About influence social environment on the development of human personality

IN modern science The fact that a person develops under the influence of both his nature and the external environment has not been rejected for a long time.

Research by geneticists shows that biological prerequisites play a very important role in the development of personality. On the other hand, experiments and observations of psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists show the equally important role of the influence of the social environment on the development of a person’s personality.

The individual and the social environment interact all the time. By changing the environment we try to influence the individual, but does our influence always lead to positive results?

Let's start with a description of the famous Cambridge-Somerville Study.

In 1935, American psychologist Richard Clark Cabot (R. Cl. Cabot) developed a positive impact program for boys aged 5 to 13 years. It is important to note that quite a lot of them were considered disadvantaged, having delinquencies, complaints from school and social services.

Experimental and control groups were formed. Each included 250 boys, all from working-class families living in a densely populated area of ​​Massachusetts. The distribution in them was carried out randomly, so that in the future it was possible to compare the fate of those participating in the experiment and subjected to targeted social influence (experimental group) with the control group, which was not influenced in any way.

Boys from the experimental group were under the influence for 5 years various forms social assistance, namely:

Social service workers visited them twice a month and tried to help them solve their problems, for example, in resolving family conflicts.

For half of the participants, classes were organized with tutors in school subjects.

More than a hundred boys had the opportunity to be under medical and psychiatric supervision.

Most had the opportunity to communicate with members of youth organizations: Boy Scouts, Young Men's Christian Association, and others.

About 25% attended summer youth camps.

For five years boys in the experimental group received various positive social influences. All means at the disposal of the researchers were used. The program was well received by both its staff and the majority of participants.

Then, for 40 years (remember, the study began in 1935), participants in the experimental and control groups were observed. In total, data were collected from 95% of participants. The purpose of the observations was to study how this program affected the life outcomes of the children who participated in it.

The results were unexpected.

• There were no differences between the control and experimental groups in terms of the level of crimes committed, health status, professional success and life satisfaction.
• Moreover! In terms of such indicators as repeated offenses in adulthood, cases of alcoholism, obtaining the status of employees and specialists, the comparison was in favor of the control group. This meant that some participants social help caused some damage.

• Factors environment contributing to antisocial behavior turned out to be much more significant compared to the impact of the program. Conclusion: There is a need to improve the overall socio-economic status of children.
• Chance plays a big role in the fact that a person commits antisocial or criminal acts.

  But these and other interpretations do not explain why organized help for children did not bring any benefits. Only one thing can be stated: the influence of the environment in which they lived was not overcome. Everything that was done for the children did not bring positive results.

  After all, if participation in the experiment would have helped at least a few children, then the overall positive outcome would have been in favor of the experimental group, but this did not happen.

  And some were harmed, as mentioned above. Here again there are several possible explanations:

• Some of those who received help might not like it, it might cause them to be rejected.
• Visits to specialists could be perceived negatively not only by those to whom they came, but also by those around them, which had consequences.
• Some who received social support relied on it too much for 5 years, and then experienced disappointment when it ended, which increased their lack of confidence in their abilities and ability to cope independently with future problems.
• Communication with people from a different social class (tutors, peers in summer camps, medical and other workers) could cause them negative feelings about realities existing world and your own prospects.

  Which of these is true? Unknown.

Various programs, which, according to their developers, seem to have a significant impact in a positive direction, may not be significant compared to the influence of the social environment on human development and life. And sometimes it has the exact opposite effect than originally intended.

The Cambridge-Somerville study provided another unexpected source of thought.

Among the boys from the control group were those who grew up in a fairly prosperous home environment - fathers had regular jobs, mothers successfully ran households. For others, everything was much worse - drunkenness, unemployment, sometimes mental illness of parents, etc.

However, after 40 years it turned out that the difference in indicators characterizing life outcomes (number of cases of imprisonment, number of mental disorders, income level, belonging to the professional and employee class) between men from wealthy and dysfunctional families was either small or completely absent.

It turned out that the situation in the family could not predict people’s future life outcomes.

Some of the members of the control group had decent careers and were good family men. Others became criminals, chronically unemployed and drunkards, and showed aggression towards their loved ones. But all this had nothing to do with the situation in their parental family.

Can we conclude from this that the family has almost no influence on a person’s socialization?

No, such a conclusion cannot be drawn. In addition, during the research process, “fine tuning” of family influence was not revealed; only external signs were taken into account.

