Mongolia is an amazing country affecting tourists with its uniqueness and originality. Located in Central Asia, this country borders only with Russia and China and does not have access to the sea. Therefore, the Mongolia climate is sharply continental. And the Ulan Bator is considered but all the same Mongolia is popular among tourists of the entire planet.
General
Mongolia still keeps his traditions, she managed to carry his cultural heritage through the century. The Great Mongol Empire had a huge impact on world history, The famous Chinghis Khan leader was born on the territory of this particular country.
Today, the unique place of the planet attracts primarily those who want to relax from the noise of megacities and the usual resorts and immerse itself into a special world of pristine natural beauty. Geographical location climate, plants, animals - all this is unusual and unique. High mountains, endless steppe, blue sky, a unique world of flora and fauna cannot but attract tourists from all over the world to this country.
Geographical position
Mongolia, the relief and the climate of which are naturally interrelated, combines the Gobi desert on its territory and such mountain arrays as Gobi and Mongolian Altai, Hangai. Thus, in the territory of Mongolia, both high mountains and extensive plains are present.
The country is located on average at an altitude of 1580 meters above sea level. Mongolia is in does not have access to the sea, she has a common border with Russia and China. The country area is 1,566,000 square meters. km. The largest rivers flowing in Mongolia is Selenga, Cerulent, Chalchin-goal and others. The capital of the state - Ulan Bator - has a long and interesting story.
Population of the country
To date, about 3 million people live in the country. The population density is approximately 1.8 people per square meter. m. territory. The population is unevenly distributed, in the capital the population density is very large, but the southern areas and desert areas are less populated.
The ethnic composition of the population is very diverse:
- 82% - Mongols;
- 4% - Kazakhs;
- 2% - Buryats and other nationalities.
Russian and Chinese are also found in the country. Among religions, Buddhism dominates here. In addition, a small percentage of the population professes Muslim, there are a lot of christianity adherents.
Mongolia: Climate and its features
This place is called the "Blue Sky Country", since most of the year here is sunny. Located in moderate climatic beltMongolia climate has a sharp continental. This means that it is characterized by sharp temperature differences and not a large number of precipitation.
Cold, but almost no bad winter in Mongolia (the temperature may drop to -45˚С) is replaced by the spring with its strong wind gusts, sometimes reaching hurricane and then warm and sunny summer. This country often becomes the occurrence of sand storms.
If the Mongolia climate is briefly described, it suffices to mention large temperature fluctuations even within a day. Here is a harsh winter, hot summer and increased dryness of air. The coldest month is January, the most warm - June.
Why such a climate in Mongolia
Sharp temperature drops, dry air and a large number of sunny days do this place special. It can be concluded that the reasons for the sharp continentality of the Mongolia climate:
- remoteness from the seas;
- an obstacle to the receipt of wet air flows from the oceans is the mountain ranges that surround the territory of the country;
- the formation of high pressure in combination with low temperatures in winter.
Such sharp fluctuations in temperatures and a small amount of precipitation make this country special. The acquaintance with the causes of the sharp continentality of the Mongolia climate will help better understand the relationship between the relief, the geographical position and climate of this country.
Seasons
It is best to come to Mongolia from May to September. Despite the fact that there are many sunny days here, the amplitude of temperatures is very large at the time of the year. Mongolia climate by month has very characteristic signs.
Vegetable world
Mongolia, the climate of which is sharply continental, has a rich and unusual floral world. On its territory are a variety of natural zones: Highlands, Taiga belt, forest-steppe and steppe, deserted and semi-desert zone.
In Mongolia, you can see the mountains covered with deciduous, cedar and pine forests. In the valleys they change to deciduous rocks (birch, aspen, aspen) and shrubs (honeysuckle, cherry, a richness and others). In general, forests occupy about 15% of the vegetation of Mongolia.
The vegetation cover of the steppes of Mongolia is also very diverse. It includes plants such as Kovyl, drinking and others. Saksaul prevails in the semi-desert. This type of vegetation is about 30% of the entire Flora of Mongolia.
From among the healing plants, juniper, celandine, sea buckthorn have the greatest distribution.
Animal world
Mongolia presents several very rare mammalian species, such as snow leopard, Przhevalsky horse, Mongolian Kulana, wild camel and many others (only about 130 species). There are also many (over 450) various types of feathers - eagles, owls, hawks. In the desert there is a wildcat, Jaran, Saiga, in the forests - deer, sable, roe.
