Organism(from Lat. “organise” - arrange, give a slender appearance) - this is an integral biological system of an individual living creature. An organism has specific properties that make it an independent unit of living matter (metabolism, irritability, excitability, reactivity, variability, ability to reproduce itself, reliable functioning, etc.). Elementary manifestations of life activity at the cellular level - irritability, excitability, reactivity - are at the same time the most important biological properties whole organism.
Physiological reactions and properties of the whole organism
Metabolism, irritability, excitability. Being an independent unit of living matter, the organism responds to external and internal influences as a single whole. Therefore, it can be considered as an integral self-regulating system. Self-regulation ability- one of the main properties of the body, which allows for adaptive reactions while maintaining the dynamic constancy of its internal environment.
The basis of the body's vital functions is metabolism. In living matter, metabolism has acquired a fundamentally new qualitative content. Destroying in the process of exchange organic matter external environment, the body synthesizes new substances in which free energy is accumulated. In other words, the body not only exchanges substances, energy and information with the external environment, but thanks to the process of energy accumulation, it opposes itself to the destructive influences of the environment and maintains its qualitatively new, living state.
Food substances serve as a source of energy for the body of animals and humans. They are used for the synthesis of fats, carbohydrates and species-specific proteins. The species specificity of an organism is determined by the metabolic characteristics characteristic of each specific species of living beings.
Common property living matter is irritability.
Irritability is the ability of a living system (cell, tissue, organ or whole organism) to respond to the action of stimuli by changing the level of physiological activity.
Irritants (physical, chemical, physico-chemical) cause irritation under certain conditions (strength, duration of the stimulus, level of excitability of living tissue). All living tissues are excitable. However, the degree of specificity of the recorded responses is different. The responses of nervous, muscle and glandular tissues are characterized by the greatest specificity. For example, nervous and muscle tissue respond to the actions of stimuli with a specific wave physiological process - excitation.
Excitability- this is the ability of a cell, tissue, or entire organism to respond to the action of a stimulus with an excitation reaction.
Excitation is a form of response to the action of stimuli from the external and internal environment, accompanied by the generation of a wave, spreading action potential.
The internal content of excitation is a change in the intensity of vital processes in the cells of excitable tissues. For nervous tissue, the process of excitation is the main form of manifestation of vital activity. For muscle and glandular tissues, excitation is only the initial stage of their specific activity, i.e. contractile or secretory function.
In nervous tissue, excitation is opposed by a process that is opposite in physiological content - inhibition. Thus, if the excitation of a nerve cell brings the innervated structure into an active state, then the process of inhibition causes the cessation of its activity. The inhibitory process itself is an independent form of electrical activity. cell membrane, one of the vital functions of a nerve cell.
The measure of excitability is determined by the minimum strength of the stimulus that can cause excitement. This is the threshold force, or the threshold of irritation. The lower the threshold of irritation, the higher the excitability will be. The highest excitability to adequate stimuli, i.e. to stimuli that have become specific to a particular perceptive apparatus (for example, sound for auditory receptors). The nerve elements of the retina perceive the energy of light radiation equal to several quanta. To excite the olfactory receptors, a few molecules of an odorous substance are enough.
Physiological processes, functions, mechanisms
The basis of the life activity of an organism is physiological processes - a complex form of interaction and unity of biochemical and physiological reactions, which has received a qualitatively new (biological) content in living matter. Physiological processes underlie physiological functions. Physiological functions manifest the vital activity of both the whole organism and its individual parts. Physiological functions, with some degree of convention, can be divided into somatic (bodily, characteristic of animals) and vegetative (characteristic of both animals and plants). Somatic functions are the body's responses (mainly motor) to the action of stimuli from the external and internal environment. Vegetative functions are functions that ensure growth, reproduction, and metabolism. The normal functioning of an organ or organism as a whole is closely related to its structure and morphological characteristics. Any disturbance in the structure leads to a dysfunction.
The intensity and severity of physiological reactions in response to stimuli depends on individual characteristics, the genetic program of human development. Modern genetics gives grounds to assert that hereditary inclinations determine the development of physical qualities - speed, strength, endurance. The hereditary nature of the qualities and abilities of an outstanding sprinter or marathon runner is as much a reality as the genetic program that determines physique, eye color or hair color.