But it can be assumed that the influence of the social environment on a person’s development and life may be more significant than any manifestations of family well-being.

In other words, the influence of society on personal development and human life turns out to be so strong that the influence of family relationships against this background may be completely insignificant.

Here is another study conducted jointly by American and Chinese neurophysiologists.

Native speakers of English and Chinese were examined.
All subjects were given the following tasks:

• Numbers in the Arabic alphabet were presented.
• It was necessary to answer how much 2+2 would be.

The brain of English speakers and native speakers Chinese language when performing tasks, it worked differently (different areas were activated, and identical ones were activated with different intensities), i.e. The numbers of the Arabic alphabet had a different biological encryption among the subjects, depending on what language they were a native speaker of. A similar trend emerged when solving the problem - what is 2+2?

Let us emphasize that this is a trend. There were some English-speaking participants who did the same as Chinese speakers, and vice versa. But these were isolated cases.

It turns out that it is precisely the differences in Eastern and Western cultures have an impact on brain development beginning in the perinatal period and continuing until approximately 20 years of age. This manifests itself at the biological level even with such simple mental actions as recognizing numbers and performing basic arithmetic operations.

The study shows that the environment also influences human development in biological terms. Differences in the cultural environment may manifest themselves not only in the use different languages, mathematics teaching strategies, in different educational systems, but also in many other ways.

There are many other neurophysiological studies showing that the influence of the social environment on human development is manifested even at the biological level.

More about environmental impact.

For a long time it was believed that a person’s genetic predisposition, for example, to depression, leads to the fact that under the influence of certain environmental factors he will definitely develop a problem.

But everything turned out to be more complicated. New research in genetics has shown that one of the most important genetic characteristics of a person is the plasticity of the nervous system, which determines how susceptible he is to environmental influences. The level of plasticity is determined by a set of genes.

But the same set of them will push a person towards depression if he grows up in an unfavorable environment, and, conversely, make him more stable if he grows up in favorable conditions.

Plasticity genes are multifunctional and there are many of them. Their different groups determine the plasticity of the psyche in relation to the influence of various environmental factors. But whether it will be positive or negative depends on the conditions of this environment.

In more detail about the influence of the environment on the human brain, we invite you to listen to an interesting lecture by one of the leading neurophysiologists, Professor Yu.I. Alexandrova

We asked our consultant, a psychologist with 30 years of experience, a specialist in adolescence and child-parent relations, Ilya Bazenkov, to comment on this article.

Question. How can you comment on the results of the Cambridge-Somerville Study?

IB. Let me tell you right away that I had never even heard of this study before. In Russian-language literature it is described in the translated book by L. Ross and R. Nisbett, I have not seen any other mentions of it. Moreover, I asked quite a lot of colleagues, including doctors and candidates of science, and no one knew about this study. This is the fact. But thanks to the help of a sociologist who studies problems of criminal behavior, I received many links to foreign sources citing this research. It turns out that for foreign colleagues it is of great importance.

Now to the point. Why the positive social impact program did not produce results, and in some ways even caused harm, I do not know. More precisely, you can imagine a lot, but will it be true?
I can only say, based on personal professional experience, that adults tend to overestimate the effectiveness of some of their actions aimed, in their opinion, at a positive impact on a child or adolescent.
This applies not only to parents, but also to teachers and other professionals working with children and adolescents. I think the main reason for this is that adults proceed from their ideas about “what is good and what is bad” and try to transfer their own worldview and value system to children. And the result is often zero, and sometimes the opposite.

As for the influence of the environment on humans, this has long been known. What can I comment here? Better listen to the lectures of Yuri Iosifovich Alexandrov, there are many of them on YouTube. I will only say that parents can, to a certain extent, somehow organize the environment in which their child lives - the family environment, the choice of school, some extra-curricular institutions.

Question. But the results of this study regarding the influence of family on later life person, also completely unexpected. What can you say about them?

IB. I don’t even know what to say. For me they were simply incredible. After all, the influence of the family on personal development cannot be disputed. After all, the family is a very important element of the child’s environment. On the other hand, external signs of well-being or ill-being in the family may be secondary.
You know, when in consultations you have to deal with the intricacies of parent-child relationships, very different things become clear that are not on the surface. In my opinion, the family has a positive impact when the child first of all feels psychologically safe in it. I mean not only early age, but also adolescence.
Let me say something completely seditious. Even if there is something unfavorable in the family, for example, drunkenness, quarrels and even sometimes physical punishment, but the teenager does not feel psychological violence, then this may be better for him than psychological pressure with external well-being. But this is a separate and long topic.
In any case, family influence plays a big role in the development of a person’s personality. Returning to the unexpected results of the Cambridge-Somerville study, I can only repeat that the family environment in it was determined solely by external signs, and this does not give grounds to draw conclusions about the insignificance of the influence of the family on a person’s future life.
Another thing is that the influence of the environment on a teenager can indeed often outweigh parental influence. This is due to the characteristics of the teenage period of mental development.

