Knowledge. Knowledge, understanding, consciousness, skill why possessing knowledge not to understand the essence

Excerpt from the book Rubakina N.A. "How to do self-education", 1962

It is possible to unmistakably say that at present, the desire for education is manifested in the masses to such an extent intensively, as not yet manifested at any time, and every year the voltage increases. Life itself encourages every person to arm itself with knowledge and understanding.

To live, you need ... Have an education specialbut still need to have education generalYou need to be able to figure out everything that is done around, and for this you need, if you can express it, to reduce to think and understand, you need a well-known width of the horizon, a known development height. Special education informs a person some more or less limited circle of knowledge and some totality of skills. General education gives a man a wide and whole worldview, it gives him an understanding of various parties to the world life, from infinitely small atoms to infinitely immense celestial spaces, from microscopic cells, of which organisms are composed, to peoples and tribes that make up humanity. Both the world is one and the general education is one. True, for the convenience of learning and assimilation, the same subject, the same phenomenon is studied by various sciences from different sides, but only the totality of science makes it possible to understand the entire fact, all phenomenon. Nor alien, apparently, one other physiology and history, but only knowledge and understanding of the one and the opportunity to understand a person who represents not only the body, but also conscious historical figure and which, in addition, study chemists, and physicists, and psychologists, and economists, etc. Obviously, without general Education A person cannot achieve proper understanding of any phenomenon, which means it can not be a good specialist. A chemist specialist should know both physics and mathematics, and the history of these sciences, and physiology, finally should have the ability to generalizations if he does not only want to remain in the field of other facts. The desire to penetrate into the depths of its specialty displays a person beyond her. Thus, to be a good specialist, you need to have a general education; But to live - you need to be a specialist ...

Meanwhile, special education should not drown, but complement the total. One for another need; One without another is unthinkable ...

Interest in general issues of public life, the phenomena of life public, to the success of thought in the field of science, philosophy, politicians, etc. Gradually and continuously increases in the masses. They not only increase the desire for education, - in them quickly awakened the desire for higher education ... This is the awakening of aspirations to higher education in the masses and is one of the most characteristic phenomena of our century.

Currently, the mass satisfies its need for higher education in various ways and means. All these funds can be called an extracurricular formation funds that continue all his life.

Only with extremely unfavorable conditions of public life, education ceases for most people immediately at the end of the school course. Where social life goes sluggishly and slowly, there is very possibly sulfur, the one-eyed reality gradually draws and sucks a man as a swamp, and man begins to argue that he will "live and so." Fortunately, it happens not always and not everywhere, and, once started at school, education continues and out of school.

The formation area is extremely wider than the scope of school education. There are not only different benefits that help people acquire education besides school, but also whole institutions that serve this purpose. Such, for example, libraries and reading, museums, public lectures, courses, evening and sunday schoolsWhere classes go for several hours a week, etc., and therea. Outupid education is not limited to any program and essentially to its versatile, as a versatile life. Out-of-school education is not a negation of school education, but only the necessary addition and expansion of it.

The purpose and task of self-education, if it is expressed in general words, is this: to make yourself and hoping only or mainly on yourself, and with your own means, a person really educated. But this question inevitably gets up another - the next one, and with it - the third, inseparably connected with it:

First, what is an educated person and, secondly, for what to make one of themselves?

These questions first of all and must be answered by yourself. On the answers they depend on both the plan and size, and tensions and, in general, the nature of all self-education work.

A really educated person is not the one who considers himself "educated", not one who graduated from any, at least even higher educational institution- Little nonsense, narrow specialists or deft careerists come out of them! Not one who reread in his century a lot, even a lot, at least the best books. Not one who has accumulated some stock, at least very large, different knowledge. Not at all the very essence of education.

The very essence is in the influence that it can and should produce to the surrounding life - in the strength that the person is educated to alterars, in making something new, in one or another region, Or another its corner. Whether this education is general or if it is a special education, it's all the same, its criterion is the alteration of life, changes, produced in it, with his help.

Understand the surrounding life is the first task of an educated person. The service of the surrounding life, the nature of this ministry is a trial stone to assess it. Whoever you are, reader, young or old, Russian or foreigner, a man or a woman, - do not forget the social importance of your education and especially self-education. Not in the profession and occupation is the very essence of a person, but in the man itself, in his attitude to this work.

Each of us, if he wants to be really educated, should develop the ability to take conscious participation in the general and local life of the people; But who exactly and what kind of participation can be able to take in it, is another question that every person can decide for himself in a special way.

A person who has excellent logical thinking, nevertheless remains unacceptable if his mind, dealing with the abstract formulas and conclusions, does not know how to understand the phenomena of life. Even a distracted thinker must work out to decrease to see real facts, Evaluate them, decrease can always be kept closer to the soil, and not just soar in the clouds of abstract thought.

The very essence of the work on its formation is not at all to read and explore so many thousands of pages, but how to read them and explore; i.e. - think about, change your mind so that the studied come into the flesh and blood. And besides, firmly, thoroughly. The task and the goal is to assimilate the very essence of education, and not to make scholars in words and badly understood knowledge and thoughts. An educated and intelligent person can only be called this one who is being drawn and manifests its formality and intelligence and in large, and in trifles, in the ordinary and throughout their life. And who can not even come and manifest themselves differently. It is necessary not only to become educated and intelligent, it is still necessary to get used to its formality and intelligence. And this is especially important. After all, the habit is the second nature.

It is unlikely that you, starting working on self-education, did not know that the science region is infinite and that the limits of human knowledge are very extensive. But the human, historical darkness, holding, to one degree or another, of each of us in their paws is also extensively. After all, Darkness also has its shades, from infinitely thick and gulp to twilight. And one thing to wander in the night darkness, putting his hands and not knowing where to go and even to stand, and another thing is to be completely different, when something can be seen, at least one is visible to the way to enter and then Step and walk forward how much only enough forces. Waking up to the world will already decide whether they will be able to move towards its source, - this is the matter of personal forces, energy and perseverance in the persecution of their goals. But the first thing you need to do is start going and then go without stopping.

To live is to fight, and not only for life, but for the completeness and improvement of life. Therefore, for us, "Man" means a fighting person, one who feels what lives exactly when it fights, who is not afraid of everyday struggle, who even rejoices to her, because where she, there and the tensions of life, and there Man and feels her fluttering. But, in order to live, expand your life and fight, we need power, it is necessary to accumulate different forces - the forces of knowledge, the strength of thought, will, love to people need to decrease in any situation, not to be lost in any difficult situation, not to retreat Before which obstacle. Therefore, we will consider this formation that helps exactly and above all this.

A thousand times the above should be put by people who are fruitful to act at least without diplomas than people inactive, but with diplomas.

