Characteristics of a complex sentence in the Russian language. Syntactic analysis of the sentence. With several subordinate clauses

Offer- this is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has a certain semantic and intonation completeness. Being a unit of communication, a sentence is at the same time a unit of formation and expression of thought, in which the unity of language and thinking is manifested.

Offers are distinguished by: the purpose of the statement, intonation, the nature of the grammatical basis, the presence or absence of minor members of the sentence,

completeness or incompleteness of the grammatical composition of the sentence,

the presence or absence of isolated members of the sentence,

number of grammatical bases.

By purpose of the statement differentiate between sentences narrative, interrogative And incentive.

Narrative are called sentences that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc. (affirmed or denied): The carriage drove up to the porch of the commandant's house. The people recognized Pugachev's bell and ran after him in a crowd.Interrogative are sentences that are intended to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker. For example: Why do you need to go to St. Petersburg?

Grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences:

1) interrogative intonation - raising the tone on a word with which the meaning of the question is associated: Did you invite me with a song? happiness? (Wed: Isn't it You called happiness with a song? - Are you song called happiness?); 2) word arrangement (usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence): Not hail Is the hostile one burning? 3) interrogative words - interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example: Not better whether should you get behind them yourself? For what are we standing here?

Incentive are called sentences that express the will of the speaker.

They can express:

1) order, request, plea: “Be silent! Go, Peter! - the student commanded;

2) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat, for example: Tyrants of the world! Tremble! 3) consent, permission: Do as you wish; You can go wherever your eyes take you;

4) call, invitation to joint action: My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses! 5) desire: Give him Dutch soot with rum.

Grammatical means of forming incentive sentences

1) incentive intonation; 2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood; 3) special particles that add an incentive to the sentence ( come on, come on, come on, yeah, let it go);

4) interjections.

By intonation distinguish between proposals exclamation marks And non-exclamatory .

exclamation marks are called emotionally charged sentences, which are conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Different types of sentences can have an emotional connotation: narrative, interrogative, and incentive. For example: declarative exclamation: He faced death face to face, as a fighter should in battle!; interrogative-exclamation: Who would dare ask Ishmael about that?!; exclamatory exclamation: Oh, spare him!.. wait! - he exclaimed.

Grammatical means of forming exclamatory sentences

1) intonation, conveying various feelings: joy, annoyance, grief, anger, surprise (exclamatory sentences are pronounced in a higher tone, highlighting the word that directly expresses the emotion): Farewell letter of love, farewell! Wait, my dear! 2) interjections, for example: Ah, this man always causes me terrible distress!; Wow! the food is good here! Ahti, good!; Ugh, Lord, forgive me! Repeats the same thing five thousand times! 3) exclamatory particles of interjectional, pronominal and adverbial origin, imparting an emotional connotation to what is being expressed: well, oh, well, where, how, what, what and : What a neck! What eyes! Well, here's some fun for you!

The intonation richness of Russian speech(see topic No. 4).

Logical stress. Direct and reverse word order.

The most important word in a message in oral speech can be emphasized by strengthening the voice - logical stress, and word order. Ability to correctly use logical stress and in reverse order The use of words not only makes our speech more accurate, creates conditions for its unambiguous understanding, but also contributes to its sound expressiveness.

In a Russian sentence, the order of words (more precisely, the order of the members of the sentence) is considered free. This means that there is no strictly assigned place in a sentence for one or another of its members. IN Both direct and reverse word order occur.

Direct word order in a sentence

Table 36

Direct word order is typical for scientific and journalistic speech, the opposite is more common in colloquial speech and works of fiction.

The arrangement of words in a sentence is determined by expediency and communicative tasks, the main of which is to be understood.

Related to this is the so-called actual division of the utterance, which assumes:

1. movement from the known, familiar to the unknown, new: the first is contained in the initial part of the sentence, the second - at its end.

2. Other condition correct construction Sentences - dependent words must come before or immediately after the main sentence. At large quantities of minor members they should be arranged so as to prevent misunderstanding, as, for example, in the sentence: They sell domestic and imported medical clothing; The goalkeeper couldn't keep the ball, but there was no one to finish it off.

A deliberate departure from the usual order of sentence members is carried out in order to highlight individual words or parts of a sentence and is called inversion:

Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!

The azure steppe, pearl chain

You are rushing, as if, like me, exiles

From the sweet north to south side.

