My blog already has a lot of photo stories about a wide variety of mills, but there are not so many water mills among them. That’s why today’s post is about just that. The mill is located on the outskirts of the village of Krasnikovo, Kursk region, on the Nagolnensky Kolodez river. By the way, on the Internet this river is often called the Hook (less often - Shirokiy Brook). I assume that this is most likely an outdated local hydronym, since on all maps the river is called Nagolnensky Kolodez or Nagolnensky Well. In addition, the Kursk media circulated the version that this is the only surviving mill of this type in the Black Earth Region, but this is also not true. But that's not the point. I visited Krasnikovo back in May, so on the eve of the golden autumn, I decided today to please my readers with pictures of fresh spring greenery.
02
. Just a few years ago, despite the fact that in 2003, on the recommendation of the Ministry of Culture, by decree of the governor of the Kursk region, the Krasnikovskaya mill was included in the unified state register of historical and cultural monuments of the peoples of the Russian Federation, it was in terrible condition and was simply dangerous to visit due to for extreme disrepair. In 2013, the mill was restored (the frame of the mill was rebuilt and the foundation was strengthened), the pond was cleared, a gazebo for relaxation was installed, and a wicker fence was made. In 2014, additional work was carried out to improve the surrounding area, and an asphalt road with a parking space and a toilet was laid. 4.7 million rubles were allocated for these purposes. 
03
. General form tourist complex (let's call it that) as of May 2015. Let me explain about some chaos in the foreground. These are stumps of trees cut down during the reconstruction stage. I don’t presume to judge whether this is the right decision or a hasty one, since I myself have not personally seen the mill surrounded by old elms. There are old pictures of the place online, it seems good, but that’s how it is now. Nowadays, meetings of local veterans are held near the mill, graduates of the local school come to greet the dawn, tourists come, and in general life is in full swing. 
04
. The mill was built in 1861 by the local landowner Glazov, about whom practically no information has been preserved. But it was precisely in the “Glazov times” that a dam was created on the river and two dozen bog oak piles were driven in, on which the mill still stands. And a certain Foma Ignatievich Tetyanets worked as a farmhand for this Glazov, who eventually became the new owner of the Glazov mill. There are two versions of legends about this in the village. According to one of them, the landowner, sensing impending changes in 1917, simply sold off his property and went abroad, and according to another, Foma got the mill as a dowry, because he had the audacity to knock up the landowner’s daughter Sophia right in it. 
05
. One way or another, after the revolution, the mill came into the possession of the collective farm "40 Years of October", and the newlyweds went to stay with relatives in Voronezh. It’s an amazing thing, but at the beginning of the 2000s, the then ninety-year-old son of Thomas and Sophia, Stepan Fomich Tetyanets, came to Krasnikovo from near Samara and said that both he and his parents remembered their mill with warmth all their lives. 
06
. In 1960, Yegor Ivanovich Krasnikov was appointed miller and under his leadership the mill continued to supply Krasny residents with amazingly ground flour. Until the seventies of the last century, there was also a grain grinder at the mill, but when people stopped sowing millet and buckwheat in their gardens, and they began to buy grains in general stores, they were removed as unnecessary. But the demand for flour still remained. In the nineties, the collective farm died for a long time, but the head of the organized agricultural enterprise regularly paid the miller a salary of 550 rubles. And for grinding one bag, the men were charged 7 rubles. 
07
. Under Krasnikov, the old mill wheel became obsolete, but was soon replaced with a metal one and the mill started working again (at the reconstruction stage it was replaced again with a wooden one). The frame of the building was also renovated several times, but the mechanism itself, they say, is the same one from Glazov. The mill produced up to a ton of flour per day. 
08
. Later, when the flow of millers from nearby villages dried up, and the miller himself turned 77 years old, he was appointed a museum worker, but soon there was no strength left to look after the condition of the mill and it suddenly began to deteriorate. Well, then you already know everything. The photo shows the updated so-called. running stall. 