But one decreases to act still little. You need to know what to create, for what and for whom to create, you need to understand the purpose and meaning and your own and someone else's activities.

And hence such tasks facing each person, which by ammonia seeks to become educated:

look at the surrounding life and think about it;
her study, know and understand;
be able to act in it;
to do this, have preparation: a) general, i.e. wide horizons; b) special, i.e. professional.

By chateating the common goal of education, we will talk now how to achieve it and achieve.

The first and most important rule: We must begin self-educational work not from the book, but from life.

Life always teaches much more than the best of the best books. The book is only an instrument and manual. It is not necessary to check the books, i.e. theories, and just back. It is necessary to start with thoughtfulness and, of course, with the fact that a person who lives in such a place of land, in such a situation of his personal, everyday life, is stronger, worries, interests. When already caught fire in the shower, under the influence of life, this light of the quest, then, for the answer to these quests, you can go to the books that in this case will probably be interesting. But in this case, you need to go to the books not in order for their advice to take on faith, but only in order to learn from them material for your own reflection.

Second rule: Any phenomenon of life must be discussed certainly and constantly not with one side, but since many, - with the possibility of more than the parties.

The theory of topics and differs from the practice that it is in essence, more unilaterally than the practice, which, leading a person in a direct clash with life, already implies the need to reckon with all the parties to her. All these parties exist in life inseparably, - only the human mind shares them for the convenience of studying and more artificially. Therefore, practice is the best way to check any knowledge. Without acting, without coming to a direct encounter with life, it is unlikely that you can evaluate some theory. Application is checked. Without such a check there is no truth. Without use, all - and truths and theories are some words and words.

But put in front of your question: what does "diversified understanding" mean? It is here that you reach one of the very important differences (perhaps the most important) person of a person really educated from a person "stern" in certain objects, from a specialist, who knows how to measure almost the whole universe for one of her Arshin, Of course, not for all cases suitable. Menthon is the chemist, which, from a chemical point of view, judges all other sides of life, including, for example, about moral. A rich and a lawyer who only knows that the law, someone, but somehow written. Both the law, and chemistry - the measurements for their business are very useful, and they are all needed for life, but it is impossible to measure all sides of life as private measurements. Life is infinitely versatile and complex, and to understand her, you need to be primarily a versatile person and then a chemist, a lawyer ... Hence, conclusion: thinking about life, you must first take care of not to fall unilaterally, and for this you need To get at least some concept in advance, and what parties exist in life. Although the most important, the largest need to know, at least in the most general featuresFor the first step. Here in this recognition and can help each of us good booksbecause they contain the experience of other people ...

Self-education lies not only in the upbringing and development of their mind, but also in the education and development of feelings. It is possible and should not only think deeply and subtly, but also deeply and finely feel. Even reading the mathematical book; a person is experiencing a number of emotions, for example, the other reader enjoys, rejoices, fond of figures and formulas, the other than the same Book of devilish yawns, Krylachtitis, angry, Trete forehead, etc. There is no such book that would not initiate anyone feelings. Most Heart People - Belinsky, Gleb Uspensky, Lion Tolstoy and many others - read, feeling and feeling even the most, apparently, dry books. Uspensky in one of his articles wrote that after all the numbers in statistical compilations, in essence, living ... self-education work should teach a person to experience the lives by all sides of the soul, not only by the mind, to be sensitive and responsive to the surrounding life.

The first task of a really educated person is not to be narrow, to develop in itself a versatile knowledge and understanding of life and the ability to evaluate other people's opinions about life, having their own, actually reasonable.

Mount to those who, after reading one or two books, decides that he understood and comprehend the very essence of the case, and hence it is pretty. Treteers who reduce the entire cause of self-education for reading books and to absorb their content should also be attributed to Verkhogladays. The best of these readers not only read, but also study, make abstracts, extracts, etc. We personally, of course, are not opponents of all this. But still, we argue that the one who reduces the whole thing of self-education to reading is deeply mistaken. You can be read, but at the same time a misunderstanding person ...

Anything always has many different sides. It is necessary to look closely, if possible, to all or at least to many parties of the fact. Any specialist, as is known, comes to the fact with his favorite or him best of the famous side, like the hairdresser looks at a person from the point of view of his chapelurs. For a person really educated, not enough such a relationship. The exacerbation of his attention should be affected to reduce to see different directions of any fact and in the life of personal, public, and cosmic, so that it is ultimately something whole.

An educated person sees different sides where the dark man does not see them, but he sees only one thing and it judges everything else ... Watching for life - it means to get rid of the habit of one-sided attention, it means to work out to reduce to see a lot And heterogeneous in what seems at first glance homogeneous ...

It is necessary to separate the "science" from "Nans". To enter into the classification of sciences what is not science is that it means to confuse and others. Meanwhile, millions of people and almost at every step are considered to be science, which is not at all science. So, for example, they talk about religion, theology, theology. First of all, it is necessary to understand that religion is not at all science. Religion is faith. Science is knowledge. A person can believe anything, and for this he does not need to make sure that the faith is correct. The believer argues as follows: "I believe," and this is the whole conversation. " I believe in what you do not need to convince, because I am internally convinced of any evidence of this and not demand . There are them - the better, there are no them - I'll get it without them. " But not so reasoning science. She says: "Inner conviction is not at all proof ... Internal conviction without knowledge - no more as a source of delusion. Once it does not deceive, and 999 times will deceive. If you want truth and strive for her, they do not care about him, but to study what is. " Science requires evidence. Science is looking for them. And looking for because it doubts. Vera is just until the faith, there is no doubt ... And such a faith and nothing left, except for the detention. And the mind is looking for no self-assets only, but self-affirmation. He wants to stand firmly, and not only on his own legs, but having a support in nature, that is, outside it ... one Arabic scientist has already said about a thousand years ago: I will not believe any miracle, and if he tells me: "Believe, What is three more seven, in the proof of this, I will turn this stick in the snake, "let him even really turn it - but what of this? I will lay down his art and say: three are still less than seven.

... Thus, seeking to separate, distinguish between the science from the happiness, first of all, it is necessary to expel the supernatural and even the most concept of it, as such, and on everything is supernatural to take a look, too, as much as the facts that are subject to research are considered, and the opinions subject to The most versatile criticism and verification. All that is based on the recognition of the supernatural, is not a science at all ... Each science is a kind of lantern that throws out his light around him. But if you, the reader, you want to understand any phenomenon or the area of \u200b\u200blife, and even more so at all, life, of course, you must take more different lanterns, and to highlight this very phenomenon, this fact from different sides, furnishing it by your Lights sciences, too, from all sides, and the light of these lamps directing at one point. After all, your main thing is to understand this very point, i.e. the studied fact, and not to admire the light of a lantern and swim in his rays. Lantern and light are only the guns of your work, and only everything. White lightThe brightest, it turns out because of the addition of all the colors of the rainbow. Therefore, it is so strange to hear such speeches from workers seeking to study science: "I will study such a science - in it the whole point of business."