Some of them, unfortunately, need protection, as they are under threat of extinction. The Government of Mongolia takes care of the preservation of the existing richest Flora and Fauna Foundation. For this purpose, numerous reserves were organized here national parks.
This country is unique. Therefore, it attracts many tourists who want to learn more about Mongolia. There are several features that characterize it:
- Mongolia, whose climate is suspicious, is a country with the coldest capital in the world.
- Among all countries of the world here is the lowest population density.
- If you translate the name of the capital Ulan Bator with the phrase "Red Bogatyr".
- Another name of Mongolia is the Blue Sky Country.
Not all tourists seeking in these edges know which climate in Mongolia. But even a detailed acquaintance with its peculiarities does not scare lovers of exotic and wildlife.
Mongolian Republic
Mongolia - State in Central Asia. It borders with Russia in the north and with China in the East, south and west.
The name of the country comes from the ethnonym of the people - Mongols.
Capital
Ulan Bator.
Area
Population
2655 thousand people
Administrative division
The state is divided into 18 aimakov, the city of Ulan-Bator, Darkhan and Erdenet are special administrative units.
Form of government
Republic.
Head of State
President elected for 4 years.
Supreme legislative authority
Great State Huhural, the term of office of which is 4 years.
Supreme executive body
Government.
Big cities
Darhan, Erdent.
Official language
Mongolian.
Religion
Traditionally it was believed that most of the population are followers of Lamisian Buddhism, but now it is considered that most atheists.
Ethnic composition
90% - Halha-Mongola and Buryat Mongols, Kazakhs.
Currency
Tugric \u003d 100 mung.
Climate
Dry, sharply continental, can be called the "most continental" on the planet with a full basis. The average temperatures of January from - 35 ° C to - 10 ° C, July from + 15 ° C to + 26 ° C, in the south - to + 40 ° C. The precipitation falls a bit, mostly in the summer in the form of rains - 100-200 mm (in the mountains up to 500 mm) per year.
Flora
Steppe vegetation prevails. In the south - semi-deserts and deserts, in the mountains in places of forest-steppe and coniferous forests.
Fauna
In the territory of Mongolia, a marigold, a tushkanchik, hamster, hare, wolf, fox, a boar, lynx, Kulana, Jaran have dwell.
Rivers and lakes
Main rivers - Selenga, Cerulent, Cobdo, Dzab-Khan, Orhon. The largest lakes - UBSU-Nur, Hubsugul.
sights
In Ulan Bator - Central state Museum, Museum of Fine Arts, Museum of Religion, in the Gobi Desert - a large number of paleontological excavations.
Useful information for tourists
In all stores and on the market, the same walking has both tugres and dollars, for trips to the province you need to have tugres. The use of credit cards and road checks is possible only in the capital. Tipping and other surcharges are carried out by agreement with the host of the institution, and usually small. Banks and exchange offices work from 9.00 to 17.00, and the store mode is extremely diverse.
Highlights
Hundreds of kilometers of sushi are separated by Mongolia from the nearest seas. This is the second largest country on the planet, which does not have access to the world Ocean. Famous Mongolia and the fact that among all sovereign states in the world it is the most unclosed, and her main city - Ulan-Batar - is among the coldest capitals along with Reykjavik, Helsinki, Ottova. But, despite such alarming records, mysterious and original Mongolia never ceases to make travelers. The Motherland of Genghis Khan is famous for its rich cultural and historical heritage, fantastic landscapes, metropolitan landscapes. Mongolia is called "Earth Eternally Blue Sky", because the sun shines more than 250 days a year.
The country has created 22 National Park, most of them have a well-developed tourist infrastructure. Roads are laid through the reserve territories, hiking, tourists are equipped with campgrounds, souvenir shops, cafes, bird observation sites and animals. In each of the parks, travelers offer their own unique destinations and excursion programs. In Ulan Bator and Harhorina, standing on the site of the ancient Mongolian capital, you can see the monuments of the Buddhist and Chinese architecture of world importance, in the mountainous caves along the rivers - the rocky drawings of primitive artists, in the Mongolian steppes there are stone steles with the weathered images of the ancient gods.
