For schoolchildren and adults, in order to correctly formulate and express their own thoughts, they need to learn how to correctly place semantic accents in written speech. If in life we often use simple constructions, then in writing we use complex sentences with different kinds communication. Therefore, it is important to know the features of their construction.
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Classification
What types of communication offers used in Russian :
- compositional with and without unions, when the components of the syntactic structure are independent, equal in rights relative to each other;
- subordinate relationship, non-union and allied, when one part of the structure is main, and the second is dependent;
- union, compositional and subordinate, is expressed with the help of compositional or subordinate unions and union words;
Complex sentences consist of several simple ones, therefore they have more than two grammatical bases. When meeting them, do not be surprised and remember that there can be not only 2 or 3 parts, but on average up to 10-15. They constantly combine different types of communication.
The main types of complex sentences with examples:
- Unionless.
- Compound.
- Complex sentences.
- Constructions with different types of communication.
An example of a non-allied relationship: The wind drives clouds to the edge of heaven, a broken spruce groans, whispers something in the winter forest.
It should be noted the main feature of constructions with a compositional connection. The function of a compositional connection - to show the equality of parts within a complex sentence, is performed using intonation and the use of compositional conjunctions. Unionless communication can also be used.
How complex sentences are constructed, examples with diagrams :
The firmament cleared of the overhanging clouds - and a bright sun came out.
The fields were empty, the autumn forest became dark and transparent.
The fourth type of sentences usually consists of from three or more parts that are interconnected different ways... To better understand the meaning of such structures, how to learn, how complex sentences with different types of connection are built and grouped. Often, sentences are divided into several blocks, connected without alliance or with the help of a compositional connection, with each of the parts representing a simple or complex sentence.
Dependent parts can have different semantic meanings, for this reason complex sentences are divided into several groups.
Definitive
They serve to characterize and reveal the attribute of the noun being defined from the main sentence. Join with and: where, where, where, which, what. They are located only inside the main one or after it. You can ask them questions: which one? Whose?
Examples of:
How depressingly hot in those hours when noon hung in silence and heat.
For a long time he admired, smiling, his capricious beloved daughter, who was lost in thought, not noticing anything around.
Explanatory
They refer to words that have the meaning of thought (to reflect), feelings (to be sad), speech (answered, said), in order to reveal in detail the meaning of the main word, to clarify, to supplement. They also include index words - that, that, that, to which the dependent subordinate part is attached. They are connected by unions that, that, as if, as if.
Examples of:
The guy quickly realized that his friend's parents were not very smart, and thought out a further strategy.
This could be seen from the fact that he drove several times with his cart around the yard until he found the hut.
Circumstantial
They relate to or to words with adverbial meaning. Let's name their varieties and methods of joining the main word:
- time, specify the period of time when the action is performed, subordinate temporary alliances are used for communication: when, until what time (When it came to the war, the stranger lowered his head and thought);
- places, talk about the place, are connected with the main word by allied adverbial words: where, where, from where (the leaves, wherever you look, were yellow or gold);
- conditions, disclosing under what circumstances this or that action is possible, are joined by subordinate unions: if, if ..., then. They can start with particles - so, then (If it rains, then the tent will need to be moved higher);
- degree, specifies the measure or degree of action I in question, you can ask them questions: to what extent? to what extent? (The rain stopped so quickly that the ground did not have time to get wet.);
- goals, communicate what goal the action is pursuing and connects with target alliances: so that (in order not to be late, he decided to leave early);
- reasons for joining the union is used - because(He did not complete the task because he got sick);
- mode of action, indicate exactly how the action was performed, join subordinate unions: as if, as if, as if (the forest stood all in the snow, as if someone had bewitched him);
- consequences, serve to clarify the result of the action, to them you can ask the question - in consequence of what? Join the union - so(The snow shone in the sun brighter and brighter, so my eyes hurt);
- concessions, alliances are used to join them: albeit, although, despite. Allied words (how, how much) can be used with a particle (no matter how hard you try, but without knowledge and skills, nothing will work).
