Petr Kuzmich Kozlov is one of the greatest explorers of Central Asia. An associate and successor of the works of N.M. Przhevalsky, he, together with him, basically completed the elimination of the "blank spot" on the map of Central Asia. Research and discoveries by P.K. Kozlov in the field of nature and archeology won him wide fame far beyond the borders of our country.
Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov was born on October 16, 1863 in the town of Dukhovshchina, Smolensk province. His father was a petty prasol. He was a simple and illiterate person, who did not pay attention to his children, did not care about their education and upbringing. The mother was constantly absorbed in the care of the household. Thus, the boy grew up practically outside the influence of the family. However, due to his inquisitive and inquisitive nature, he early became addicted to books, especially geographical and travel books, which he literally read.
At the age of twelve he was sent to school. At that time, the Russian traveler to Central Asia Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky was in the aura of world fame. Newspapers and magazines were full of reports of his geographical discoveries. His portraits were published in almost all periodicals. Young people enthusiastically read the fascinating descriptions of Przewalski's travels, and more than one young man, reading about the discoveries and exploits of this wonderful traveler, caught fire with the dream of the same exploits. PC. Kozlov eagerly caught everything that was published about Przhevalsky. The articles and books of Przhevalsky himself sparked in him a romantic love for the vastness of Asia, and the personality of the famous traveler in the imagination of the young man took the form of an almost fairytale hero.
At the age of sixteen P.K. Kozlov graduated from a four-year school and, since he had to earn a living, he entered the office of a brewery 66 kilometers from his native Dukhovshchina, in the town of Sloboda, Porechsky district. Monotonous, uninteresting work in the office of the plant could not satisfy the lively nature of the young man. He eagerly reached out to study and began to prepare for admission to the teacher's institute. But one summer evening in 1882, fate made a different choice. Subsequently, he himself wrote: "That day I will never, never forget, that day for me is one of the most significant."
The young man was sitting on the porch. The first stars flickered in the sky. The endless expanses of the Universe opened up to his eyes, and his thoughts, as always, soared in Central Asia. Immersed in his thoughts, P.K. Kozlov suddenly heard:
- What are you doing here, young man?
He looked around and froze with amazement and happiness: in front of him stood Przhevalsky himself, whose image he so well imagined from his portraits. N.M. Przhevalsky came here from his Otradny estate in the same Smolensk province. He was looking for a cozy corner here, in which he could write his books in between travels.
- What are you thinking so deeply? - simply asked Przewalski.
With barely restrained excitement, with difficulty finding the right words, Kozlov replied:
- I think that in distant Tibet these stars should seem even more sparkling than here, and I will never, never have to admire them from those distant desert heights ...
Nikolai Mikhailovich was silent, and then quietly said:
- So that's what you are thinking, young man! .. Come to me. I want to tell you.
Feeling in Kozlov a person who sincerely loves the work to which he himself was selflessly devoted, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky took an ardent part in the life of the young man. In the fall of 1882, he settled P.K. Kozlov at his place and began to supervise his training sessions.
The first days of life in the estate of Przhevalsky P.K. It seemed to Kozlov just a fabulous dream. The young man was under the spell of Przewalski's fascinating stories about the delights of a wanderer's life, about the greatness and beauty of Asian nature.
“After all, so recently I only dreamed, only dreamed,” wrote P.K. Kozlov, - how can a sixteen-year-old boy dream and dream under the strong impression of reading newspapers and magazines about the return of Przhevalsky's glorious expedition to Petersburg ... dreamed and dreamed, being terribly far from the real thought of ever meeting Przewalski face to face ... And suddenly my dream and dreams came true: suddenly, unexpectedly, that great Przhevalsky, to whom all my striving was directed, appeared in the settlement, was enchanted by its wild charm and settled in it ... "
PC. Kozlov firmly decided to become a companion of Przhevalsky in the near future. But it wasn't that easy. N.M. Przhevalsky made up his expeditions exclusively from the military. Therefore, P.K. Kozlov, willy-nilly, had to become a military man.
But above all, he considered it necessary for himself to complete secondary education. In January 1883 P.K. Kozlov successfully passed the exam for the full course of the real school. After that, he entered the military service as a volunteer and, after serving for three months, was enrolled in the expedition of N.M. Przhevalsky.
“There was no end to my joy,” writes P.K. Kozlov. “Happy, infinitely happy, I was experiencing the first spring of my real life.”
PC. Kozlov made six trips to Central Asia, where he explored Mongolia, the Gobi and Kam Desert (the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau). The first three trips were carried out by him under the command - successively - N.M. Przhevalsky, M.V. Pevtsov and V.I. Roborovsky.
The first trip of P.K. Kozlov in the expedition of N.M. Przhevalsky's study of Northern Tibet and Eastern Turkestan was a brilliant practical school for him. Under the leadership of N.M. Przhevalsky, an experienced and enlightened researcher, he received good training, so necessary to overcome the harsh conditions of the harsh nature of Central Asia, and even a baptism of fire in the fight against the outnumbered armed forces of the population, which was repeatedly incited by local lamas against a handful of Russian travelers.
Returning from his first trip (1883-1885), P.K. Kozlov entered a military school, after which he was promoted to officer.
In the fall of 1888 P.K. Kozlov went along with N.M. Przhevalsky on his second journey. However, at the very beginning of this journey near the city of Karakol (near the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul), the head of the expedition N.M. Przewalski fell ill and died soon after. He was buried, as requested, on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul.
Interrupted by the death of N.M. Przhevalsky's expedition resumed in the fall of 1889 under the leadership of Colonel, and later Major General M.V. Pevtsov, author of the famous book "An Outline of a Travel in Mongolia and the Northern Provinces of Inner China." The expedition collected rich geographic and natural-historical material, a considerable part of which belonged to P.K. Kozlov, who explored the regions of East Turkestan.
The third expedition (from 1893 to 1895), in which P.K. Kozlov, was held under the leadership of the former senior assistant of Przhevalsky - V.I. Roborovsky. Its task was to explore the region of the Nanshan mountain range and the northeastern corner of Tibet.
On this journey P.K. Kozlov independently, separately from the caravan, conducted surveys of the surroundings, passing along some routes up to 1000 km, in addition, he collected the vast majority of samples from the zoological collection. Halfway through, V.I. Roborovsky. PC. Kozlov took over the leadership of the expedition and safely brought it to the end. He presented a full report on the expedition, published under the title “Report of the assistant chief of the expedition P.K. Kozlov ".