Especially often you have to hear it about political economy ... And here the reader is adopted for guidelines for political economy, sitting, reads and from the first page finds that a lot in the book he is not clear at all; It will flash something from the area of \u200b\u200bhistory, then from physics, then from chemistry, then from philosophy. Here are about these flashes, these splashes of their own ignorance and need to think. Such a flashes and show clearly that one science, such as political economy, requires others, even completely different knowledge and sciences, because knowledge and science are one. To understand life, willy-unilles should be met with a totality, with circle of science.

What exactly should be studied in order to make a really educated and intelligent person?

Do not study any one science, bypassing all others, because no science cannot be studied in addition to its connection with others. What is the area of \u200b\u200blife to someone closer, that and it is necessary to study the most detailed (specifically). But one thing is special knowledge, and quite another thing - common knowledge. Each person needs both those and others - certainly those and others. General knowledge of the whole world and the whole life is the basis for special knowledge. Knowledge special is the best test of general knowledge. Special knowledge deepens, but also narrow the horizons. General knowledge expand and illuminate it ...

Sciences, as you know, a lot, and over time it becomes more and more. True, they all, in their aggregate, talk about the same, all about the same universe and her life. It is necessary to connect everything in your mind everything that was produced by individual sciences, so that there was no choice of different sides of the same universe and remember, because this separateness does not exist on actually, - it is the fiction of the human mind.

You yourself, reader, can serve as an example. You are a personality, you are one. Nevertheless, in yourself you are distinguished by the Great Many Parties. On your example, you can best understand the attitude of science to life, the ratio of individuals and their partial study to their whole. And the truth is, dozens of dozens, if not hundreds, individual sciences, and you, however, still imagine inseparable integer.

So, for example, you are a citizen, a member of society, the state. What are your rights? Need a number of legal sciences to highlight only one of this side of your life and your personality, like others, the same people. But how to tear this your side from the material side of your life? Your material life, like any other person, is also studied by a number of economic sciences. Are you rich or poor? What is your income? Big or small? Why is it so, not otherwise? The reason for this is you yourself, or the overall living conditions, the social structure in general, or the peculiarities of the public class to which you belong to, that profession that feeds you?

All these questions relating to you personally, and a number of sciences studies the economic side of your life, dismantles both everyday little things and the most difficult facts. economic Life. The legal side of your life, in essence, is inseparable, closely related to the economic. In other words, on paper, in the book of science separate, and in life - merge. Would you like to know yourself, and your life, and the environment in which you spend it? In this case, not the goal that usually put and which consists in studying such a number of such individual sciences. Therefore, the case of self-education should be guided so: find out before ourselves, at least in the most common, questions or areas of life, especially necessary, important, interesting, burning for this reader and then study every question, covering the data of all the most important or many of the sciences. Only in this way can be really focused in a particular area, "inspect it in every sense" and understand it is possible closer to what it really represents.

It is hardly necessary to prove that familiarity with fiction is just as necessary for a person working on self-education, as well as familiarity with sciences. For a huge majority of readers, it is from this area that it is easiest to start the expansion of your horizons and the development of your I (i.e. your personality. - Sost.).

The same one cannot but not say about other, so-called elegant arts. Art is a necessary self-education element, irreplaceable to any other. There was a time when elegant arts did not attach any difference or reduced it almost to zero, and "aesthetics" and "aesthetics" ridiculed. This time passed, and art took the appropriate place in the general education scheme.

The inner world of man is infinitely complicated and diverse. Live full, versatile life - it means to live in such a way that all the strings of the soul and all sides of the human psyche be sounded, all the forces of a person would have a case exercise, manifest itself and flourish. Throwing art from your life and even to move it to the background - this is the same thing that make a kind of crime over himself.

There is no such person on whom no artistic work (literary, musical or sculptural, etc.) would have had no impression, in every heart there is a corner, which is the most commonly aesthetics, beauty embodied in one form or another. But if she even did not even act on this reader, she should act. This must be achieved, it is necessary to develop its understanding, its feeling in order to increase it even more to expand, deepen, rise, to do intense your life. True, the influence of various arts, or that the same, various works of art, on different people far from equally. On some, the strongest impression produces poetry, on other paintings, on the third architecture, but the peculiarities of each person speak only about the choice of arts, and not to exclude them. Therefore, the department of these arts, which includes, in addition to elegant literature, music, painting, sculpture, architecture, dramatic art, should take its place in the general education scheme next to the fiction.

Further, it is very important that seeking to become educated, intelligent person, it is possible to reflect on human behavior deeper about human behavior, in other words, about the attitude of a person to man. It is necessary to think more about the very basics and rules of your and someone else's behavior, about habits, interests and in general about all that affects human behavior, and what to consider good and that evil, and why it is possible. Finally, it is necessary to think more about the origin of these basics and rules and their development for millennia. What people thought and think of different times and countries are about good and evil, about the purpose and sense of life, about justice and injustice, etc. Because without this and your own education will be a penny, but even less.

What principles should I obey? And what does I mean "should". What rules, the principles hold on to my behavior, external and even internal? What to comprehend and decorate your life, so as not to cry from grief, when she, unexpectedly, will pass, ending with meaningless and ridiculous? What is the value of my life? What is its meaning? What is her goal? What ideal I have to put in front of this goal in the form of this purpose and strive for him and in my personal experiences, and at the outside - in the life of a family, social, etc.?

All these are questions of the deepest importance, and theoretical and practical, for each person. Each of us must somehow resolve anyway ... Wants a person or does not want, and without a moral measure, which he can only work out, his conscience, he cannot do in life. It is necessary to work out it, this measure, possibly distinct, defined, and the sooner, the better.

From the whole of the previous one, it follows that fiction and other elegant arts, as well as ethics not only have to enter general System Self-formation, but also underwrite it.

This department is still adjacent as the necessary components of it, the departments of artistic criticism and journalism, acquaintance with which is no less necessary for the purpose of self-education than with the previous ones.

Any artistic work, more or less outstanding, has always caused and causes whole literature of estimates and interpretations - critical articles, comments from all sorts of points of view.

Publicistics is an assessment of the current public life, the very "malice of the day", which we are not only worried - at every moment of history there is a special, but that is generally very close to us.