Building proposal schemas
Consider what a proposal schema is. This is a graphic illustration showing the structure proposals in a compact form.
Let's try to draw up sentence schemes that include two or more subordinate clauses. To do this, let us turn to examples with different inflected parts of speech.
Complex sentences can consist of several subordinate clauses, which have a different relationship with each other.
There are the following types of proposal linkage:
- homogeneous or associative;
- parallel (centralized);
- sequential (chain, linear).
Homogeneous
Characterized following signs:
- all subordinate clauses can be attributed to the main thing or to one of the words;
- subordinate clauses are the same in meaning, answer one question;
- creative unions are connected or non-union communication is used;
- enumeration intonation during pronunciation.
Examples and linear sentence schemes:
I noticed how the stars began to blur (1), how coolness swept through with a slight breeze (2).
, (how how…).
Sometimes clauses are represented by a cascade of explanatory sentences, depending on one word in the main part:
It is not known where she lived (1), who she was (2), why the Roman artist painted her portrait (3) and what she thought about in the painting (4).
, (where ...), (who ...), (why ...) and (about what ...).
Parallel
Such complex sentences have subordinate clauses with different meanings belonging to several types
Here are examples of sentences with schemes:
When our boat swam from the ship to the shore, we noticed that women and children began to run away from the settlement.
(When that…).
Here, two subordinate clauses depend on the main sentence: time and explanatory.
Constructions can create a chain, which can be depicted on the diagram as follows:
In some places, houses were crowded, which in their color were similar to the surrounding rocks, that it was necessary to be closer to distinguish them.
, (which…), (what…), (to…).
Possible and another variant when one sentence is inside another. Sometimes constructions are combined, linking with one subordinate clause within another.
At first, the blacksmith was terribly frightened when the devil raised him so high that nothing could be seen below, and rushed under the moon itself so that he could catch her with a hat.
, (when…, (what…), and…), (what…).
The proposals use various punctuation marks:
- comma, example: The final remark of the sister-in-law ended on the street, where she went on her urgent business;
- semicolon: Some time later, everyone in the village was fast asleep; only a month hung high in the luxurious Ukrainian sky;
- colon: It happened like this: at night the tank got stuck in a swamp and drowned;
- dash: Thick hazel bushes will block your path, if you hurt yourself on a thorny thorn, go ahead stubbornly.
Consistent
Simple constructions are connected to one another in a chain:
There is a knot on a tree trunk that you put your foot on when you want to climb an apple tree.
, (to which ...), (when ...).
Determination procedure
By what plan the types of communication of proposals on the letter are determined. Here's a step-by-step guide to suit any occasion:
- read the sentence carefully;
- highlight all grammatical foundations;
- divide the design into parts and number them;
- find allied words and conjunctions, in their absence, take into account intonation;
- determine the nature of the connection.
If available two independent parts, then this is a sentence with a compositional connection. When one sentence states a reason for what is at issue in another, it is a complex sentence with subordination.
Attention! The subordinate clauses can be replaced with either an adverbial turnover. Example: Across the black sky, dotted with myriads of small stars, silent lightning appeared here and there.
Learning Russian - complex sentences with different types of communication
Types of communication in complex sentences
Output
The types of connection of sentences depend on their classification. They are used. The schemes are very diverse, there are many interesting options. Graphic drawing of a proposal allows you to quickly identify the construction and sequence of all components, highlight the basics, find the main thing and correctly place punctuation marks.
Unionless and allied compositional communication is one of the ways of building Without them, speech is poor, because they provide more information and are able to contain in their composition from two or more sentences telling about different events.
Complex sentences and their types
Depending on the number of parts, complex structures are divided into two- and polynomial. In any of the options, the elements are connected either by a union connection (which, in turn, is provided by the corresponding part of speech), or by a non-union connection.