In 1899 P.K. Kozlov made his first independent journey as the head of the Mongol-Tibetan expedition. The expedition was attended by 18 people, including 14 people in the convoy. The route started from the Altai post station near the Mongolian border, then it went first along the Mongolian Altai, then along the Central Gobi and along the Kama - the eastern part of the Tibetan plateau almost unknown to the scientific world.
PC. Kozlov made detailed descriptions of numerous physical and geographical objects of the route - lakes (including Lake Kukunor, which lies at an altitude of 3.2 km and has a circumference of 385 km), the sources of the Mekong, Yalongjiang rivers (a large tributary of the Yangtze River), a number of the greatest mountains , including two powerful ridges in the Kunlun system, until then unknown to science. One of them P.K. Kozlov called the Dutreil-de-Rance ridge, after the famous French traveler in Central Asia, who had died shortly before in these places at the hands of the Tibetans, and the other - the Woodville-Rockhill ridge, in honor of the English traveler.
In addition, P.K. Kozlov gave brilliant sketches of the economy and life of the population of Central Asia, among which stands out a description of the curious customs of the Tsaidam Mongols with an extremely complex ritual of celebrating the most important events in life - the birth of a child, weddings, funerals, etc. From this expedition P.K. Kozlov brought out an abundant collection of fauna and flora of the traversed areas.
During the expedition, travelers more than once had to fight their way through bloody battles with large armed detachments, up to 250-300 people, set on the expedition by local lamas. The almost two-year isolation of the expedition from the outside world was the reason for the persistent rumor about its complete death, which reached St. Petersburg.
The Mongol-Tibetan expedition is described by P.K. Kozlov in two large volumes - "Mongolia and Kam" and "Kam and the Way Back". During this journey P.K. Kozlov was awarded a gold medal by the Russian Geographical Society.
In 1907-1909. PC. Kozlov made his fifth journey (Mongol-Sichuan expedition) along the route from Kyakhta to Urga (Ulan Bator) and further into the interior of Central Asia. It was marked by the discovery in the Gobi sands of the dead city of Hara-Khoto, which provided archaeological material of great value. Of exceptional importance is the library of 2000 books discovered during the excavations of Khara-Khoto, mainly in the "unknown" language of the state, Xi-Xia, which turned out to be a Tangut language. It was an exceptional discovery: none of the foreign museums or libraries has any significant collection of Tangut books. Even in such a large repository as the British Museum in London, there are only a few Tangut books. Other finds in Khara-Khoto are also of great historical and cultural significance, as they vividly depict many aspects of the culture and life of the ancient Tangut state of Xi-Xia.
Remarkable is the collection of woodcuts (cliches) for printing books and cult images found in Khara-Khoto, indicating the familiarity of the East with book printing hundreds of years before its appearance in Europe.
Of great interest is the collection of printed paper money opened in Khara-Khoto, which is the only collection of paper money of the 13th-14th centuries in the world.
Excavations at Hara-Khoto also yielded a rich set of statues, figurines and all kinds of cult figurines and more than 300 Buddhist images, painted on wood, silk, linen and paper.
After the discovery of the dead city of Khara-Khoto, the expedition of P.K. Kozlova carefully studied Lake Kukunor with Koisu Island, and then the vast, little-known area of Amdo in a bend in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. From this expedition, as well as from the previous one, P.K. Kozlov, in addition to valuable geographical material, brought out numerous collections of animals and plants, among which there were many new species and even genera. The fifth journey of P.K. Kozlova is described by him in a large volume entitled "Mongolia and Amdo and the Dead City of Khara-Khoto".
During the sixth journey, made by him in 1923-1926, P.K. Kozlov explored a relatively small area of Northern Mongolia. However, even here he received major scientific results: in the Noin-Ula mountains (130 km north-west of the Mongolian capital Urga, now Ulan Bator) P.K. Kozlov discovered 212 burial grounds, which, according to the research of archaeologists, turned out to be Hunnic burials of 2000 years ago. This was the greatest archaeological discovery of the 20th century. Numerous items were found in the burial grounds, which can be used to restore the economy and life of the Huns during at least the 2nd century. BC e. to the 1st century n. e. Among them there was a large number of artistically executed fabrics and carpets from the times of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which existed from the 3rd century. BC e. until the II century. n. e. in the northern part of the modern territory of Iran, in Afghanistan and the northwestern part of India. In terms of the abundance of samples of Greco-Bactrian art, the Noin-Ula collection has no equal in the whole world.
The sixth journey of P.K. Kozlov was the last. After that, he lived in retirement, first in Leningrad, and then 50 km from Staraya Russa (Novgorod region), in the village of Strechno. In this place he built a small two-room log cabin and settled there with his wife. Soon P.K. Kozlov became very popular among local youth. He organized a circle of young naturalists, whom he began to teach the collection of collections, the exact scientific definition of animals and plants, the dissection of birds and animals.
PC. Kozlov was an excellent storyteller and lecturer. In between travels, he often spoke to various audiences with captivating stories about his travels. His appearances in print are no less interesting. Peru P.K. Kozlov owns over 60 works.
He died of heart sclerosis in a sanatorium near Leningrad on September 26, 1935.
Petr Kuzmich Kozlov was world famous as a researcher of Central Asia. The Russian Geographical Society awarded P.K. Kozlov medal named after N.M. Przhevalsky and elected him an honorary member, and by the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences he was elected a full member in 1928. Among the researchers of Central Asia, Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov occupies one of the most honorable places. In the field of archaeological discoveries in Central Asia, he is positively unique among all researchers of the 20th century.
V.V. ARTEMOV,
member of the Writers' Union of Russia
Bibliography:
Ivanov A.I... From the finds of P.K. Kozlov in the city of Khara-Khoto. - SPb., 1909.
Pavlov N.V. Traveler and geographer Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov (1863-1935). - M., 1940.
All place names are given in the current spelling. - Approx. ed.
WHERE and HOW to use this material in the educational process |
Material about the personality and travel routes of P.K. Kozlov can be used in the lessons in the courses of physical geography of continents and oceans (7th grade) and physical geography of Russia (8th grade). The name of P.K. Kozlov is mentioned in the textbooks "Geography of continents and oceans" by V.A. Korinskaya, I.V. Dushina, V.A. Shcheneva (topic "Research in Central Asia") and "Geography. Continents and oceans "OV Krylova (topic "Geographical position of Eurasia. History of discovery and research"). In both books there is no map on which the routes of the expeditions of P.K. Kozlov, so students can be offered to independently apply them to the contours of Eurasia. All the necessary information about the routes of all six journeys can be found in the article by V.V. Artemova. |
PETR KUZMICH KOZLOV
The famous explorer of Central Asia, a talented student and companion of the greatest Russian traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov was born on October 3 (according to the old style) in 1863 in the small county town of Duhovshin, Smolensk province, in the family of a tradesman Kuzma Yegorovich Kozlov.