In this quatrain of Lermontov there are four cases of inversion: in three cases the agreed single definition comes after the main word, in the fourth - the predicate precedes the subject. With the rearrangement of words, additional semantic and expressive shades are created, the expressive function of one or another member of the sentence changes. The inverse nature of a sentence member is determined by the place of the word in the sentence - the most advantageous position is that sentence member that is moved to the beginning or, conversely, moved to the end of the sentence: Only one can help me fate.Over my troubles. Any reverse order in the text must be aesthetically justified (stylistic application). Unjustified inversion and poor word order are a source of stylistic errors, leading to a distortion of the meaning of a phrase or ambiguity, for example: The best milkmaid Ivanova received 37 liters of milk from a cow named Maruska on the 28th day after calving. - words " on the 28th day after calving" should have been placed after the word " Maruska»).
Writers use both types of word order in a sentence, often alternating between them. The predominance of only one type of sentences would lead to monotony of speech. Skillful use of word order in a sentence is an important means of enhancing the expressiveness of speech.

Answer or solution 2

How to characterize a proposal:

1. Determine which sentence according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, incentive.

2. Determine which sentence by intonation: exclamatory, non-exclamatory.

3. Determine which proposal based on the presence of main members: two-part, one-part.

4. Determine which proposal based on the presence of secondary members: widespread or non-common.

5. Determine how the sentence is complicated: homogeneous members, appeal, direct speech.

First, you need to determine whether a word or group of words is proposal. To do this, the sentence must have a complete thought.

The offer may be simple and complex, it is very important to correctly determine the number of grammatical bases at this stage.

If one, then the sentence is simple, two or more complex.

Please note that the grammatical basis may not be complete.

For example: I listened, and the train was approaching. (there are 2 in this sentence grammar basics)

Characteristics for a simple sentence

Simple sentences are divided into two-piece and one-piece. In a two-part sentence there are both subjects and a predicate. In a one-component sentence, one of the members of the grammatical basis is missing.

Depending on the main member of the sentence present, a one-part sentence can be:

nominative;
infinitive;
impersonal;
generalized-personal;
vaguely personal;
definitely personal.

A simple sentence could also be complete and incomplete. An incomplete sentence when one of the significant members of the sentence (no matter the main or minor ones) is missing.

Also a simple sentence could be widespread(There is minor members) And not common(grammatical basis only).

Characteristics for a complex sentence

The first thing to determine in a complex sentence is it union or non-union(the presence of a union or allied word between parts complex sentence).

Union proposals are divided into complex and complex.

The parts of a complex sentence are equal and independent of each other. To connect complex sentences, the following conjunctions are used: connective, adversative, disjunctive.

Parts in a complex sentence cannot be considered equal. The independent part is usually called the main part, and the dependent part is called the subordinate part. There are complex sentences (defined by type subordinate clause): defining, explanatory, connecting and adverbial.

Also, complex sentences with three or more parts may contain different kinds communications.

Characteristics of proposals
educational and methodological material on the Russian language on the topic

This document provides theoretical information about the types of sentences that you need to know in order to parse correctly.

Both teachers and students can use this material in their work.

It also contains brief supporting material about the main and minor members of the sentence.

Download:

Preview:

1) according to the purpose of the statement

1) The boy read an interesting book.

2) Today the first snow fell.

3) Winter has finally arrived!

1) Where does this road lead?

2) Who is knocking on my door?

3) Will you call me tonight?

Give me this book, please.
Read carefully!
Protect the environment!

2) by emotional coloring

They express the strong feelings (emotions) of the speaker and his attitude towards the message: joy, excitement, sadness, etc. At the end of a sentence there is an exclamation mark or an exclamation mark and a question mark.

At the end of the sentence there is a period.

Such a great weather!
How beautiful the forest is in autumn!
Didn't you understand me?!

1) All the birds flew south.

(by number of grammatical bases)

Consist of two or more grammatical stems (two or more simple sentences).

Autumn has come.
The leaves on the trees have already turned yellow.
The birds flew south.

Winter has come and snow has fallen.
The sea was rough and our boat rocked on the waves.

4) by the nature of the grammatical basis

(what does it contain?)

The grammatical basis consists of two main members (subject and predicate).

The grammatical basis consists of one main member (either subject or predicate)

Fog hung over the river.
The first snow fell.
The boys are swimming in the river.

It's getting dark outside.
I love the storm in early May.
Fierce cold.

by the presence of minor members

(is there a definition, addition, circumstance in the sentence?)

In addition to the main members, there are also minor members of the sentence (at least one).

They consist only of the main members of the sentence.

In autumn, birds fly south in large flocks.
Students sing their favorite songs.

Children dance and sing.
Silence.
Snow.

According to the presence of complications

The proposal can be complicated:

1) homogeneous members;

2) dissociated members;

4) introductory words and sentences;
5) plug-in structures.