Tourists who like the adventure and exotics are eagerly going to Mongolia. They go to the desert or make rise to the mountains, traveling horseback and camels. The spectrum of active sports entertainment is very wide - alloy on mountain rivers to flights on paraglids. Environmentally friendly reservoirs of Mongolia, where salmon escapes, Sig, sturgeon - the dream lovers are nice to gust. There are in Mongolia and individual programs for those who want to go to a yoga tour or hunt with Berkut.
All cities of Mongolia
History of Mongolia
The tribes of primitive people began to settle the territory of modern Mongolia at least 800,000 years ago, and the traces of stay on these lands of Homo Sapiens scientists belong to the 40th millennium BC. e. Archaeological excavations indicate that a nomadic lifestyle that determined the history, culture, the tradition of Mongols, was established on these lands in 3500-2500 BC. e. When people have drawn the cultivation of a poor earth to a minimum, preferred to nomadic cattle breeding.
IN different times, Up to the early Middle Ages, the Mongol lands replaced, pushed and partially assimilated with each other the Hongnov tribes, Xianby, Juan, Ancient Turks, Uigurov, Dasseni. Each of these peoples contributed to the formation of the Mongolian ethnos, as well as the language - the mongolo-questioning of ancient thiefs is reliably confirmed. Etnonym "Mongol" in the form of "Mengu" or "Mengu-Lee" first appeared in the Chinese historical annals of the Tang Dynasty (VII-X century. E.). Such a name, the Chinese gave the "Varvaram", noring near their northern borders, and it probably corresponded to the self-confidence of the tribes themselves.
By the end of the XII century on extensive lands, stomping from the Great Wall of China to Southern Siberia and from Irtysh's headwoods to Amur, numerous generic tribes combined in alliances. In the early XIII century, Khan Temujin, who belonged to the ancient Mongolian family of Borghigin, managed to merge under his authority most of these tribes. In 1206, on Kurultai - the congress of the Mongolian nobility - the other khans recognized the primacy of Temudzhina on themselves, proclaiming him with great kagan. The Supreme Ruler accepted the name of Genghis. He became famous for the founder of the most extensive continental empire in the history of humanity, spreading his power over most of the Eurasia.
Genghis Khan rapidly conducted a number of reforms on the centralization of power, created a mighty army and introduced a rigid discipline in it. Already in 1207, Mongols conquered the peoples of Siberia, and in 1213 they invaded the territory of the Chinese state Jin. In the first quarter of the XIII century, Northern China, Central Asia, the territory of Iraq, Afghanistan, Armenia were under the rule of the Mongolian Empire. In 1223, Mongols appeared in the Black Sea steppes, on the river Kullet, they crushed the United Russian-Polovetsky troops. The Mongols remained in the living warrigs pursued to the Dnieper, invading the territory of Russia. Having studied the future theater of hostilities, they returned to Central Asia.
After the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, the unity of the Mongolian Empire began to acquire only a nominal character. Its territory was divided into four ulus - the hereditary possessions of the sons of the Great Conqueror. Each of the uluses for independence, only formally keeping submission to the central region with the capital in Karakorum. In the future, Mongolia ruled straight descendants of Genghis Khan - ChingiSides who were carrying the titles of the Great Chanov. The names of many of them are captured on the pages of history textbooks telling about the times of the Mongol-Tatar Occupation of Russia.
In 1260, Grandfather Genghis Khan Hubilai became great Khan. Conquering the Middle Kingdom, he proclaimed himself with the Chinese emperor, the founder of the Yuan dynasty. At the conquered by the Mongols, the lands of Kubilai established a hard administrative order and introduced a strict system of taxes, but increasingly growing defeats caused more resistance to the conquered peoples. After a powerful anti-mongol uprising in China (1378), the yuan dynasty was defeated. The Chinese troops invaded the territory of Mongolia and burned it to the capital of Karakorum. At the same time, Mongols began to lose their position in the West. In the middle of the XIV century, the star of the new Great Conqueror - Timur Tamerlana, who defeated the Golden Horde in Central Asia. In 1380, the Russian squads headed by Dmitry Donskoye, the heads of the Gold Castor, putting the commencement of Rus from the Mongol-Tatar Iga.