Dukhovshchina is a small town with a population of only 3,500 people who were mainly engaged in agriculture, partly in trade and handicrafts. The elder Kozlov was almost always on the road, so the house was kept by his mother, Paraskeva Nikitichna.
From the age of eight, Petya was accustomed to helping with the housework: he prepared firewood for the winter, fed and watered the cattle, grazed horses and did other feasible household chores; in his free time, together with his friends (for them he was the leader), he went to the forest for mushrooms and berries, spent a lot of time on the Tsarevich River, swimming and catching crayfish.
1875 was marked by the opening of a higher primary school in Dukhovshin, where only boys had the right to study. The Kozlovs sent Peter to the same place. The boy established himself as a good student, he was especially fond of natural science, geography, history. The beloved teacher of Petya Kozlov, who, in fact, instilled in him a love for these sciences, was the attentive and sensitive teacher V.P. Vakhterov, he quickly noticed the boy's interest in books about travel and gave him to read them from his library. Peter especially liked the works of N.M. Przhevalsky.
Petya Kozlov graduated from college with honors, but did not have the opportunity to study further due to the deteriorating financial situation in the family. His parents advised him to earn some money in the office of the merchant H.P. Pashetkin, located in the village of Sloboda, Porechsky district. However, the young man dreamed of studying further and was slowly preparing to enter the Vilna Teachers' Institute.
In his memoirs, Pyotr Kozlov called the Sloboda "wild nature." In his free time, he hunted a lot, studied the life of animals and birds, their habits.
Soon Kozlov learned that the Sloboda estate, which had previously belonged to the retired artillery lieutenant L.A. Glinka, now bought Przewalski and that he will soon come here.
The first meeting of Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov with N.M. Przhevalsky took place in the spring of 1881. Soon, the latter invited Pyotr Kozlov to go to his apartment and take part in future travels. Przhevalsky, who had a great talent as a teacher, assisted Pyotr Kozlov in preparing for the matriculation exam.
In January 1883, Kozlov successfully passed the exam for the full course of the real school in Smolensk, and then, with the assistance of his teacher, entered the second Sofia Infantry Regiment as a volunteer, for Przhevalsky did not take civilians on the expedition. Considering the numerous dangers that awaited the travelers, each member of the expedition was obliged to own a weapon.
At the end of 1882, Przhevalsky finished compiling a report on the third voyage to Central Asia in Sloboda, and in 1883, in February, he submitted to the Geographical Society a draft of a new expedition to Northern Tibet, which included Kozlov, who had been in the regiment for only three months.
The route of the fourth journey of Przhevalsky included a hike to the sources of the Yellow River, along the northern outskirts of Tibet and along the Tarim basin.
At the end of August, the travelers left Moscow and headed to Kyakhta, which they reached by rail, along the river, and then by horse. They arrived at the site at the end of September. Kyakhta was considered a border point between Russia and China, the center of the tea trade, which brought large profits to both sides. Here it was planned to carry out the final preparations for the expedition to the campaign in Central Asia.
An expedition of 21 people set out from Kyakhta to Ugra and from there to Dyn-Yuan-Ying in October 1883. At first the weather was good, but after a while snow fell and severe frosts began. The crossing took nine days, and in Ufa the expedition made a short stop to buy camels.
On November 8, the travelers moved on. They passed the steppe adjacent to the Ugra and entered the Gobi Desert. The weather was very disgusting: it was snowing, the temperature was below zero; but the further the expedition advanced, the less snow became, and soon it completely disappeared. Further, the journey continued across the desert sands. Finally, the expedition reached the valley of the Tatung River (the left tributary of the "Yellow River" - the Yellow River).
The travelers did not stay here for long. Leaving the Tatung Valley and the Burkhan-Buddha mountain range, the expedition entered the northeastern part of Tibet, where they began to study a large area of the Yellow River and Yangtzejiang river basins. During the study of the lakes, they had to twice repulse the armed attacks of the warlike tribe of the Needles. Young Peter Kozlov showed great courage in these battles, for which he subsequently received the St. George Cross as a reward. The expedition returned to Russia on November 10, 1885. For two years, she covered almost 8000 kilometers on camels and horses and collected a wealth of material about the nature and life of the population of the studied countries.
During the expedition, Peter Kozlov was directly entrusted with a lot of responsibilities. In addition to them, he was also engaged in the compilation of a zoological collection, mainly consisting of various mammals and birds. Also, during the expedition, he learned to conduct an eye survey, determine heights, observe nature and man, record the necessary things in a diary.
N.M. Przewalski made sure that Peter received a military education. For this purpose, the latter entered the St. Petersburg Military School. Nikolai Mikhailovich himself retired to Sloboda to write the next report, but from there he followed the progress of his student, gave various advice.
Two years later, Pyotr Kuzmich graduated from the school, received the rank of second lieutenant and returned to Sloboda.
Przhevalsky outlined the project for the fifth expedition, intending to take Kozlov with him. The latter, at the end of his vacation, returned to Moscow, to the Life-Grenadier Yekaterinoslav regiment, where he served.
The project for the fifth expedition was approved by the Geographical Society in March 1888. Unfortunately, for the famous traveler, this trip turned out to be the last: death overtook him on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul. At the grave of his elder friend and mentor, Peter Kuzmich Kozlov vowed to continue his work on exploring Central Asia and kept his promise.
Despite the heavy loss, the expedition continued to work, now under the leadership of the famous astronomer M.V. Pevtsov, who previously traveled to Mongolia and North China.
Although the singers took over the leadership of the expedition, he understood that he would not be able to completely replace Przhevalsky and complete the amount of work he had planned. Therefore, it was decided to shorten the route, limiting itself to exploring Chinese Turkestan, the northern part of the Tibetan plateau and Dzungaria.
To explore as much of the territory as possible, the Singers allowed the members of the expedition to deviate from the main route.
Petr Kuzmich Kozlov made four such independent trips. He transferred a rather large area to the plan and collected another rich zoological collection.
He independently visited Konchedarya (left tributary of the Tarim) and the northern shore of Lake Bakrash-Kul. The results of the trips were described by him in the form of separate articles included in the proceedings of the expedition of 1889-1990. In them, Kozlov gave a complete and colorful geographical description of the studied territories - climatic conditions, flora and fauna, the life of the local population.