Reflex reactions. One of the forms of manifestation of vital activity is a reflex - the body’s reaction to irritation, realized through the central nervous system. The energy of the stimulus causes a reflex response through a system of receptors, nerve conductors, the central nervous system and executive organs.
In the elementary circuit of a reflex, one can distinguish the receptor (perceiving the stimulus) part, the conductive section, the central apparatus for analyzing the stimulus and the executive device (effector). The effector is connected to the central regulatory apparatus through reverse afferentation. Thus, a muscle contracting during a reflex response signals its condition to the central apparatus for regulating movements. This signaling is carried out along afferent nerves coming from the proprioceptors to the cortical projections of the motor analyzer and the cerebellum.
The development of reflex theory is an instructive example of changing views on the essence of the same phenomenon. At the time of its emergence (R. Descartes, mid-17th century), the reflex was considered as a machine-like act, carried out on the principle of mechanical reflection by the body of the action of an external cause. At the beginning of the 20th century, the reflex theory acquired biological content. The reflex began to be viewed as an adaptive act through which the body’s needs are realized and ultimately ensure its survival.
Modern ideas about the reflex are based on the signal-regulatory principle. A reflex is considered as a system of body responses to external influences, conditioned not only by signals from the external environment, but also by feedback (sensory corrections) coming to the central nervous system from the executive apparatus. Identification of the initial (starting) and final (executive) links of a reflex with direct and feedback connections is a schematic picture of complex interactions in a reflex response, carried out according to a ring principle. From the reflex arc - to the ring principle of control, from the machine-like response - to the expedient response, which includes the current assessment of the interaction of the organism and the environment - this is the path of development of the doctrine of the reflex.
Homeostasis. The doctrine of homeostasis was founded by the famous French naturalist C. Bernard in the second half of the 19th century. In 1878, he substantiated the idea of the relative constancy of the internal environment of living organisms.
Homeostasis- this is the ability to maintain relative constancy of the composition of the internal environment and the properties of the body.
The constancy of the internal environment, according to C. Bernard, is a condition for the free life of the organism. In 1929, the American physiologist W. Cannon showed that the body’s ability to maintain a constant internal environment is the result of the relative stability and stability of the body’s systems. We also owe the term “homeostasis” to V. Cannon (from the Greek moios - similar and stasis - motionless). The constancy of the internal environment of the body (blood, tissue fluid) and the stability of physiological functions are the result of the implementation of homeostatic mechanisms.
Physicochemical and physiological processes of maintaining homeostasis at the cellular level are aimed at eliminating or significantly changing the disturbing influences of the external and internal environment. Violation of cellular homeostasis leads to damage to the structural elements of the cell, followed by its death or degeneration (for example, the development of a cancerous tumor when exposed to ionizing radiation). Cellular, tissue, organ and other forms of homeostasis are coordinated by neurohumoral factors, as well as a general change in the level of metabolic processes.
The boundaries of homeostasis are dynamic, and the principle of equilibrium itself cannot be applied to the work of a living system, because the state of homeostasis cannot be reduced to passive resistance or submission to external influences. This is the result of compensatory adjustments that are actively programmed in the body in response to the entire set of external and internal influences. When external conditions change, the living system does not balance with them, but actively counteracts their influence.
Using free energy, the body performs constant work aimed at maintaining stable imbalance, which, according to E. Bauer, is the main content of homeostasis. A state of stable disequilibrium is a necessary condition for the survival of an organism in changing environmental conditions. At the same time, shifts in individual functional systems go beyond homeostasis.
When performing high-power muscular work, the pulse rate can increase to 200 beats per minute or more, the content of lactic acid in the blood can reach 150 - 200 mg%, i.e. go far beyond homeostatic constants. Note that the most stable biological constants (body temperature, concentration of hydrogen ions in blood plasma, osmotic pressure of blood and tissue fluid, etc.) are also dynamic, changing under the influence of external and internal environmental factors.
Maintaining homeostasis is the only possible way of existence for any open system in constant contact with the external environment. The ability to maintain internal constancy in conditions of continuous communication with the external environment is a property that determines the fundamental difference between living and nonliving things. The active manifestation of this property and the dynamism of homeostatic parameters have significantly reduced the organism’s dependence on external influences and made it an independent unit of living matter capable of surviving in changing environmental conditions.