At the end of the XIV century, federation processes intensified in feudal Mongolia. The disintegration of the empire was stretched for 300 years, and as a result, three major ethnic formations were outrethged on its territory, which in turn were divided into several Khuntsi. In the 30s of the XVII century, the Manychur Qing Dynasty in Northeast Whale began to claim Mongolian lands. The first were conquered by South Mongolian Khanate (now - inner Mongolia, autonomous region China), the last Under the power of the Qing dynasty, the Dzhungarian Khanate, resisted until 1758
After the Xinhaus Revolution (1911), who destroyed the Empire of Qing, the national liberation movement developed throughout the former Mongol Empire, which led to the creation of a feudal-theocratic state - Bogjo-Khan Mongolia. It consistently had the status of an independent power, protectorate Russian Empire, autonomy consisting of China, whose ruler was a Buddhist leader Bogjo Gagan XVIII. In 1919, the Chinese canceled autonomy, but two years later from Urga (today - Ulan-Batar), they were supplanted by the division of the Russian General Ungern-Sternberg. White Guards, in turn, defeated the troops of the Red Army. In Urge was created People's GovernmentThe power of Bogdo-Gagan was limited, and after his death in 1924, Mongolia was proclaimed by the People's Republic. Her sovereignty until the end of World War II admitted only the USSR.
Most of Mongolia is located at an altitude of 1000 m extensive plateau with mountain arrays, steppe spaces, hilly valleys. Western lands are separated by a solid chain of Valley and Kotlovin on the mountainous areas - Mongolian Altai with the highest point of the city of Munh-Hairkhan-Ula (4362 m), Gobiy Altai and Hangai, limited in the south of the semi-desert lake valley, and in the West - the basin of large lakes. In the northeast of Mongolia, near the border with Russia there is a Highlands Hanti. Its northern spurs stretch in Transbaikalia, and the southwestern, descending to the central part of the country, surround its capital - Ulan Bator. The southern areas of Mongolia occupies a stony desert Gobi. Administratively divided by 21 aimak, the capital has the status of an independent unit.
A quarter of the territory of Mongolia is covered with mountain grains and forests. This belt covering mainly Hangai Handy and Altai mountainous areas, as well as the small territory of the Pranggana, is the most favorable for life and, accordingly, the most well-developed region. In steppe areas, people are engaged in agriculture, cattle loses. In the floodplains of rivers, the bay meadows with high dispersion, used as haygoes. Northern moisturized slopes of the mountains cover forests, mainly deciduous. The banks of the rivers are narrow stripes begging mixed forests, where poplar, Iva, cherry, sea buckthorn, birch prevail, are dominated.
In the forests there are Marals, Moose, roe, deer, brown bears, as well as furny animals - lynks, wolverines, manulas, proteins. In the mining and steppe areas, many wolves, foxes, hares, boars, in the steppes are inhabited by hoofs, in particular the antelopes dzery, surki, birds of prey, partridges.
In the mountains there are broken rivers. The largest of them - Selenga (1024 km) crossing Mongolia, then the current within Russian Buryatia and Lake Baikal. Another major river - Cerulent (1254 km) - carries its waters to the Lake Daineor (Gulun-Nur), located in China. On the territory of Mongolia there are more than a thousand lakes, their number increases during the rain period, but shallow seasonal reservoirs soon dry out. 400 km west of the Ulan-Batar, in the tectonic depression in the Hangai Mountains area, is a major lake Houbsugul, collecting water 96 tributaries. This mountain lake lies at an altitude of 1646 m, its depth reaches 262 m. According to the composition of the water and the presence of unique relict fauna Lake Houbsugul, with Baikal, from which it separates only 200 km. The temperature of the water in the lake varies within +10 ... + 14 ° C.
Climate
For Mongolia, located in the depths of the mainland, it is characterized by a sharply continental climate with long and extremely cold winters, short hot summer, capricious spring, dry air and incredible temperature drops. The precipitation here falls rarely, most of them fall on the summer. Winters in Mongolia are minor or completely misunderstood, rare snowfall are considered a natural disaster, as they do not allow cattle to get to the feed in the steppe. The lack of snow cover lifts the naked land and leads to the formation of sections of permafrost in the northern regions of the country. It is worth saying that anywhere on the planet in similar latitudes is not found eternal permanent. Mongolia rivers and lakes in the winter season rolls ice, many reservoirs are frozen literally to the bottom. From ice, they are free for less than six months, from May to September.
