Today I invite you to get acquainted with the verb "to be" in the Chinese language. It is one of the most important verbs in almost any language. This verb is usually not translated into Russian. It is used in sentences like He is a doctor or This is a copybook, i.e. where a noun, numeral or pronoun acts as a predicate. In addition, in Chinese it is used as a word for "yes" or "no." How exactly? Read below!
Statement
Chinese has a linking verb 是 (shì) means be or appear... The scheme of such a proposal looks like this A 是 B。 (A shì B), i.e. A is B... It is important to remember that it is not used in sentences like "The picture is beautiful" or "It's hot now", ie. with adjectives and adverbs (qualitative predicate), in contrast to European languages, where it is usually present. The word is often used for this. 很 (hěn). This word can be translated as highly but when used as a verb be, as a rule, it is not translated into Russian. Simple, isn't it? Hereinafter, the traditional spelling is indicated in square brackets. If you hover the mouse over the reading in Latin, the reading in Cyrillic (closer to pronunciation) will appear.
她 十分 漂亮。 (tā shífēn piàoliang) = She is very pretty.
你 妹妹 漂亮。 (nǐ mèimei piàoliang) = Your sister is beautiful.
这个 是
我的包。[這個是我的包]
(zhè ge shì wǒ de bāo) = This is my bag.
他们也 是
学生。[他們也是學生]
(tā yě shì xuéshēng) = They are students too.
这个房子 很
高。[這個房子很高]
(zhège fángzi hěn gāo) = This house is (very) tall.
Negation
Negative sentences like “He’s not a student”, “This is not a table” are built using words 不是 (bù shì). A negative sentence scheme is A 不是 B。 (A bù shì B), i.e. A is not B... When negating adverbs and adjectives, only the negative particle 不 (bù) is sufficient.
他 不是
学生。[他不是學生]
(tā bù shì xuéshēng) = He is not a student.
这本 不是
书。[這本不是書]
(zhè běn bù shì shū) = This is not a book.
这个房子 不
高。[這個房子不高]
(zhège fángzi bù gāo) = This house is not tall.
那个包 不
贵。[那個包不貴]
(nàge bāo bù guì) = That bag is not expensive.
Question
To build an interrogative sentence, just add an interrogative particle 吗 [嗎] (ma) at the end of an affirmative sentence. Such a question often has a semantic connotation like “yes? is not it? isn't it? ”, i.e. implies an affirmative answer. The diagram looks like this A 是 B 吗。 (A shì B ma), which means A is B, right?... There is also another way to build an interrogative sentence - using the construction 是不是 (shì bù shì). In the latter case, the interrogative particle 吗 [嗎] not put. Such a question may imply both a positive and a negative answer. The scheme of such a proposal is A 是 不是 B？ (A shì bù shì B), i.e. Is B?... Note that in this type of question, you need to add "?" at the end of the sentence, in contrast to the previous version.
这本 是
书吗
？[這本是書嗎]
(zhè běn shì shū ma) = Is this a book?
你 是
谁？[你是誰]
(nǐ shì shuí) = Who are you?
他 是
学生吗
？[他是學生嗎]
(tā shì xuéshēng ma) = Is he a student?
你是哪国人？[你是哪國人]
(nǐ shì nǎguó rén) = What is your nationality? / What country are you from?
他 是不是
医生？[他是不是醫生]
(tā shì bù shì yīshēng?) = Is he a doctor?
这个房子高 吗
？[這個房子高嗎]
(zhège fángzi gāo ma) = Is this house tall?
The answer to this question is very simple. Suffice it to say 是
what will mean Yes or 不是
in meaning not... For example:
— 这本书是你的吗？[這本書是你的嗎]
(zhè běnshū shì nǐ de ma) = This book is yours, right?
- 是 (， 我 的)。 (shì, wǒ de) = yes, mine.
or
- 不是。 (bù shì) = no.
Location
There is also a verb 在 (zài), it can be translated as "to be in, is anywhere." Used to indicate the location of someone or something. It is often translated into Russian simply as a preposition "in" when it comes to location (but not direction).
我在
中国。[我在中國]
(wǒ zài zhōngguó) = I (am) in China.
她朋友 在
莫斯科。
(tā péngyou zài mòsīkē) = Her friend lives in Moscow. *
请问，厕所在哪里
？[請問，廁所在哪裡]
(qǐngwèn, cèsuǒ zài nǎlǐ) = Excuse me, where is the toilet?
我的手机 在哪里
？[我的手機在哪裡]
(wǒ de shǒujī zài nǎlǐ) = Where is my mobile phone?