Adaptation. Adaptation (from the Latin adaptatio - adaptation) in itself general view can be defined as a set of adaptive reactions and morphological changes that allow the body to maintain the relative constancy of the internal environment in changing environmental conditions. In humans, adaptation acts as a property of the body, which is ensured by automated self-adjusting, self-regulating systems - cardiovascular, respiratory, excretory, etc. In each of these systems, several levels of adaptation can be distinguished - from subcellular to organ. But its ultimate meaning is not lost at any level - it is an increase in resilience, the stability of the system to environmental factors.
Adaptation- this is an effective and economical, adequate adaptive activity of the body to the influence of environmental factors. In adaptation, two opposing trends can be distinguished: on the one hand, distinct changes affecting, to one degree or another, all systems of the body, on the other, the preservation of homeostasis, the transfer of the body to a new level of functioning under the indispensable condition of maintaining dynamic balance.
According to the ideas of P.K. Anokhin, adaptation should be considered as the formation of a new functional system, which contains an adaptive effect. The functional system itself acts as a complex physiological mechanism, the essential content of which is to obtain a useful adaptive result. A typical example of adaptation with a positive result is adaptation to physical activity.
The systemic organization of adaptive reactions presupposes the possibility of their implementation both at the level of a physiologically mature organism and long before the onset of physiological maturity. The concept of systemogenesis by P.K. Anokhina gives an explanation for this: during individual development First of all, systems are formed to ensure the survival of the child after birth. When assessing the adaptive capabilities of children and adolescents to physical activity, it is necessary to highlight not so much absolute changes in the work of individual systems and organs, but rather indicators of their consistency, the integrative function that ensures the adaptation effect itself. The higher the level of integration and coordination of complex regulatory processes, the more effective the adaptation.
Improving adaptation mechanisms is, first of all, improving regulatory processes and the relationships of physiological functions. Adaptation of a whole organism does not exclude, but presupposes that functional and structural changes occur at both the organ and cellular levels.
Adaptation at the cellular level is associated with the activation of energy and plastic processes. The reserves of adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) are primarily affected. The ratio of ATP breakdown products to its remaining amount increases. The results of an increase in ATP energy exchange products are well known: they activate oxidative phosphorylation, i.e. storing energy in macroergs (high-energy compounds). This, in turn, leads to intensive biosynthesis along the chain: DNA - RNA - protein. The biomass of the organ increases, and the system for transmitting the action of the damaging agent to the cytoplasm through the enzyme adenylate cyclase built into the membrane is activated.
The adenylate cyclase molecule is located in the cell membrane in such a way that part of it goes outside and part goes inside. Under the influence of an external signal, adenylate cyclase is activated and catalyzes the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphoric acid (AMP) from adenosine triphosphoric acid. The concentration of cyclic AMP increases 10 - 20 times.
The main mechanism of cellular adaptation is to maintain the constancy of the main energy compound - ATP. This constancy is ensured by enhancing the fat-mobilizing effect of adrenal hormones, as well as increasing the efficiency of the oxidative cycle (Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle).
The human body is unique in nature. Nowhere else does there exist such a universal and at the same time complex system capable of supporting itself. Many cells of the body are combined into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into organ systems, which form a single whole: a person.
Structure and functions of the human body: cells and tissues
The structural unit of each organ is the cell. A huge number of cells, reaching up to 200 trillion cells of various sizes and shapes, make up the human body.
Human cells have different shapes, content and size depending on the task it performs. However, the composition of each cell has general features, i.e. similar cellular elements (for example, mitochondria, which carry the cell's energy reserves).
Cells similar in their purpose are united into bundles of cells, which, in turn, are united into tissues. The tissues also contain the amount of fluid and electrolytes necessary for life (intercellular substance).
The human body consists of 4 types of tissue: epithelial, muscle, neural (nervous) and connective tissue.
Epithelial tissue is intended to cover the outer and inner integuments. The epithelium can be flat (skin surface, oral cavity), glandular (intestines, salivary glands) and ciliated (respiratory tract).
Connective tissue also divided into several types: dense fibrous (tendons, skin itself), loose fibrous (subcutaneous fat, bursa of the heart), cartilaginous (intervertebral discs, auricle), bone, blood and lymph. All types of connective tissue have different compositions depending on the function they perform. Connective tissue connects any organs or organ systems.
