
(1) The debate about when and why bird flight originated is still ongoing. (2) Some scientists believe that it’s all about the ice age: the advancing glacier drove the birds out of their usual habitats, and when the glacier retreated, the descendants of the fugitives returned home. (3)______ after all, almost none of the migratory birds build nests and raise chicks in wintering areas.
1
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
1. Almost none of the migratory birds build nests or raise chicks in wintering areas.
2. Some scientists believe that birds return home when the glacier recedes.
3. The reason for bird flights was the ice age: when the glacier advanced, the birds flew away, and when it retreated, they returned to their usual habitats.
4. Scientists are still arguing about when and why bird flights arose.
5. The Ice Age, which drove birds out of their usual habitats, became the cause of bird flights.
2
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
1. Indeed,
2. Fortunately,
4. At the same time
3
Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word RETURN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
RETURN AND Th, -upl Yu, -at eat; owls
1. Having stepped, move away, move back, to the side. O. from the door. Oh, one step. The forests retreated to the north (trans.).
2. Move back under the pressure of the advancing enemy. O. with battles. O. before difficulties (translated).
3. from what. Give up your intentions and plans. He won’t back down from his own. I won't give up until I get my way.
4. from what. Stop sticking to something. O. from my opinion. O. from custom.
5. from what. Shift attention from the main to the secondary. O. off topic.
6. (1st person and 2nd person not used), trans. In certain combinations: become weaker, get closer to the end. The disease has subsided. The fire receded. The elements have receded.
7. from what. Indent. O. slightly from the edge of the sheet.
4
In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
religion
kitchen
plum
5
One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
1. As a child, she was a very TRUSTING child.
2. Each era develops its own VALUABLE guidelines
3. He was always an overly PRACTICAL person.
4. Today my sister WEARED a festive dress.
5. CONFIDENT tone of conversation.
6
In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
RINSES the laundry
according to the TABLE
few CALORIES
TWO beautiful pianists
Little Pony
7
Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS | OFFERS |
| A) an error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members | 1) A.S. Pushkin wrote that he was not born to amuse kings. |
| B) violation of the construction of sentences with participial phrases | 2) Marie Skłodowska-Curie is the only woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize twice. |
| C) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial phrase | 3) Even in the most difficult times, A. Akhmatova believed that “And yet they will recognize my voice, And yet they will believe it again.” |
| D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech | 4) In the novels of M. Sholokhov there are no lies, pretending to be another truth. |
| D) misuse case form noun with preposition | 5) Getting closer, the hunters saw that the bear was not killed, but only wounded. |
| 6) The barred round windows of the monastery and the old gilded dome seemed familiar to me. | |
| 7) According to letters from contemporaries, in his youth Leo Tolstoy preferred to travel on horseback. | |
| 8) Going up to the second floor, I saw a long corridor and a wooden door | |
| 9) Enjoying a delicious dinner, our conversation flowed serenely. |
Write your answer in numbers without spaces or other symbols
8
Identify the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
forbidding
b...size
uprising
k...tingent
9
Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.
h...spend the night, w...cook
pr...breezy, pr...given
and...cook, food...
pr...increase, pr...passion
p...road worker, not...sightly
10
construction
lucky
kind...nice
enamel
overcome
11
Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
opening... May
indescribable...my
you're worried
haunted...my
12
Indicate all the numbers replaced by I.
Now no (1) mountains, no (2) sky, no (3) earth - no (4) what no (5) was visible.
13
Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
1. (S)AFTER, we more than once recalled how Fedor bravely walked (OVER) THAT rocky ledge.
2. It was STILL hot outside, (THUS) the question about delivery drinking water turned out to be the most relevant.
3. (NOT) DESPITE feeling poorly, Sergei managed to finish the work (IN) WITHIN a week.
4. TO get to the pass, we had to walk for so long that many people (FREQUENTLY) thought about returning to the camp.
5. Kids played in the yard the SAME as a year ago, and strict grandmothers made sure that order was maintained.
14
Indicate all the numbers replaced by one N.
On the yacht - the company (1) stamp “K. Faberge”, and on the silver(2) rim, placed on the crystal, her name “Faith” is engraved(3).