你 在哪儿
？[你在哪兒]
(nǐ zài nǎ'er) = Where are you (now)?
* - in the meaning of "live in" it is better to use the verb 住 在 (zhù zài)
Outcomes
Summarize. Now we know how to say someone is someone or something is something... To consolidate, I will cite the same sentence in the statement, negation and question, so that you can see what exactly is changing. And when talking about location, we use the verb 在 .
他 是 学生。 [他 是 學生] (tā shì xuéshēng) = He is a student.
他不是学生。[他不是學生]
(tā bù shì xuéshēng) = He is not a student.
他是学生吗？[他是學生嗎]
(tā shì xuéshēng ma) = He is a student, right?
他是不是学生？[他是不是學生]
(tā shì bù shì xuéshēng) = Is he a student?
厕所在哪里？*[廁所在哪裡]
(cèsuǒ zài nǎlǐ *) = Where is the toilet?
厕所在那里。*[廁所在那裡]
(cèsuǒ zài nàlǐ *) = The toilet is there.
* - there are 2 seemingly the same sounding words哪里 [哪裡] (nǎ lǐ) and 那里 [那裡] (nà lǐ). Pay attention to the 1st character in these words. 1st word is a question word and means "where", 1st syllable is pronounced in 3rd tone. Whereas the 2nd word is a demonstrative pronoun meaning "there", the 1st syllable is pronounced in the 4th tone. It is important not to confuse these words.
The addition in Chinese is usually placed after the verb, but there are other variations, which we will talk about below. Additions are usually expressed by nouns or pronouns.
For example:
我 喝茶 - 茶 in this case is an addition.
Supplements in the Chinese language, as well as in the Russian language, are divided into direct and indirect ones. There are additions that are expressed by verb-object constructs. Such expressions are usually translated into Russian in one word, for example:
吃饭 - eat, eat
吸烟 - smoking
At the same time, if we make clarifications to such constructions, they will become ordinary direct additions:
吃 晚饭 - to have supper, but by design it is mean. + Add.
Direct addition options in Chinese:
1) After the predicate
2) Before the subject
When the object is brought forward, before the subject, the sentence has an emotional connotation, and special emphasis is placed on the addition. It even stands out in translation:
这 本书 我 已经 买 了! - I already bought this book!
3) Between subject and predicate
In such a setting, it becomes necessary to use the preposition 把 ba3. 我 把 这些 汉字 写错 了！ I wrote these few characters wrong! There is also an amplification effect here, which also stands out when translated into Russian.
In order to turn such a sentence into a negative one, the negation 没 is used, i.e. 我 没 把 这些 汉字 写错 了 - I didn't write these few characters wrong.
If used in affirmative sentence before the preposition 把 of modal verbs, the negation will no longer be 没, but 不.
我 不想 把这 本书 还给 他 - I don't want to return this book to him.
About the cases when the use with the preposition 把 is impossible, we will talk separately in a special grammar lesson about this pretext.
Indirect addition
An indirect addition can be used with or without a preposition.
Indirect additions without a preposition are used with the verbs 给 gei3 (to give, to provide), 问 wèn (to ask), 送 sòng (to give) and others. The most common and common verb is 给.
The word order will be as follows:
Subject - Predictable - Indirect Complement - Direct Complement
我 给 他 一 本书 - I gave him one book.
我的朋友送我很有意思的书
李老师教我们汉语语法
Indirect additions with prepositions
These pretexts include:
1) 给 gei3 (not to be confused with the verb 给). This preposition is usually used in additions that answer the question: "to whom?", "What?".
我 给 妈妈 写信 - I'm writing a letter to my mom
2) 用 yòng - how the verb is translated “to use”, as a preposition it is used with the same meaning, it is usually used in additions that answer the question: “what?”.
请问 ， 这个 词 用 汉语 怎么 说？ - Tell me how to say this word in Chinese?
The preposition 用 is placed only before the predicate.
The construction scheme for the above example will be as follows:
请问 ， 这个 词 (Subtitle) пред (preposition) 汉语 (CD) 怎么 说 (Verb)？
3) 跟 ， 和 ， 同
These prepositions are usually used in additions answering the question: "from whom?" "with whom?".
你 看 ， 她 跟谁 跳舞？ Look, who is she dancing with?
我 和 他 是 最好 的 朋友 He and I are best friends.