Muscle divided into smooth and striated. Striated muscles are the muscles of the skeleton and myocardium. Smooth muscle tissue lines the walls internal organs. The muscle canal is designed to enable the human body to make any movements.
Nerve tissue is a collection of nerve cells (neurons), thanks to which impulses are transmitted to the center and irritation is analyzed. Nervous tissue is the mediator and manager of all other types of tissue.
Structure and functions of the human body: organs
Tissues are combined into organs. Each organ has its own specific structure, shape, size, and purpose. Organs are hollow (i.e. having a cavity) and parenchymal (dense, without a cavity). Each organ can consist of several types of tissues. Organs are external and internal. Individual organs, by virtue of their purpose, are combined into systems.
Structure and functions of the human body: apparatus and organ systems
Certain organs can work without combining with others. For example, skin covers the entire human body and performs several functions. First of all, this is protection from the influences of the surrounding world, excretory function (through sweat, skin respiration), metabolic function (participation in metabolism), etc. However, not all organs are capable of acting alone. Therefore, individual organs are combined into organ systems.
Many people understand the words “device” and “system” to mean the same thing. However, this is not quite true. For example, the musculoskeletal system consists of bones and muscles, and the respiratory system consists of the bronchi of the lungs and upper respiratory tract. ways. But bones and muscles can be considered as the skeletal system and the muscular system. Those. speaking about the system, we understand that it consists mainly of one type of fabric. For example, the nervous system consists primarily of one tissue – the nervous system.
The apparatuses and systems of the body closely interact with each other and are interdependent. Those. Without the normal functioning of one system, the normal operation of another system is impossible. The main apparatus and systems perform various tasks: the digestive system is responsible for the proper digestion of incoming food and extracting the most necessary nutrients from it, as well as getting rid of toxic substances and waste material; circulatory system responsible for transporting nutrients, oxygen in the body, delivering blood to all corners of the body; The respiratory system works so that a sufficient amount of oxygen and nitrogen enters the body and is excreted on time carbon dioxide; musculoskeletal system responsible for movement, locomotion, maintaining balance, and the ability to support; the endocrine system enriches the body with biologically active substances (hormones) necessary for the regulation of metabolism in the body; This way we can briefly list all the main systems and apparatuses of the body.
The circulatory system, consisting of large and small vessels (venous and arterial beds) and the heart, performs a vital function. The heart, like a powerful pump, constantly pumps blood throughout the body through two main circulation circles. One task of the cardiovascular system is to supply organs and tissues with arterial blood enriched with oxygen. Another task can be called removing venous blood rich in carbon dioxide from the periphery.
Blood constantly circulates through the vessels under pressure, supplying the body's cells with nutrients and eliminating metabolic waste products.
The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral. Central system consists of the brain and spinal cord, protected by the bones of the skull and spine. The peripheral system consists of large and small nerve trunks and nerves distributed throughout the body. The nervous system, through impulses similar to electrical ones, controls the activities of the entire body, including metabolism, blood pressure and other vital functions. important processes. In addition, the emotional-volitional sphere also depends on the nervous system.
The digestive system provides the body with essential nutrients that come from outside in the form of food. Food is processed in the gastrointestinal tract to a consistency at which the body can absorb nutrients. Nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream. In addition, the intestines contain immune cells, so the intestines are important in the formation of strong immunity.
The musculoskeletal system consists of muscle tissue, bones and joints. Muscle tissue is represented by white and red fibers. White fibers provide endurance to stress, and red fibers create the necessary volume with regular physical activity. The skeletal system consists of many large and small bones, both tubular and flat. Bones perform both supporting and protective functions for various organs. The joints are also both mobile, sedentary, and multi-axial. Thanks to joints, a person has the ability to move, move his body in space, and also move various parts bodies.
The reproductive system is responsible for an important function - the reproduction of its own kind, and also determines the level of sexual activity of the individual.
The endocrine system is the most mysterious and incomprehensible of all existing systems body. It is a set of specific organs that produce special substances (hormones) that can affect the body as a whole.
A person has five main senses through which he fully perceives the world. These are the eyes (vision), ears (hearing), smell (nose), taste (tongue) and touch (skin).
The urinary system is the main one in terms of removing harmful substances from body fluids. Thanks to the glomerular system in the kidneys, both primary and final urine are filtered. The result is urine that contains all the waste and toxins needed to be eliminated from the body.