09
. In conclusion, a few of my own thoughts about what I saw. I understand that in our time the amount of 5 million is a mere trifle, especially considering that there was half a kilometer of asphalt road leading to the mill, but in some places I got the impression of a certain, so to speak, negligence. I saw reconstructed mills in Kenozerye and they look completely different from the ones in the photo below (I’ll show you in the very near future). In addition, the mill building was surrounded by a fence made of chain-link mesh (visible in photo 04), which does not look good on it at all, but forces tourists to somehow overcome it. 
However, knowing the situation with the mills of our native Voronezh region, we can say that the Krasnikovskaya mill was incredibly lucky. They didn’t even bother to put menacing signs on our windmills, not to mention any kind of reconstruction or repair. Who knows whether they will survive this winter or not, and therefore I congratulate the people of Kursk on the fact that they have preserved such a wonderful historical monument in their region!
Use of my photographs in any media, printed materials and on any websites, with the exception of personal blogs and pages on in social networks, PROHIBITED. Only after
Since the end of the 20th century. In a number of countries, wind energy is actively used for economic purposes. To assess the potential capabilities of wind energy, a study of the features of its use in the Tver province in the 19th century was carried out.
The regions of North-West Russia are of great importance in the history and culture of our country. Concentrated in the North-West a large number of historical, cultural and natural landscape monuments, scientific and industrial centers, reflecting the richness and diversity of Russian civilization.
According to the dissertation data of I.A. Hare for 1847. in the Tver province with a population of 1340 thousand there were 611 water mills and 1312 windmills. From a historical, geographical and local history perspective, it is of interest to localize the location of such large number objects. Information about the location and, accordingly, the number of mills is contained on large-scale archival maps.
In the 19th century, in the process of transition from general survey plans to topographic maps large-scale maps in part of the Tver province are presented by one- and two-vertex topographic boundary maps surveyed by A.I. Mende (Mendt). These maps are a unique cartographic work, because work on correcting provincial atlases began in the Tver province, was completed most fully and, accordingly, the largest amount of information was presented on the maps. When creating maps of the next 7 provinces, the work gradually decreased in volume.
During the research, information on both wind and water mills was analyzed.
The initial data for conducting research to determine the location of the mills were:
Large-scale archival maps of the Tver province of 1853;
Statistical data for the Tver province;
Modern maps and spatial data.
For the Tver province, as part of the work on filming A.I. Mende created one- (1: 42,000) and two-verst (1: 84,000) topographic boundary maps.
Based on the two-verst map, a complex of raster maps was previously created electronic cards in formats: GIS MapInfo, Global Mapper, as well as Internet resource in formats: tiles Google Maps with access through the SAS.Planet program (URL: ) and Internet browser (URL: ) , as well as in the format of the Google Earth electronic globe (URL: http://www.google.com/intl/ru/earth/index.html) with access through the appropriate Google Planet.Earth program and an Internet browser.
An assessment was made of the equal information content of the one-verst and two-verst maps in terms of data on mills. In Fig. 1 shows an example of the group arrangement of mills near the villages of Bezhetsk district. At the village Old Gvozdevo shows 10 mills, near the village. Prokino 7, near the village. Grudino 4. The analysis shows coincidences in the number and location of mills on different scale maps. Accordingly, subsequent results obtained from a two-verst map should not differ significantly from the data from a one-verst map.
In the process of research on a two-verst map, vector layers of the position of wind and water mills were formed for the Tver province.
Taking into account the fact that this map is large-scale and the territory is significant, the use of a single raster electronic map for the entire province in a professional GIS (MapInfo) turned out to be difficult due to the requirements for large amounts of memory. This circumstance greatly slowed down the work of the GIS program when performing operations of moving, scaling, and editing the map.
To increase the speed of creating vector layers, it was proposed to use the Google Maps tile format (URL: http://support.google.com/maps/?hl=en) raster electronic map and the SAS.Planet program. The small sizes of tiles (blocks) of a raster map (256x256 pixels), the presence of pre-calculated blocks for various scales and the automatic mode of loading the necessary tiles allow for quick navigation on the map with scaling and drawing of point objects, regardless of the size and detail of the map. Testing of this approach also aimed to assess the possibility of its practical application in other studies.