Depending on what types of relationships are present, complex formations create the following groups:
- A complex sentence with a non-union and union compositional connection: The sky darkened sharply, a distant rumble was heard, and a wall of rain covered the ground, beating the dust and washing away the city smog.
- Constructs that combine elements with a subordinate relationship, for example: The house we entered caused a depressing state, but in this situation we did not have to choose.
- Complex sentences with subordinate and non-union types of connections: No matter how he was in a hurry, his help was late: another car took the wounded.
- In multi-term constructions, a subordinate, non-union and allied compositional connection can be used simultaneously. The next time the phone rang, my mother answered it, but she only heard the voice of a robot, announcing that her loan was overdue.
It is important to be able to distinguish between complex sentences and constructions, complicated, for example, by homogeneous predicates. As a rule, in the first case, there are several grammatical bases in the syntactic lexical unit, while in the second there will be one subject and several predicates.
Unionless designs
In this type of lexical structures, 2 or more simple sentences can be combined, which are interconnected by intonation and meaning. They can communicate with each other in the following relationships:
- The sentences are linked by enumeration. The evening gradually faded away, night fell to the ground, the moon began to rule the world.
- Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposing fragments. The weather was as ordered: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun was shining brightly, a light breeze blew across the face, creating a slight coolness. In this non-union construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences connected by enumerative intonation, explains the first part of it.
- Binary connection of simple elements into a polynomial complex structure, in which the parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose over the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze concealed its radiance.
Unionless, like the allied compositional connection, in a solid connection separates individual proposals from each other with punctuation marks.
Commas in non-unionized polynomial constructs
In complex compounds, their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes, and colons. The comma and semicolon are used in enumerative relationships:
- The parts are small in size and related to one another in meaning. After the thunderstorm, there was silence, followed by a light whisper of rain.
- When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is used. Chamomiles and poppies covered the whole clearing; Grasshoppers chirped somewhere below.
Unionless designs are most often used to transfer a large number information that is not always connected in meaning.
Separating marks in non-union connections
These signs are used in the following types of relations between elements of a syntactic structure:
- Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about his readiness to die.(In a similar structure with a non-union, as well as an allied compositional connection between the parts, I would like to put the union "but").
- When the first part tells about a condition or time, then a dash is also put between it and the second fragment. A rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the meaning is appropriate conjunctions "if" or "when".
- The same sign is placed if the second part contains a conclusion about what was said in the first. There was no strength to object - he silently agreed... In such union constructs, "therefore" is usually inserted.
- When the second part of a sentence is compared and determined by what the first one is about. He makes a speech - breathes hope into people. In these constructions, you can add "like" or "like".
- In sentences with an explanatory link and justification of the reason, the colon is used. Let me tell you in essence: you can't let your friends down.
Sentences with a non-union, as well as an allied compositional connection between parts, are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.
Compound constructions
In sentences of this type, a compositional connection is used, carried out with the help of compositional conjunctions. Moreover, between their parts there may be:
- Connective relations linked by unions and, yes or, particles also, also neither ... nor. No birds chirp, no mosquito squeaks, no cicadas chirp.
- Separation relationships use unions what and, or, particles either ... or, not that ... not that other. Either the wind brings an incomprehensible sound, then it itself is approaching us.
- Sentences, both with a non-union and union compositional connection with comparative relations, indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of unions namely and that is. Everyone was glad to him, that is, that is what he read on their faces.
- Explanatory relationships tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but because other. A blizzard raged outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.
Often it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single complex structure.
Complex sentences with mixed communication modes
Constructions where a non-union and union compositional connection is present at the same time are quite common. Separate blocks can be highlighted in them, each of which contains several simple sentences. Within the blocks, some elements are connected with others in meaning and are separated by punctuation marks with or without conjunctions. In a complex sentence with a non-union and union compositional connection, the line between them is dividing marks, although the individual blocks in their meaning may not be related.