In winter, the whole country falls under the influence of the Siberian anticyclone. It is installed high here atmosphere pressure. Weak winds are rarely blown, they do not bring clouds. At that time, the sun reigns in the sky from morning to evening, illuminating and a few warming bias, villages and pastures. The average temperature of January, the coldest month varies from -15 ° C in the south to -35 ° C in the north-west. In the mountain hollows, frosty air is causing, and the bit of thermometers sometimes fix the temperature of -50 ° C.
In the warm season to Mongolia, air masses of the Atlantic are selected. True, overcoming a long way over land, they squander their moisture. Its remnants get in the main mountains, especially their northern and western slopes. Less than the rain falls in the desert region Gobi. Summer in the country is warm, with an average daily temperature from the north to the south of +15 ° C to +26 ° C. In the Gobi desert, the air temperature may exceed +50 ° C, in this corner of the planet characterized by an extreme climate, the amplitude of summer and winter temperatures is 113 ° C.
Spring weather in Mongolia is extremely unstable. The air at this time becomes extremely dry, winds, bearing sand and dust, reaches the strength of the hurricane. Temperatures in a short period can be dozens of degrees. Autumn here, on the contrary, everywhere quiet, warm, sunny, but it lasts until the first numerals of November, the arrival of which marks the beginning of winter.
Culture and tradition
Mongolia is a mononational country. About 95% of its population represent the Mongols, a little less than 5% are the peoples of Turkic origin, speaking dialects of the Mongolian language, the small part make up the Chinese, Russians. The culture of Mongols was originally formed under the influence of a nomadic lifestyle, later the Tibetan Buddhism had a strong impact.
Throughout the history of Mongolia, shamanism is widely practiced here - ethnic religion, widely common among the nomads of Central Asia. Gradually, shamanism gave way to Tibetan Buddhism, this religion was official at the end of the 16th century. The first Buddhist temple here was built in 1586, and by the beginning of the 30s of the last century there were more than 800 monasteries in the country and about 3,000 temples. During the years of attoring atheism, cult facilities were closed or destroyed, thousands of monks are executed. In the 90s, after the fall of communism, traditional religions began to revive. Tibetan Buddhism returned to his dominant positions, but the shamanism continues to practice. The peoples of Turkic origin living here traditionally confess Islam.
Before the top of Genghis Khan in Wisdom in Mongolia was not. The ancient work of Mongolian literature was the "Secret History of Mongols" (or "Fair Tale"), devoted to the formation of a clan of the Great Conqueror. She was written after his death, in the first half of the XIII century. Staromongol writing, created on the basis of the alphabet borrowed from the Uigurs, existed with some changes until the middle of the twentieth century. Today, Cyrillic is used in Mongolia, distinguishing from the Russian alphabet with two letters: ө and y.
Mongolian music was formed under the influence of nature, a nomadic lifestyle, shamanism, Buddhism. The symbol of the Mongolian nation is a traditional string musical instrument Morinhur, his grid head is made in the form of a horse head. Extenuant, melodic Mongolian music usually accompanies solo singing. The native land or beloved horse is praised in epic national songs, lyrical motifs sound, as a rule, at weddings or family celebrations. It is also famous for thorough and overtone singing, which, with the help of special breathing techniques, creates the impression that the performer has two voices. With this distinctive type of art tourists introduce during ethnographic excursions.
The nomadic lifestyle of the Mongols found its expression in the local architecture. In the XVI-XVII centuries, Buddhist temples were designed as premises with six and twelve corners under a pyramidal roof, resembling the form of the yurt - the traditional dwellings of the Mongols. Later, the temples began to build in Tibetan and Chinese architectures. Yurts themselves are mobile collapsible tent houses with a frame, a housing for a felt cat, are still housing for 40% of the country's population. Their doors are still addressed to the south - to warmth, and in the northern, the most honorary side of the yurt, are always ready to bring guests.
The hospitality of the Mongols go legends. According to one of them, always welcoming the travelers bequeathed in Chingis Khan to his people. And today in Mongolian steppes, nomads never refuse to overnight and food unfamiliar people. And the Mongols are very patriotic and cohesive. It seems that they are all - one big friendly family. They turn to each other with warmth, calling unfamiliar people "Sister", "Brother", demonstrating that respectful relationships, grafted in the family, are distributed and beyond its limits.