I have a proposal. Give me a couple of weeks, I will more carefully study English-language articles on the topic of this research, try to find colleagues who are familiar with it, and we will return to this topic.

In two weeks.

Question. Well, can you add anything else to what you said earlier?

IB. Why the program conducted with children gave such results, there is nothing special to add. Only one. One English-language article analyzing this study gives many interpretations. But the main thing that is said there is that the negative results of some programs or studies, as a rule, are not published or their results are not evaluated at all, as was the case in the Cambridge-Somerville study. After all, to evaluate the results of any intervention, a control group and longitudinal study (long-term observation) are necessary.

Regarding the influence of the family on the development of personality and a person’s future life. All the colleagues whom I asked to comment agreed on one thing - one cannot draw conclusions about its influence on a child or adolescent just by the external signs of the family situation. In a family, a much more important role is played by subtle mechanisms of interaction between parents and children, which are not always on the surface..

Sources.

1. L. Ross, R. Nisbett Person and situation: Lessons from social psychology.

2. Mark Lipsey et al. Improving the Effectiveness of Juvenile Justice Programs: A New Perspective on Evidence-Based Practice (Washington, DC: Center for Juvenile Justice Reform, Georgetown University, 2010).

3. Zane, S. N., Welsh, B. C., & Zimmerman, G. M. (2015). Examining the iatrogenic effects of the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study: Existing explanations and new appraisals. British Journal of Criminology, 56(1), 141

4. Nancy Eisenberg et al. Does mindfulness appear in childhood? (Conscientiousness: Origins in Childhood?) Developmental Psychology, December 17, 2012

5.Yiyuan Tang, Wutian Zhang, Kewei Chen, Shigang Feng, Ye Ji, Junxian Shen, Eric M. Reiman, Yijun Arithmetic processing in the brain shaped by cultures

6. Jay Belsky, Michael Pluess. Beyond Risk, Resilience, and Dysregulation: Phenotypic Plasticity and Human Development,” Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 4, pt. 2 (2013), 1243–61;

7. Jay Belsky, Michael Pluess. Cumulative-Genetic Plasticity, Parenting, and Adolescent Self-Regulation,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 52, no. 5 (2011), 619–26.

The influence of the social environment on human development and health

The general development and health of a person depend on the state of his environment - natural, technogenic, social - and on his behavior in this environment in everyday life.

Let's get acquainted in more detail with the main factors of the social environment that influence the social development of a person and the formation of his health (by health we mean a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of diseases and physical defects).

Human social development- This is his gradual preparation for adult independent life. The level of social development of a person is determined by the level of his education, the acquisition of certain labor skills, the ability to communicate with people around him in the process of life.

Social maturity of a person It is customary to define a number of qualities. This is the completion of education, acquisition of a certain profession, economic independence and the ability to live independently.

At your age, your system of relationships towards other people, yourself and society as a whole is gradually rebuilt. You are developing a new level of self-awareness. You begin to evaluate your qualities, focusing on socially significant criteria and standards for you.

At your age, a person is just at the stage of development when he begins to develop an interest in professional activity. You study at educational institution, where you gain systematized knowledge about the world around you, and perhaps successfully get involved in certain types of activities (modelling, working with technology, household appliances, etc.). All this is the basis for your future professional activity.

Your social maturation occurs in the family, when communicating with loved ones; at school, when communicating with teachers and peers; on the street, when communicating with friends and acquaintances; Your development is influenced by listening and watching radio and television programs.

The human living environment is changeable. The democratic institutions of the state and the political rights of its citizens are changing. Relations between states and, accordingly, the degrees of freedom of individuals are changing. The level of education of performers and managers is changing.

Social environment- these are, first of all, people united in various groups, with which each individual is in specific relationships, in a complex and diverse system of communication.

The social environment surrounding a person is active, influences a person, exerts pressure, regulates, subjugates social control, captivates, “infects with appropriate “models” of behavior, encourages, and often forces one to a certain direction of social behavior.