Art critic assesses the work and its author. The publicist gives his assessment of life itself. And he and the other, as it were, open our doors from a narrow conferment of personal life on a public life. We face the task of developing the moral ideal not only the life of personal, but also the ideal social. Publicistics teaches us to evaluate the current life from the point of view of this ideal, deepen, expand our understanding and our participation in the topical struggle. In Russia - as it is known from examples of Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Pisareva ... - All the most outstanding Russian critics were with the topics and publicists.

From here it follows a deep importance. The rule: periodic printing - newspapers and magazines should be included in the circle of self-education, which would give the reader with the opportunity to follow the general course of the current life, Russian and foreign, and for the struggle of interests and opinions, in it deployed ...

Working on self-education, it should be borne in mind not to adapt to life, but the elevation of this latter by means of elevation over it.

The educated person is a person who has his own worldview, his opinions about all the parties and areas of his surrounding life.. Life itself requires each of us the general world, and therefore the general education underlying the first. None of us can, by the very essence of the case, reason this: or find out everything, or nothing. No, instead you need to talk somewhat differently: everyone is possible to be more possibly more, but do not forget about the possible and achievable - achievable for such a person living in such conditions that have such abilities. We are talking here about the achievable minimum of education, providing a maximum of each decision. After all, there are types of schools of lower, middle and higher schools, and the same items are taught in all of them in various sizes. Self-education also has to be conducted in various sizes, depending on the person of taught, his forces, abilities and time, which it has. We do not mix the formation of general, the purpose of which is the development of a common world, with the formation of special, the purpose of which is purely practical.

One thing is the understanding of some areas of life, and quite another thing - the general world-point, which includes an understanding of all the main phenomena and the tasks of life. It is hardly necessary to prove that this overall worldillopean and world represents the result, the final result of all work on self-education, its purpose, its resume, the final conclusion. True, there are people who, starting to self-education, try to find such a book that would give them the "the most important" to read it as soon as possible and learning from it "everything you need." There is no such book in the world, and even can not.

Only when the people of the person becomes a "second nature", will enter into a habit, - only then has the right to say this person to himself: "Yes, I really have a worldview, and it is really mine."

To develop their own world - it means so firmly to build it so that, in spite of any objections and even suffering throughout the whole life, it was not destroyed and did not reassure himself, but only it would be replenished, I was improved so that ... the fortress of the mind and spirit said themselves Himself.

The total world is the purpose of self-education. The concept of worldview includes not only knowledge, not only understanding, but also the mood, i.e., the direction of sympathies and antipathies, ideals ethical and social, and also reduce them.

Working on the development of his worldview, it is impossible not to take into account not only yourself, its own features - you need to take into account the features of your environment, which means that the historical moment when you live. Stop fear of other people who disagree with their own, is one of the first habits that a person must work out.

Of particular importance is the study of not only facts in general, but the facts of controversial, transitional, which can be interpreted and otherwise. It would seem that the study and understanding of these transitional facts and should be particularly serious attention. But this is not like this: they are usually studied as illustrations to certain theses, the facts are the most characteristic, and not transitional. The latter, for the most part, are forgotten, left in disregard. And forgetting them and leaning on the first, the thought tends to dogmatism, loses a significant part of its critical nature.

In nature and in society, transitional forms are very common and navigate in phenomena of life - complex, diverse, with countless inseparable one from the other side - much more difficult than focusing in terms, definitions, in the content of concepts. Dogmatism is one of the bright manifestations of disadvantage.

Only carrying in the soul of its one and holistic, and durable, and deep worldoponymia, do not be confused under any circumstances, but you will understand and evaluate them. So, not with philosophy needs to begin their work, no matter how interested it. Philosophy must be studied after the rest. The point is not to philosophize, but it is possible more correctly more scientific philosophice. And this is possible only when you rest on a thorough study of all the above areas. Otherwise, you make up the topogland.

The personality of man is a single, inseparable whole. The case of self-education is not only the case of intelligence (mind). This is the whole personality of the entire person, with all its experiences, thinks, misfortunes, suffering, grief, joy, etc. This is a matter of life.

In our opinion, it is from some clarification of his reader individuality and it is useful to start self-education work. This refers to the definition of the goal, to which this reader seeks about which he must think about at least a little and even in the most common features, taking his self-education. What, actually, I want? What I strive for? Do I develop a common worldview, not believing with any school programs? Or prepare for some exam? Or study some separate science, or any question, or area of \u200b\u200blife? etc. Depending on the purpose, there is a lot in the melting of self-education work. But having a private purpose that the reader will put on behalf of themselves, it is still necessary for the implementation of all private purposes, the total personality generation is necessary, and therefore we mainly and we will talk about such a developing, that is, first of all about expanding the horizons .

Science of boys feed,
The old one is served,
In a happy life decorate,
In the accident protect.

(M. V. Lomonosov)

An educated person is not just a person who has a diploma of completed education. This concept is multifaceted and multifaceted, consists of a variety of criteria formed throughout the lifetime of an individual.

Pages Story

What does the educated person mean? Surely many of us sooner or later wondered by this issue. To respond to it, you need to refer to the story. Namely to the days, when humanity began to make progress in the development of civilization.

Everything was created and was made gradually. Nothing appears immediately, according to the crazy the Creator's powerful hand. "Initially, there was a word, and the word was God." Communication, gestures, signs, sounds originated. From these times it is necessary to consider the concept of education. People have a common language, the initial knowledge base, which they transferred to children from generation to generation. Man has put efforts to develop writing and speech. Taking its beginning from these sources, the river of time brought us to the present. There was a lot of convulsions in line with this river, an unthinkable work was invested and a tremendous work was done. But still, this river brought us to that life as we see her now. Books retained and conveyed to us all that created a person for centuries. We draw knowledge from these sources and become educated people.

Educated person: concept, criteria, aspects

Interpretation of this term is ambiguous, researchers offer many definitions, variations. Some believe that the educated person is an individual, who ended with an educational institution and past comprehensive learning in a certain field of knowledge. For example, those are doctors, teachers, professors, cooks, builders, archaeologists, managers and other specialists. Others argue that, in addition to public-commercial education, the personality should also have a social, life experience gained in travel, trips, to communicate with people of different ethnic groups, classes and levels. However, such an interpretation is incomplete, since the educated person is the identity of certain moral obscures, who managed to achieve something in his life due to their knowledge, readiness, culture and purposefulness. Of all this, we conclude that the formed is not only the smartest person, but also a person with a capital letter. Therefore, most researchers give a more accurate characteristic of this term. They believe that the educated person is an individual who are proposed by the most civilization. It has cultural and vital experience that is historically accumulated in the process of development and development of culture, industry, industry, and so on.