The vectorization results imported into GIS MapInfo are presented in Fig. 2 – windmills and in Fig. 3. – water mills.
The SAS.Planet program functionally allows you to apply and edit point, linear and area objects, as well as labels. In this case, archival and modern maps, space and aerial photographs from various sources (http://google.ru, http://yandex.ru, http://kosmosnimki.ru, etc.) can be used. In this case, objects can be separated into different layers. For layers and individual objects, it is possible to set the visualization attribute.
For selected layers and individual objects, the function of exporting to kml format has been implemented ( Keyhole Markup Language, URL: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/KML).
In the interests of the possibility of a consistent presentation of the archival map of the Tver province together with cartographic materials from other sources, a tiled electronic map for it is implemented in the Latitude-Longitude projection WGS-84.
Rice. 2. Distribution of windmills in Tver province
Rice. 3. Distribution of water mills in Tver province
Next, the kml format of the vector layers of water and windmills was first converted into the mif/mid format of the MapInfo GIS, imported into it and then transformed into the Gauss-Kruger projection of Pulkovo-42, 6th zone.
In the part shown in Fig. The 2 distributions of windmills can be noted as follows:
The largest number is in the northeastern part of Bezhetsk district;
A significant number in the southeastern part of Vesyegonsky, southwestern part of Kashinsky, central part of Vyshnevolotsky, eastern part of Torzhoksky, southwestern Tver, southern part of Rzhevsky districts;
A small number in Ostashkovsky district.
After comparing the location of windmills and the elevation matrix of the area, it was noted that their largest concentration is located in the western and northern parts of the Sonkovo Upland.
In the part of water mills shown in Fig. 3, it can be noted:
A large number in the northern and eastern parts of Vyshnevolotsk, Torzhok, Ostashkov districts;
A small number in Tver and Kalyazin districts.
To assess the various objective reasons for the significantly different number of mills by county, a comparison was made of the number of mills, areas sown with grain and harvested crops.
The table presents data on the number of mills in the districts of the Tver province, the area of arable land (thousands of square dessiatines), the amount of arable land per revision per capita (square dessiatines), and the volume of grain harvested.
Analysis of this data shows:
The number of mills in the counties significantly exceeds their number according to the map;
The amount of arable land (tithes) per male soul is not very significant (minimum - 2.5 in Bezhetsky, Tverskoy; maximum - 3.3 in V. Volotsky; differ by 32% from the minimum) varies by district;
Arable areas vary significantly by county (minimum - 111.2 in Tverskoy; maximum - 199.8 in Bezhetsky; differ by 80% of the minimum);
The grain harvest varies significantly by district (minimum - 59.9 in Rzhevsky; maximum - 597.7 in Bezhetsky; differ by 898% of the minimum).
List of the number of mills by county for 1847.
|
Groin. ., thousand.. |
||||||||
| 1 | Tverskaya | |||||||
| 2 | Korchevskaya | |||||||
| 3 | Kalyazinsky | |||||||
| 4 | Kashinsky | |||||||
| 5 | Bezhetsky | |||||||
| 6 | Vesyegonsky | |||||||
| 7 | V.Volotsky | |||||||
| 8 | Novotorzhsky | |||||||
| 9 | Ostashkovsky | |||||||
| 10 | Rzhevsky | |||||||
| 11 | Zubtsovsky | |||||||
| 12 | Staritsky | |||||||
|
Total |
Rice. 4. Comparison of arable land, number of mills and yield
Rice. 5. Number of wind and water mills
The smaller number of mills shown on the map can be explained by the fact that not all mills were plotted on the map.
A county-by-county comparison of the number of mills with arable areas and yields in the form of a diagram is presented in Fig. 4. Shown here is the total number of windmills and watermills. The diagram shows the relationship between the number of mills and productivity, which may serve as one of the explanatory factors for the large number of mills in Bezhetsk district.