The proposal is not complicated in any way. It contains neither homogeneous nor isolated members of the sentence, nor introductory words and designs, no appeals.

1) Streams gurgle merrily on the roads and in the ravines.

2) White, yellow, red roses stood in a vase.

2) The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up. (complicated by a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase)

3) Seryozha, have you read this book?

4) There will probably be a thunderstorm soon.

1) Streams are babbling merrily everywhere.
Children swim in the river.

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which names the one who acts, experiences some state, or has a certain characteristic.
Answers the questions:
Who? What?

For example: Today the first snow fell.

The predicate is the main member of a sentence that names the action, state or attribute of the subject.

Answers the questions:
What is he doing? What? What's happened? Who it?

For example: There are yellow leaves on the ground.

The subject and predicate are the basis of the sentence.

A complement is a minor member of a sentence that denotes an object.

Answers questions about indirect cases.

For example: I wrote a letter to my mother.

Definition - a minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object.

Answers the questions:
Which? Whose?

For example: There is fluffy snow on the tree branches.

A circumstance is a minor member of a sentence that denotes time, place, and method of action.

Answers the questions:
Where? When? Where? Where?
Why? For what? And How?

For example: Today we went to the forest to pick mushrooms.

"Simple Sentence Parsing Samples"

1. Simple sentence

Grammar basis one: the rooks are shouting, which means the sentence is simple.
narrative.
By intonation the sentence non-exclamatory.

Sentence structure: two-part common: agreed upon definitions of sleepy, distant, location in the trees; offer complete.

During recess, the teacher asked me to bring a geographical map to class.

2. A simple sentence complicated by homogeneous members

Grammar basis one: art creates, shapes - sentence simple.
According to the purpose of the statement, the sentence narrative.
By intonation the sentence non-exclamatory.

Sentence structure: two-part(subject - expressed by a noun, predicates - simple); common(agreed definitions of good, human, direct additions of people, soul); offer complete; complicated homogeneous predicates .

Homogeneous predicates are separated by a comma.

3. A simple sentence, complicated by isolated phrases

Grammar basis one: the eye covered, which means the sentence simple narrative. By intonation the sentence non-exclamatory.

Sentence structure: two-part(the subject is expressed by a noun, the predicate is a simple verb); common(agreed definition circular, isolated definition expressed by a participial phrase enclosing the sky and sea (depending on the addition of the line), circumstance of the manner of action is free, separate circumstance expressed participial phrase without encountering obstacles (depending on the predicate covered)).

Isolated members are separated by commas.

Leaving the house, Masha went to the grocery store.

4. A simple sentence complicated by non-members of the sentence

Grammar basis one: the weather was magnificent, so the proposal simple. According to the purpose of the statement, the sentence narrative. By intonation the sentence non-exclamatory.

Sentence structure: two-part(subject - simple, predicate - compound nominal); common(circumstance of time all the time). The proposal is complicated introductory phrase lucky for me, which is not a member of the sentence and expresses a positive emotional assessment.

The introductory phrase is separated by a comma.

5. Sentence with direct speech

“Why are you standing there!” - I shouted angrily.

Sentence with direct speech.

Grammar basis one: are you standing - sentence simple. According to the purpose of the statement, the sentence narrative. By intonation the sentence exclamation point.

Sentence structure: two-part(the subject is expressed by a pronoun, the predicate is a simple verb), not widespread.

Grammar basis one: I shouted - proposal simple. According to the purpose of the statement, the sentence narrative. By intonation the sentence non-exclamatory.

Sentence structure: two-part(the subject is expressed by a pronoun, the predicate is a simple verb), common(minor member - circumstance angry).

Lesson summary “Samples of parsing a simple sentence.”

Next topic: “Parsing a complex sentence.”

To use punctuation marks correctly, you need to have a clear understanding of the sentence structure. Syntactic parsing, that is, parsing the sentence into members, is intended to help you understand it. Our article is devoted to the syntactic parsing of sentences.

Syntax units

Syntax studies the connections between words within phrases or sentences. Thus, the units of syntax are phrases and sentences - simple or complex. In this article we will talk about how to do a syntactic analysis of a sentence, not a phrase, although they are often asked to do this at school.

Why is sentence parsing needed?

Syntactic analysis of a sentence involves a detailed examination of its structure. This is absolutely necessary in order to put punctuation marks correctly. In addition, it helps to understand the connection of words within a phrase. During syntactic analysis, as a rule, the characteristics of the sentence are given, all members of the sentence are determined and it is replaced by what parts of speech they are expressed. This is the so-called full parsing. But sometimes this term is used to refer to a short, partial, syntactic analysis, during which the student only emphasizes the parts of the sentence.

