Everything that surrounds Living being in nature is called ENVIRONMENT. On our planet there are four habitats inhabited by organisms. The first is the GROUND-AIR environment. The second is the WATER environment. The third is the SOIL environment. There is also a fourth habitat for organisms, when some living organisms are a habitat for other living organisms. All four environments have their own specific conditions for life. Any living organism must adapt to its environment and the living conditions in which it has to exist.
Ground - air environment
Compared to other environments, the ground-air environment is more complex and diverse. The properties and composition of air masses are of great importance for the organisms living in it. Terrestrial organisms have highly developed supporting tissues - the internal and external skeleton - since the density of air is significantly lower than the density of water. Organisms living on land have various adaptations that allow them to withstand sudden changes in air temperature and changes in humidity conditions, which can occur very quickly over large areas. Air pollution has Negative influence on organisms, so it chemical composition It has great importance.
Water environment
Many organisms live in water. Water gives them everything they need to live. All structural features of aquatic organisms are determined by physical and chemical properties water. The density of water is greater than that of air, so it has a buoyant force, which allows organisms - small plants and animals, or, for example, jellyfish to float in the water column. Active swimmers - fish, dolphins, whales - have a streamlined body shape and limbs in the form of fins or flippers. Some aquatic organisms lead a sedentary, and often attached, lifestyle. A good example here are coral polyps. In the aquatic environment there are no sudden changes in temperature as on land, since it is able to retain and accumulate heat. Animals live throughout the entire thickness of water: from the surface to the deep depressions of the world's oceans. Plants live in the upper layers of water because sunlight penetrates there. The salt composition of water is of great importance for aquatic organisms.
Soil environment
The top loose fertile layer of land is called soil. The soil consists of inorganic substances, but at the same time contains a lot of organic ones. Inorganic is minerals, water, air. Organic substances present in the soil are the remains of plants and animals, as well as humus, that is, the products of their decomposition. The inhabitants of the soil are very diverse. Here you can find bacteria, worms, fungi, insects and their larvae, moles and shrews.
Soil plays an important role in the life of plants because it has FERTILITY - the ability to provide plants with nutrients, moisture and create conditions for their life. Soil fertility depends on the amount of minerals and humus. The more there are, the more fertile the soil. The yield of cultivated crops, which is determined by the number of plants obtained per unit area, also depends on fertility. Each harvest removes a certain amount of minerals from the soil, gradually depleting it. To replenish the content of such substances, organic and mineral fertilizers are added to the soil.
Bodies of living organisms
The bodies of living organisms also serve as habitats for other organisms. Because the conditions of life inside another organism are often stable compared to life in other environments, organisms living in the body of plants or animals often completely lose organs and even entire organ systems that are necessary for free-living species.
5.22. Main habitats and their features
The habitat of living organisms (area of life) can be divided into four main environments: water, ground-air, soil and intraorganismal. Habitats differ in their properties and the relative importance of the environmental factors operating within them. For example, for aquatic environment habitat, which is phylogenetically primary for terrestrial organisms, is characterized by high density, the possibility of distributing nutrients throughout the entire volume, relatively small temperature fluctuations, and low solubility of gases, especially O 2 . Sufficient illumination for photosynthesis is typical only for the surface layers of reservoirs. Ultraviolet radiation absorbed in the surface layer of water. The water metabolism of aquatic organisms is mainly influenced by such factors as salinity. The pH value of an aquatic environment is also important.
Because the water environment is quite dense, many aquatic organisms have adaptations for floating in its thickness (outgrowths, cavities with gas, fatty inclusions, etc.). Actively swimming organisms usually have a streamlined body shape and devices for pushing away from the water (fins, flippers) or jet propulsion. Organisms floating in the water column are called plankton, actively moving in its thickness - nekton, and those living at the bottom of reservoirs - benthos.
In aquatic environments, respiration rather than photosynthesis predominates, and the diversity of animal life is usually greater than that of plant life.
While mastering the land, terrestrial organisms were forced to adapt to the peculiarities ground-air environment. These include: low air density, fairly frequent dryness, and relatively sharp temperature changes. The water metabolism of organisms depends primarily on humidity. The heat flow from the sun is much more intense than in other environments, and since air has low thermal conductivity, organisms in the air-terrestrial environment often have a body temperature that differs from the temperature of their environment. Vertically air-ground environment consists of two distinct various parts: air (transparent, moving medium with high availability gases and the almost complete absence of most nutrients) and ground (solid support, where there is no light, but usually there is a lot of nutrients and other necessary substances). This inconsistency is clearly manifested in the structure higher plants having an underground part, serving for mineral nutrition, and an above-ground, phototrophically feeding part. Many terrestrial animals push off from solid support with their limbs when walking or running, some were able to master flight, which requires a fairly deep transformation of the structure of the body.