我 同 他们 去 电影院 - I went to the cinema with them
These prepositions are placed only before the predicate, so such sentences have the following structure:
你 (Subtitle) 跟 (preposition) 他 (CD) 认识 (Verb) 吗？
It is worth paying attention to the fact that with these prepositions, negation can be placed both in front of the preposition and in front of the predicate.
A negation is placed before the predicate if the verb is expressed by one of the words that do not express an action, for example: 知道 (zhīdao, know) ， 有 (you3, have) ， 注意 (zhùyì, pay attention) ， 明白 (míngbai, understand) 认识 ( rènshi, to be familiar).
我 跟 他 不 认识 - I don't know him
This preposition is usually used in additions that answer the question: "to whom?" "What?", And also conveys the meanings "to", "in relation", "for", etc.
我 对 中国 历史 感兴趣 - I'm interested in Chinese history
The position of the preposition 对 in a sentence can be different:
A) At the beginning of the sentence
对 (preposition) 这个 情况 (CD) ， 我 (Subject) 不太 清楚 (say) - I'm not very knowledgeable about this situation
B) Before the predicate
我 (Subject) 对 (Preposition) 中国 历史 (CD) 感 (predicate) 兴趣 (Direct adj.) - I'm interested in Chinese history
If the verb is expressed by an adjective or predicate, represented by a verb that does not express an action, then the negation is placed immediately before the predicate itself:
For example:
对这个情况，我不太清楚
5) 替 tì - this preposition has the meaning “for”, “instead of”.
我 替 他 的 成功 很 高兴 - I'm very happy for his success!
In a sentence, this preposition can only stand before the predicate
请 你 替 我 问 妈妈 好 - Say hello to your mom for me
Note: If the sentence with CD contains modal verbs, adverbs, service words or negations, then all of them will stand before the CD.
For example:
我 不会 用 汉语 说 - I can't speak Chinese.
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Tasks for the text:
1. Find the equivalents of the following sentences in the text:
1) Our university has 6 faculties.
2) There are 15 students in our group.
3) Chinese teachers teach us grammar, hieroglyphics and speaking.
4) Our university has a large library.
5) The university has many classrooms, an assembly hall, a library, reading room, a dining room, and two student residences.
1) 你们 大学 有 几个 系?
2) 你们 班 有 几个 男 学生?
3) 你们 系 有 没有 阅览室?
4) 图书馆 有 多少 书?
5) 大学 有 没有 礼堂?
5. Compose a story about your university / group.
Lesson 8
Grammar
Sentence with a verb predicate
A sentence in which the main component of the predicate is a verb is called a sentence with a verb predicate. The verb in Chinese does not change by person, number and gender. Temporal meanings are expressed both with the help of various verb suffixes, and the absence of suffix design. An unformulated verb, as a rule, conveys an action related to the present or future tense. The proposal is built according to the following scheme:
(O) P - S - (O) D
我看报. Wǒ kà n bà o. I am reading a newspaper.
他们喝茶. Wǒ men hē chá. We are drinking tea.
Negative sentences are formed by setting the negation 不 bù before the verb and conveys the meaning "someone usually does not (does), will not (do), does not want to (do) ...", etc.
他不听音乐. Tā bù tī ng yī nyuè. He doesn't listen to music.
我不吃面包. Wǒ bù chī mià nbā o. I don't eat bread.
General question can be expressed by repeating the predicate in affirmative and negative forms.
他买不买皮包? – 不买. Tā mă i bù mă i pí bao? – Bù mă i. Is he buying a bag? - Not.
This form is not used if the predicate is preceded by an adverb. In this case, the question is expressed using the interrogative particle 吗 ma.
你妈妈看杂志吗? – 看. Nǐ mā ma kà n zá zhì ma? – Kà n. Is your mom reading a magazine? - Is reading.
Special question formed with the help of special interrogative words (pronouns).
他去哪儿? – 他去书店. Tā qù nă r? – Tā qù shū dià n. Where is he going? - He goes to the store.
你买什么? – 我买水果. Nǐ mă i shé nme? – Wǒ mă i shuǐ guǒ. What are you buying? - I buy fruit.
Sentence with multiple verbs
as part of the predicate
The predicate of such a sentence includes two or more verbs or verb constructions with a common subject. The sequence of these verbs and verb constructions is strictly defined. When pronouncing, there should be no pause between them. In this lesson, there are sentences in which the second verb expresses the meaning of the goal of the action indicated by the first verb.
我去学生宿舍看朋友. Wǒ qù xú esheng sù shè kà n pé ngyou. I'm going to the student residence to visit a friend.