A comparison of the number of water and windmills by county is shown in the form of a diagram in Fig. 5.
We can assume the functional complementarity of wind and water mills and, accordingly, a small number of water mills in the presence of a significant number of wind mills.
Despite the smaller number of mills represented on the A.I. survey map. Mende, data on their distribution over the area of the province and specific location are of undoubted interest not only for geographers, but also historians, local historians, and museum workers. In particular, the proposed automated public approach to the formation and use of an Internet resource with archival large-scale maps of the 19th century. as a source of data on the location of wind and water mills aroused practical interest at the 6th All-Russian Local Lore Readings (URL: ) and at the Russian-Dutch seminar on the problems of studying, reconstruction and museumification of historical mills in the New Jerusalem Museum (URL: ).
The proposed approach for the use of large-scale archival cartographic works of the Tver province in the study of wind and water mills of the 19th century. can be developed in the following directions:
Study of the distribution of mills on the territory of the Tver region using already generated Internet resources based on military topographic maps of the 19th century. to neighboring provinces, the territories of which are now included in the Tver region;
Study of the distribution of mills on topographic boundary maps surveyed by A.I. Mende of other provinces (Internet resources for Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod and Simbirsk have already been formed; for Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Tambov, Penza at the stage of formation);
Study of the distribution of mills in Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the Baltic States, Poland using the created Internet resource on a three-verst military topographic map European Russia XIX century;
Formation of a targeted Internet resource presenting generalized data on the location of mills in the 19th century. based on large-scale archival maps.
Thus, in the studies conducted using a large-scale topographic boundary map of the Tver province of 1853. and a complex of GIS technologies using electronic maps of raster and vector formats, various projections, an approach to studying the distributions of wind and water mills based on data from the 19th century was proposed and practically tested.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Web mapping and navigation. Two-verst topographic boundary map of the Tver province 1853. [Electronic resource] // – Access mode: – 06/12/2012.
- Zayats I.A. Water and windmills of the northwestern region of Russia. History and prospects for conservation. Abstract of the dissertation of St. Petersburg State University of Civil Engineering. St. Petersburg, 2007.
- Processing and presentation of archival maps [Electronic resource] // – Access mode: – 06/12/2012.
- Memorial book of the Tver province for 1868. Publication of the Tver Provincial Statistical Committee. Tver, 1868
- Preobrazhensky V.A. Description of the Tver province in agricultural terms. St. Petersburg. Printing house of the Ministry of State Property, 1854.
- Collection of materials for statistics of the Tver province, compiled, on behalf of the Tver Provincial Zemsky Assembly, by V. Pokrovsky, Issue IV, Tver, 1877.
- Shchekotilova M.V. The use of wind energy in the Tver province according to data from the 19th century. Materials of interuniversity scientific conference. “Geography, geoecology, tourism: scientific research of students and graduate students.” TvGU, Tver, .2012, pp.74-77 .
Water mills
Denis Makhel
2010-201
9
Since ancient times, mills have played a huge role in the life of Venevsky district. Before the advent of steam and “oil” engines, wind and water were the main sources of energy, excluding, of course, “muscular propulsion.” Mills remained the most difficult technical means almost to late XIX century. Steam engines before construction railway were very rare.
The power of the mill was characterized by the number of so-called supplies. If the mill ground grain into flour, then a millstone was installed on the stand. At small mills located on streams and rivulets there was only one, on small rivers (Venevka, Polosnya) there were two or three, but on Osetra there were from three to six mills. The dams of many mills on the Sturgeon River are already in early XIX centuries were made of stone. In addition to the well-known flour mills, there were grain crushers, wool beaters and butter churns in the county. In the 18th century, the city's Lubyanka mill set in motion the machines of the canvas manufactory. In the 20th century, some mills turned on electric generators.
XVI - XVII centuries
The first mention of a water mill is found in the first reliable document of the Venevsky district - the “Scribe Book of 1571/1572”.