In this article we will look at what complex sentences with different types of connection are, examples of which will be given and analyzed. But to make it clear, let's start from afar.
What is called a complex sentence
In syntax, a sentence is words united by a common meaning and associated with the help of the laws of grammar, possessing common theme, the purpose of the statement and intonation. With the help of sentences, people communicate, share their thoughts, set out any material. Thought can be expressed briefly, but it can be expanded. Accordingly, the sentences can be laconic or widespread.
Each sentence has its "heart" - the grammatical base, ie. subject and predicate. This is the subject of speech and its main characteristic (what does it do, what is it, what is it?). If the grammatical basis in a sentence is one, it is a simple sentence, if there are two or more of them, then it is complex.
(SP) can include two parts, three, four or even more. The meaningful relations between them, as well as the means of their connection with each other, can be different. There are complex allied proposals and non-allied ones. To learn about their diversity, read the next section.
What are the joint ventures
We have already started talking about the fact that joint ventures can be allied or non-allied. Everything is very simple. If the parts of the joint venture are connected by a union (or by intonation, then the connection between them is called allied, and if only by intonation alone, then, accordingly, non-union.
In turn, union sentences are divided into compositional and subordinate - depending on whether their parts are in an "equal" position or one depends on the other.
Spring is coming soon... This is a simple sentence. the world will once again sparkle with bright colors. This sentence is complex, while its parts are connected by intonation and union " when"... We can ask a question from the main predicative part to the subordinate clause ( the world will sparkle with bright colors when? - when spring comes), so it is Spring is coming and nature will bloom... There are also two parts in this sentence, but they are united by intonation and compositional union and... You cannot form a question between the parts, but you can easily divide this sentence into two simple ones. This sentence is complex. Spring will come soon, flowers will bloom, birds will fly, it will be warm. This joint venture has four simple parts, but all of them are united only by intonation, there are no unions on the borders of the parts. This means that it is non-union. To make complex sentences with different types of communication, it would be necessary to combine in one sentence both union and non-union communication.
How many simple sentences can there be in a complex one?
For a sentence to be considered complex, it must include at least two simple, two predicative parts. Complex sentences with different types of connection (we will see examples just below) contain at least three parts, and sometimes they amount to about ten. But in this case, the offer can be difficult to accept. Such proposals combine allied and non-allied connections, compositional and subordinate in any combination.
He was surprised; the head and chest were full of some strange feeling; the water ran with frightening speed, uncontrollably breaking through between the stones, and with such force fell from a height that it seemed that the mountain could not withstand this pressure, on the slopes of which mountain flowers were full of ...
Here's a great example. Here are the parts of complex sentences with different ones. This sentence has 5 predicative parts, between which all of the possible types of connection are presented. What are their features? Let's remember in more detail.
Allied writing connection
Complex union sentences are complex-composed (SPP) or complex-subordinate (SPP).
The compositional link (CC) connects "equal" simple sentences. This means that it is impossible to form a question from one predicative part of a complex sentence to another, there is no dependence between them. Parts of the MTP can easily be made as independent sentences, and the meaning of the phrase will not suffer or change from this.
To connect parts of such sentences, creative conjunctions are used. and, a, but, or etc. The sea was rough, and the waves crashed against the rocks with furious force..
Allied subordinate link
With a subordinate connection (PS), as can be seen from its name, one part of the sentence "subordinates" the other, carries the main meaning, is the main one, while the second (subordinate clause) only complements, concretizes in something, you can ask a question to it from the main part. For a subordinate connection, such unions and union words are used as what, who, when, which, because if etc.
But it's sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that they cheated on her every hour, that she deceived us ...(A. Pushkin). This sentence has one main part and three subordinate clauses, dependent on it and answering the same questions: " But it's sad to think (about what?), Which is in vain ..."