The work of Kozlov on the expedition was appreciated by the Geographical Society, which awarded him the Przewalski medal. Thanks to this journey, Kozlov became known as a tireless explorer-geographer.
In April 1892, the Council of the Russian Geographical Society approved the project of a two-way expedition to the eastern outskirts of Nagorno-Asia, one led by G.N. Potanin, the second - headed by V.I. Roborovsky, another associate of N.M. Przhevalsky.
Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov participated in the Roborovsky expedition, which lasted from 1893 to 1895, as a senior assistant.
The expedition set off on June 15, 1893 to the city of Kara-Kola (now Przhevalsk). Here Kozlov fully demonstrated his brilliant research abilities.
Labor among the students of Przhevalsky was distributed equally: for example, V.I. Roborovsky compiled the herbarium, while Kozlov was still collecting exhibits for the zoological collection.
On this journey, the members of the expedition also made independent trips. Kozlov's most remarkable journey on this journey was from Lyukchyun to the south, with a base in Kyzyl-Synyr and further through Lop Nor along the Kumtagsh sands to the Sa-Chzhau oasis. This trip took 2.5 months, at which time the richest material was collected, in particular, in the Kum-tash desert P.K. Kozlov was lucky enough to get three wild camels and study their habits.
The expedition explored Nanshan and headed for Northeastern Tibet.
The work was almost finished when the disaster struck. On January 21, 1890, in the mountain labyrinth of Amne-Machin, Raborovsky was struck by a serious illness (paralysis). Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov, as a senior assistant, led the expedition. But, naturally, further study of the Tibetan Plateau had to be suspended and hastily returned, because Roborovsky's life was in jeopardy.
Upon his return, Kozlov began compiling a report for the expedition, calling it "The report of the assistant to the head of the expedition."
Kozlov's fourth trip, in which he had already acted as a leader, took place in 1899 and again lasted two years. Petr Kuzmich spent almost three years on its preparation, having read a huge number of books during this time and thought over every detail of the travel plan. The purpose of the new expedition was to study the Gobi Altai, the adjacent Central Gobi, as well as Eastern Tibet. The Geographical Society approved the plan; newspapers informed readers about the upcoming expedition, and numerous requests began to come to Kozlov for admission to it. Among the applicants were people of a wide variety of professions, and therefore Pyotr Kuzmich was forced to engage in a careful selection of the expedition. Kozlov himself noted in his memoirs: "I chose them more strictly than choosing a bride."
Kozlov's fourth expedition had richer and more varied equipment than the previous ones: various instruments for astronomical, hypsometric and meteorological observations, a tarpaulin-cork boat, rubber bags for storing water, a tin oven for warming food and dwellings. May 8, 1899 Kozlov and his young companion A.N. The Kaznakov left Moscow and went to the village of Altayskaya, the starting point of the expedition.
After a month of preparation, the expedition of 22 people headed for the border on July 14 and, crossing the Ulan-Daban Pass, entered the Kobdo River valley on August 7.
Then the travelers headed for the Mongolian Altai and studied this mountainous country for exactly three months. The local population was friendly towards travelers, provided them with shelter and fuel, and grazed their horses. This allowed Kozlov to let his people go to the sides of the main route for a more detailed study of the area.
Further, the expedition went through the Gobi Desert, and a new route was chosen through an unknown part of the desert, where there was no water and, therefore, no plants. It was especially difficult to cross the dunes located in the area of the Gobi sands of Badanjareng.
The crossing of the Gobi Desert took more than 45 days; during this period, about 900 kilometers of the route were transferred to the map. On January 18, the travelers made a short stop in the city of Liang Zhou.
From there, the expedition headed to Chortantana, where the path lay through the northern ridge of the Nanshan along the valley of the Sagryn-gol river to the confluence of the Yarlyn-gol. From Chortantan, the travelers went to Lake Kukunor, and from it to East Tsaidam.
On May 17, 1900, the detachment moved on the intended path. In the summer of 1900, he reached the headwaters of the great river of South Asia - the Mekong. Here the travelers spent two weeks observing animals and birds. Leopards, lynxes, several types of cats, bears and even monkeys were found here.
On November 15, the detachment crossed the Mekong and headed to the Ikhodo District to select a place for wintering. Such a place was found in the village of Luntokndo, located in a deep gorge of the V-chyu river.
The expedition stayed in the village until February 20, 1901. At this time, the observation and study of the life of the Ikhodians is being conducted, some of whom are engaged in agriculture, and some lead a nomadic lifestyle.
The travelers returned to their homeland in November 1901. Before that, they managed to conduct a study of the Yalongjiang River Basin.
During the fourth voyage, a number of mountains, ridges and rivers were discovered. PC. Kozlov was the first to discover the watershed mountain range between the basins of the Mekong and Golubaya rivers, calling it after the Russian Geographical Society. Kozlov's description of this journey was published as a separate book entitled "Mongolia and Kam".
The cherished dream of Peter Kuzmich Kozlov was the search for the ruins of the ancient city of Khara-Khoto. Before leaving St. Petersburg, he shared it with his friends.
To this end, the Russian Geographical Society was presented with the project of the fifth expedition, in which it was planned to explore Northern and Southern Mongolia, the Kunor region and northwestern Sichuan.
On October 18, 1907, Kozlov with some of his companions went to Moscow to receive additional equipment, after which they left for Kyakhta, where they arrived on December 2.
It took almost a month for the final preparation, and finally the expedition headed for Urga.
The travelers reached Urga in 11 days, and they had to endure severe frosts, sometimes reaching 47 ° C.
From Urga the travelers headed to the Gurbun-Saykhan mountain range (which translates as "three beautiful beautiful"), which consisted, as it were, of three separate ridges: the western Burun-Saykhan, the middle one - Dundu-Saykhan and the eastern one - Burun-Saykhan.
Pyotr Kuzmich constantly asked the local residents about the ruins of the city of Khara-Khoto, but they all denied their existence, saying: "You Russians want to know more than us even about our places."
With great caution, crossing the Ulen-daban pass, the expedition descended into the hollow. In the Ugoltszin-Tologoi tract, Kozlov met with the local prince Baldyn-iza-sak. And Peter Kuzmich also asked him about Khara-Khoto. For three days he convinced the prince of the purity of his intentions, and finally he agreed to show them the way, but asked to keep everything secret. At parting, the prince said to Kozlov: "You Russians, you know everything, and only you can do such work ..."