15
Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1. You will find thorny thorns of wild roses near Moscow and in Siberia in Central Asia and on Far East.
2. Quiet and silent in winter forest and in forest snow-covered glades
3. The grass flowers shine and bask and joyfully reach out to the gentle sun.
4. All day we walked through the forests, made our way through thickets of birches and aspens, breathing in the musty smell of grass and roots.
5. The world is filled with the smell of pine, the sun and the singing of a lark.
16
For two weeks now (1) our newly arrived (2) puppy has been exploring the world (3) at the same time testing (4) the boundaries of what is permitted.
17
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.
Some contemporaries were outraged by the use of A.S. Pushkin of common people’s words in contexts where (1) according to critics (2) it was necessary to use the words “high”. However (3) Pushkin resolutely rejected the concept of “low matter”.
18
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Among the conversations (1) that then took place between Daisy and me (2) and (3) which often ended in the morning (4) because we discovered new aspects of the same things (5) the topic of traveling together to all the places (6) that I visited before.
19
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
He was content with (1) what was written in the notebook (2) and did not show any annoying curiosity (3) even (4) when he did not understand everything (5) that he listened and taught.
20
Edit sentence: correct lexical error, replacing the incorrectly used word. Write down the chosen word, observing the norms of modern Russian literary language.
The communal house was equipped with last word equipment, here they took care of the comfort of the residents: laundry, dining room-restaurant, club, store, hot water, rare at that time, kindergarten.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-26.
(1) Autumn came by surprise and took possession of the earth - gardens and rivers, forests and air, fields and birds. (2) Everything immediately became autumn.
(3) Tits were fussing about in the garden. (4) Their scream was like the sound of broken glass. (5) They hung upside down on the branches and looked out the window from under the maple leaves.
(6) Every morning, migratory birds gathered in the garden, as if on an island. (7) Amid the whistling, squawking and croaking, a commotion arose in the branches. (8) Only during the day was it quiet in the garden: restless birds were flying south.
(9) The leaves have begun to fall. (10) Leaves fell day and night. (11) They either flew obliquely in the wind, or lay vertically in the damp grass. (12) The forests were drizzling with rain of flying leaves. (13) This rain continued for weeks. (14) Only towards the end of September the copses were exposed, and through the thicket of trees the blue distance of the compressed fields became visible.
(15) Then the old man Prokhor, a fisherman and basket maker (in Solotch, almost all old people become basket makers with age), told me a fairy tale about autumn. (16) Until then, I had never heard this tale; Prokhor must have invented it himself.
(17) “Look around,” Prokhor told me, picking at his bast shoe with an awl, “take a closer look, dear man, at what every bird or, say, other living creature breathes.” (18) Look, explain. (19) Otherwise they will say: I studied in vain. (20) For example, a leaf falls off in the fall, but people don’t realize that a person in this matter is the main defendant. (21) A man, say, invented gunpowder. (22) The enemy will tear it apart with that gunpowder! (23) I myself also dabbled in gunpowder. (24) In ancient times, the village blacksmiths forged the first gun, filled it with gunpowder, and that gun fell into the hands of a fool. (25) A fool was walking through the forest and saw orioles flying under the skies, yellow cheerful birds flying and whistling, inviting guests. (26) The fool hit them with both trunks - and the golden fluff flew to the ground, fell on the forests, and the forests withered, withered and fell overnight. (27) And other leaves, where the bird’s blood got in, turned red and also fell off. (28) I suppose I saw in the forest - there is a yellow leaf and there is a red leaf. (29) Until that time, all the birds spent the winter with us. (30) Even the crane didn’t go anywhere. (31) And the forests stood both summer and winter! (32) And in leaves, flowers and mushrooms. (33) And there was no snow. (34) There was no winter, I say. (35) It wasn’t! (36) Why the hell did she surrender to us, winter, pray tell?! (37) What interest does she have? (38) The fool killed the first bird - and the earth became sad. (39) From that time on, leaf fall, and wet autumn, and leaf-cutting winds, and winters began. (40) And the bird got scared, flew away from us, and was offended by the person. (41) So, dear, it turns out that we have harmed ourselves, and we need not to spoil anything, but to take good care of it.