Members of the sentence

Among the members of a sentence, the main ones are always identified first: subject and predicate. They usually form the grammatical basis. If a sentence has one grammatical stem, it simple, more than one - complex.

The grammatical basis can consist of two main members, or include only one of them: either only the subject, or only the predicate. In the second case we say that the sentence one-piece. If both main members are present - two-part.

If, apart from the grammatical basis, there are no words in a sentence, it is called undistributed. IN widespread the sentence also has minor members: addition, definition, circumstance; a special case of the definition is application.

if a sentence contains words that are not members of the sentence (for example, appeal), it is still considered uncommon.

When performing analysis, it is necessary to name the part of speech by which one or another member of the sentence is expressed. The children practice this skill while studying Russian in the 5th grade.

Offer characteristics

To characterize a proposal, you need to indicate it, you need to describe it

according to the purpose of the statement;
by intonation;
by the number of grammatical bases and so on.

Below we offer an outline of the proposal's characteristics.

According to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, motivating.

By intonation: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

Exclamatory sentences can be any type of sentence, not just incentive ones.

By the number of grammatical bases: simple or complex.

By the number of main members in the grammatical basis: one-piece or two-piece.

If the sentence is one-part, it is necessary determine its type: nominative, definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal.

By the presence of minor members: widespread or not widespread.

If the proposal is complicated in some way, then this must also be indicated. This is a plan for parsing a sentence; It's better to stick to it.

Complicated sentence

A sentence can be complicated by address, introductory and inserted constructions, homogeneous members, isolated members, direct speech. If any of these types of complications is present, then you must indicate that the sentence is complicated and write with what.

For example, the sentence “Guys, let’s live together!” complicated by the address “guys”.

If the sentence is complex

If it is necessary to analyze a complex sentence, you must first indicate that it is complex and determine its type: conjunctive or non-conjunctive, and if conjunctive, then also complex or complex. Then characterize each of the parts in terms of the composition of the grammatical basis (two-part or one-part, type of one-part) and the presence/absence of minor members.

The table shows the minor members and their questions.

Minor members can be expressed in different parts speech, for example the definition:

wool skirt- adjective;

wool skirt- noun;

ironed skirt- participle;

habit of winning- infinitive...

Example of parsing a sentence

Let's look at the proposal “I didn’t know that you, Masha, moved from the village to the city”.

We emphasize grammar basics. There are two of them: knew and You moved. Let's define parts of speech: knew- predicate, expressed by a verb in personal form, etc.

Now we emphasize minor members:

Moved from where? from the village - a circumstance expressed by a noun; Where? to the city - also a circumstance, also expressed by a noun. Masha- this is an appeal, it is not a member of the sentence.

Now let's give characteristics. The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, conjunction, complex.

The first part “didn’t know” is incomplete and undistributed.

The second part is two-part, widespread. Complicated handling.

At the end of the analysis, you need to draw up a diagram of a complex sentence.

What have we learned?

Parsing is designed to help you understand the structure of a sentence, so you need to indicate everything that can be associated with it. It is better to carry out the analysis according to plan, then there is a greater chance that you will not forget anything. It is necessary not only to emphasize the members of the sentence, but also to identify the parts of speech and characterize the sentence.

Test on the topic

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difficult sentence. A sentence consisting of two or several parts, similar in form to simple sentences, but forming a single semantic, constructive and intonational whole (simple parts, when combined to form a complex one, form not an arithmetic, but an algebraic sum).

The unity and integrity of a complex sentence is created for its individual types by different means, which include:

1) intonation. Parts of a complex sentence do not have intonation completeness, which is one of the main features of a sentence as a communicative unit: this feature is inherent in the complex sentence as a whole. The foam boiled and splashes of water flew through the air(Gorky) (before the union And the voice rises, and the decrease in voice characteristic of a narrative sentence occurs only at the end of the second part of a complex sentence);

2) conjunctions or allied words. The son silently took the flail, and the work began in four flails(L. Tolstoy). I I want a feather to be compared to a bayonet (M a i k o v s k i i). I don't I know where the border between comrade and friend is(Svetlov); (I don’t describe them because they are listed further in question 23)