The image of an educated person consists of many criteria and personal qualities:

The presence of education.
Languages.
Culture of behavior.
Extended horizon.
Erudition.
Wide vocabulary.
Errodium.
Communicability.
A thirst for knowledge.
Eloquence.
The flexibility of the mind.
Ability to analyze.
The desire for self-improvement.
Dedication.
Literacy.
Pupil.
Tolerance.

The role of education in human life

An educated person seeks to knowledge for orientation in the world. He is not so important to know how many elements in the Mendeleev table, but you need to have a general idea of \u200b\u200bchemistry. In each area of \u200b\u200bknowledge, such a person is focused easily and naturally, realizing that the unit accuracy is absolutely impossible in everything. This allows you to see the world at a different angle, orient in space, makes life bright, rich and interesting. On the other hand, education acts as the enlightenment of everyone, putting knowledge to be able to distinguish reality from an imposed opinion. The educated person is not affected by the sectarians, advertising tricks, since it constantly analyzes what he saw and heard, forming the only correct decision on the reality of what is happening. With the help of education, an individual reaches his goals, self-improvement and expressing. Due to the reading, the erudite person listens to his inner world, Finds important answers, the world felt fine, becomes wise, erudite.

The meaning of school education

The first stage of the formation of each person as an "educated person" is the primary educational institution, namely the school. There we get the basics of Knowledge: Learning to read, write, draw, reveal to think. And on how much we will learn this initial information, our future development, as a full-fledged representative of society depends. From birth, parents develop in the child to the knowledge of knowledge, explaining the importance of education in life. Thanks to the school, the abilities of each student are revealed, love for reading is given, the foundations in society are laid.

The school is the foundation for the formation of each educated person. It solves a number of important tasks.

The initial education of a person, the transfer of social, life, scientific experience in significant areas historically accumulated by civilization.
Spiritual and moral education and development of personality (patriotism, religious beliefs, family values, culture of behavior, understanding of art and so on.).
The preservation and strengthening of health of both physical and mental, without which a person will not be able to self-realize.

Self-education and social, life experience is not enough to become educated, so the role of the school in the life of the modern individual is invaluable, indispensable.

ROLE OF BOOKS IN EDUCATION

Currently, teachers perceive the image of an intellectual as an ideal of an educated person who should strive for every student, student, adult. However, this quality is not a priority or mandatory.

What are we presenting an educated person

Each of us has its own on this topic. For some, an educated person is the one who graduated from school. For others, these are people who have received a specialty in a specific area. Third considered to be educated all smart people, scientists, researchers, those who read a lot and self-sharply. But it is the formation that is based on all definitions. It radically changed life on Earth, gave a chance to self-realize and prove himself that it all depends on man. Education gives a chance to take a step into another world.

At each stage of the formation of a person, a person perceives the concept of education in different ways. Children and disciples are confident that this is just the smartest person who knows a lot and reads. Students look at this concept in terms of education, believing that, having completed an educational institution, they will become educated people. The older generation perceives this image is more widely and thoughtfully, realizing that, in addition to learning, such an identity should have their own knowledge of knowledge, social experience, to be erudite, read. As we see, everyone has its own idea of \u200b\u200bwhat a formed person should know.

Self-realization

When a person ends with school, it is experiencing extraordinary joy, positive emotions, takes congratulations and wishes to become a worthy person in the future. Having received a certificate, each graduate becomes a new life path to self-realization, independence. Now you need to make an important step - to choose an educational institution and future profession. Many choose a difficult path to achieve a cherished dream. Perhaps this is the most important moment in a person's life - to choose professional activities In the soul, interests, their abilities and talents. It depends on the self-realization of an individual in society, its further happy life. After all, the educated person is, among other things, a person who has achieved success in one area or another.

The importance of education in our time

The concept of "education" includes words - "form", "to form", which means the formation of a person as a person. Forms it internally "I". As in front of him, first of all, and in front of the society in which he lives, he is engaged in its field of activity, it works and simply spends his free time. Undoubtedly, good education in our time is simply indispensable. It is a worthy education that opens all the doors to an individual, makes it possible to get to the "Higher Society", get a first-class job with a worthy wage and achieve universal recognition and respect. After all, knowledge is never a lot. With each in our last day, we learn something new, we get a certain portion of information.

Unfortunately, in our twenty-first century, the age of digital technologies, communications and the Internet, such a concept as "education" is gradually moving into the background. On the one hand, it would seem, should be the opposite. Internet, bottomless source of useful information, where everything is available. You do not need to run once again on the libraries, on fellow students in search of a missed lecture, etc. However, along with the useful on the Internet, there is a huge number of useless, unnecessary and even harmful information, which clogs the human brain, kills in it the opportunity to think adequately, knocks down a person On the way. Often poor-quality resources, useless social networks are much larger than humanity, rather than useful for self-development information from libraries.

What does uneducation lead to

An uneducated person is in delusion that he knows everything and he has nothing to learn more. While formed by the end of his life will be confident that his education is not completed. He will always seek to know what makes his life even better. If the person does not seek to know the world and self-development, then in the end comes to ordinary, Routine, where work does not bring or pleasure or sufficient earnings. Of course, the uneducation does not mean the complete absence of any knowledge, certificates. A person can have several formations, but be illiterate. Conversely, there are quite educated people who do not have a diploma, but have high intelligence, erudition due to independent study of the surrounding world, sciences, society.

Uneducated people are more difficult to self-realize, achieve the desired, to find a lesson in the shower. Of course, remembering our grandparents, who at one time worked more than they studied, we understand that you can go through a life path without education. However, you will have to overcome the complex road, to physically work physically, spoiling both mental and physical health. Neophrication can be represented as an isolated cube in which the person lives, not wanting to go beyond its borders. A raging life will be boiled around and sharing, with magnificent paints filled with bright emotions, understanding, realization of reality. And whether to go beyond the edge of the Cuba to enjoy the true, fresh air of knowledge, is to solve only the person himself.

Let's summarize

The educated person is not only the one who finished school well, an educational institution and has a highly paid job in the specialty. This image is extremely multifaceted, includes a culture of behavior, intelligence, educationalness.

The main qualities of the educated person:

education;
literacy;
the ability to communicate correctly and express your thoughts;
politeness;
dedication;
culture;
ability to keep yourself in society;
erudition;
the desire for self-realization and self-improvement;
the ability to finely feel the world;
nobility;
generosity;
excerpt;
hardworking;
sense of humor;
determination;
wit;
observation;
ingenuity;
decency.

The concept of "educated person" is interpreted in different ways, but the main thing in all definitions is the availability of education obtained in different ways: with the help of school, university, self-education, books, life experience. Thanks to knowledge, each of us can achieve any heights, to become a successful, self-realized personality, a full-fledged cell of society that perceives this world especially.