For execution exam paper Russian language is given 3 hours (180 minutes). The work consists of 3 parts.
- Part 1 contains 30 tasks (A1-A30). For each of them there are 4 possible answers, only one of which is correct.
- Part 2 consists of 8 tasks (B1-B8). You must formulate the answers to these tasks yourself.
- Part 3 consists of one task (C1) and is a small written work according to the text (essay).
We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip a task that you cannot complete immediately and move on to the next one. If you have time left after completing all the work, you can return to the missed tasks. The correct answer, depending on the complexity of each task, is awarded one or more points. The points you receive for all completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score as many points as possible.
PART 1
When completing the tasks of this part, in answer form No. 1, under the number of the task you are performing (A1-A30), put an “X” in the box whose number corresponds to the number of the answer you have chosen.
A1 In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound correctly highlighted?
1) more beautiful
2) Agent
3) starting
4) cakes
A2 In which sentence should we use VALUE instead of the word VALUABLE?
1) All participants in the Olympiad were awarded VALUABLE gifts.
2) Each era develops its own VALUABLE guidelines.
3) In the article you can find information that is VALUABLE for a geologist.
4) There are many VALUABLE trees in the reserve.
A3 Give an example of an error in the formation of the word form.
1) in the closet
2) five towels
3) six hundred seven people
4) their affairs
A4 Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.
Having processed the statistical data,
1) scientists have determined how quickly language changes.
2) an interesting pattern of language development was revealed.
3) the hypothesis about the existence of laws common to all languages was confirmed.
4) for linguists much remains not entirely clear.
A5 Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error (in violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Thanks to the increased level of service, there are more customers in company stores.
2) “Moidodyr”, written by Korney Chukovsky and published in the 20s of the 20th century, became one of the most beloved works by children.
3) M. Gorky in one of his articles notes that poets before Pushkin did not know the people at all, were not interested in their fate, and rarely wrote about them.
4) Those who strive for a dream since childhood often realize their life plans.
Read the text and complete tasks A6-A11.
(1)... (2) However, not all of these fragments should be included in the abstract. (3) They should be selected in accordance with the topic of the abstract and grouped around several large subtopics developing it. (4) At the same time, it is important to accurately and concisely present the content of the selected fragments and to carry out their semantic condensation. (5) Semantic folding, or compression, is understood as an operation that leads to the reduction of text without losing important, relevant information. (6)... compression, which involves excluding redundant, secondary information from the text, is one of the leading techniques when writing an abstract.
A6 Which of the sentences below should come first in this text?
1) Fragments containing secondary information should not overload the text of the abstract.
2) Highlighting key fragments in texts is the basis for writing an abstract.
3) Often when working with text you have to delete or replace individual offers, but entire fragments of text.
4) Different chapters of the abstract contain different amounts of information.
A7 Which of the following words or combinations of words should be in place of the gap in the sixth sentence of the text?
1) And only
2) More
3) On the other hand,
4) Thus,
A8 What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences of the text?
1) understood (sentence 5)
2) fragments must be included (sentence 2)
3) they should be selected (and) grouped (proposition 3)
4) the exception is (sentence 6)
A9 Indicate the correct characteristic of the fifth (5) sentence of the text.
1) complex non-union
2) compound
3) complex
4) simple complicated
A10 Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word HOWEVER in sentence 2.
1) particle
2) pronoun
3) union
4) adverb
A11 Indicate the meaning of the word ABSTRACT in the second (2) sentence of the text.
1) part of an artistic or scientific work containing preliminary explanations and comments
2) creative work, consisting of an oral or written retelling of a listened and analyzed text
3) a written report on a specific topic that summarizes information from one or more sources
4) data, facts, regardless of the form of their presentation, which carry a semantic load
___________________________________________________________________________
A12 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place -НН- is written?
Ancient Russian literature, the wealth of which has not yet been fully realized (3), can be called a precious stone, cut by the great master Time.