If you try to divide the SPP into separate simple ones, then in most cases it will be seen that the main part retains its meaning and can exist without clauses, but the clauses become incomplete in semantic content and are not full-fledged sentences.
Unionless connection
Another type of joint venture is non-union. A complex sentence with different types of communication most often combines communication without alliances with one of the allied types or with both types at once.
Parts of the BSP are connected only intonationally. But this type of joint venture is considered the most difficult in terms of punctuation. If in union sentences only one sign is put between their parts - a comma, then in this case you need to choose one of four punctuation marks: comma, semicolon, dash or colon. In this article, we will not go into the details of this difficult rule, since our task today is complex sentences with different types of communication, exercises in their grammatically correct composition and punctuation.
The horses started, the bell rang, the wagon flew(A.S. Pushkin). This sentence has three parts, connected by intonation and separated by commas.
So, we briefly gave a description of each of the possible types of communication between parts of the joint venture, and now we will return to the main topic of the article.
Algorithm for parsing a joint venture with different types of communication
How to correctly arrange signs in a joint venture with many parts and different types of communication? The most important thing is to determine how many parts are in it and where exactly their boundaries pass. To do this, you need to find the grammatical foundations. There are as many predicative parts as there are. Next, we select all the secondary terms related to each of the bases, and thus it becomes clear where one part ends and the other begins. After that, you need to determine what types of communication between the parts (look at the presence of unions or their absence, try to ask a question or try to make each of the parts a separate sentence).
And finally, it remains only to correctly place punctuation marks, because without them in writing it is very difficult to perceive complex sentences with different types of communication (exercises in textbooks are precisely aimed at developing this skill).
How not to be mistaken in the choice of punctuation marks?
Punctuation of a complex sentence with different types of communication
After the predicative parts are highlighted and the types of connection are established, everything becomes very clear. We place punctuation marks in accordance with the rule relating to a specific type of communication.
Compositional (SS) and subordinate communication (PS) require a comma before the union. Other punctuation marks in this case are very rare (with a compositional connection, a semicolon is possible if one of the parts is complicated and contains commas inside; it is possible to use a dash if the parts are sharply opposed or one of them contains an unexpected result).
With a non-union connection, as mentioned above, one of four punctuation marks can be used, depending on what the semantic relations are between the parts of the sentence.
Drawing up diagrams of complex sentences with different types of communication
This stage can be performed before placing punctuation marks, or after, to check their correctness. Punctuation schemes are used to graphically explain the choice of a particular punctuation mark.
The scheme helps to write complex sentences with different types of communication without punctuation errors. We will give examples of the placement of punctuation marks and drawing up a diagram right now.
[The day was beautiful, sunny, wonderfully calm]; [a cozy shadow moved on the left], and [it became difficult to understand], (where it ends, the shadow) and (where the emerald foliage of the trees begins).
In this sentence, a non-union connection is easily traced between the first and second parts, between the second and the third - the compositional one, and the third part is the main one in relation to the next two subordinate parts and is connected with them by a subordinate connection. The scheme of this joint venture is as follows: [__ =, =, =]; [= __], and [=], (where = __) and (where = __). Complex sentence schemes with different types of communication can be horizontal and vertical. We gave an example of a horizontal layout.
Let's summarize
So, we found out what complex sentences with different types of communication are (examples of them are very common in works fiction and business communication). These are sentences containing more than two simple ones in their composition, and their parts are connected by different types of syntactic links. The joint venture with different types of communication may include NGN, SSP and BSS in various combinations. In order not to be mistaken in punctuation marks, you need to designate simple sentences within a complex one and determine the types of syntactic connections.
Be literate!
In written speech, complex sentences with different types of communication are quite often presented: with composition and submission, composition and non-union; non-union and subordination, etc. However, as a rule, one of the types of communication (composition, non-union) is the main one.
Therefore, when analyzing and placing punctuation marks, it is recommended to use the following sequence:
- Select the grammatical foundations of the sentences, and on this basis - all the simple sentences in the complex.