Soil habitat characterized by very high density. It is a complex, multiphase medium with a distinct vertical gradient. To move in it, you need to use either the existing voids (which is available for small organisms), or have organs for raking the soil or squeezing between its layers. It is not typical for large organisms to live in the soil environment. Water exchange is affected by both humidity (usually quite high) and salinity (salinity of the soil solution). The dynamics of climatic factors in the soil are smoothed out. The presence of an aqueous phase in the soil, as well as the enrichment of the gas phase with water vapor and carbon dioxide (in the absence of oxygen) brings the soil environment closer to the aquatic environment.
The habitat of organisms and its factors
1. What living environments do you know?
2. What environmental factors You know?
Everything that surrounds a living being in nature is called habitat. There are four main habitats on Earth that have been developed and inhabited by organisms. This is the aquatic environment, ground-air, soil and, finally, the environment formed by living organisms themselves (Fig. 119). It is clear that each of these environments has its own specific living conditions.
Environmental conditions have a certain impact (positive or negative) on the existence and geographical distribution of living beings. In this regard, environmental conditions are considered as environmental factors.
Environmental factors very diverse both in nature and in their impact on alive organisms. Conventionally, all environmental factors are divided into three main groups - abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic.
Anthropogenic factors are all those forms of human activity that affect natural natural environment, changing the living conditions of living organisms, or directly affecting individual species plants and animals.
Biology and genetics
On our planet, living organisms have mastered 4 habitats: aquatic, ground-air, soil and organic. Comparative characteristics of habitats and adaptation of living organisms to them. Environment Characteristics of the organism’s adaptation to the environment Aquatic The most ancient.
Characteristics of the main habitats.
Comparative characteristics of habitats and adaptation of living organisms to them
|
Wednesday |
Characteristic |
Adaptation of the body to the environment |
|
|
Water |
The most ancient. Illumination decreases with depth. When diving, for every 10 m, the pressure increases by 1 atmosphere. Oxygen deficiency. The degree of salinity increases from fresh water to sea and ocean water. Relatively uniform (homogeneous) in space and stable in time |
Streamlined body shape, buoyancy, mucous membranes, development of air cavities, osmoregulation |
|
|
Soil |
Created by living organisms. She mastered the ground-air environment simultaneously. Deficiency or complete absence Sveta. High density. Four-phase (phases: solid, liquid, gaseous, living organisms). Inhomogeneous (heterogeneous) in space. Over time, conditions are more constant than in the terrestrial-air habitat, but more dynamic than in the aquatic and organismal environment. The richest habitat for living organisms |
The body shape is ridged, mucous membranes or smooth surface, some have a digging apparatus and developed muscles. Many groups are characterized by microscopic or small sizes as an adaptation to life in film water or in air-bearing pores |
|
|
Ground-air |
Sparse. Abundance of light and oxygen. Heterogeneous in space. Very dynamic over time |
Development of the supporting skeleton, mechanisms for regulating the hydrothermal regime. Freeing the sexual process from the liquid medium |
|
|
Organismal |
Very ancient. Liquid (blood, lymph) or solid (dense tissue). The greatest constancy of the environment over time of all habitats |
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Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Eurasian National University them. L.N. Gumilyov
Department of Information Systems
Essay
On the topic: “The main living environments and their characteristics”
Completed by: student of group IS-14
Tursumbayeva Aigerim
Checked by: Senior Lecturer
Aubakirova L.S.
Astana, 2014-2015
1. Ground-airWednesday
Wednesday- everything that surrounds organisms directly or indirectly affects their condition, development, survival and reproduction.
The most difficult environmental conditions is the ground-air environment. Here, on the border of two earthly shells, the vast majority of plants and animals live. The specifics of their habitats are determined by the terrain, the nature of the soil and atmospheric phenomena. The main features of the ground-air environment are the large amplitude of changes in environmental factors, the heterogeneity of the environment, the action of gravitational forces, and low air density. A complex of physical-geographical and climatic factors characteristic of a certain natural area, leads to the evolutionary formation of morphophysiological adaptation of organisms to life in these conditions, the diversity of life forms.