The lymphatic system is a vascular system that removes various infections and toxins from the body. Is a representative of the immune system.
The immune system is represented by a number of cells in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic vessels. The immune system is the body's defense against various infections. With a normal immune system, the body is able to cope with most dangerous infections on its own.
Tissues of the same or different structure and functions are combined into organs.
Organ - this is a part of the body that has a certain shape, structure, place in it and performs one or more functions.
The human body has respiratory system(respiratory tract, lungs), blood circulation(heart and blood vessels), digestion(stomach, intestines, etc.), supports(bones), movement(muscles, ligaments, tendons), discharge(kidneys, skin), reproduction(different in structure for men and women), sense organs(eyes, ears, skin, etc.).
They are governed by authorities nervous(brain and spinal cord) and endocrine(endocrine glands) systems.
To perform certain vital functions, the organs of the human body are combined into organ systems. According to their functional purposes, they are divided into systems - respiratory, blood circulation, digestive, musculoskeletal, sexual, nervous, excretory, endocrine glands.Material from the site
A person needs everything organs and systems, although some of them perform a more complex and more important role for the body, while others perform a simpler, more specific role. The human body has functional systems. These are permanent or temporary associations of different organ systems in order to perform a specific function. For example, respiratory And transport systems(circulation and blood) are combined into one functional system to provide the body with oxygen. They are also functionally combined with each other digestive And transport systems.
The constant anatomical and functional relationship and “cooperation” of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems create a complex, unique system - human organism(With gr. tool, instrument) (Fig. 14). She lives according to the laws of unity, integrity, self-regulation and interaction with environment under the direction of nervous And humoral systems.
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Human organ systems brief report
Human organs and organ systems briefly
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Human tissues and organ systems briefly
Human organ system summary
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In Eastern medicine, the concept of "organ", in addition to the anatomical organ in the understanding of Western medicine, includes its specific, physiological and mental functions (according to the teaching tsangfu).
All organs are divided into five Yin and five Yang, as well as dense . (zang) and hollow (ugh). To the yin organs (dense - zang) include liver, heart, spleen, lungs, kidneys; to the yang organs (hollow - ugh) - gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, stomach, bladder.FIVE DENSE ORGANS
Heart. Includes anatomical organ heart, carries out the functions of controlling blood and blood vessels, sweating, as well as consciousness, thoughts, thinking activity, regulates vitality qi. The “window” of the heart is the tongue, the “mirror” is the face. When the function of the heart is normal, a person is in a clear consciousness, has quick thinking and strength of spirit. In the organ "heart" stands out pericardium- cardiac bag. Its functions include protecting the heart from outside threats, as well as blood circulation. Most changes in the heart manifest themselves in the pericardium (for example, when heat penetrates it, mental confusion occurs). A channel is connected to the heart organ small yin hearts passing through hands; interacts closely with him Yansky small intestine channel on the arms; its hollow organ is a subordinate of the heart.
Lungs. This concept includes the lungs themselves, the respiratory tract, the nose, the skin, and the hair of the body. The organ “lungs” controls the circulation of vital forces and fluids (“body juices”) in the body and controls breathing. The “window” of the lungs is the nose, the “mirror” is the hairline of the body. When lung function is impaired, skin changes occur (dryness, itching), cough, shortness of breath, as well as urination problems and swelling. Associated with the lungs Janski th channel (fu) of the colon.
Spleen. She is the second “mother” for the human body (the first “mother” is the kidney). The concept of “spleen” includes the anatomical organ spleen, muscles, adipose tissue and its inherent functions: management of nutrient transport, their processing and distribution (nutrition control); blood control and muscle control. The “window” of the spleen is the mouth, lips, the “mirror” is the muscles of the limbs. The spleen cleanses the blood, and the sufficiency of its vitality protects against bleeding. It warms the five storage organs zang(five dense organs), stores consciousness, determines the constitution of a person and his physical strength. When the functions of the spleen are impaired, hematomas occur, heavy menstruation occurs, muscles lose elasticity and quickly “get tired,” changes in taste and appetite occur, lips crack, memory and immunity are weakened. The spleen is connected to the stomach.