3) lexical composition (specialized words with the meaning of indication, systemic lexical relations - synonymy, antonymy). In one or another part of a complex sentence there may be words indicating its lack of independence. One thing was certain: he would not come back.(Turgenev) (the first part needs clarification of the word in it one). You are too human not to be horrified by these consequences(Herzen) (the means of coupling both parts is a pair too... to). Before I had time to come to my senses, someone’s hand in a white glove found itself in mine.(L. Tolstoy) (pair didn't have time...how). All you had to do now was look back at the village, and everything from yesterday was vividly remembered.(Chekhov) (pair it was worth...how);

4) syntactic structure of parts (incompleteness of one of the parts, structural parallelism of parts). The cat sat motionless on the mattress and pretended to sleep(Chekhov) (the first part needs to be expanded with the help of the second). Pavel feels that someone's fingers are touching his arm above the elbow(N. Ostrovsky) (same thing). She had not seen Alexei yet, while all the young neighbors were talking only about him(P u sh-k and n) (parallelism of the arrangement of sentence members in both parts);

5) order of parts. Some types of complex sentences allow only one specific order of parts. The rope was almost the length of the entire room, so that only the opposite corner could be safe from attack. terrible beast(Pushkin) (rearrangement of parts is impossible);

6) ratio verb forms -s kazy e m x (coordination of aspectual and tense forms of predicate verbs). In some cases, the relationship between aspectual and tense forms of a verb or mood forms in parts of a complex sentence is its constructive feature. His fox-shaven face smiled pleasantly, and his eyes squinted, looking around at everyone gathered.(L. Tolstoy) (the meaning of simultaneity is conveyed by imperfective forms). If I knew the craft, I would live in the city(Gorky) (the meanings of the condition and consequence are expressed by the form of the imperative mood in the first part and the subjunctive in the second).

Each having its own specificity, a simple sentence and a complex sentence in some cases come closer to each other, forming transitional cases. I came here to explain myself(Turgenev) (infinitive phrase to explain myself occupies an intermediate position between the subordinate clause of the goal and the adverbial clause of the goal;

cf.: I came to explain). Like a distant lightning in the dead of midnight, a vague awareness of danger flashed(Serafimovich) (comparative turnover like a distant lightning in the dead of midnight occupies an intermediate position between the subordinate clause and the circumstance of the manner of action; compare: ... flashed like a distant lightning in the dead of midnight).

Based on the type of connection, joint ventures are divided into union and non-union.

BSP – a complex sentence, the predicative parts of which are interconnected in their meaning and structure, by rhythmic and melodic means, without the help of conjunctions or relative words. They differ:

1) non-union complex sentences homogeneous composition (with parts of the same type). According to the meanings they express (simultaneity or sequence of events, comparison or opposition of actions, etc.) and according to some structural features (enumerative intonation or intonation of opposition, uniformity of aspectual forms of predicate verbs, the possibility of inserting coordinating conjunctions), sentences of this type can be correlated with the BSC. They are characterized by an open structure (the number of parts is limited only by the will of the speaker). The white blanket has been thrown to the floor, the house is empty, Vera Nikandrovna is alone(Fedin). You are eager for war - we have strengthened peace(B e z y e n s k i s);

2) non-union complex sentences heterogeneous composition (with different types of parts). According to the meanings they express (relations conditional! and, cause-and-effect, explanatory, etc.) and according to some structural features (intonation, the order of predicative parts with a single goal, the lexical composition of the first part, etc.) sentences of this type can be correlated with SPP . The number of parts in this type of sentence is no more than two. Sometimes the horses sank up to their bellies: the soil was very viscous (F a d e c). Fedor understood: it was about communication (F u r-man o v).

With this classification, transitional or intermediate types of non-conjunctive complex sentences are possible, not correlative with complex or complex sentences, for example, non-conjunctive sentences with explanatory relations. The weather was terrible: the wind howled, wet snow fell in flakes...(Pushkin).

Another classification of non-union complex sentences is based on different types of intonation as the most important formal aspect of their construction. Stand out:

1) enumerative sentences. Silk does not tear, damask steel does not fray, gold does not rust(proverb);

2) comparative sentences. L This is in store - winter eats(proverb);

3) sentences of conditionality. If you're afraid of wolves, don't go into the forest(proverb);

4) explanatory sentences. She imagined a picture: a fragile boat rushing downstream(Veresaev);

5) connecting sentences. The Russian intelligentsia grew and developed in absolutely brutal conditions - this is undeniable(Bitter).

The allied ones, in turn, are represented by SSP and SPP.

SSP – a complex sentence whose parts are connected by coordinating conjunctions. From a grammatical point of view, the parts are equal. The old prince was still in the city, and they were waiting for him every minute (L.. Tolsto A). The old man was clearly indignant, and Grigory winced(Sholokhov).