Social environment- a set of material, ​economic, social, political and spiritual conditions ​of existence, formation and activity of individuals and social ​groups.

Social macroenvironment covers the economy, public institutions, social consciousness and culture.

Social microenvironment includes a person’s immediate environment - family, work, educational and other groups.

The social environment has a major impact on the formation of the unconscious (subconscious) in the individual’s psyche, and, as a consequence of such formation, on the manipulation of the psyche. Thus, the emergence in the subconscious of those impulses that are subsequently transformed into impulses of behavior and will have a sufficient impact big influence on consciousness. Consciousness in this case has a subordinate function. And in this case, the environment, the social environment in which the individual currently lives, will be of great importance, as well as the social environment where this individual was born and raised (since it was she who at an early stage influenced the formation of the individual’s subconscious ).

Concept human environment in the very general view can be defined as a set of natural and artificial conditions in which a person realizes himself as a natural and social being. The human environment consists of two interconnected parts: natural and social.

Natural component of the environment constitutes the total space directly or indirectly accessible to a person.

Public part of the environment a person is made up of society and social relations, thanks to which a person realizes himself as a social active being.

Rice. 1. Components of the human environment and society

The elements of the natural environment (in its narrow sense) can be considered the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, plants, animals and microorganisms. Plants, animals And microorganisms constitute the living natural environment of humans.

The social component of the human environment consists of society and various social processes.

The social environment is, first of all, a cultural and psychological climate, intentionally or unintentionally created by people themselves and consisting of the influence of people on each other, carried out directly, as well as through the means of material, energy and information influence. Such impacts include

ü economic security in accordance with the standard developed by society or a given ethnic, social group (housing, food, clothing, other consumer goods),

ü civil liberties (conscience, expression of will, movement, place of residence, equality before the law, etc.),

ü degree of confidence in the future (absence or presence of fear of war, other severe social crisis, job loss, hunger, imprisonment, bandit attack, theft, illness, family breakdown, its unplanned growth or reduction, etc.);

ü moral standards of communication and behavior; freedom of self-expression, including work activity (maximum contribution of strength and abilities to people, society, receiving signs of attention from them);

ü the opportunity to freely communicate with people of the same ethnic group and similar cultural level, i.e. creation and entry into the reference for humans social group(with common interests, life ideals, behavior, etc.);

ü the opportunity to use cultural and material assets (theatres, museums, libraries, goods, etc.) or the awareness of the security of such an opportunity;

ü accessibility or awareness of the availability of generally recognized vacation spots (resorts, etc.) or seasonal changes in the type of housing (for example, an apartment for a tourist tent);

ü provision of a socio-psychological spatial minimum, allowing to avoid the neuropsychic stress of overpopulation (optimal frequency of meetings with other people, including friends and relatives); the presence of a service sector (absence or presence of queues, quality of service, etc.).

The social environment, combining with the natural environment, forms the totality of the human environment. Each of these environments is closely interconnected with the other, and none of them can be replaced by another or be painlessly excluded from common system human environment.

The study of human relations with the environment has led to the emergence of ideas about properties or states environment, expressing human perception of the environment, assessment of the quality of the environment from the point of view of human needs. Special anthropoecological methods make it possible to determine the degree of compliance of the environment with human needs, assess its quality and, on this basis, identify its properties.

As you know, man is a deeply social creature. In the process of our life, we are constantly in contact with other people, collectively forming a human community, which can also be called a social environment. At the same time, humanity is beginning to fully realize that the absence of certain rules of contact and their non-compliance is fraught with the complete disappearance of us from planet Earth. I mean skirmishes, wars, psychological tension... Thus, social conditions, social circles and family habits have a direct impact on a person, which inevitably affects his health.

Family

Communication with society begins with the family. It is within this small circle of people that those habits and norms are implanted that we often carry throughout our entire lives. Small man all his life he behaves the way he learned from his parents before the age of 6-7... It is clear that the influence of such a social circle can be considered almost decisive in relation to health in the future!

Absence from parents bad habits certainly has an impact on the health of their children, and the program for the future is laid long before the birth of the child.

An important role is also played by the presence in the family of a clear daily routine, certain correct eating habits and hygiene standards. All this determines health and prevents the development of problems with the heart and blood vessels, nervous system and metabolic processes.

Since one family is a unit of society, the internal health of its members has a direct impact on the entire population. Therefore, every child from childhood needs to be instilled with certain norms and rules that lay a solid foundation for his health.