Liver. It includes the anatomical organ liver, the lateral sides of the body located at its level, as well as its inherent functions: distribution qi for each organ (filtration and transportation, excretion various substances), storage and distribution of blood, control of bile excretion. She is in charge of the ligamentous apparatus (tendons, fascia), controls the nervous system, vision and color perception. The “window” of the liver is the eyes, and the “mirror” is the nails. Impaired liver function leads to changes in the psyche, digestion, and menstrual cycle. This can lead to depression, depression, sadness, irritability, anger, mild excitability, insomnia, dizziness; changes in blood clotting, blurred vision, muscle cramps. The liver is connected to the gallbladder.
Kidneys. In this concept, Eastern medicine includes the anatomical organ of the kidneys, ears, hair, bones, genitourinary system, lower back, as well as their inherent functions: accumulation of the jing substance, ensuring fertility, controlling the circulation of fluids, blood formation, assimilation of vital forces entering the body qi, development of bone marrow and all brain tissue, management of the condition of bones and hair, control of hearing. In the right kidney there is sexual energy (in men - sperm production and the ability to conceive, in women - regular menstruation, the occurrence and development of pregnancy), as well as a source of vitality, in the left - hereditary energy. All gynecological diseases are associated with the left kidney. The “window” of the kidneys is the ears, the “mirror” is the hair. The human will (spiritual activity) is associated with the kidneys. If kidney function is impaired, fatigue, lower back pain, tinnitus, dizziness, swelling, insomnia, memory loss, slow thinking, tooth and hair loss occur. Kidneys are associated with bladder.
FIVE HOLLOW ORGANS AND THREE HEATERS
Gallbladder. This concept includes the gallbladder, which stores bile that promotes digestion and controls the psyche. When the functions of the gallbladder are impaired, yellowness of the eyes and skin, a bitter taste in the mouth, vomiting, fear, insomnia, and intense dreams appear.
Stomach. This concept includes the stomach itself and its inherent functions - receiving and digesting food, its partial absorption. Violation of these functions is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, etc.
Small intestine. This anatomical organ is the small intestine and its inherent functions are the separation of “clean” and “cloudy” fluids (the “clean” part goes to the spleen, the “cloudy” part to the colon), as well as the removal of unnecessary (pathological) substances from the heart. With her illness, digestive and urinary problems may occur.
Colon. To this body in Chinese medicine special relationship. It is considered a mirror of human health, because all vital organs are projected onto the large intestine human body. The large intestine is responsible for absorbing water, producing feces and excreting them. In case of dysfunction, the process of excretion is disrupted (diarrhea - when empty, constipation - when full). Consequently, toxicosis occurs in those zones where stagnation and hardening of feces form, and the organ whose projection is located in this zone suffers.
Bladder. Includes the bladder and its functions - storing fluid and excreting urine. If these functions are impaired, the amount of urine excreted decreases or control over its excretion is lost.
Three heaters. This organ does not have an anatomical representative, but its functional role is great. The upper heater turns on the lungs and heart, controls breathing and blood circulation, and controls skin pores; the middle one includes the spleen and stomach, controls the digestion of food; the lower one includes the kidneys, liver, small intestine, colon and bladder; it carries out filtration, removes excess water and unnecessary substances from the body. Thus, the three heaters unite the five dense and five hollow organs and coordinate their work.
INTERACTION OF DENSE ORGANS
Hollow and dense organs are closely interconnected, forming single organism, which carries out homeostasis (constancy of the internal environment). Knowledge of the laws of their close relationship allows the doctor to recognize the disease, monitor its course, prescribe treatment, and carry out disease prevention.
Heart and lungs. The lungs are responsible for the flow of vital energy qi, and the heart controls the blood, ensuring its normal movement. If there is a shortage qi Weakness of heart function occurs, and thrombosis appears due to slow blood flow. A similar picture is observed with poor oxygen supply: cardiopulmonary failure and angina pectoris may occur. If the function of the heart is weakened, then blood stagnates in the vessels of the lungs, causing suffocation and coughing (cardiac asthma).
Heart and liver. They jointly solve the problem of moving blood. If there is a lack of blood in the heart, a lack of blood in the liver may also occur, which is accompanied by dizziness, flickering in the eyes, tremors of the limbs, etc. Together they also affect the human psyche.
Heart and spleen If the function of the spleen is impaired, the flow of nutrients into the blood changes, palpitations, weakened memory, weak pulse, and unhealthy complexion are observed.