Depending on the moisture conditions and soil fertility, plant communities occupy optimal habitats corresponding to the prevailing forest stand. The nature of the soil affects the specifics of animal movement: rocky - places special demands on the structure of the animals' bodies. Ungulates, ostriches, and bustards living in open spaces have adapted their limbs to hard ground to enhance repulsion when running fast. In animals that live on loose, loose sand, the toes are fringed with a fringe of horny scales, like some lizards. The sand gecko, which lives in the Namib Desert, has feet that resemble the swimming membranes of waterfowl. They perform the function of a kind of skis with the help of which he moves. In the hottest part of the day, with their help, the gecko digs holes for shelter. Other lizards, such as the skink in the Sahara and the desert iguana in the Californian deserts, actually “swim,” vigorously raking their paws and plunging into the sand.
Living conditions in the ground-air environment are largely determined by weather conditions. The long-term weather regime characterizes the climate of the area. It is determined by the geographical conditions of the area.
For most terrestrial organisms, it is not so much the climate of the area that is important as the conditions of their immediate habitat. Often the vital functions of organisms are greatly influenced by local elements environments (relief, exposure, vegetation), which fundamentally change the regime of temperature, humidity, light, air movement, etc. in a specific area. This local modification of climate, developing in the surface layer of air, is called microclimate. In each climatic zone, microclimates are very diverse, which is reflected in the uneven development natural phenomena. Thus, the microclimate of the northern and southern exposure of hills and mountainous areas is very different. The microclimate of bare soils differs from that in places covered with vegetation (forest or meadow). A special microclimate occurs in burrows, nests, hollows, caves and other similar habitats.
2. WaterWednesday
In accordance with modern hypotheses of the origin of life, it is generally accepted that the evolutionarily primary environment on our planet was precisely the aquatic environment. This is confirmed by the fact that the content of chlorine, sodium, oxygen, calcium, and potassium in human blood (maintained at a relatively constant level) is close to that in ocean water. This probably has a health-promoting effect. sea water per person. In addition, the life activity of the vast majority of organisms is impossible without water or, at least, without maintaining a certain fluid content inside it. The internal environment of the organism, in which the main physiological processes occur, obviously still retains the features of the environment in which the evolution of the first organisms took place. The properties of the oceanic environment largely determined the chemical and physical evolution of life forms.
Water is part of all elements of the biosphere. It is an integral part of not only bodies of water, but also air, soil, and living beings. Water is the source of life. The totality of all the water on the planet is called the hydrosphere. "Any manifestation natural water- glacier ice, vast ocean, soil solution, geyser, mineral spring- form a single whole, directly or indirectly, but deeply connected with each other,” these are the words of the outstanding scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere, Academician V.I. Vernadsky characterize the hydrosphere, the aquatic environment of our planet.
The earth is unique not only because it has so much water in liquid phase, but also its decisive role in the formation of the special features of the planet. The hydrosphere plays a great role in maintaining a relatively constant climate, which has allowed living organisms to reproduce for more than 3 billion years. Since for life it is necessary that the prevailing temperatures be in the range from 0° to 100° C, i.e. within limits that allow the hydrosphere to remain mainly in the liquid phase, we can conclude that the temperature on Earth was constant.
The hydrosphere is one of the integral human habitats. It supplies him with drinking fresh water, food, water for irrigation and irrigation of the lands on which vital crops are grown. IN modern society Without water, no industry can develop.
3. Soil environment
Soil is a loose surface layer earth's crust, which was formed in the process of weathering, the activity of living organisms, the decomposition of organic residues and the mixing of the resulting substances. Russian soil scientist V.V. Dokuchaev gave it the following assessment: “... soil is the same independent, natural-historical body as any plant, any animal.” IN AND. Vernadsky also considered the soil to be a “living” organism and called it a bioinert body.
An ancient Chinese wisdom says: “The condition of the land and, above all, arable land is the best indicator of the moral health of society.” What is earth, soil? This is the result of nature’s patient labor of centuries. This is the dirt about which we often utter unflattering expressions. Soil is a unique and vulnerable natural formation. Suffice it to say that the vital exchange of minerals between the biosphere and the inorganic world occurs precisely in the soil. The soil is like a living being, it is not for nothing that they say about it as about a woman: it gives birth. If the soil becomes ugly, there will be a harvest, there will be bread. Soil fertility is drying up - and masses of people are leaving their settled settlements in search of a suitable place where they could plant grain.
Plants receive water and nutrients from the soil. Leaves and branches, dying, return to it, where they decompose, releasing the minerals they contain. In the surface layers of the soil, where the freshest dead organic matter arrives, many destructive organisms live - bacteria and fungi, small arthropods and worms, termites and centipedes. Their activity promotes soil development from above, while physical and chemical destruction of bedrock promotes soil formation from below.
4. Organismal environment
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