他来大学问老师. Tā lái dàxué wèn lăoshī. He came to the university to ask the teacher.
我去图书馆看杂志. Wǒ qù tú shū guă n kà n zá zhi. I go to the library to read magazines.
我去商店买毛巾和香皂. Wǒ qù shā ngdià n mă i má ojī n hé xiā ngzà o. I go to the store to buy a towel and soap.
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ask, ask a question |
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do, manufacture; write |
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come, come, come |
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be, be |
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leave, leave; go, go |
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buy |
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book Shop |
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necessary, necessary, necessary |
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towel |
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toilet soap |
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to ask, make a request; invite, call; you are welcome |
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go forward, move forward; go in (inside) |
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sit, sit down |
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go back, go back; turn (Xia) |
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exercise, exercise; the exercise |
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talk, tell |
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write, compose |
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meet |
Proper names
对话 1
玛丽娅: 谁? 请进.
Mǎlìyà: Shuí? Qǐng jìn.
安德烈: 你好!
Āndéliè: Nǐ hǎo!
玛丽娅: 你好! 请坐.
Mǎlìyà: Nǐ hǎo! Qǐng zuò.
安德烈: 你忙吗?
Āndéliè: Nǐ máng ma?
玛丽娅: 不忙. 请喝茶.
Mǎlìyà: Bù máng. Qǐng hē chá.
安德烈: 谢谢.
Āndéliè: Xièxiè.
对话 2
尼娜: 你去哪儿?
Nínà: Nǐ qù nǎr?
谢尔盖: 我去商店. 你也去吗?
Xièěrgài: Wǒ qù shāngdiàn. Nǐ yě qù ma?
尼娜: 不, 我不去商店, 我要去图书馆.
Nínà: Bù, wǒ bù qù shāngdiàn, wǒ yào qù túshūguǎn.
谢尔盖: 你去看什么书?
Xièěrgài: Nǐ qù kàn shénme shū?
尼娜: 我去看杂志. 你要买什么?
Nínà: Wǒ qù kàn zázhì. Nǐ yào mǎi shénme?
谢尔盖: 我要买毛巾和香皂.
Xièěrgài: Wǒ yào mǎi máojīn hé xiāngzào.
1. Read aloud and translate the following phrases
问不问 喝不喝
做不做 学习不学习
来不来 听不听
看不看 去不去
在不在 买不买
2. Build an interrogative sentence of two types: with a particle吗 and with a repeat of the predicate.
Example: 看 书
他看不看书?
2) 学习 汉语
3. Answer the questions:
1) 您 叫 什么 名字?
2) 您 做 什么 工作?
3) 您 学习 什么?
4) 您 学习 汉语 吗?
5) 您 喜欢 看书 吗?
4. Fill in the blanks with the words that are necessary in the meaning:
1) - 你 去 哪儿?
– 我去商店. 你也…?
– 我不去商店, 我要去… .
2) - 你 去看 什么 书?
– 我去看杂志.
3) - 你 要买 什么?
– 我要买毛巾…香皂.
Exercises for CPC
1. Write down the keys of the seven dashes one line at a time.
2. Translate into Chinese:
1) I am studying Chinese.
2) My older brother listens to music.
3) Parents drink tea.
4) A friend of mine goes to a bookstore to buy a Chinese textbook.
5) The older sister reads the magazine.
3. Complete sentences within the meaning:
1) 我 去 书文 喝茶
2) 他 去 图书馆 问 老师
3) 她 来 大学 买 两 本 课本
4) 我们 去 大 杂志
5) 他们 回家 买 皮包
4. Read the text and complete the tasks for the text:
叶列娜是外语系的学生. 她学习汉语, 也学习英语. 她认识她的同学尼娜. 她们常去图书馆看英文杂志和英文报.
她们有时候去书店买中文书和中文课本. 她们喜欢看中文课文, 做练习, 说汉语, 写汉字, 学习生词.
有时候她们去咖啡馆喝中国茶. 她们喜欢听音乐.
Tasks for the text:
1. Find in the text the equivalents of the following expressions (sentences):
1) She is studying Chinese and English.
3) Sometimes they go to the bookstore to buy books in Chinese.
4) They enjoy listening to music.
5) Sometimes they go to a cafe to drink Chinese tea.
2. Answer the questions about the text:
1) 叶 列娜 是 外语 系 的 学生 吗?
2) 她们 学习 什么?
3) 她 的 同学 叫 什么 名字?
4) 她们 去 不去 书文?
5) 她们 喜欢 做 练习 吗?