The travelers set off on March 1, to the valley of the Etszin-gola River, which they reached on March 12.
Then the travelers went to the Tooi-Onse tract, on the way because of a strong storm they lost their way and arrived at the site only on March 17.
The expedition camped on the right bank of the beautiful Munungin-gola river.
On March 19, Kozlov, together with Chernov, Napalkov, Ivanov, Madaev and Bata's guide, went in search of Khara-Khoto. The rest stayed in the camp to guard the collections.
Kozlov and his companions safely reached the city of Khara-Khoto, located on a low terrace of coarse-grained, hard Khanghai sandstones.
The city of Khara-Khoto (which means "Black City") was once considered a large flourishing city in the state of Xi-Xia. This state, inhabited by Tanguts, existed from the beginning of the 11th century to the beginning of the 13th century. It occupied a vast territory from the Gobi sands in the north to the Bushui River in the south. In 1226, Chinggis Khan attacked the state of Xi-Xia with his horde and caused great destruction there. In 1372, Hara-Khoto was captured by Chinese troops, and it was already completely destroyed.
The expedition conducted excavations in extremely difficult conditions: the scorching sun, sandstorms, the complete absence of water.
As a result of the excavations, books, manuscripts, paintings, religious objects, etc. were found. All these materials were hastily sent to St. Petersburg, accompanied by a report on the discovery of the dead city of Khara-Khoto. The expedition continued its further work.
During the trip, the mountainous country of Amdo was also studied in detail, and for the last four weeks before leaving for their homeland, Kozlov and his associates again excavated in Khara-Khoto.
Petr Kuzmich described the journey in his next book "Mongolia and Amdo and the Dead City of Khara-Khoto".
For his fruitful expeditionary activity, Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov was elected an honorary member of the Russian Geographical Society in 1910, and was also awarded the rank of colonel from the tsarist government and several medals from foreign scientific societies.
The sixth and last trip in Kozlov's life took place in 1923.
On July 25 (new style), 1923, the expedition left Leningrad, reached Ulan-Ude, from where it went to Kyakhta.
During this expedition, the nature and history of the Mongolian People's Republic were studied in detail. Kozlov detailed the results in the report.
Upon his return from the expedition, Kozlov lived for some time in Leningrad, but he spent most of the time in the Novgorod region, in the small village of Strechno.
There he lived with his wife in a small two-room house, which was destroyed during the war.
For his great merits, the government appointed Petr Kuzmich a lifetime personal pension, but he could not put up with inactivity and began lecturing about his travels.
He intended to organize another expedition, but this was prevented by a serious illness and death that followed on September 26, 1935.
This text is an introductory fragment.
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Outstanding traveler Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov (1863–1935) belongs to a brilliant galaxy of enthusiastic explorers of Central Asia. When I was on an excursion, I was surprised to learn that this famous traveler lived in our city. It's amazing how much we sometimes know about Columbus or Magellan, and how little we know about Russian researchers. Therefore, I decided to learn as much as possible about Petr Kuzmich.
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Peter Kuzmich Kozlov and his amazing
the discovery of the dead city of Hara-Khoto
(based on materials from the P.K. Kozlov museum-apartment)
St. Petersburg
2014
- Introduction ……………………………… ..................................... ............ 3
- Biography of P.K. Kozlov …………………………………………… ... 4
- Discovery and expeditions …………………………………………… 5-8
- Discovery of the dead city of Hara-Khoto ............................................................. 9-12
- Conclusion ………………………………………………………… .13
- References …………………………………………………… 14
- Appendices …………………………………………………………… 15-16
Introduction
Outstanding traveler Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov (1863–1935) belongs to a brilliant galaxy of enthusiastic explorers of Central Asia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. A disciple and follower of Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, he devoted his entire life to the scientific development of vast territories of Central Asia, little-studied or completely unknown to the geographical science of that time. In the course of his expeditions, P.K.Kozlov carefully completed the geographical description of the area, conducted meteorological observations, ethnographic notes, and a description of archaeological excavations. The discoveries of his expeditions interested me, and I wanted to know more about this traveler - the famous inhabitant of St. Petersburg.
Having interviewed my friends, I was surprised to learn that none of them knew anything about P.K. Kozlov. So I decided to find out as much as possible about him and tell my classmates.
Purpose of the work: to study the discovery of the dead city of Khara-Khoto by the expedition of the Russian traveler P.K. Kozlov in Central Asia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
Work tasks:
- To study the biography of P.K. Kozlov.
- To study scientific material about the discovery by P.K.Kozlov of the dead city of Khara-Khoto.
- Visit the museum-apartment of P.K. Kozlov.
- Prepare photographic materials for the expositions of the P.K. Kozlov apartment-museum.
- Describe the contribution of P.K. Kozlov in the development of the territory of Central Asia.
"Hara-Hoto is my discovery, my actual conquest for science"
PC. Kozlov
Biography of P.K. Kozlova
PC. Kozlov was born into a poor, illiterate family in the town of Dukhovshchina in the Smolensk region. After graduating from the city six-grade school, he was going to enter the Vilna Teachers' Institute, but the teachers could not procure him a state scholarship. Pyotr Kozlov had to get a job at the office of a local distillery in the village of Sloboda (now Przhevalsk, Smolensk region). A chance meeting with N.M. Przhevalsky in 1882 in Sloboda, where the famous traveler's estate was located, abruptly changed the life of a village youth.
N.M. Przhevalsky saw a kindred spirit in young Peter Kozlov and offered to participate in his 4th Central Asian (2nd Tibetan) expedition. To do this, Kozlov had to pass an exam for the course of the Smolensk Real School and enroll as a volunteer in the army, since N.M. Przhevalsky completed his expeditions exclusively from military personnel. “Przhevalsky was my great father: he brought up, taught and supervised general and private preparation for the trip,” Kozlov later recalled. Under the direct supervision of N.M. Przewalski's young man acquired the knowledge and practical skills necessary for long-distance travel, in particular, he learned the art of a preparator. Later, working alongside N.M. Przhevalsky, P.K. Kozlov developed as a professional traveler-researcher, mastered his extensively descriptive method of "route reconnaissance" and successfully used it in his research activities.
“From this two-year trip, my first trip, I returned as a different person - Central Asia became my goal in life,” Kozlov wrote in his short biographical sketch. “This conviction did not shake, on the contrary, it became even stronger after severe moral suffering associated with the unexpected death of my unforgettable teacher.<...>". The bright image of N.M. Przhevalsky - the Pshevs - inspired Kozlov all his life.