“Near Gorodensky I planted the Prince Ivanovskaya mill on the river on Venev, a large German wheel, and on the mill there is an oak chimney of nine fathoms, and in it there are five stages and a sixth stage of the hut in the same chimney. And at the same mill on the river on Venev they started a pond Actually, the base of the dam is lined with oak beams."
The same document also mentions the first millers of Venyov; the “black man without tillage” Filka the miller lived in the settlement, and the palace peasant miller Nechaiko lived near the ravine under the abatis forest. “A black man without tillage” meant that he neither sowed nor reaped, but earned his living by craft.
In 1626 it was written: “But in Venev, near the Streletskaya Sloboda, there was a mill, and that mill was owned by the Streltsy Pentecostal Ivashka Shcherbak and his comrades, and the rent from it paid 3 rubles a year to the Ustyug quarter, and according to the tale of the local priests and all sorts of elected residents people in the year 123 (1615) that mill and the spring water swept away the flesh, and that mill in the year 132 (1623/1624) is not business, it stands in the desert."
The surname “Batishchev” was never found in Venev; apparently, his family was registered under another name, which was common then. Yes, and the meaning of the word “batishchev” can be translated as a criminal. In our city at that time there was only one family, the head of which was the old man Trofim, and his last name was Tochilin. Perhaps this was Yakov’s father?
I wonder what specific offense Yakov went to Azov for? Shklovsky in 1948 came up with a version about a sacred oak tree allegedly being cut down for the dam. The writer could not frankly indicate that Batishchev was an “enemy of the people”, whom Peter I sent to hard labor (on the galleys) in Azov, and he turned out to be a talented inventor. Presumably, Batishchev was exiled by decree of the Tsar in 1699. But this is just a version.
Mill dam near the Zaraisky Bridge, photographer P.N. Lavrov, 1903
From the collections of the Venevsky Museum of Local Lore
Okorokovs
Back in the 17th century, the Okorokov archers were Pentecostals in Streletskaya Sloboda; they traditionally ran a mill located in the settlement. In 1721, Evtrop Kirillovich Okorokov received a place near the Zaraisky Bridge for “perpetual maintenance” from the Venev Epiphany Monastery, and built a new mill on three buildings, called “Lubyanka”.
His son Ivan Evtropovich (1721-after 1782) organized a canvas manufactory on the basis of this mill in 1752 and was able to earn significant capital. He, being a Venev merchant, married a noblewoman of the Tula district, Marfa Stepanovna, which gave his children the right to go beyond the merchant class and make a career. Both of his sons, Ivan and Vasily, graduated from the Moscow Imperial University. Vasily Ivanovich Okorokov (b. 1758) rented the university printing house in 1788-1793 and 1798-1800. His publishing mark can be found on the many thousands of books he published. Not bad for the son and grandson of a miller.
A series in 3 parts about windmills that are currently preserved in Russia from brief description and their location:
Part 2: Stone windmills.
Part 3: Windmills in museums.
In all three parts I will not dwell on the types of windmills, their design features and specific location on the ground. Much has already been written about this. And it’s difficult to add anything to this without special knowledge. So the task will be a little different. In these posts I will try to prepare the most complete picture of what we have at the moment.
Yes, because once upon a time windmills were one of the most common economic structures. At the beginning of the 20th century. V Russian Empire their total number reached 250 thousand.
Map with windmills of the Tver region. XIX century http://boxpis.ru/svg/?p=2545
Thus, in open areas, almost next to every village, there were several mills, and in special cases their number reached ten or more. I think those who sometimes travel around Russia will ask a very reasonable question - “Where did they all go? I’ve traveled so much, I haven’t seen a single one... except in museums.” Really, where are they all? Did they really fall apart, and the few that remained were long ago taken to museums as exhibits. Yes, unfortunately this is practically true. There are some left, but only a few dozen throughout Russia. Another 10-15 years and they can be counted on one hand.
So, in this post we will only look at wooden mills that still exist in their original places. To begin with, let’s just announce the numbers of how many of these mills, not transported to museums, are currently in the regions of Russia:
Arkhangelsk region - 7 pcs.