Currently, it is difficult to do without education, because any area of \u200b\u200bactivity requires certain skills, skills. And live in the world, nothing knows about him, like a primitive person, absolutely meaningless.

Finally

In the article, we reviewed the main criteria, identifying an educated person, answered the question of what it means to be cultural man. Each of us regards and looks at things according to their social status and the ability of the surrounding world. Some do not even guess that for an intelligent person, it is bad to speak offensive things in the address of the interlocutor. Some have learned this truth from the small years. After all, the human worldview is primarily affected by the education of people who have laid certain information in it were conductors to this life.

We also found out that a well-read person is an individual, reading not only a special, training literature, but also works of classics. Much in this world is interrelated, but it is the education that plays the main and crucial role. Therefore, it is worth considering him with all seriousness, desire and understanding. We are the owners themselves of our life. We are the creators of our fate. And how we will live this life, entirely depends on us. Despite the difficulties, political or military, our ancestors have created excellent conditions for our lives. And in our hands make these conditions even better for our descendants. Education we need to arrange your life at your own accord and become a happy person.

Increase its level of education over the Internet is difficult. In order to become an erudite person, you need to not forget to visit the library and read the books of an educated person. We bring to your attention the popular publications, which must certainly read every educated person, it will make you an interesting, well-read, cultural interlocutor.

Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K. A. Activities and psychology of personality.
Afanasyev V. G. Society: Systemity, knowledge and management.
Brown J. Psychology of knowledge.

In almost every of his lectures, Gurdjieff returned to the topic, which, obviously, he considered extremely important, but which many of us was not easy to learn.
- Human development goes on two lines, - he said, - lines of knowledge and lines of being. With the correct evolution of the line of knowledge and being develop at the same time, in parallel to each other, helping one other. But if the line of knowledge is too ahead of the body of being or the life line will be ahead of the knowledge line, the development of a person will go through the wrong way and soon or later stop.

"People understand what" knowledge "is.They also understand the possibility of existence of different levels of knowledge, they understand that knowledge can be large or smaller. However, they do not understand that being, Or existence, can also have different levels or categories. Take, for example, the gene of mineral and plants are different levels of being. The existence of the animal will be varied from the human being. But the being of two people may differ from each other more than being a mineral from being of the animal. And this is how people do not understand.
They do not understand that knowledge depends on being, and not only do not understand, but also definitely do not want to understand.

In particular, Western culture is convinced that a person can have tremendous knowledge, to be, for example, able to scientists, make discoveries, moving forward science, and at the same time stay - and have the right to remain - petty, selfish, picky, low, Envious, vain, naive, scattered man. There seems to be that the professor should always forget his umbrella everywhere.

"This is his being; and people think that his knowledge does not depend on his being. Western culture people highly appreciate the level of human knowledge, but they do not value the level of its being and the low level of their own existence will not be ashamed. They do not even understand what it means, do not understand that the level of human knowledge depends on the level of its being.

"If knowledge goes far ahead from being, it becomes theoretical, abstract and not applicable to life, and in fact harmful; For, instead of serving life and help people successfully deal with the difficulties that they meet, it complicates the life of a person, introduces new difficulties in it, sorrow and anxiety, which was not in it before.

"The reason for this is that Knowledge that is not in harmony with Being cannot be fully fully and comply with the real needs of a person. It always remains knowledge of only one thing ignoring another thing, knowing the detail without knowledge of the whole, knowledge of the form without knowledge of the entity.

"Such an advantage of knowledge before being is observed in modern culture. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe value and importance of being and its level is completely forgotten; the fact is forgotten that the level of knowledge is determined by the level of extent. Factically at this level of being is possible knowledge limited to known limits. Within the boundaries of this Being Improving the quality of knowledge is absolutely impossible, and there is an accumulation of information of the same nature within the limits of the already known. Changing the very nature of knowledge is possible only with the change in the nature of being.

"Taken by itself, the human being has many different sides. The most characteristic feature modern man This is the absence of unity in it, hereinafter - the lack of even traces of those properties that he so loves to attribute: "Clear consciousness", "free will", "unshakable me", "ability to action".

You will be surprised if I say that the main feature Genesis of a modern man explaining all its shortcomings is a dream.

"A modern man lives in a dream; in a dream, he is born and in a dream dies. About the very dream and his role and meaning in life We will talk later; and now I ask you to think only about one thing: what knowledge can be in a person immersed in sleep ? If you think about it, remembering that the dream is the main feature of our Being, you will immediately become clear that if a person really wants knowledge, he must first of all think about how to wake up how to change his being.

"External signs of human existence of multilateral: activity and passivity, truthfulness and deceit, sincerity and insincerity, courage and cowardice, self-control and licentiousness, irritability, egoism, readiness for self-sacrifice, pride, vanity, deception, diligence, ribbon, morality, depravity is And much more is a human being.

"But all these qualities in a person are completely mechanical. If he is lying, it means that he is not able to lie. If he tells the truth, it means that he is not able to not talk truth. And so in everything. Everything happens; man Can not do anything - neither inside or beside himself.

"But, of course, there are boundaries, there are limits. Generally speaking, the being of a modern person is very low quality. However, this quality can be so bad that there is no change in it. It should always be remembered; happy people, whose being can still be remembered; Change. And there are other people, definitely patients, broken cars with which you can't do. And such are the majority. If you think about it, you will understand why only a few able to gain true knowledge: the rest of their existence prevents the rest.

"Generally speaking, the balance between knowledge and the existence is more important than the development of one or another of them separately. In any case, the separate development of knowledge or being is undesirable. But it is precisely such one-sided development often seems to be particularly attractive.

"If knowledge gets a freedom over Genesis, a person knows, but can not do. This is useless knowledge. If Being gets an advantage over knowledge, a person is able to do, but does not know. In other words, he can do something, but does not know what it is necessary to do. Being whom he achieved becomes aimless, efforts spent are useless.

"In the history of mankind, numerous examples are known when due to the advantage of knowledge over Genesis or Genesis, whole civilizations died."

Knowledge and understanding - the difference of concepts leading to illusion

"To understand this, to actually understand the nature of knowledge and being, as well as their relationship, it is necessary to understand how knowledge and being belong to the" understanding ".

"Knowledge is one thing, understanding is another.
"People often mix these concepts and do not see the difference between them.
"Knowledge in itself does not understand understanding; and understanding does not increase due to the growth of alone knowledge.
Understanding depends on the relationship of knowledge to being, it is an equal knowledge and being.
And knowledge should not move away from being too far, otherwise understanding will be too far from both.
At the same time, the relationship between knowledge and being does not change due to simple knowledge growth.
They change only when being and knowledge grows at the same time.
In other words, an understanding increases only with an increase in the level of being.