Heart and kidneys. The heart and kidneys constantly monitor each other. If not enough yang heart, then its fire does not descend and does not maintain the warmth of the kidneys; they, in turn, do not perform the function of moving water upward, palpitations and swelling are observed. If there is a shortage ing kidney is not supported yin heart, control over its yang function is weakened, palpitations, insomnia, and an abundance of dreams appear. They both participate in human mental activity.
Lungs and spleen. If the function of the spleen to move fluid is impaired, it stagnates, causing phlegm, hence cough and shortness of breath. And vice versa, if lung function is weakened, then the drainage of fluid downwards is impaired; accumulating, it adversely affects the function of the spleen, causing swelling, bloating, and loose stools.
Liver and lungs. If the function of the lungs, which is to drain qi down, liver function is impaired, which causes fatigue, weakening of the voice, and mood swings. On the contrary, if order is violated qi liver, there is a change in lung function (chest pain, cough, often dry, maybe mixed with blood).
Kidneys and lungs. They jointly manage fluid exchange in the body. If their functions are impaired, water accumulation and shortness of breath may occur. With normal lung function, vital energy flows well qi(for example, oxygen), the amount of substance increases ching qi in the kidneys. In turn, normal passage qi controlled through the lungs by the kidneys. If there is a shortage qi kidneys are poorly accepted by the lungs qi, shortness of breath and suffocation occur.
Liver and spleen. The spleen produces and controls blood, moves nutrients, and the liver stores them. If a person is excited, the liver function is impaired, this leads to deregulation of the spleen function, pain in the chest, lack of appetite, flatulence, and a feeling of fullness after eating. Conversely, if the function of the spleen is impaired, digestion worsens, blood production is weakened, which affects the liver.
Spleen and kidneys. Substance accumulates in the kidneys ching which is replenished after the birth of a person due to the nutritional substances of the spleen. At the same time, the transport function of the spleen depends on the warmth (yang) of the kidneys. Thus, if there is a lack yang kidneys are not heated yang spleen, and in case of deficiency yang spleen deficiency occurs yang kidney
Liver and kidneys. The liver accumulates blood, the kidneys drop the substance ching. The accumulation of blood in the liver depends on the amount of jing in the kidneys, and vice versa, the accumulation ching kidney depends on the blood accumulated in the liver. If its quantity is below a critical level, then ching the kidneys are not replenished; this, in turn, leads to a further decrease in the amount of blood, resulting in ching again not replenished. A vicious circle is formed, which must be interrupted using therapeutic methods.
INTERACTION OF HOLLOW ORGANS
With the continuous transfer of nutrients through all five hollow organs and through the three heaters, each of them periodically fills and empties. If such free passage is disrupted, then disease occurs.
Based on theory Yin Yang, each dense organ has a connection with a hollow organ. These connections determine internal relationships and the development of pathological syndromes.
Connection between heart and small intestine can be seen, for example, in diseases (fever) of the small intestine, when ulcerations appear in the mouth and tongue.
Connection between lungs and colon. For example, during attacks of suffocation accompanied by elevated temperature, constipation is observed. Many lung syndromes are treated through the colon.
Spleen and stomach- digestive organs. If the function of the spleen is impaired, then loss of appetite, a feeling of fullness after eating, general weakness and other complaints about the functioning of the stomach occur. A block occurs and the stomach qi can go in the opposite direction. Then vomiting and belching appear, which adversely affects the spleen.
The kidneys are connected to the bladder. Urine excretion is controlled by the kidneys. With enough kidney qi, the bladder retains water well; if the kidney qi is weak, then the functions Bladder are violated.
The gallbladder is connected to the liver. It stores and secretes bile, which is produced in the liver, and supports digestion in the stomach and intestines. If liver function is impaired, a change in the formation of bile is observed; at the same time, disruption of the process of bile secretion negatively affects the liver.
We examined the relationship between all dense and hollow organs, their interaction with each other and separately. Knowledge and understanding of these relationships allows us to diagnose the disease, treat and prevent diseases.