Chuvash Republic - 6 pcs.
Voronezh region - 5 pcs.
Nizhny Novgorod region - 2 pcs.
Vladimir region - 2 pcs.
Tambov region - 2 pcs.
Kirov region - 1 piece.
Bryansk region - 1 PC.
Vologda region - 1 piece.
Yaroslavl region - 1 piece.
Novgorod region - 1 piece.
Belgorod region - 1 piece.
Ryazan region - 1 piece.
Saratov region - 1 piece.
Rostov region - 1 piece.
Republic of Kalmykia - 1 piece.
Samara region -1 PC.
Republic of Mari El - 1 piece.
Rep. Tatarstan - 1 piece.
Republic of Karelia - 1 piece.
The regions that are not included in this list do not have a single mill on their territory that has survived in its original location. Of course, I’m more than sure that I don’t know about any mills. Is not full list. Not complete, but very indicative. Take, for example, the same Tver region, the map of which you saw at the beginning of the article. So there is not a single mill left there, even in museums! Until the beginning of 2000 I was left alone in the Vasilyevo museum and it fell apart. Or, for example, in the Kirov region, the penultimate mill was also recently lost; it was bought from the owner and dismantled for transportation to the museum, but was never reassembled in a new place.
The penultimate mill of the Kirov region (lost)
So if you look at modern map, it turns out such a picture.
Now let's take a closer look at the most interesting of them:
01. Village Barinovka. Samara region
The mill was built in 1848. Architectural monument of regional significance. The last restoration was carried out in the early 1980s. Coordinates: 52°54"55.55"N 50°49"12.17"E
02. Village of Zaval. Novgorod region.
This windmill was built in 1924 by peasant Mikhail Pavlovich Pavlov together with his son Ivan Mikhailovich. The mill operated until the 60s. The last restoration was carried out in 1974. Coordinates: 58°21"35.91"N 31°5"43.72"E
Video about this mill:
03. Village Polnoye Konobeevo. Ryazan Oblast.
Built in the middle of the 19th century. Worked until the early 70s. Architectural monument of regional significance. The restoration was carried out at the beginning of 2003. Coordinates: 54° 3"5.20"N 41°54"23.82"E
04. Village of Kryukovo. Vladimir region.
Mill of the first quarter of the 20th century. It has not been restored. Despite the ruined appearance from the outside, the main parts of the structure survived in the interior: a central axis made of solid pine, a system of gear wheels and stone millstones. Coordinates: 55°38"29.25"N 41°17"8.86"E
05. Village Kukoboy. Yaroslavl region.
It was built in the 20s of the twentieth century. It is interesting because it was built by young women (!) from the commune named after. N.K. Krupskaya. It was actually a commune disguised convent, which was liquidated by the Bolsheviks. Coordinates: 58°41"32.82"N 39°58"54.00"E
06. Boyarskaya village (Rovdina Gora). Arhangelsk region.
Beginning of the 20th century It worked until 1955 as a collective farm. Located on the island 5 km. from the homeland of M.V. Lomonosov. Its restoration is planned in the near future. Coordinates: 64°13"35.69"N 41°50"18.75"E
07. Popasnoe village. Voronezh region.
Mill two half of the 19th century century. Coordinates: 50°29"25.51"N 40°39"37.50"E
08. Village of Stupino. Voronezh region.
Coordinates: 50°37"27.50"N 39°54"32.70"E
09. Village of Chirsha. Republic of Tatarstan.
Late XIX - early XX century Famous research object and scientific works. All the main mechanisms have been preserved inside. Coordinates: 56° 5"5.23"N 49°13"7.17"E
10. Village of Kulyabovka. Tambov Region.
Built in 1902 by Vasily Meshchersky together with his son Fedor. It had 16 wings and processed up to 30 tons of grain per day. Coordinates: 51°46"47.98"N 42°22"18.95"E