"In everyday thinking, people do not distinguish understanding from knowledge. They think that more understanding depends on greater knowledge. Therefore, they accumulate knowledge - or what is called knowledge - but they are not known how to accumulate understanding; and this question itself is not Worried.

"Nevertheless, a person who is accustomed to self-observation knows that in different periods of his life he understood the same thought, the same idea is completely different. Often it seems strange as he could so wrong to understand what is now In his opinion, it understands correctly. At the same time, it is clear to him that his knowledge has not changed that he used to know about the subject of the same as he knows now. What has changed then?
His being changed. And since it became different, it became different and his understanding.

"The difference between knowledge and understanding will become clear when we see that knowledge can be a function of one center; but the understanding is a function of three centers. Thus, the thought apparatus can know something.
But the understanding appears only when a person feels and feels everything connected with it.

"We previously talked about mechanical. A person cannot, say that he understands the idea of \u200b\u200bmechanical, if he only knows her mind. He must feel it with all his body, with his whole being - and then he will understand ...

"In the field of practical activity, people are very well aware of the difference between simple knowledge and understanding. They see that it is easy to know and know how to do something, two different things. Knowledge of how to do, not created by one knowledge. But outside Practical life people do not understand what the "understanding" is.

"As a rule, people see that they do not understand some thing," and then try to find a name for what "do not understand." And when they find some kind of name for this, they say that they understood. "
But "find the name" does not mean "to understand."
Unfortunately, people are usually content with the words. A man knowing a lot of titles, i.e. A lot of words are considered to be a great understanding. But it happens, of course, again beyond practical activities, where his ignorance is found very quickly. "

Knowledge and understanding - do not come without effort

"The one who wishes to get knowledge should have to take the first efforts to find his source and get closer to it, using the help and directions that are given to everyone, but which people usually do not want to see and recognize.

Knowledge can not come to people by itself,if they do not show efforts for their part.They understand it perfectly when it comes to ordinary knowledge, but in case of great knowledge, if they are allowed at all
His existence, they prefer to expect something completely different. Everyone knows well that if a person wants, for example, learn chinese language, this will require several years of hard work; Everyone knows that for learning the foundations of medicine, it is necessary for five years, and to study music or painting times two times more. And yet there are theories that claim that knowledge can come to a person without much effort from his part that he can buy it even in a dream.

The very existence of such theories explains why knowledge cannot come to people. At the same time, it is important to understand that the independent efforts of a person to achieve something in this direction may also not give results. A person acquires knowledge only with the help of those who possesses them - it must be understood from the very beginning. Need to learn from one who knows. "

What is understanding?

Try to ask yourself this question, and you will see that there is no answer. You have always mixed understanding with the knowledge or availability of information. But know and understand - these are two completely different things, and you need to learn to distinguish them.

To understand some thing, you need to consider its connections with some more extensive subject, wider whole and possible consequences of such a connection. Understanding There is always an understanding of a smaller problem in relation to a greater problem.

People often think that understanding means the detection of the name, words, title, label for a new or unexpected phenomenon. Such a search or invention of words for unknown things has nothing to do with understanding. On the contrary, if we managed to get rid of half of our words, our chances of finding understanding would increase.

If you ask yourself what it means to understand or do not understand a person, then we must first think if we can talk to him in his language. Naturally, two people without common language Can not understand each other. He must have, or they need to come to an agreement on some signs or symbols that they will mark things. But suggest that during the conversation you come to disagreement regarding the meaning of some signs or symbols; Then you do not understand each other again.

From this it follows the principle, according to which you cannot understand and disagree. In an ordinary conversation, we often say: "I understand it, but I can not agree with him." From the point of view of the system we studied, this is impossible. If you understand another person, you agree with him; If you do not agree, then do not understand.

This idea is difficult to accept: it means it is difficult to understand.

As I just said, a person has two sides, which should develop in the case of the normal course of its evolution: knowledge and being. But neither knowledge nor being can remain in the same condition. If any of them does not get more and stronger, it is less and weaker.

Understanding can be compared with the average arithmetic between knowledge and being. It shows the need for simultaneous growth of knowledge and being. The growth of only one and the reduction of the other will not change the average arithmetic.

This also explains why "Understand" means agreed. People who understand each other should not only have an equal knowledge, they must have the same being. Only then is possible mutual understanding.

Another common one - especially in our time - a false idea is that understanding may be different that people can, and thus have the right to understand the same thing in different ways.

From the point of view of the system, this is completely incorrect. Understanding can not be different. Understanding can only be one, everything else is a misunderstanding or imperfect understanding.

But people often believe that they understand things in different ways. We see examples every day. How to explain this appropriate contradiction?

In fact, there is no contradictions. Understanding means an understanding of the part in relation to it to the whole. But the idea of \u200b\u200bthe whole may vary in people in accordance with their being and knowledge. That is why the system needs again. People learn to understand, understanding the system and everything else in relation to the system.

But as long as we are talking about the usual level, without any idea of \u200b\u200bschool or system, here you need to recognize that an understanding of the same as many people. Everything understands everything in its own way or in accordance with one or another mechanical skill or habit, but all this is a subjective and relative understanding. The path to objective understanding lies through school systems and changing being.

To explain this, I need to return to the division into seven categories.

There is a huge difference between people NO 1, NO 2, NO 3, on the one hand, and the people of the highest categories - on the other. Genuine difference is even more than we can imagine. It is so great that all life from this point of view can be divided into two concentric circles - the inner circle and the external circle of humanity.

The inner circle belongs to the people NO 5, 6 and 7, to the external circle - people no 1, 2 and 3. People NO 4 stand on the threshold of the inner circle or are between two circles.

The inner circle, in turn, is divided into three concentric circles: the deepest, to which the NO 7 people belong to, the average to which NO 6 people belong, and the external inner circle to which no 5 people belong to.

This division does not concern us at the moment, for us three internal circles form one.

The external circle in which we live, has several names denoting different features. It is called mechanical, since everything happens in it, everything is mechanically in it, and people in it are living, these are cars. It is also called the circle of languages, as people living in this circle say everything in different languages \u200b\u200band never understand each other. Everyone understands everything in different ways.

We approached a very interesting definition of understanding. It belongs to the inner circle of mankind and does not belong to us.

If the people of the external circle are aware that they do not understand each other, and if they feel the need for understanding, they should strive to penetrate the inner circle, because the understanding between people is possible only there.

If you formulate your goal from the point of view of understanding other people, then the school principle is as follows: you can understand others as much as you understand yourself and only at the level of your own being.