1) 1 2) 1,2 3) 2,3 4) 1,2,3
A13 In which row in all words is the unstressed vowel of the root being tested missing?
1) cause, growing, representative
2) own..stelin, steal..rat, ukr..crucible
3) conquering, for good reason, proclaim
4) compaction (concrete), contact, companion
A14 In which row is the same letter missing in all words?
1) bearer, inalienable, trilingual
2) pick up, throw back, the day before yesterday
3) pr..sad, transformed, hospitable
4) spineless, scattering, growing
A15 In which row in both words is the letter E written in place of the gap?
1) breathe..sh, offended..
2) save money, oily
3) dozing..sh, acceptable
4) cut, glued
A16 Which answer option contains all the words where the letter I is missing?
A. beans
B. industry
B. persistence
G. guess..vyy
1) A, B
2) A, B, C
3) A, B, D
4) V, G
A17 In which sentence is NOT (NI) written separately with the word?
1) Epithet is a figurative, (un)usual definition.
2) The Don at the crossing point is far (not) wide, only about forty meters.
3) (None) in the play agrees with Chatsky that it is immoral to serve.
4) (There is) no one to ask the questions that torment Pierre after the duel in Sokolniki.
A18 In which sentence are both highlighted words written together?
1) Educational value fiction huge, (BECAUSE) it affects a person’s thoughts AS (SAME) as strongly as it affects feelings.
2) Impressionist artists paid great attention to the light, constantly changing (During) the day, and the air in which objects and human figures seemed to be immersed.
3) (AND) SO, all my brilliant hopes collapsed, and (IN) PLACE of a cheerful Moscow life, boredom awaited me in a deaf and distant side.
4) Forest raspberries (COMPARED to garden raspberries) are small, but much sweeter and fragrant, (THUS) even when growing beautiful large garden raspberries, villagers love to go for forest raspberries.
A19 Indicate the correct explanation for the use of a comma or its absence in the sentence:
Language is the basis of national memory () and must be protected.
1) A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the conjunction. And a comma is not needed.
2) Compound sentence, before the conjunction And a comma is not needed.
3) A complex sentence, before the conjunction And a comma is needed.
4) A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the conjunction And a comma is needed.
A20 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
Almost without deviating (1) from the plot of Gogol’s story (2) and (3) if possible, preserving the characteristic Gogol language (4) N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov created the libretto for the opera “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”.
1) 1,2,3,4
2) 2
3) 3,4
4) 4
A21 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences?
In late autumn or winter, flocks of either melodiously chirping or sharply screaming birds appear on city streets. It is (1) apparently (2) for this cry that the birds got their name - waxwings, because the verb “waxwing” (3) as linguists believe (4) once meant “to whistle sharply, to shout.”
1) 1,2,3,4
2) 1,3
3) 1,2
4) 3,4
A22 Indicate a sentence that requires one comma. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) The question of the origin of life on Earth has at all times had both cognitive and ideological significance.
2) Life itself dictates to the artist the plot and composition of the painting and the choice of colors.
3) A phraseological unit may include outdated words or words with a figurative meaning.
4) With his plays and stories, Chekhov created an original and completely autonomous world.
A23 How to explain the placement of the colon in the sentence below?
In 1720, Peter I approved new rules for uniforming troops: the caftan received a small cloth collar, pocket flaps with three buttons, a cord on the left shoulder and 10 buttons on the side.
1) The generalizing word comes before homogeneous members of the sentence.
2) The second part of the non-union complex sentence explains, reveals the content of what is said in the first part.
3) The second part of a non-union complex sentence is contrasted in content to what is said in the first part.
4) The first part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the time of occurrence of what is said in the second part.
A24 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
The State Tretyakov Gallery (1), the founder (2) of which (3) was the Moscow merchant Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov (4), is today recognized as a museum of Russian art with world significance.
1) 1,4
2) 2
3) 1,3
4) 2,4
A25 Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
The entrance door suddenly swung open (1) and a strong young man jumped out into the street (2) who (3) if Alexey had not managed to step aside at the last moment (4) would probably have run straight into him.