11. Farm near the village of Shorkino. Chuvash Republic.
2 mills have survived. At the moment, a European-quality renovation has been carried out. Coordinates: 55°59"25.90"N 47°11"13.69"E
12. Village of Shabry (uninhabited). Kirov region.
Construction early 20th century. A very little known building. Excellent internal preservation. Very likely the last wooden mill in the Kirov region. Coordinates: 56°57"19.37"N 46°46"33.10"E
13. The village of Levino. Tambov Region.
Mill at the estate of Prince Chelakaev. Coordinates: 53°17"29.92"N 41°45"48.26"E
14. Village of Kimzha. Arhangelsk region.
The mills in Kimzha are the northernmost in the world. One of them (in the background) belonged to P.I. Deryagin, and was built in 1897. IN Soviet time was confiscated from the owner and worked until the 1960s. The other (in the foreground) belonged to A.N. Voronukhin. Until recently, it stood unfinished for a long time (it was laid in the early 1920s), but several years ago it was completed and is in operation. Now a windmill festival is held in Kimzha every year. Coordinates: 65°34"23.34"N 44°36"33.49"E
15. Village of Pogorelets. Arhangelsk region.
They are located 30 km away. south of Kimzha. Not restored. Coordinates: 65°25"1.67"N 45°3"55.19"E
Photos taken from panoramio.com and vk.com
P.S. Other mills can be viewed at
Familiar, sad places!
I recognize surrounding objects -
Here's the mill! It has already fallen apart;
The cheerful noise of her wheels fell silent;
There was a millstone - apparently the old man also died.
He did not mourn his poor daughter for long.
A.S. Pushkin. "Mermaid"
Ancient water mills with a huge wooden wheel with blades and millstones that grind grains into flour have long been a symbol of irrevocably passing time. When did the first mills of this kind appear northeast of Moscow?
It is no secret that some local historians strive to “antiquate” the history of the area they describe, while grasping at any, even very dubious, sources. So, for example, you can often come across the statement that the first flour mill in these parts (northeast of Moscow) appeared on the Vora River at the confluence of the river. Traders more than 600 years ago. To substantiate this opinion, a source is given: “The tarkhana and non-judgmental letter of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery for all his estates, “where in which city Sergeev’s estate will be” and the entry attached to it “Tribute from Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy to the St. Sergius Monastery in the summer of 6901,” which indicates “the village of Borkovo and with a mill on Vora” - in the vicinity of the current town of Krasnoarmeisk near Moscow. Local historians are not embarrassed that the falsity of these documents was proven by the librarian of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra Arseny back in 1884 and his conclusions were agreed with the most prominent representatives of Soviet science.
Meanwhile, the forgery of the 1393 charter does not detract from the antiquity of this, in fact, the first mill mentioned in 1401/02 in the spiritual charter Vladimir Andreevich the Brave (1353-1410), according to which he denies his third son Andrei (c. 1380-1426) "Mikhailovskoe village with a mill" (formerly Mikhailovskoe village on Pupki in the Krasnoarmeysk region [3].
Old mill. Artist: I. Levitan.
The main body of data on mills in this region dates back to the second half of the 16th century. So, in the middle of the century the mill appeared near the village of Vanteevo (Ivanteyevka) on the river. Teaching In the 1560s, the mill was transferred from grinding flour to the production of writing paper from rags and was mentioned in documents of 7085 (1576/77): “what happened to Fedor and Savinov on the estate where he kept the paper mill.” The paper business did not last long.
It is interesting that the scribe books of ca. 1573/74, 1585/86 and 1593/94, when Vanteevo already belonged to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Vanteevo did not have any mill. Meanwhile, the wheel of this very mill adorns the current coat of arms of Ivanteyevka.
Coat of arms of the city of Ivanteevka.
It is impossible not to recall that this was the first paper mill in the state, and the famous Russian historian Nikolai Petrovich Likhachov (1862-1936), in addition to data on the Ivanteevsk mill, wrote: “For us, the news of a paper mill near Moscow in the sixties of the 16th century has an extraordinary importance, because in time it is in direct connection with the beginning of book printing in Russia. Did the indicated mill produce paper suitable for book printing? What paper was the first printed Apostle of 1564 printed on? These are questions that are full of interest..."