- Establish a means of communication between simple sentences within a complex one.
- Break a complex sentence into pairs of simple ones that are directly related to each other.
- Build a vertical diagram of a complex sentence, reflecting the system of dependencies of simple sentences as part of a complex one.
- Based on the vertical diagram, establish a central connection in a complex sentence (composition, non-union).
- Indicate which simple sentences are directly linked by a central link and which blocks each of these simple sentences forms.
- Establish relationships within each block.
- Build a horizontal outline of a complex sentence.
- Arrange punctuation marks based on the vertical and horizontal outline of a complex sentence.
Sample parsing
Clairville especially liked the young lady with whom he was imprisoned, she was what a girl from the Petersburg advanced intelligentsia should have been(Aldanov).
There are 4 grammatical foundations in this sentence: 1) the young lady liked; 2) planted she was like that; 4) young woman should have been what ... Therefore, this complex sentence consists of four simple offers:
1) ;
2) with which he was imprisoned;
3) she was like that;
4) what should have been a girl from the Petersburg advanced intelligentsia.
Claireville especially liked that young lady / 1 with which he was imprisoned / 2 she was like that / 3 what should have been / 4 .
Sentences 2 and 4 contain subordinate means of communication - allied words with which, which. Sentences 1 and 3 have no compositional or subordinate means of communication.
a) 1 → 2: Clairville especially liked that young lady / 1 , with which he was imprisoned/ 2 is complex sentence, where clause 1 is the main clause, and clause 2 is a subordinate clause;
b) 3 → 4: She was such is / 3 , what should have been a girl from the Petersburg advanced intelligentsia/ 4 is a complex clause, where clause 3 is the main clause, and clause 4 is a subordinate clause;
c) 1: 3: Clairville especially liked that young lady / 1: she was like that/ 3 is non-union proposal, the relationship is causal, a union can be inserted between the parts because.
[noun. + uk. word] 1: [local-narrative] 3
def. ↓ ↓ fairytale
(with which- union. sl.) 2 ( which- union. sl.) 4
Therefore, it is a complex sentence with no union and submission. The top line of the vertical diagram contains sentences 1 and 3, linked by a non-union connection. This means that the central connection is non-union. In other words, it is a non-union submission proposal.
The central link directly connects sentences 1 and 3. Each of these sentences has subordinate clauses with it. Thus, within a complex sentence with a central non-union connection, two blocks are distinguished: I block consists of sentences 1 and 2; Block II - sentences 3 and 4.
Block I (sentences 1 and 2) is a complex sentence, where the first is the main one, the second is a subordinate determinant that refers to the subject young woman expressed by a noun; means of communication - the union word with which and the index word that; the clause comes after the main one.
Block II (sentences 3 and 4) is a complex sentence, where the third is the main one, the fourth is the predicate subordinate, which refers to the predicate pronoun such is; means of communication - what union word; the clause comes after the main one.
[noun. + uk. sl.] 1, ( with which- union. sl.) 2: [local-narrative] 3, ( which- union. sl.) 4.
Clairville especially liked the young lady with whom he was imprisoned: she was what a girl from the Petersburg advanced intelligentsia should have been.(Aldanov).
The boy was kind, but only the kalachnik was always told that caution was required with Selivan because he had a red mark on his face and this is not a gift(Leskov).
There are 5 grammatical foundations in this sentence: 1) the boy was kind; 2) spoke(one-piece indefinite personal proposal); 3) caution is required; 4) the mark was; 5) it is not put.
Therefore, this complex sentence consists of five simple sentences:
1) the boy was kind;
2) ;
3) that Selivan needs to be careful;
4) because he had a red mark on his face;
5) it is not for nothing.
Therefore, a complex sentence is broken down into simple ones as follows:
The boy was kind / 1 / 2 that Selivan needs to be careful / 3 because he had a red mark on his face / 4 and this is not for nothing / 5 .