The connection between the parts of a complex sentence is also carried out by other grammatical and lexical means. The Germans will leave, and the entire territory they occupy will pass into the hands of the Red Army(N. Ostrovsky) (incompleteness of the intonation of the first part; the ratio of the forms of perfective verbs, conveying the relation of succession; the order of the parts corresponding to the order of the actions being spoken about). Liza was frightened by Vera Nikandrovna’s strangely aged look, and she did not dare to object.(Fedin) (the interconnection of the parts and the semantic lack of independence of the second part are emphasized by the use of the pronoun in it she). The hallway smelled of fresh apples and hung wolf and fox skins (L. Tolstoy) (parts of a complex sentence are united by a common minor member in entryway). The snow is still white in the fields, and the waters are noisy in the spring(Tyutchev) (the interdependence of the parts is expressed using words yet... well).

There can be relationships between the parts of a complex sentence:

1) connecting (with the meaning of simultaneity, sequence, cause and effect, etc.). Dark rainy clouds were approaching from the east, and moisture sipped from there.(Chekhov). Pierre entered the children, and the laughter and screams intensified even more. (L. T o l s t o i). That day I was a little unwell, so I didn’t wait for dinner and went to bed.(Arsen'ev);

Unions: And , rep. conjunction-particle And , yes (=and), too, also , rep. union no no

2) dividing (with the meaning of incompatibility, alternation, mutual exclusion). Now the sun shines dimly, now a black cloud hangs(N e-krasov). Either you get dressed now, or I'll leave alone(Pisemsky);

Unions: a, but, yes (=but), however, same (this conjunction is located distantly in relation to the boundary of the predicative part), but .

3) adversative (with the meaning of opposition, inconsistency). Everyone looked after him, but no one smiled(Turgenev). He the man is awkward, disheveled, ragged, but his face is almost beautiful(Bitter);

Unions: or, or , rep. unions whether - whether - or, this, whether - roofing felts, not that - not that .

4) connecting, gradational and explanatory

Affiliating unions: yes and, but also.

I really wanted to go home, but there was nothing to go there for.

Graduation unions: not only but; not really, but...

Not only the administration came out to greet the guests, but also students and schoolchildren came out.

Explanatory conjunctions: that is, namely, or (= i.e..)

Ivan Ilyich sat down to work in the evening, that is, he read papers and corrected laws.

SPP – a sentence whose parts are connected by subordinating conjunctions or allied words. It’s not a waste of effort if it gives such results(N. Ostrovsky). The battle is won by the one who is determined to win it(L. Tolstoy). Subordinating connection between parts of a complex sentence is expressed in the syntactic dependence of one part (subordinate clause) on another (main clause). (for more details see question 23)

25.Style (French) style from Greek stylos - writing stick).

1. A variety of language characterized by features in the selection, combination and organization of linguistic means in connection with the tasks of communication. Language style. Functional style.

2. A set of techniques for using language that is characteristic of a writer, work, or genre. Pushkin's style. The style of “Eugene Onegin” The style of the romantics. The style of the fable. The style of the feuilleton.

3. Selection of linguistic means based on the principle of their expressive and stylistic coloring. Book style. The style is official. The style is solemn. The style is satirical. The style is humorous.

4. Constructing speech in accordance with the norms of word usage and syntax. The style is artificial. The style is casual. The style is simple. Errors in style. Work on your style.

(Linguistic dictionary of terms by D.I. Rosenthal)

Basic unit style systems are functional. style.

At school traditions and styles are considered in accordance with different aspects of social life.

V.V. Vinogradov emphasized the relationship between styles and the spheres and functions that language performs:

Communicative function (communication) – everyday life;

Message (business, scientific);

Impact (journalistic, artistic - fiction).

But Vinogradov himself noted that there are more styles than functions. Then he identified styles of language and styles of speech.

Functional style is a certain socially conscious variety of speech,

a) corresponding to one or another sphere of social activity and form of consciousness,

b) possessing a unique stylistic coloring created by the peculiarities of the functioning of linguistic means and specific speech organization in this area,

c) having its own norms for the selection and combination of linguistic units, determined by the tasks of communication in the relevant field.

* Each of the spheres of human activity corresponds to a special attitude to reality: in communication with loved ones - associative, in business communication– abstract-logical.

Factors that determine style:

1. Form of consciousness and type of activity (type of thinking and form of reflection: scientific concept, legal norm, artistic image).

2. Factors that determine the substyle:

Degree of formality/informality

Oral/written form

The greater the proportion of written form in a style, the less “transparent” its oral form is, and vice versa.