At the old mill. Art: S. Vorobyov, 1858.
By 1573/74 in the estate of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery near the village. Cherkizovo on the river Klyazma (now the urban-type settlement of Cherkizovo in the Pushkinsky district), a “German mill” appeared, equipped with two millstones (“German mill on the Klyazma River, grinds into two millstones, in the yard is the miller Denisko Nemchin”).
Old mill. Artist: V.D. Polenov, 1880.
In 1584-1586, the same mill with one millstone on Klyazma was built by the Trinity-Sergius Monastery near the village of Tarasovo (Tarasovka village, Pushkin district).
Around 1584-86, Vore-Korzenev camp not far from the palace village of Vozdvizhenskoye on the river. Torgosha (the left tributary of the Vori River) in the estate of Bogdan Belsky, the village of Timonino (transferred to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery in 1576, then ended up with Belsky, and then assigned to the sovereign), a flour mill was also built. Half of the mill belonged to the palace village: “Yes, near the same village [Timonino] half of the mill, and the other half of that mill of the sovereign palace village of Zdvizhensky for the peasants, and now that mill does not grind, and the peasants said the rent was formerly from this mill from both halves 40 altyn per year."
Water Mill. Artist: E. Volkov.
The appearance of three flour mills on the river dates back to 1585/86. Klyazma near the village of Obraztsovo (now part of the town of Shchelkovo) in the estate of the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimev Monastery, two between the villages of Maltsovo and the village of Vasilyevskoye and on the river. Study in the wasteland Embankment: “The Olekseevskaya mill, grinds with one wheel, and another mill on the river on the Klyazma is Maltsova /.../ village Embankment, under it is a mill on the Klyazma river, grinds with only millstones.”
In 1589, a mill was mentioned on the river. Vore near the village of Bogorodskoye (nowadays the village of Vorya-Bogorodskoye, Shchelkovsky district):"yes, opposite the Bogorodskoye village and the mill, between the Vori River /.../near the village of Bogorodsky on the Vora River there is a mill, it has a German wheel, and that mill is on the quitrent of the peasants of the village of Zinovievskaya, and the quitrent is paid to the Prikaz Grand Palace for a year 4 rubles, and duties 2 hryvnia. ".
In 1593/94, two mills are mentioned on the river. Plaksa (a tributary of the Vori) near the now non-existent village of Muromtsevo in the estate of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery: "and two miller's yards, /.../Yes, from two mills, a rent of forty rubles per year is given to the monastery clerk for 2 altyn with a denga per living person, and then 2 rubles and 20 altyn."
Old mill. Artist: P. Jogin.
In 1602 a water flour mill was built on the Lashutka River, which had become shallow by that time, near the village of Litvinovskoye (Litvinovo Shchelkovo district) in the estate of the Moscow Epiphany Monastery: “the village of Litvinovskoye has villages, and there is a mill under the village”. This mill was also mentioned in documents from 1623.
Old mill. Artist: V.P. Kranz, 1987.
In the same 1623 on the river. Klyazma mentions a mill near the village of Shchelkovo (entrance to the city of Shchelkovo):“yes, under the same village on the other side of the Klyazma River the mill is damaged, and in it there is a peasant miller Pervushka Fedorov, and on the mill side there is the bank Fetyukhin.”
Forgotten mill. Art: A. Kiselev, 1891.
In 1655, Patriarch Nikon began the construction of a paper mill on the Pakhra River in Zelenaya Sloboda (now Ramensky District) near its confluence with the river. Moscow in order to provide paper for the Moscow Printing Yard. The mill was destroyed by a flood in 1657 and finally dismantled in 1660.
Dam. Artist: S. Zhukovsky, 1909
In 1674 on the river. Yauza, on the site of a mill that was previously used for the production of gunpowder, by royal decree, a paper mill was built, which was still in operation in 1678.
In 1698, near the village.