1) 1,2,3,4
2) 2,3
3) 1,4
4) 2,4
A26 In which sentence the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot be replaced by a separate definition expressed by a participial phrase?
1) The reserve, which was founded in the middle of the last century, is small and occupies only a few hectares of untouched lowland forest.
2) Human food and the composition of the air that he breathes are largely the result of the vital activity of plants.
3) In summer, grasses and mosses in the forest exist in twilight, which forms after the leaves of the trees have fully expanded.
4) The Volga steep bank and the distances beyond the river are introduced into the play by A.N. Ostrovsky’s motif of space and flight, which is inextricably linked with the image of Katerina.
A27 Read the text.
Many objects that surround us are made from natural materials - one or more. Since ancient times, people have used these materials: they made fabrics from natural fibers, built houses from reeds and wood, processed stones and metals, creating various objects. Modern man Anyone who uses natural materials today must think about the fact that their supplies are not unlimited.
Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?
1) Objects made from natural materials were used by ancient people in everyday life, and today many objects that surround us are also made of stone and metal, wood and natural fibers.
2) Ancient people used only natural materials: they made fabrics from natural fibers, built houses from reeds and wood, processed stones and metals.
3) People must remember that supplies of natural materials may run out, so artificially created materials must also be used.
4) Modern people must remember that the reserves of natural materials used from ancient times to the present day are not unlimited.
A28 Read the text and complete tasks A28-A30; B1-B8; C1.
(1) I was sitting in the bath with hot water, and the brother was restlessly spinning around the small room, grabbing soap and a sheet in his hands, bringing them close to his myopic eyes and putting them back again. (2) Then he stood facing the wall and continued passionately:
- (3) Judge for yourself. (4) We were taught goodness, intelligence, logic - we were given consciousness. (5) The main thing is consciousness. (b) You can become ruthless, but how is it possible, having learned the truth, to throw it away? (7) Since childhood, I was taught not to torture animals, to be compassionate. (8) The books I read taught me the same thing, and I am painfully sorry for those who suffer in your damned war. (9) But time passes, and I begin to get used to all the suffering, I feel that in everyday life I am less sensitive, less responsive and respond only to the strongest stimulation. (10) But I cannot get used to the very fact of war; my mind refuses to understand and explain what is fundamentally insane. (11) Millions of people, gathered in one place and trying to give correctness to their actions, kill each other, and everyone is equally hurt, and everyone is equally unhappy - what is this, because this is madness?
(12) Brother turned around and stared at me questioningly with his myopic eyes.
- (13) I'll tell you the truth. - (14) Brother trustingly put a cold hand on my shoulder. - (15) I can’t understand what is happening. (16) I can’t understand, and it’s terrible. (17) If someone could explain it to me, but no one can. (18) You were in the war, you saw it - explain to me.
- (19) What an eccentric you are, brother! (20) Let me have some more hot water.
(21) It was so good for me to sit in the bathtub, as before, and listen to a familiar voice, without thinking about the words, and see everything familiar, simple, ordinary: a copper, slightly green faucet, walls with a familiar pattern, photographic accessories, in order laid out on shelves. (22) I will take up photography again, take pictures of simple and quiet views of my son: how he walks, how he laughs and plays pranks. (23) And I will write again - about smart books, about new successes of human thought, about beauty and peace. (24) And what he said was the fate of all those who, in their madness, become close to the madness of war. (25) I seemed to have forgotten at that moment, splashing in the hot water, everything that I saw there.
“(26) I need to get out of the bath,” I said frivolously, and my brother smiled at me, like a child, like a younger one, although I was three years older than him, and thought - like an adult, like an old man who has big and heavy thoughts .
(27) My brother called a servant, and together they took me out and dressed me. (28) Then I drank fragrant tea from my glass and thought that I could live without legs, and then they took me to the office to my desk, and I got ready to work. (29) My joy was so great, the pleasure so deep that I did not dare to start reading and only sorted through the books, gently caressing them with my hand. (30) How much intelligence and sense of beauty there is in all this!
(According to L. Andreev*)
* Andreev Leonid Nikolaevich (1871-1919) - novelist, playwright, publicist, representative Silver Age Russian literature.