Monologue/dialogue view

Method of communication: direct, indirect and impersonal (law, article). Direct contact tends to be oral.

Genre of speech (i.e. a type of speech work characterized by unity of design, composition, style)

Type of science, display method

3. Clarifying factor:

Tone of speech

Listener or audience orientation

Type of speech contact

The nature of the subject and addressee of speech

4. Subjective factors

For a long time, classification followed the path of differentiating book and colloquial styles. Gvozdev distinguished between everyday and journalistic styles. Budigov: colloquial (colloquial-intelligent and colloquial-familiar).

The substyle is influenced by the genre and genre varieties.

Thanks to the development of language and the constant interaction of styles, the boundaries between them have a certain mobility.

STYLISTIC NORM is a historically established and naturally developing generally accepted implementation of the styles inherent in the language. possibilities, meanings, colors, determined by the goals, objectives and content of this sphere of communication.

(From Spurs) Interstyle vocabulary. It includes words that do not have a functional fixation => used in all of the listed styles. Interstyle vocabulary includes:

Names of specific objects (person, dog, cat)

Name of natural phenomena (snow, rain)

Naming neutral features of words (happy, skillful, smart)

Name of common actions and states (speaking, writing)

Interstyle vocabulary is used both in oral and written speech. It is characterized by simplicity, naturalness, clarity, and accessibility.

Stylistically neutral vocabulary is opposed to stylistically marked vocabulary. Most scientists distinguish 2 categories of words as part of stylistically marked vocabulary: book words, colloquial words.

Book vocabulary includes 3 groups of words (scientific vocabulary, official business, journalistic, literary vocabulary)

Due to the diversity of colloquial vocabulary, there is currently no definitive study of the distinction between colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. There are several groups of words: 1. lit. colloquial (idler) 2. colloquial (dirty, grandfather) 3. everyday vernacular (net, bro) 4. colloquial terminological (castor oil, diabetic, heart patient, hypertensive)

CONVERSATIONAL STYLE

Communication is unprepared, direct. The speakers have an informal relationship.

Vocabulary.

Ch. dominant – lack of concern for the form of expression. do not use words foreign to this style.

relative lexical poverty:

frequent repetitions
words of imprecise, momentary semantics
a lot of occasionalisms
ersatz words (substituting pauses)
Synonym members are almost never used. row
the norm is to use neutral vocabulary

Morphology .

Parts of speech ratio:

almost no participles and gerunds, cr. forms adj.
many pronouns
less than in other styles, noun is used. and adj.

I.-V.p. dominates.

There are some colloquial forms: on vacation, contracts, sugar, Mom!

verb: a single time plan is not always maintained; truncated forms with the meaning of instant action are actively used (grab, knock)

sometimes there is verbal control without a controlled word: Are you submitting early? I'm finishing (what?)

Lots of particles

Syntax .

The proposal is different from the book. styles: chains of short messages strung on top of each other, because there is no time to think through the phrase; a lot of insertions, additions, syntactic self-interruptions, unnecessary words.

ellipsis, incompleteness

Both semi-functional and significant elements are truncated.

many non-prepositional case constructions

a lot of repetitions

inversions, confusing word order, phrases often break up (I really liked reading books)

connective means: if, if

fragmentation of the sentence, parcellation (I’m going to Moscow. Alone.)

26.Constructions that are grammatically unrelated to the structure of the sentence (addresses, introductory words, interjections).

Appeal- the name of the person or, in the case of personification, the inanimate object or phenomenon to which the statement is addressed; Petya, come back soon! Wind, wind, you are powerful, you drive flocks of clouds(A. Pushkin). The primary purpose of O. is to attract the attention of the listener and make it clear that the statement is addressed specifically to him. The presence of O. is especially characteristic of interrogative and incentive sentences that require an immediate reaction from a specific addressee - an answer or action. In SRY, the form of address coincides with the form of the nominative case of the noun in combination with a specific intonation.

VvOthese wordsA, words that are syntactically unrelated to the sentence and express the speaker’s attitude to the message, a general assessment of the message, an indication of the source of the message or its connection with the context of speech. As a V. s. can be used as words isolated from one or another part of speech and used only as V. s. (“of course”, “for example”, “apparently”), as well as words that have retained living connections with various parts of speech and can be members of a sentence (“possibly”, “say”, “seems”). V. s. may contain an emotional assessment of the message (“fortunately”, “unfortunately”) or a call for attention (“you know”, “imagine”), indicate the degree of reliability (“true”, “apparently”), the source (“they say”, "known"), style ("simply") or on the relationship between parts of the message ("by the way", "finally").