Another equally highly esteemed teacher and patron of Kozlov for many years was the famous geographer-traveler, vice-chairman of the IRGO, P.P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, who contributed a lot to his expeditionary activities after the death of N.M. Przhevalsky.
PC. Kozlov spent almost 17 years traveling. The unusually harsh climatic conditions of the Asian highlands and deserts could not but affect his health. Physical strength was running out, but the tireless researcher continued to lead an active lifestyle - he often gave lectures, wrote articles, participated in the work of the Russian Geographical Society and the Academy of Sciences. In 1928, the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR elected him as its full member.
In the early 1930s, Kozlov settled in the village of Strechno, 60 km from Staraya Russa, in the wilderness of Novgorod's forests. Here, far from the hectic city life, he could work quietly in close contact with nature. He often went hunting in the forest. In mid-1934, however, his condition deteriorated markedly due to a serious heart problem. PC. Kozlov died on the night of September 26-27, 1935, while in a sanatorium in Old Peterhof. They buried him in Leningrad at the Smolensk Lutheran cemetery.
Discoveries and expeditions
From 1883 to 1926 PC. Kozlov made six large expeditions to Mongolia, Western and Northern China and Eastern Tibet, three of which he personally led (1). His talent as a naturalist traveler was especially vividly manifested during the first independent Mongol-Kama expedition in 1899-1901. Its scientific results exceeded all expectations - Kozlov brought to St. Petersburg a huge and unusually diverse collection of natural history, interesting ethnographic information about the nomadic tribes of Tibet, valuable data on the zoogeography of completely unexplored regions of Central Asia. As a result of this expedition, which covered more than 10,000 km of survey, the largest ridges in Eastern and Central Tibet were mapped (the ridge of the Russian Geographical Society, the Watershed ridge (of the Huang-he and Yangtze basins), the Rockhill ridge, etc.). Kozlov's research was highly appreciated by the world scientific community. The IRGO, which equipped the expedition, awarded the traveler for his outstanding contribution to the study of Central Asia with its highest award - the Konstantinovsky gold medal.
The next expedition Kozlov - Mongolo-Sichuan (1907-1909) - glorified him with unique archaeological finds made during excavations of the "dead" city of Khara-khoto on the river. Ezin-gol, in the sands of the southern Gobi. In one of the cult buildings - the suburgan-reliquary, which received the name "famous", P.K. Kozlov was lucky to find a rich collection containing thousands of books and manuscripts in Tangut, Chinese, Tibetan and Uyghur languages, hundreds of sculptures and icons, relics from Buddhist temples, etc. Materials from the "famous" suburgan allowed scientists to reconstruct the history of the forgotten Tangut state of Si- Xia, which existed for about 250 years (982–1227) in the territory of modern northern China.
The discovery and sensational excavations of Khara-khoto received a great resonance in the scientific world, which brought Kozlov the highest awards of the Italian and London Geographical Societies, the A. P.A. Chikhachev of the French Academy of Sciences, and the IRGO and the Hungarian Geographical Society elected him an honorary member, respectively, in 1910 and 1911.
Kozlov's Mongol-Kama and Mongol-Sichuan expeditions enriched Russian museums with numerous natural-scientific and artistic treasures and at the same time significantly strengthened Russia's priority in the study of the Central Asian region.
Another important event in the life of Kozlov of this period was his acquaintance with the spiritual and secular ruler of Tibet, Dalai Lama XIII. Their first meeting took place in 1905, in the capital of Outer Mongolia, Urga, where the Dalai Lama was forced to flee due to the invasion of Tibet by the British. Captain Kozlovgreeted the Tibetan high priest and presented him gifts on behalf of the IRGO for the hospitality shown to the Mongol-Kama expedition in 1899-1901, and also, on behalf of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the General Staff, discussed the possibility of Russia providing assistance to Tibet. Kozlov's meeting with the Dalai Lama, which took place at such a dramatic moment for Tibet, marked the beginning of their warm friendship that lasted for many years.
In 1909, the traveler paid a new visit to the ruler of Tibet - this time in the Buddhist monastery Gumbum (in Amdo province, in Eastern Tibet). Establishing close relations with the Dalai Lama and his entourage was not only of great political importance, from the point of view of strengthening Russian-Tibetan ties, but it was also very useful on a personal level, as it opened the doors for an inquisitive researcher to Lhasa, forbidden for Europeans.
Kozlov tried to take advantage of this circumstance in 1914, starting preparations for a new big journey. The expedition was designed as Mongolian-Tibetan. Its purpose was to be additional exploration of the ruins of the Khara-khoto and the study of the Tibetan Plateau, mainly the basins of the upper reaches of the three great rivers of Asia - the Yangtze, Mekong and Saluen. At the same time, Kozlov secretly hoped that he would finally be able to fulfill his and his teacher's cherished dream - to visit Lhasa. But the world war unexpectedly intervened in his plans. As a result, Colonel of the General Staff P.K. Kozlov went to the Southwestern Front, where for some time he served as commandant of the cities of Tarnov and Yassy. And then in 1915 he was sent to Mongolia at the head of a special government expedition ("Mongolex"), which was engaged in the purchase of cattle for the needs of the army.
Kozlov perceived the October Revolution ambiguously, but he did not refuse to cooperate with the Bolsheviks. Not the least role in this was played by his demand for the new government. Already in November 1917, the Russian Academy of Sciences appointed Kozlov as a commissioner for the famous Crimean acclimatization zoo-reserve Askania-Nova. This appointment was not accidental: well-acquainted with the zoo itself and its founder F.E. Falz-Fein, Kozlov, even before the war, vigorously advocated the early nationalization of this unique corner of nature. And in the new political conditions, he continued the struggle to save the zoo from looting and destruction, the result of which was the decree of the government of Soviet Ukraine on "saving" Askania-Nova in April 1919.
With the end of the civil war, there was hope for the resumption of research activities, for a new journey to beloved Central Asia. On August 22, 1922, Kozlov made a report to the Council of the Russian Geographical Society, in which he raised the issue of reviving the failed Mongol-Tibetan expedition, on the same grounds and with the same program of scientific research that was proposed to the Society in 1914. The leadership of the Russian Geographical Society enthusiastically supported the plans Kozlov, hoping with the help of a new large expedition to raise the prestige of the Society and revive its former glory as the main organizer of expeditionary research inside and outside Russia. Immediately after its meeting, the Council of the Russian Geographical Society sent a petition to the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for permission to conduct a 2-3-year expedition to Mongolia and Tibet. In a letter from the leaders of the Society, this expedition was presented as something completely exceptional, "a one-of-a-kind enterprise", "an important geographical feat." At the same time, it was emphasized that not only "brilliant results in scientific terms" are expected from her - Kozlov's expedition may, in addition, have "important practical results, establishing new, closer relations with the peoples of Central Asia."