Kindergarten and junior school

As a child grows up, his environment changes, he has to come into contact with a large number of people, build relationships in a group. All these moments in life cannot but affect your health. So many doctors confirm that the period of kindergarten life is the period of formation of immunity and the quality of a person’s defenses in the future largely depends on how this time passes.

The psycho-emotional environment within the team also plays an important role in the development of health. It has been proven that an unfavorable mental climate in a group, as well as moral or physical violence from educators or teachers, leads to the development of real diseases. Such ailments can be classified as psychosomatic. However, their manifestations and consequences are no different from real diseases. Thus, parents should pay special attention to choosing a social environment for their growing child, because this step is very responsible in relation to his psychological and physical health. It is also worth teaching a child to perceive reality as a temporary reality, which he can change himself depending on his attitude towards it.

Teenage years

As a person grows, his participation in the life of society becomes more and more active. In adolescence, the thirst for leadership and the desire to stand out and prove oneself among peers come to the fore. However, such desires do not always have a good effect on health. It is during adolescence that children most often fall under the influence of others, and from here it is a stone's throw to addiction to alcohol, cigarettes and drugs. Mental health also suffers from lack of fulfillment, lack of recognition and seeming misunderstanding.

In extreme cases, parents of teenagers are strongly encouraged to seek help from psychologists. It is also worth remembering that in order to create a favorable social environment, it is best to place the teenager in an appropriate group. After all, the desire to stand out, for example, in the sports field is much more useful than the desire to be cooler in the alley.

Maturity

After teenage tossing and turning, it would seem that there should be peace and quiet. However, the influence of society on health is a constant characteristic that does not go away over the years.

An adult constantly has to exist in a social environment and be part of it. In some cases, this is fraught with a variety of negative health consequences. And, perhaps, the main one is the state of constant stress in which most of us live. An unfavorable environment in the team, unloved work and lack of proper rest over time leads to the development of real diseases. Among them are depression, which can be corrected exclusively with medication and under medical supervision, as well as various pathological conditions that affect all organs and systems of the body. In order to somewhat reduce this negative impact, you should be very attentive to correcting your lifestyle, including contacts with society.

It’s better to change a job you don’t like, or learn to ignore its negative impact on your mood and state. It is best to join the team, and for this you can use the help of experienced psychologists. In order to reverse the influence of society on health in positive side, it’s worth spending time with nice people, getting out into nature, going for walks in green areas, attending interesting events. In this case, the social environment will have an extremely beneficial effect on health.

I think no one will dispute that the influence of the social environment on human health is great. In order to normalize relations with society, regardless of age and social characteristics, it is worth seeking help from specialists in a timely manner. Your health will thank you!

• ADAPTATION
• ENVIRONMENT
• HUMAN
• SOCIALIZATION
• INDIVIDUAL

The main components of adaptation are the new social environment, new team, system of educational relations and new role, which have a positive and negative impact on the process of adaptation of students. The process of adaptation of students has its own mechanisms and complications.

• Professional standard of a teacher and quality of training: determinants of modern education
• Formation of valeological culture of future social work specialists at the university
• Dichotomy of social responsibility of the intelligentsia: sociocultural analysis
• The role of parents in shaping a healthy lifestyle for a child
• Problems of forming patriotic consciousness among the younger generation

Considering adaptation as the process and result of an individual’s adaptation to the environment, it is necessary to note the concept of “environment”.

Environment is:

• sphere of habitation and activity of mankind;
• the natural world surrounding man and the material world created by him.

The social environment is one of the factors in the formation and development of personality; this fact has always been recognized. Psychologists, social workers and teachers for centuries, in the process of development of science, culture, and society, have studied the mutual influence and interaction of the environment and humans. K. D. Ushinsky believed that a person is formed under the influence of the entire complex of influences associated with the environment.

The ideas of the 19th Russian democrats V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov and others are imbued with a deep faith in man, in his development and improvement. Belinsky’s famous statement is that nature creates man, but society develops and shapes him.

The problem of the environment was widely developed in the second half of the 20s - 30s. N.K. Krupskaya, A.V. Lunacharsky, S.T. Shatsky emphasized that it is necessary to study all the factors that shape an individual: both organized and spontaneous. The environment and its influence on humans was studied both theoretically and in the form of specific studies of the material, housing, everyday and cultural living conditions of people. There is a relationship between the economic and social status of the family and the level of education; specific features of people’s lives and the impact on their development were identified. Various attempts have been made to bring about certain changes in the environment of people. The study of the environment was carried out from a class position, as evidenced by the terms: proletarian, worker-peasant, socialized, intellectual and other environment.