Visa
All attractions of Mongolia
Central Mongolia.
In the middle of aimak Tuva (Central) Anclave, the main city of Ulan-Bator and the administratively subordinate territory is located. Almost half of the population of Mongolia lives here. This bright distinctive city surrounded by a dense ring of Yurt, impresses with its contrasts. High-rise buildings are adjacent here with ancient Buddhist monasteries, modern skyscrapers - with faceless buildings of socialism times. The capital contains the best hotels, shopping centers, restaurants, nightclubs, National Park Entertainment.
Many monuments dedicated to national heroes and masterpieces of cult architecture in the city. The archic symbol of Ulan Bator is the Gandan Monastery, where 600 monks constantly live and religious ceremonies are held daily. The main attraction of the temple is a 26-meter statue of Bodhisattva Avalokiteshwara - one of the most revered representatives of the Buddhist Pantheon. The Chinese architecture is a Palace Complex Bogdo Gagan. Here until 1924 lived the last ruler of Mongolia.
In the depths of the modern city, the beautiful temple complex Chojin-Lamin-Sumy (Chojin-Lama Temple) is covered behind the skyscrapers. It includes several buildings in one of which is the Museum of Tibetan-Mongolian Religious Arts. Beautiful museums with rich collections in Ulan Bator about a dozen. The most famous of them are the National Museum of the History of Mongolia, the Museum of Natural History, the Museum of Fine Arts.
Incredibly picturesque neighbor and distant surroundings of Ulan Bator, where national parks are surrounded by mountains. Among them are the most famous Bogd Khan-Uoul, surrounding the mountain with the same name. In her gorge, according to legend, young Genghis Khan was hidden from his enemies. A pedestrian route leads to the top of the mountain runs around the park, which opens the spectacular Panorama of Ulan Bator.
From the capital of Buryatia Ulan-Ude in Ulan Bator, buses are sent daily. Departure - at 07:00, arrival at the station from the railway station of Ulan-Bator - at 20:00. The bus should be through the Mongolian city of Suke Bator and Darhan.
Population: 2.43 million people, 90% of the population are the Halha-Mongols and the ethnic groups with them with them with them.
Language: Mongolian. In cities, many residents speak Russian, various adverbs of Chinese are distributed in the south of the country, more than 5% of the population speak Kazakh.
Religion: Buddhism (Lamaism), Zen-Buddhism, Muslim.
Geography: the state in the north-east of Central Asia. Borders with Russia and the PRC. Total area of \u200b\u200b1566 thousand square meters. km. Most The countries occupy the mountains: from the north-west to the southeast, its territory crosses the Mongolian and Gobi Altai, in the center - Hangai Mountains, and in the north of Hantore Hantai closes with the ridges of Southern Siberia. Points located below 560 meters above sea level, in the country does not exist at all, the highest point - peak hiramdal (4370 m.). Natural complexes are extremely diverse - from north to south (less than a thousand kilometers) taiga forests, a forest-steppe, steppes, semi-deserts and deserts are replaced.
Climate: Dry, sharply continental, can be called the "most continental" on the planet. The average temperatures of January from -35 from to -10 s, July from +15 s to +26 s, in the south - up to +40 C. precipitation drops a bit, mostly in the summer in the form of rains - 100-200 mm. (in the mountains up to 500 mm.) per year.
Political condition: Republican form of government. Head of State - President. Head of Government - Prime Minister. The highest authority of state power is the Great State Hural (VGH).
Currency: Tugrik. In all stores and on the market, the same walking has both tugres and dollars, for trips to the province you need to have tugres. The use of credit cards and road checks is possible only in the capital. Tips and other surcharges - by agreement with the host of the establishment, and are usually small. Banks and exchange offices work from 9.00 to 17.00, the mode of operation of stores is extremely diverse.
Time: ahead of Moscow for 6 hours, the transition for seasonal time simultaneously with Russian.