Propositions 3 and 4 contain subordinate means of communication - alliances what, because. Before sentences 2 and 5, there are conjunctive conjunctions no, a. Sentence 1 has no compositional and subordinate means of communication.
A complex sentence can be divided into the following pairs of simple ones:
a) 1-2: The boy was kind / 1 , but only the kalachnik was always told/ 2 is a compound sentence, a means of communication is an opposing union but;
b) 2 → 3: only the kalachnik was always told / 2 , that Selivan needs to be careful / 3- this is a complex sentence, where sentence 2 is the main one, and sentence 3 is a subordinate clause;
c) 3 → 4: Selivan requires caution / 3 , because he had a red mark on his face / 4- this is a complex sentence, where sentence 3 is the main one, and sentence 4 is a subordinate clause;
d) 4-5: he had a red mark on his face / 4 , and this is not for nothing/ 5 is a compound sentence, a means of communication is an adversarial union a;
e) 3 → 5. Since clause 4 is a subordinate clause (it contains the union because), then sentence 5 is also a clause with an omitted conjunction, but this conjunction can be restored. Proposition 5 is related to the same main thing as Proposition 4 ( Selivan requires caution / 3 , because it is not for free / 5).
Vertical diagram of a complex sentence:
1 , but[ch.] 2
add. ↓
(what- union) 3
and ↓
(because- union. sl.) 4, a (-) 5
Hence, it is a complex sentence with composition and submission. On the top line of the vertical diagram are sentences 1 and 2, linked by the composing adversary alliance no. This means that the central connection is creative. In other words, this is a compound sentence with submission.
The central connection directly connects sentences 1 and 2. Sentence 2 has relative clauses with it. Thus, within a complex sentence with a central compositional connection, two blocks are distinguished: I block is represented by one simple sentence (sentence 1). Block II (sentences 2, 3, 4, 5) are complex sentences with several subordinate clauses.
Block II (sentences 2, 3, 4 and 5) is a complex sentence, where the second is the main one, the rest are subordinate clauses. The clauses are connected with the main one sequentially (sentences 3 and 4; 3 and 5) and homogeneously (sentences 4 and 5).
I subordinate clause (sentence 3) - additional, refers to the predicate said, expressed by a verb, in the main sentence (sentence 2); a means of communication - a union that; the clause comes after the main one.
II subordinate clause (sentence 4) - reasons; applies to all the main things (sentence 3); means of communication - union because; the clause comes after the main
III subordinate clause (sentence 5) - reasons; applies to all the main things (sentence 3); means of communication - union because it is omitted; the clause comes after the main one.
II and III subordinate clauses - homogeneous, interconnected by the adversary union a.
Horizontal proposal outline:
1 , but[ch.] 2, ( what- union) 3, ( because- union) 4, a (-) 5 .
So, punctuation marks in a sentence should be placed as follows:
The boy was kind, but only the kalachnik was always told that caution was required with Selivan, because he had a red mark on his face, and this is not a gift(Leskov).
Note!
As in complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, in complex sentences with different types of connection, there may be two conjunctions side by side (compositional and subordinate) or a compositional union and a union word belonging to different sentences. Please note that the compositional union may not stand in front of the simple sentence to which it belongs!
By general rules two unions (union and union word) belonging to different simple sentences must be separated by a comma (in this case, a sentence with a second union or union word can be deleted without changing the general structure of a complex sentence).
The sun was beating through the window / 1 and , / when he raised his head, / 2 his had to close my eyes / 3 .
Horizontal layout: 1set and, (when- union) 2, 3.
Vertical layout: 1set and 3 .
time. ↓
(when- union) 2
Wed: The sun was beating through the window / 1 and , / when he raised his head, / 2 his had to close my eyes / 3 . - The sun was beating in the window, and he had to close his eyes.