Interjections- a class of unchangeable words that serve for an undifferentiated and grammatically unformed expression of emotions and expressions of will. M. occupy an isolated position in the system of parts of speech. Unlike auxiliary parts of speech, they do not participate in the expression of relations between words and sentences, and differ from significant words in the absence of a nominative meaning (for example. Alas! expresses a feeling of regret without being its name).

Based on their functional and semantic features, interjections are divided into several groups:

1) emotional M., expressing the difference between positive or negative emotions (admiration, indignation, surprise, irritation, fear) or a general state of excitement: ay-ay-ay, ah, here you go, well, well, wow;

2) expressive M., expressing calls for the implementation or termination of an action, demands for silence or attention, etc.: hello, ay, go ahead, take it, march, shh;

3) vocative M., close to volitional, but addressed to animals: scat, kitty-kiss, shoo, whoa;

4) etiquette M., which are fixed formulas of greeting, gratitude, forgiveness: hello, thank you, goodbye, bye. Based on their composition and formation, microorganisms are divided into non-derivative (primitive) and derivative (non-primitive). Non-derivatives M. ( ah, ah, scat, uh, ugh) do not correspond to the words of the significant parts of speech. Some of them contain rare or uncharacteristic for the Russian phonetic system. language sounds and their combinations: yeah, brr, um, shoo, ugh, shh; they can double and triple: ay-ay-ay, oh-oh, oh-oh. Their origin is associated with reflexive emotional cries and exclamations. Derivatives of M. can be correlated with nouns ( god, lord, damn): with verbs ( you'll think it will happen to you, wait), with adverbs and functional parts of speech ( out!, away, however). Among the derivative interjections there are many stable combinations and phraseological units: that's it, what the hell, that's it, well, well. M., as a rule, are not syntactically related to other words and are not members. offers. They can function as the equivalent of a sentence: Ah ah ah!; Guard!; be part of phraseological structures: Oh yeah hero!; be freely introduced into a sentence, usually opening it: Oh, trouble! At the same time, some emotional M. are capable of acting as a predicate if instead of a name. a sign expresses the impression it evokes: Her character is oh-oh-oh. In addition, volitional M., acquiring certain verbal properties due to their proximity to the imperative mood, can subjugate dependent words: march home; let's go to the river. Verbal words and onomatopoeias are close to interjections in some respects.

The concept of a complex sentence. Place of a complex sentence in the system syntactic units language. The grammatical meaning of a complex sentence. The difference between a complex sentence and a simple one in structure and semantics.

The difference between a complex sentence and polypredicative units that are not a complex sentence (from sentences complicated by isolated phrases; from sentences complicated by direct speech; from sentences complicated comparative designs, introductory and plug-in structures). A question about sentences with several predicates with one subject (about monosubjective constructions) and about one-part sentences with a coordinating connection of the main members. A complex sentence as a structural-semantic union of predicative parts and as a special independent unit of syntax. Differential features of a complex sentence.

Composition and subordination as the main methods of grammatical connection of predicative parts in a complex sentence.

Basic ways and means of expressing the grammatical meaning of a complex sentence. Elements of the structure of a complex sentence. Conjunctions in a complex sentence, their functions, structure, semantics; semantic and syntactic conjunctions. Conjunctive words (relata): morphological way of their expression and syntactic functions. Support words as means of connecting predicative parts in a complex sentence. Demonstrative words (correlates): morphological way of their expression, syntactic functions, semantics, degree of obligatory nature, place in the scheme depending on the meaning. The relationship between aspectual and tense forms of predicate verbs as a means of expressing the corresponding grammatical meaning, modal meaning and the degree of coherence of predicative parts. Anaphoric and cataphoric elements. Syntactically specialized words (conjunctive analogues/conjunctive combinations). Typed lexical instantiators (elements). The order of the predicative parts. Common member, parallelism in the construction of parts in a complex sentence.

Complex sentence in the functional aspect: types of complex sentence according to the purpose of the statement; mono- and polyfunctional complex sentences; a complex sentence in terms of the emotional coloring of its structure; specificity of the actual division of the structure of a complex sentence.

Structural-semantic model of a complex sentence as a certain set of elements necessary to express its basic grammatical meaning when implementing the corresponding syntactic connection in it.

Typology of complex sentences: conjunction and non-conjunction complex sentences; compound and complex sentences. The concept of open and closed structure of a complex sentence; about its flexible and inflexible structure; about the structure of homogeneous and heterogeneous composition. Free and non-free (phraseologized) models of complex sentences. The main features of phrase models and their main varieties. Transitional constructions in the area of syntax of complex sentences.