Such permission was obtained without much difficulty. On January 26, 1923, the project of the expedition was considered by the Provisional Science Committee under the State Planning Committee, which decided "to release 50 thousand rubles in silver lans and 50 thousand in gold in Soviet marks for the equipment of Kozlov's expedition to Tibet."
The political situation of that time - the aggravation of Anglo-Soviet relations - did not allow, however, P.K. Kozlov to make a trip to Tibet, which at that time was in the sphere of British influence. The scientific program of the already approved expedition was radically revised - P.K. Kozlov refused to travel to distant Tibet, focusing his efforts on exploring Mongolia, adjacent to the USSR. And here he was again lucky. In 1924-1925. The expedition carried out excavations of ancient burial mounds to the north of Urga (present-day Ulan Bator) in the Noin-ula mountains. These excavations brought a sensation - a large number of perfectly preserved objects were found in the mounds: fabrics, felt carpets with images of mythical animals, women's braids, saddles, bronze items, coins, ceramics and much more. Subsequently, scholars found that the burials belonged to the Huns of the Han era, 3–1 centuries BC. e.
With a card. 1925 g. |
In the summer of 1925, upon completion of the excavations, the expedition was divided into two parties - one, under the leadership of S.A. Glagoleva, went to the Mongolian Altai and from there to Khara-khoto for additional excavations and a plan of the settlement; the other, led by Kozlov himself, moved in the direction of the South Khangai. Having finally escaped to the "bright scientific expanse of Asia", Kozlov conducts intensive archaeological exploration, is engaged in route surveys, and replenishes the botanical and zoological collections. For about five months, his detachment was in the foothills of the Khangai, in the south of Mongolia. Here the scientist started new excavations in the Olun-sume tract on the site of the ruins of an ancient monastery, which brought many new valuable finds. The final stage of the expedition (spring-summer 1926) was paleontological excavations near the Holt River, ornithological observations on Lake Orok-nor, which were led by the traveler's wife E.V. Kozlova, visiting Khara-Khoto on Ezin-gol.
Summing up the results of the three-year activity of the Mongol-Tibetan expedition, it should be said that it owes its scientific achievements not only to P.K. Kozlov, its organizer and leader, but also his young, energetic and, of course, talented companions. An especially great contribution to the work of the expedition was made by E.V. Kozlova, N.V. Pavlov and S.A. Kondratyev. The first one was extremely fruitfully engaged in ornithological research, which was continued in subsequent years and ended with the publication of a consolidated work: Birds of Southwestern Transbaikalia, Northern Mongolia and the Gobi (L., 1930). The works of N.V. Pavlova, associated with the study of the flora of the high-mountainous Khangai. Finally S.A. Kondratyev, who led the excavations of the first Noin-Ula mound, which brought the most valuable finds, and at the same time, with great success, was engaged in the collection and study of musical Mongolian folklore. These both directions in his research activities also left their mark on science.
Expedition P.K. Kozlov to Mongolia in 1923-1926. turned out to be his last Central Asian trip. Despite the resounding success of the Noin-Ula excavations, the researcher still experienced considerable disappointment, because he could not fulfill his main task, bequeathed to him by the great N.M. Przhevalsky - to visit the most inaccessible parts of central Tibet, primarily in Lhasa.
P.K. Kozlov took part in the 4th Central Asian expedition of N.M. Przhevalsky 1883-1885, the Tibetan expedition of M.V. Pevtsov 1889-1890, the Tibetan expedition of V.I. Roborovsky 1893-1895; headed: the Mongol-Kama expedition of 1899-1901, the Mongol-Sichuan expedition of 1907-1909. and the Mongol-Tibetan expedition of 1923–1926.
The military career of P.K. Kozlova was as successful as the research one. After graduating from the St. Petersburg Infantry School in 1888, he went from second lieutenant to major general (the last rank was awarded at the end of 1916).
Based on the article by A.I. Andreeva and T.I. Yusupov, website: http://kozlov-museum.ru
Discovery of the dead city of Hara-Khoto
Legends about the mysterious Khara-Khoto, lost in the sands of the southern part of the Gobi Desert, have always excited the imagination of Russian travelers. Petr Kuzmich Kozlov also took an interest in them. He dreamed of solving the mysteries of this dead city. In November 1907, at the head of the Mongol-Sichuan expedition, he left for Mongolia. The Chinese and Mongolian administrations carefully concealed the location of the ancient ruins from the Russians. However, Kozlov managed to enlist the support of the local prince of the Torgout Beile tribe, and with the help of a guide named Bata, on March 19, 1908, the expedition finally approached the dead city located in the bend of the Etszin-Gol River.
The travelers saw a high fortress wall forming a square along the perimeter. On the western side there were two suburgans (mausoleums), one of which was almost completely destroyed. The walls, except for the western one, were covered with sand to the very top.
Archaeologists have begun excavations. Already in the first days, the expedition discovered unique things: books, letters, metal and paper money, women's jewelry, household items ... All this was transported with the greatest precautions to St. Petersburg, to the Russian Geographical Society.
To what historical era can the dead city be attributed? Who were its inhabitants? These questions haunted the entire expedition. Soon a reply came from St. Petersburg. Colleagues congratulated Kozlov on an important scientific discovery. It turned out that Khara-Khoto was once the capital of the Tangut state - the Xi-Xia people, who professed the Buddhist faith. Kozlov was allowed to continue excavations, and in May 1909 the expedition returned to Khara-Khoto and resumed work.
The researchers paid special attention to the suburgan located outside the territory of the fortress. It was located a quarter of a mile from the fortress wall. This suburgan, which later received the name "Famous", presented the expedition with a whole library of books (up to 2000 volumes), many scrolls, manuscripts, samples of Buddhist icon painting, executed in paints on a thick canvas, on thin silk fabrics and on paper, came across very interesting metal and wooden figurines, cliches. All finds are well preserved in a dry desert climate.
Subsequently, Pyotr Kozlov recalled: “When we opened the images, we saw marvelous images of seated figures, drowning in a soft blue and soft pink radiance. From the Buddhist saints breathed something alive, expressive, whole. For a long time we could not tear ourselves away from the contemplation of them - they were so indescribably good ... But as soon as one side of this or that canvas was lifted, most of the paint immediately separated, and with it, like a light ghost, all the charm disappeared from the previous beauty there was only a faint memory ... "
On the pedestal of the "Famous", right in the center, a vertical pole was fixed, around which, facing the center, stood up to two dozen large, human-sized clay statues. In front of them lay huge handwritten sheets of the letter "si-xia", hundreds of them superimposed one on top of the other.