This means that you can judge the knowledge of other people, but not about their being. You see in them exactly as much as you themselves. A constant mistake is the thought that can be judged by the existence of others. In fact, to meet and understand the people of the highest levels of development, it is necessary to work with the aim of changing their own being.

What does a lie mean?

In the usual language, lies are distortion, or, in some cases, concealing the truth (or what people consider truth). The lies of this kind plays a very important role in life, but there are much the worst forms of lies, when people themselves do not know what Lgut. Last lecture, I said that in our current state of truth is unknown to us and you can know the truth only in a state of objective consciousness. How then is a lie? It seems that there is a contradiction here, but in reality it is not. We can not know the truth, but we can attract what we know. And this is a lie. Fale fills all our lives. People pretend to know about a wide variety of things: about God, the future life, the universe, about the origin of man, about evolution, about everything, but in reality they know nothing, even about themselves. And whenever they talk about what they do not know how they know it, they are lying. Consequently, the study of lies becomes the most important matter of psychology.

Lies are inevitable in mechanical life. No one is given to avoid it, and the more someone seems to be that he is free from lies, the more he is mired. Life, as such, does not exist without lies. But psychologically lies have a different meaning. It means the statement about what you do not know and you cannot know, as if you know and you can know.

You must understand that I say not with any moral point of view. We did not reach the question, which is good, and what is bad, in itself. I speak from the point of view of practical - which is useful and what is harmful to self-knowledge and self-development.

Starting from this, a person very soon learns to distinguish the signs for which he can know his harmful manifestations. It reveals that the more he controls this or that manifestation, the less harmful it is, and the less he controls it, the more mechanical it can be more harmful.

When a person understands it, he begins to fear lies, and not by moral grounds, but for what he does not control their lies, that this lie establishes control over it, i.e. above all its other functions.

The second dangerous trait that is found to them imagination. Very often, starting observation of themselves, it comes to the conclusion that the main observation is imagination. He wants to watch something, and instead, the imagination begins for this very subject, and he forgets to observe. Very soon he comes to consciousness that people attribute the word "imagination" is completely artificial and undesumed the importance of creative or election ability. He is aware that the imagination is a destructive ability that he will never succeed in achieving control over it, that it always leads it from the most consciously accepted decisions and pushes there, where he was not going to go. Imagination is almost as bad as false; In fact, this is a lie to yourself. A person begins to imagine something in order to delight his pleasure and very soon he begins to believe what imagines, at least partially.

Further, or even before, many very dangerous consequences of the expression of negative emotions are found. The term "negative emotions" means all kinds of emotions of violence or depression: pity, anger, suspicion, fear, annoyance, boredom, distrust, jealousy, etc. Usually this expression of negative emotions is taken as something quite natural and even necessary. People often refer to his "sincerity." Of course, with sincerity, it has nothing to do: it's just a sign of human weakness, bad inequers and inability to keep offenses with him. This is aware when a person tries to confront these emotions. And thereby he gets another lesson. He realizes that it is not enough to observe mechanical manifestations that they need to resist them, because without resistance it is impossible to observe them. They occur so quickly, so familiar and so unnoticed that they cannot be seen if they do not make efforts to create obstacles for them.

Following the expression of negative emotions, a person notices and other people have one curious mechanical trait. This is a conversation. In their own, there is nothing wrong with themselves. But some people, especially those who notice her last, conversations become a real vice. These people chat all the time, everywhere, working, traveling, even in a dream. They do not cease to speak with someone while there is with whom, and even when not with whom they talk to themselves.

All this also needs not only to observe, the chatter should be resist, as far as possible. So far there is no resistance to her, no observation is impossible, and all the results of the observations immediately evaporate in conversations.

Difficulties arising in the course of observation of these four manifestations - a lie, imagination, an expression of negative emotions and an unnecessary speech - show a person its absolute mechanicality and even the impossibility of struggle against carried without help, that is, without new knowledge and actual assistance. For even if a person got some kind of material, he forgets to use it, forgets to watch himself. In other words, he falls asleep again, and it is necessary to wake all the time.

This "falling asleep" has its own definite features, which are unknown, or. At least, not registered and not named in ordinary psychology. These features require a special study.

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"Experience is knowledge of a single, and art - knowledge of general ... knowledge and understanding are more to art than to experience, and we consider those who own some kind of art more wise than those who have experience, because everyone has more wisdom depends on knowledge, and it is because that the first know the reason, and the second is not ... who have experience know "that", but do not know "why"; The own arts know "why", that is, they know the reason ... Thus, the mentors are more wise not due to the ability to act, but because they have an abstract knowledge and know the reasons ... Art is more knowledge than experience, for those who own the art can teach and have no experience capable. "

2.2. What evaluations Aristotle gave the generally accepted ideas about wisdom?

Aristotle said that "wisdom is a science of certain reasons and beginnings." He allocated the following opinions about wisdom:

"Wise, as far as possible, knows everything, although he does not have knowledge of each subject separately,"

"We believe those who are able to know the difficult and difficultly comprehensive for a person,"

"More wise one who is more accurate and more able to teach the identification of the reasons",

"From sciences to greater extent wisdom, which is desirable for her and for knowledge, rather than that, which is desirable for the benefit extracted from it,"

"From sciences to the greater the wisdom of the one, which is dominated, - more than auxiliary, for the wise must not receive instructions, and to instruct, and he should not obey the other, and he is one who is less wise ...".

2.3. What type of knowledge Aristotle attributed to the sphere of wisdom?

All knowledge Aristotle divides on 3 types, 3 groups: knowledge of practical, creative and theoretical.

Practical knowledge includes ethics, economics and politics, i.e. it implies the ability to act, live in this world. Ethics - ability to handle the neighbor.

Craftsman knowledge is already creative knowledge.

Theory is a contemplative knowledge that does not have any vital value, but in this and the paradox that for the true philosopher theoretical knowledge is of great value, since it is knowledge of a free person. It is most valuable, as it is free, because practical and creative knowledge exist for any purpose. And theoretical knowledge is for the sake of knowledge, therefore it is the highest, valuable, free. This type Knowledge can be attributed to the sphere of wisdom.

2.4. Why does the knowledge of the sake of benefit do not lead to wisdom?

Aristotle believed that "knowledge for the sake of use" does not lead to wisdom, because people began to philosophize to get rid of ignorance, that is, to know the knowledge began to seek for understanding, and not for any benefit.

2.5. What state of a person opens the path of knowledge?

Aristotle said that perceive feelings are characteristic of everyone, and therefore it is easy and nothing is wise in it. It is the most difficult for a person to know the most common, since it is farther from sensual perceptions. That is, when a person perceives everything through the feelings, he is "everything" and knows.