A28 Which statement corresponds to the content of the text?
1) The older brother is having a hard time with the fact that he will not be able to do his old job and must change his profession.
2) The story is told from the perspective of the younger brother.
3) The younger brother has never been to the front, but he knows what happens in the war and cannot come to terms with it.
4) After a short vacation, the elder brother must return to the front.
A29 Which of the following statements is incorrect?
1) Sentence 11 explains and confirms the judgment expressed in sentence 10 of the text.
2) Sentence 21 of the text contains a descriptive fragment.
3) Sentences 3-6 present a narrative.
4) Sentences 15-17 present the reasoning.
A30 Which word is used figuratively in the text?
1) hot (sentence 1)
2) discard (sentence 6)
3) cold (sentence 14)
4) dressed (sentence 27)
PART 2
When completing the tasks in this part, write down your answer in answer form No. 1 to the right of the task number (B1-B8), starting from the first cell. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form. When listing words or numbers, separate them with commas. Place each comma in a separate box. Spaces are not used when writing answers.
Write down the answers to tasks B1-VZ in words.
IN 1 From sentence 6, write down a word formed in a prefix-suffix way.
AT 2 Write short adjectives from sentences 27-30.
VZ Specify type subordinating connection in the phrase EXCITINGLY PITY (sentence 8).
Write down the answers to tasks B4-B7 in numbers.
AT 4 Among sentences 12-20, find a simple one-part definitely-personal one. Write the number of this offer.
AT 5 Among sentences 21-25, find a simple sentence complicated by homogeneous members with a generalizing word. Write the number of this offer.
AT 6 Among offers 25-29 find complex sentence with subordinate measures and degrees. Write the number of this complex sentence.
AT 7 Among sentences 7-11, find one that is connected to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, particle and lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer.
Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A28-A30, B1-B7. This excerpt discusses language features text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should appear in the blank space, write the number 0.
Write down the sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review where there are gaps in answer form No. 1 to the right of task number B8, starting from the first cell. Write each number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form. Numbers when transferring separate with commas. Place each comma in a separate box. Spaces are not used when writing answers.
AT 8 “Syntactic means of expression: _________ (sentence 6) and __________ (in sentences 21-23) help the author to partially convey the feelings of the characters. A device such as _____ (sentences 15, 16) emphasizes the main idea of the younger brother in discussions about the war. At some point, the brothers seem to change their age roles, which is emphasized by ______ (“child” - “adult” in sentence 26).”
List of terms:
1) anaphora
2) hyperbole
3) rhetorical question
4) personification
5) parcellation
6) dialectism
7) exclamatory sentence
8) series of homogeneous members
9) antonyms
Do not forget to transfer all answers to answer form No. 1.
PART 3
To answer the task in this part, use answer form No. 2. First write down the number of task C1, and then write the essay.
C1 Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).
Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Justify your answer based on the reader’s experience, knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).
The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
Assessment system for examination work in the Russian language
PART 1
For the correct answer to each task in Part 1, 1 point is given. If two or more answers are indicated (including the correct one), an incorrect answer or no answer, 0 points are given.
Job No. | Job No. | ||
PART 2
For the correct answer to tasks Bl, B2, V3, B4, B5, B6, B7, 1 point is given, for an incorrect answer or no answer - 0 points.
____________
* Task B8 is graded on a scale from 0 to 4 points. For each is true the indicated figure corresponding to the number of the term from the list, the examinee receives 1 point (4 points: no errors; 3 points: 1 error made; 2 points: 2 errors made; 1 point: only one number is indicated correctly; 0 points: completely incorrect answer (incorrect set numbers) or lack thereof). The order in which the numbers are written in the answer matters.