The organism is a single whole. With the help of the nervous system, communication is established between all organs of the body. Changes in the activity of one organ affect the functioning of the entire organism. The functioning of all body systems is under the control of the central nervous system, which ensures the consistency of their work in accordance with constantly changing environmental conditions. A living organism is a single whole in which the activities of cells, tissues, organs, and physiological systems are coordinated and connected. The body has the ability to self-regulate functions. The integrity of the body is also maintained through humoral regulation through the blood. The humoral connection between organs is under the control of the nervous system. The concept of the body as a single whole includes the mutual connection of the physical and mental. For example, insufficient development of the thyroid gland leads to mental retardation. Children born with an underdeveloped brain experience dementia.
An organism can only exist through constant interaction with its external environment. For normal functioning, the body must be balanced with environmental conditions. The body’s connection with the external environment occurs continuously due to simple and complex relationships:
- simple ones are carried out with the participation of innate unconditioned reflexes,
- complex - due to conditioned reflexes acquired throughout life.
The human body interacts, along with the general natural environment, also with social environment . The social environment has a huge influence on a person. In human interactions with the social environment, the most important role belongs to the so-called second signaling system, which underlies human speech and thinking.
The totality of organ systems and apparatuses forms an integral human organism, in which all its constituent parts are interconnected, while the main role in unifying the organism belongs to cardiovascular, nervous and endocrine systems. These systems act in concert and provide neurohumoral regulation of body functions. The nervous system transmits signals in the form of nerve impulses, and the endocrine system releases hormonal substances that carry blood to target organs.
The interaction between the cells of the nervous and endocrine systems is carried out using different cellular mediators formed from amino acids (liberins, endorphins, etc.). Produced in the nervous system in small concentrations, they have exceptional big influence to the endocrine apparatus.In addition to joint regulation of the body’s vital functions, the nervous and endocrine systems can act independently.
Self-regulation physiological functions - the main mechanism for maintaining the vital functions of the body at a relatively constant level. The relative constancy of the internal environment in humans is maintained by neurohumoral physiological mechanisms that regulate the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, digestive organs, kidneys and sweat glands, which ensure the removal of metabolic products from the body. Thus, the nervous and endocrine systems ensure the dynamic development of the body and the stability of its basic physiological functions.
Basic biological functions human body:
- homeostasis function, maintaining the parameters of the intercellular environment of the body
- function of exotrophy (external nutrition)
- function of maintaining the purity of the intercellular environment of the body (endoecology)
- function of prolonged, intense physical activity (locomotion)
- stress function
- short-term adaptation function
- long-term adaptation function
Ways to regulate body functions. In the body, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems work as a single unit. Their coordinated work is regulated in two ways:
- humoral, carried out by the endocrine system with the help chemical substances through liquid media body (blood, lymph, intercellular fluid)
- nervous– through the nervous system.
Nervous and humoral regulation ensure the interconnection and coordinated work of all organs and systems. Therefore, the body functions as a single whole.
Self-regulation lies in the fact that any deviation from the normal composition of the internal environment of the body includes nervous and humoral processes that regulate its return to the original level. For example, an increase in the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood includes mechanisms of nervous and humoral regulation that help reduce its amount and return to normal level; or weakening of the heart and a drop in blood pressure include neurohumoral mechanisms that normalize cardiovascular activity, i.e., increase heart function and increase blood pressure. Self-regulation of functions also occurs on cellular level. For example, if a cell produces an excess amount of protein, the rate of its synthesis slows down.
The principle of nervism. The unity of the body and its connection with the external environment is carried out mainly due to the activity of the nervous system, especially its higher parts - the cerebral cortex and subcortical formations. The definition of nervism was first given in 1883 by I. P. Pavlov in his doctoral dissertation “Centrifugal Nerves of the Heart”: “Nervism should be understood as a physiological direction that seeks to extend the influence of the nervous system to the greatest possible number of body activities.”
The activity of the nervous system is reflexive character. Reflex is the body's response to stimulation carried out by the central nervous system. The path along which nervous excitement transmitted by reflex, is reflex arc. The reflex arc includes the following sections:
- receptors,
- afferent (sensitive) nerve fibers,
- part of the central nervous system,
- efferent (motor) nerve fibers,
- working body.
In a reflex arc, a nerve impulse is conducted in one direction - from the afferent neuron to the efferent one. There are simple and complex reflex arcs. consists of sensory, motor and one interneuron.
In a difficult In the reflex arc, two or more interneurons are located between the afferent and efferent neurons.