3. Tell us what this text is about.
4. Make up questions for the text.
Lesson 9
Grammar
Interrogative sentences with union还是 há ishì ‘or’
Interrogative sentences with conjunction 还是 há ishì Is a kind of alternative question. Such proposals contain two possible options answer, to the left and to the right of the conjunction 还是, one of which the respondent has to choose. For example:
你去还是不去? – 我去. Nǐ qù há ishì bù qù? – Wǒ qù. Are you coming or not? - I'm going.
你回家还是去咖啡馆? – 我回家. Nǐ huí jiā há ishì qù kā fē guă n? - Wǒ huí jiā. Are you coming home or going to a cafe? - I am going back home.
Alternative interrogative sentence with 是 shì has the following form:
这杯茶是你的还是他的? –这杯茶是他的. Zhè bēi chá shì nǐde háishì tāde? - Zhè bēi chá shì tāde. Is this glass of tea yours or his? - This glass of tea is his.
他是老师还是学生? –他是学生. Tā shì lăoshi háishì xuésheng? - Tā shì xuésheng. Is he a teacher or a student? - He is a student.
Topical-predicative sentences. We can place the addition (object) at the beginning of the sentence and separate it with commas, and in speech - select it with a micropause; thus we will violate the basic order of the sentence Subject + Predicted + Complement, that is, we will make an inversion. We will call such an addition - a topic, and the next part of the sentence - a predicate (this is what is stated about this topic). It is necessary to place an addition at the beginning of a sentence in order to emotionally emphasize it. When translating such a sentence into Russian, it is also necessary to break the word order in order to also emotionally highlight the word, to make an emphasis.
Structure, comparison and examples
Supplement Subject + Predictable
- 我喜欢这种车。 There is no emotional stress. wǒ xǐhuan zhè zhǒng chē. I love these cars.
- 这种车， 我喜欢。There is inversion and emphasis.zhè zhǒng chē, wǒ xǐhuan.I love these cars.
- 我很喜欢中文。 There is no emotional stress. wǒ hěn xǐhuan zhōngwén. I really like Chinese.
- 中文， 我很喜欢。 There is inversion and emphasis.zhōngwén, wǒ hěn xǐhuan.I really like the Chinese language.
- 这个， 我恐怕不能告诉您。 zhège, wǒ kǒngpà bùnéng gàosu nín.I'm afraid I won't be able to tell you this.
- 这个， 我知道。zhège, wǒ zhīdào. I know that.
- 这个衬衣， 我要大号的。 zhège chènyī, wǒ yào dà hào de.This shirt ... I need a big size.
- 这个问题， 我答不上来。 zhège wèntí, wǒ dā bù shànglái.I cannot answer this question.
- 中文 你说得非常好。 zhōngwén nǐ shuō de fēicháng hǎo.You speak Chinese very well.
- 这 个 电脑， 价格 不太 贵。 In this case, the order is not exactly broken, but we just 这 个 电脑 separated it with commas, but in speech with a pause.zhè gè diànnǎo, jiàgé bù tài guì.This computer ... the price is very high.
- 莫斯科 的 冬天 ， 我 听说 不下 雪，也 不太冷。 mòsīkē de dōngtiān, wǒ tīng shuō bùxià xuě, yě bù tài lěng.In winter in Moscow, I heard there is no snow and it is not so cold.
It is recommended to make a topic out of an add-on if the add-on is a huge phrase. Some authors generally insist that huge additions cannot be inserted into the place in the sentence that is familiar to the basic structure, that is, after the predicate. And you need to insert them at the beginning of the sentence. However, the Chinese themselves say this and that.
- 昨天我买的车， 我妻子也要买。 昨天 我 买 的 车 is that huge addition phrase.zuótiān wǒ mǎi de chē, wǒ qīzi yě yāomǎi.The car I bought yesterday, my wife wants to buy too.
- 我妻子也要买 昨天我买的车 。Not recommended.wǒ qīzi yě yāomǎi zuótiān wǒ mǎi de chē. My wife also wants to buy a car that I bought yesterday.
- 妈妈给我买的这件春秋衫， 我很喜欢。 māmā gěi wǒ mǎi de zhèjiàn chūnqiū shān, wǒ hěn xǐhuan.The spring / autumn jacket that my mother bought me I really like.
- 我很喜欢 妈妈给我买的这件春秋衫 。Not recommended.wǒ hěn xǐhuan māmā gěi wǒ mǎi de zhèjiàn chūnqiū shān. I really like the spring / autumn jacket my mother bought me.