Since the nature of the influence of the environment depended on quality, the researchers of those years, developing an ideal model of its use, saw the environment as healthy, moral, expedient, rationally organized, etc. It was assumed that this environment should nourish ideals, create good dominants, creativity, develop independence, activity, develop skills of reasonable, disciplined behavior, etc.

From the above, I. A. Karpyuk and M. B. Chernova define the concept of “social environment”.

Social environment is a part of the environment consisting of interacting individuals, groups, institutions, cultures, and so on.

The social environment is an objective social reality, which is a set of material, political, ideological, socio-psychological factors of direct interaction with a person in the process of his life and practical activities.

The main structural components of the social environment are:

• social conditions of people's lives;
• social actions of people;
• relationships between people in the process of activity and communication;
• social community.

The natural social environment surrounding a person is an external factor of his development. In the process of personality socialization, the biological individual is transformed into social subject. This is a multifaceted process, it is continuous and continues throughout a person’s life. It occurs most intensely in childhood and adolescence, when all the basic value orientations, social norms and relationships are learned, and motivation for social behavior is formed.

The process of socialization of an individual occurs in interaction with a huge number of different conditions that more or less actively influence their development. These conditions affecting a person are usually called factors. In fact, to date, not all of them have been identified, and of the known ones, not all have been studied. Knowledge about the factors that were studied is very uneven: quite a lot is known about some, little about others, and very little about others. More or less studied conditions or factors of the social environment can be conditionally divided into four groups:

1. Megafactors (mega - very large, universal) - space, planet, world, which to one degree or another through other groups of factors influence the socialization of all inhabitants of the Earth.
2. Macro factors (macro - large) - country, ethnic group, society, state, which influence the socialization of everyone living in certain countries.
3. Mesofactors (meso - average, intermediate) - conditions for the socialization of large groups of people, distinguished: by the area and type of settlement in which they live (region, village, city, town); by belonging to the audience of certain mass communication networks (radio, television, etc.); according to belonging to certain subcultures.
4. Microfactors are factors that directly influence specific people who interact with them - family and home, neighborhood, peer groups, educational organizations, various public, state, religious, private and counter-social organizations, microsociety.

The socialization of a person is carried out by a wide range of universal means, the content of which is specific to a particular society, a particular social stratum, a particular age of the person being socialized. These include:

• methods of feeding and caring for a baby;
• developed household and hygienic skills;
• style and content of communication;
• elements of spiritual culture (from lullabies and fairy tales to sculptures);
• products of material culture surrounding a person;
• methods of reward and punishment in the family, in peer groups, in educational and other socializing organizations;
• the consistent introduction of a person to numerous types and types of relationships in the main spheres of his life - communication, play, cognition, objective-practical and spiritual-practical activities, sports, as well as in the family, professional, social, religious spheres.

In the process of development, an individual seeks and finds the environment that is most comfortable for him, so he can “migrate” from one environment to another.

According to I. A. Karpyuk and M. B. Chernova, a person’s attitude to the external social conditions of his life in society has the nature of interaction. A person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies and at the same time develops himself through his active actions.

The social environment acts as a macroenvironment (in a broad sense), i.e. the socio-economic system as a whole, and the microenvironment (in the narrow sense) - the immediate social environment.

The social environment is, on the one hand, a very important factor that accelerates or inhibits the process of personal self-realization, on the other hand, a necessary condition successful development of this process. The attitude of the environment towards a person is determined by the extent to which his behavior corresponds to the expectations of the environment. A person’s behavior is largely determined by the position he occupies in society. An individual in society can occupy several positions simultaneously. Each position makes certain demands on a person, that is, rights and obligations, and is called social status. Statuses can be congenital or acquired. Status is determined by a person's behavior in society. This behavior is called social role. In the process of formation and development of personality, positive and negative social roles. The individual’s mastery of role behavior that ensures his successful inclusion in social relationships. This process of adaptation to the conditions of the social environment is called social adaptation.

Thus, the social environment has a great influence on the socialization of the individual through social factors. Here we can highlight the fact that a person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies and at the same time develops himself through his active actions. And the way to harmonize an individual with the environment is the strategy of social adaptation.

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