Main attractions: The main wealth of this country was and remains almost unchanged by the nature of people, which attracts the adherents of ecological tourism. In the capital - the largest and rich monasteries who attend numerous pilgrims. Next to the big noisy city is the Mountain Reserve Bogdo-Ula (Saint Mountain). About 400 km. West of Ulan Bator, on the left bank of the Arochon River, near the city of Hara-Khorin, are carried out excavations of the Karakorum - the capital of the Mongolian Empire of times of ChingiSides (XII-XVI century). The first in Northern Mongolia is located nearby and one of the largest Buddhist monasteries of the XVI century, now becoming a famous museum. North-west Hara-Khorin, on the shores of the Chultyn-goal river, found rock paintings of the era of Neolith and Bronze. Skalna painting can be found in the canyon of the Chulut River, and in the desert, South Gobi are giant Paleolithic workshops. In the steppes you can meet the Runic Stelites - the tombstones of the Turkic kaganam and the commander (VI-VIII centuries). Among the natural attractions, the most attractive mighty waterfall in the upper course of the Orkhon River, and in the Gobi Desert, not far from the spurs of the Gobi Altai, are the rarest on the globe of the cemetery of fossil animal periods of Yura and Challa (120-70 million years ago). Flora Mongolian steppes relative to the poor and monotony, but among the fauna there are rare species: dzery - Mongolian antilopa, dwelling only in Mongolia and neighboring China, in the Gobi Desert you can meet a wild camel and a deserted bear - Mazalaya. Rivers are exclusively rich in fish, which makes the country extremely attractive for sports fishing.
The moststs: the most southernmost border of eternal permafrost - its area reaches 47 parallels, that is, the latitude of Budapest. In the desert Gobi - the most extensive deposits of the bones of fossil animals.
The rules of entry: for residents of the CIS entrance as much as possible, the visa is drawn up in the Mongolian consulate in a three-day period. Consular fee is about $ 55 (for thirty days from the date of crossing the border). Required documents: voucher for travel service or invitation and passport. After entering Mongolia, for a three-day period, it is necessary to register at the local police. Vaccination from plague and cholera is desirable.
Customs regulations: It is forbidden to import drugs, explosives and poisoning substances, non-confined meat products, weapons and ammunition without the permission of the relevant authorities. There are no restrictions on import and export of currency.
Mongolia is distant, mysterious country, the birthplace of the Great Conqueror of Genghis Khan. It is very often called the "Blue Sky" country. This is a country of rocky mountains, lakes, endless steppes and Gobi desert. In Mongolia, there are excellent natural landscapes, many Buddhist temples, and, of course, hospitable locals with a distinctive unique culture.
Geography of Mongolia
Mongolia is located in Eastern and Central Asia. In the East, West and South, Mongolia bordered with China, and in the north - with Russia. This country has no way out to the sea. The total area of \u200b\u200bMongolia is 1,564,116 square meters. km, and the total length of the state border is 8,220 km.
In the south of Mongolia is the Gobi Desert, which ends in the north of China. From the west to the southwest of Mongolia, the mountain system Mongolian Altai stretches. The highest peak in Mongolia - Peak Quiten-Uoul, whose height reaches 4,374 m.
A few large rivers - Selenga, Cerulent, Tasin-Goal, Oneon, Chalchin-goal and others flow around Mongolia.
Capital
The capital of Mongolia is Ulan Bator, in which about 1.3 million people now live. Ulan Bator was built in 1639, at first there was a Buddhist monastery in his place.
Official language of Mongolia
The official language of the Mongolia population is Mongolian related to the Ural-Altai language family.
Religion
About 50% of Mongolia's population professes Buddhism (in particular, Tibetan Buddhism), 40% of the population - atheists. Another 6% of the Mongols - supporters of shamanism and Christianity, and 4% - Muslims.
State Device Mongolia
According to the 1992 Constitution, Mongolia is the Parliamentary Republic. The head of state is the president who is elected for 4 years with the help of a nationwide vote.
Parliament in Mongolia Single-Paul, he is called the Great State Huhral, \u200b\u200bconsists of 76 deputies, also elected for a 4-year term.
Maintenance political parties - Democratic Party, People's Revolutionary Party, Green Party and Religious Democratic Party.
Climate and weather
The climate in Mongolia is a pronounced continental with a warm summer and a long, dry and very cold winter. Mid annual temperature air - -3.3c. The highest average air temperature is in July (+ 22c), and the lowest is in January (-32c).
The best time to visit Mongolia is from May to October.