PART 3
Text Information
Main problems | |
1. The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (Why can’t human consciousness accept the very fact of war?) | 1. War is insane, senseless, unnatural by its very nature. |
2. The problem of war and the preservation of humanity in man. (How do military events and related human tragedies affect people’s state of mind, their ability to feel and sympathize?) | 2. The madness of war can dull a person’s best spiritual qualities. |
3. The problem of the meaning of life. (What is the meaning of human existence?) | 3. The meaning and joy of human existence lies not in the destruction and destruction of one’s own kind, but in free conscious work, in the enjoyment of creativity, in familiarization with beauty. |
CRITERIA FOR CHECKING AND EVALUATING THE COMPLETION OF A LONG-RESPONSE TASK
Criteria for assessing the answer to task C1 | Points |
|
|---|---|---|
Formulation of source text problems | ||
The examinee (in one form or another) correctly formulated one of the problems of the source text. There are no factual errors related to the understanding and formulation of the problem. | ||
The examinee was unable to correctly formulate any of the problems in the source text. | ||
When I was going to Prague, my friends promised that this city would surprise and enchant me. And Prague really surprised me. True, not by the architecture of the ancient streets, not by the Charles Bridge, not by Hradcany, and not even by how similar new Prague is to Soviet cities, but... by prices. I experienced a real shock when I paid for dinner in a restaurant located in the most touristic place (in our opinion, consider it on Nevsky Prospect) - in terms of rubles, I had to pay 400 rubles. On Nevsky, with this money you can only afford coffee and a croissant. But I was even more surprised by the prices for public transport.
Friends warned me not to deal with taxi drivers, so right at the airport I found a counter selling tickets for city public transport and, not fully believing the salesman who convinced me in bad Russian that it was “for everything,” I bought a ticket valid for 24 hours. . The pleasure of riding the subway, bus and tram during this time until I got tired of it cost me about 160 rubles. In this case, you just need to activate the ticket once (I did this on a bus running between the airport and the metro station), and then calmly go to the metro (no turnstiles!), get on the tram, get off it, change to another route...
While I was driving from the airport to the metro station with the romantic (as it seemed to me) name “Dejvicka” (a one-time ticket for this route, including the right to use another transport for half an hour - the same metro - would have cost me about 50 rubles), I was counting in your mind how much a similar trip in St. Petersburg would cost a tourist. 21 rubles - bus from the airport to Moskovskaya. 24 rubles - travel on the metro to the Nevsky Prospekt station - 45 rubles take it out and put it in. And then again - take it out and put it down as many times as you ride on a bus, trolleybus, tram or metro. And you shouldn’t even try to buy a single pass for one day. Our metro, for example, gives discounts on travel with a card only if you do not intend to enter the subway more than once every 10 minutes. In Moscow, by the way, they give a discount simply for a “wholesale” purchase: you buy, say, 20 trips - and if you want, you can ride for 20 days, or if you want, you can send 20 people at once. But this, again, is only by metro. But in Prague “for everything”, and if not for one day, but, say, for a week, then the discount is even greater.
I was driving and thinking: apparently, Prague will be richer than St. Petersburg, since they have such communism in public transport. Every day in St. Petersburg we have a new promotion. Just now, on January 1, the fare was increased, and then again there is news that minibuses will become more expensive in the spring. And minibuses in St. Petersburg are not a luxury, as, for example, in Prague, where for some reason buses run on schedule and for some reason often. In St. Petersburg, minibuses are sometimes the only way to travel, unless, of course, you are a fan of buses and are ready to wait for them at the bus stop until you are blue in the face, singing “what do I care about snow, what do I care about heat.”
On the other hand, we like to look up to Europe, and public transport there is still more expensive than ours. That’s why, apparently, it looks brand new, well-groomed, and the minibuses there don’t fall apart as they go. And therefore, unlike our transport, it runs much more often. Based on these arguments, then, of course, it is necessary to increase travel prices. And there is no need to look up to Prague - who knows with what funds they built communism in a single public transport? So what if the Czech Republic is closer to us, who are not far from socialism, in terms of living standards than other European countries that we look up to. You need to focus on the best, right? It’s a pity, of course, that we are only catching up with these guidelines in the cost of services. And the quality of our service, as they said in one film, “is still in debt.” So are salaries. But that’s okay - we’ll be healthier. Let's start walking, jogging to and from work, in winter we'll build a ski track to our native enterprise - and then we will definitely be ahead of the rest.
Irina Lyakhova, deputy editor-in-chief of NV