In the case when a sentence with a second union or union word cannot be removed from the sentence without changing the general structure of a complex sentence, a comma is not put between the unions or union and the union word. In this case, the second part of the double union should be next - then, so, but.
Wed: The sun was beating through the window, and when he looked up, he had to close his eyes. - The sun was beating in the window, and ... then he had to close his eyes.
A plan for parsing a complex sentence with different types of communication
- Name the type of sentence and the number of simple sentences in the complex.
- Indicate what types of communication are connected simple sentences as part of a complex (composition, subordination, non-union).
- Name the central communication type. Indicate which offers are directly related by this type of connection. Parse this pair as a complex, complex, complex non-union sentence.
- Indicate blocks within a complex sentence and characterize them.
- Parse pairs of directly related sentences (compound, compound, complex non-union sentences).
- With a complete analysis - to give a complete description of simple sentences as part of a complex one.
Sample parsing
Everyone had to tell something fantastic from their life, and since the ability to tell is not given to everyone, they did not find fault with stories from the artistic side(Leskov).
Each had to tell something fantastic from your life, / 1 a / since the ability to tell is not given to everyone, / 2 then they did not find fault with stories from the artistic side / 3 .
The sentence is complex, it consists of three simple ones, with different connections (composition and submission).
The central connection is compositional, it links directly sentences 1 and 3: each had to tell something fantastic from my life, / 1 but ... then they did not find fault with the stories from the artistic side/ 3. This is a complex sentence, the means of communication is the adversarial union of a.
An essay link connects the two blocks.
Block I is represented by Proposition 1.
Block II (sentences 2 and 3) is a complex sentence; sentence 3 - the main thing, sentence 2 - the clause of the reason; the clause refers to everything important; a means of communication is a double alliance since ... then; the clause comes before the main one.
Conjunctions a and since refer to different simple sentences, but are not separated by a comma, since then the second part of the double causal union follows because ... then; the clause cannot be removed without changing the structure of the complex sentence as a whole.
Horizontal layout: 1set a (because- p.) 2, [ then ] 3 .
Vertical layout: 1, a 3.
and ↓
(because ... then- union) 2
Communication in a sentence- this is a way of giving a sentence meaningfulness, completeness of thought, as well as logical, lexical and syntactic usefulness. There are two types of communication in a sentence - compositional and subordinate.
Writing connection in a sentence is a combination of independent elements in a sentence: homogeneous members in a simple or simple sentences in a compound.
Submissive relationship in a sentence is a combination of elements that depend on each other: words in a phrase, a sentence or simple sentences as part of a complex one.
How to define the type of connection in the proposal?
First of all, it is necessary to discard grammatical basis, since the subject is always associated with the predicate, it is also worth excluding introductory words.
Example. I wanted to go outside, but the door was locked.
A complex sentence with two independent parts. Based on this, this proposal uses creative communication.
I wanted to go outside because the air was very stale in the room.
A complex sentence in which there is subordinate relationship- one sentence indicates the reason for what the other says. The proposal is complex.
Types of subordinate communication.
Exists three types of subordinate communication:
Agreement- this is a kind of connection when the dependent and the main word (a noun or another part of speech in the role of a noun) are similar to each other in gender, number and case. The most simple examples approvals - in phrases: disgusting rain, cheerful me, invisible someone, a casual passer-by, a resounding "zy".
As dependent words when agreeing, any variable parts of speech can appear: adjectives, pronouns (possessive, determinative, demonstrative, negative, indefinite) and ordinal numbers.
No money, funny storyteller, your sister, the first person you meet.
Control- the type of connection in which main word requires a special case form of the dependent word. Deciduous form
at the same time it is due to certain morphological norms in the Russian language. The main sign of the presence of control in a phrase or sentence is the use of a preposition, although there is also a non-sentence form of control. In the presence of control, the dependent word will always answer the questions of the indirect cases.
Look at the moon, admire the moon, sign for receipt, sign documents, forget about problems, forget the formula.