Rivers and lakes
The territory of Mongolia proceeds several large rivers - Selenga, Cerulent, Tasin-Gol, Oneon, Chalchin-goal. In the north of Mongolia, Lake Houbsugul, which is considered the deepest in Central Asia, near the border with Russia.
History
People in Mongolia appeared many thousand years ago. Mongolia from prehistoric times was settled by nomads, which state confederations were formed from time to time. It was because of the ancient Mongols that the Chinese had to build a great Chinese wall.
In 1206, the Mongolian leader of Temujin took the title of Genghis Khan, and conquered a number of peoples and countries. Thus, the Mongol Empire appeared. After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanate. In the successors of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire extended from Poland in the east to Korea in the West, and from Siberia in the north to Vietnam in the south.
In the XVI century, Buddhism began to spread among the Mongols. IN XV-XVI centuries Among the Mongols were frequent internecine wars for power. In the future, Mongols had to withstand the invasions of China's troops.
The Chinese Qing Dynasty controlled Mongolia until 1911. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was formed, the friendly USSR.
In 1962, MNR accepted in the UN. Since 1992, the Mongolian People's Republic is officially called Mongolia.
Culture
The culture and traditions of the Mongols are very rich. For many centuries, these nomads wandered in the steppes and deserts of Central Asia, and it cannot be said that the climate is favorable there. The Mongols have improved the nomadic lifestyle, and have not yet abandoned him. Even now in cities, including the Ulan Bator, many Mongols live in yurts.
Every July, Mongols celebrate the holiday to NADS, during which traditional Mongolian competitions are arranged - jumps, archery and struggle.
Each March Mongols celebrate the end of winter and the arrival of the New Year (on the lunar calendar). At this time, the Mongols also arrange races, national struggle and archery competitions.
In addition, other festivals are held in Mongolia. The most interesting of them is the festival of hunting eagles, a camel festival and a festival of Yak.
Kitchen Mongolia
Meat (beef and lamb) and dairy products are the basis of the diet of any resident of Mongolia. Mongols in many centuries came up with different specific meat storage methods. The most popular of them is drying, as a result of which the dried meat of "fighters" appears.
In winter, the Mongols most often eat horseback, and in the autumn and spring - lamb. At the end of Spring, the Mongols eat goat meat.
Mongolian nomads have come up with different dairy products - yogurt (Tarag, Aarts), cottage cheese (byaslag), dried cottage cheese (aarul), and koumiss of the mare milk (AIRAG).
Milk products Mongols, as a rule, begin to eat in the late spring. In the summer, the main foods of the Mongols are dairy products.
Mongols are nomads living in the steppes. Therefore, it is not surprising that they season their dishes are seasoned with various steppe herbs and greens. In recent years, the inhabitants of Mongolia are more and more growing vegetables.
If you've got to Mongolia, then you will have to drink local tea. Mongols make tea a very peculiar way, adding milk into it. The main ingredients of Mongolian tea are green brick tea, milk, rice, flour, oil, salt. Sometimes even small pieces of meat add to the Mongols Tea. Mongols tea can drink with roasted buns "boortsog".
sights
IN ancient Mongolia A large number of unique historical and architectural and archaeological monuments has been preserved. Neolithic drawings near the Chultyn Gol River, for example, are protected by UNESCO. In the top 10 of the best attractions in Mongolia, in our opinion, are the following:
- Bell World in Ulan Bator
- Mausoleum Suke Bator in Ulan Bator
- Monastery Gandan
- Khansky Palace with sculptures of Goddess Tara in Ulan-Bator
- Monastery Manzushira
- Mount Bogd-ul on which Gengizhan was born
- Ruins of Karakorum, the former capital of the Mongolian Empire
- Neolithic drawings near the Chultyn Gol River
- Monastery "Hundred Treasure"
- Temple Genrey Sing in Ulan Bator
Cities and resorts
The biggest cities in Mongolia are Erdenta (about 100 thousand people live there), Darhan and, of course, the capital is Ulan Bator, in which about 1.3 million people now live.
No beach, nor ski resorts in Mongolia, but tourists like this country for other reasons.
Tourists in Mongolia attracts amazing nature, unique historical monuments and original culture of the Mongols. So, National Geographic, for example, organizes for tourists who loving adventures, corresponding tours in Mongolia. In addition, through the territory of Mongolia (along with Tuwa and the Altai in Russia), the tourist route "Land of Snow Bars" is held.