A very interesting Tangut letter could remain one of the secrets, if not for a happy coincidence: among the many books, a dictionary of the "si-sya" language was found. Thus, the books were deciphered.
A clergyman was probably buried in the suburgan, his skeleton was in a sitting position. The skull, which is fairly well preserved, was probably that of a woman in her fifties. As N.K. later recalled. Roerich, he clearly remembered some things from Kozlov's finds in Khara-Khoto in Mongolia: “I remember a wonderful image of a woman’s head. If such people lived in desert cities, then how far these places were from savagery. "
The collection of Mongolian documents found in Khara-Khoto is diverse in content - among them: a fortune-telling book designed to determine happy and unlucky days. It is based on Chinese models, and at the end of it there are recipes for the preparation of medicines for diseases afflicting horses. For a Mongolian cattle breeder who knows the Chinese language, these recipes are of particular interest, and therefore they were written in a fortune-telling book, which was in constant use, as evidenced by its strong wear and tear.
One fragment of 14 lines turned out to be an excerpt from the teachings of Genghis Khan. And during the excavation of houses inside the city, samples of money from the Yuan dynasty were found, on which the inscription was preserved: "The heads will be cut off for the counterfeiters."
In 1923–1926, Kozlov again worked for two months in Khara-Khoto. While freeing parts of the buildings from the sand, his employees discovered beautiful frescoes that adorned all the walls. The colors were dominated by greenish-blue tones, and the drawing mostly depicted fantastic birds, such as a two-headed parrot. In one of the niches of the northern wall, the researchers were lucky to find a whole series of clay heads with different facial expressions. These, apparently, in most cases were fragments of figurines of Buddha's disciples.
The folk legend, which was recorded by Kozlov, tells about the last days of Khara-Khoto as follows:
“The last ruler of the city of Khara-Khoto, the batyr Khara-jian-jun, relying on an invincible army, intended to take the Chinese throne from the emperor, as a result of which the Chinese government was forced to send a significant detachment against him. Having lost a number of battles, the batyr took refuge in his last refuge, the city of Khara-Khoto, which was surrounded by a circle.
Unable to take the city by storm, the imperial troops decided to deprive the besieged of water, for which the Entsin-Gol River was taken away from the city, damming the former channel with sandbags. The besieged began to dig a well, but even at 300 meters there was no water. Then the batyr decided to give the enemy the last general battle, but in case of failure he used a dug well in advance, hiding in it all his riches, of which, according to legend, there were at least 80 cart and carts, 20-30 poods in each - this is one silver, apart from other values, and then killed his two daughters, and then his son and daughter, so that the enemy would not outrage them. Having done all this, the batyr ordered to make a breach in the northern wall near the place where he hid his wealth. Led by the troops, he rushed to the enemy. In this decisive battle, both Hara-jian-jun and his army, which had been considered invincible until that time, perished. The captured city was ravaged by the imperial troops as usual, but they did not find hidden riches. They say that the treasures lie there to this day, despite the fact that the Chinese of neighboring cities and local Mongols have repeatedly tried to seize them. They ascribe their failures in this endeavor entirely to a conspiracy arranged by Hara-tszyan-tszun himself. The natives believe in the reality of a strong conspiracy, especially after the last time treasure seekers, instead of riches, discovered two large snakes, brightly shining with red and green scales.
True, the torgout said, there were daredevils among us who gathered in a company, dug the earth in Khara-Khoto and found something ... We came across bronze-golden statuettes, silver ingots. But one day, quite a few years ago, a brave and happy old woman found three strings of large pearls there. Together with her sons, the old woman was looking for the missing horses. They were caught in a storm, fleeing from which the Torgout unexpectedly hit the walls of Hara-Khoto and spent a cold night under their protection. The next morning the bad weather subsided, but before going home, to Etszin-Gol, the Torgout wanted to wander around the extinct city. And then the old woman saw openly lying and brightly shining silver beads. At this time, an ordinary Chinese caravan arrived at the merchants with a mass of different goods ... And the Chinese paid the old woman for pearls with the contents of their entire caravan. "
Historian V.L. Kotvich said the following: “After the defeat committed by Genghis Khan in 1226–1227, the Tanguts, or“ Si-Xia ”, became part of the power formed by the Mongols. Despite this defeat, the national and cultural life of the country did not die out, as evidenced by the extensive Tangut literature with its original writing. The documents found in Khara-Khoto do not have exact dates, but their paleographic features and the fact that they were found with banknotes issued by the Mongols in China give grounds to attribute these monuments to the time of the world domination of the Mongols, that is, before 1368 " ... April Tsokto Badmazhapov discovered the ruins of Khara-Khoto (1) December 28 Departure of the expedition from Kyakhta (2)
1908 January 25 Departure from Urga (3) March 19 Arrival of the reconnaissance detachment in Khara-Khoto. The beginning of excavations. March 21 Discovery of the first Tangut manuscripts. March 30 Detection of old banknotes. Departure south. April - June The expedition stopped in the courtyard of Tsokto Badmazhapov's house in Bayan-Khoto. Exploration of the Alashan ridge. August 31 - September 9 Sailing on Lake Kukunor, landing on Kuisu Island, measuring depths and taking samples of bottom sediments. December 7 In the oasis, Guidui Kozlov received a letter from the Geographical Society with a proposal to return to Khara-Khoto (4)
1909 Night from 12 to 13 January Treacherous attack of the Amdo Tanguts on the expedition (5) 22 February - 7 March Stop at the Gumbum monastery. Talks with the XIII Dalai Lama (6) May 22 Return to Khara-Khoto, start of full-scale excavations. May 30 - June 7 Work at the "famous" suburgan; sensational findings. On June 16, the expedition caravan left Hara-Khoto. Autumn Kozlov's archaeological collection was safely delivered to St. Petersburg.
Conclusion
The scientific heritage of P.K. Kozlov is unusually extensive and has not yet been fully mastered by scientists. It includes his expeditionary reports, articles and books, travel diaries and a huge preserved correspondence with colleagues and friends, cartographic and photographic materials. These are new names on geographical maps, and new species of representatives of the animal kingdom discovered by the traveler scientist, as well as unique richest collections - archaeological, ethnographic, natural history and others, which are now stored in the best museum collections of St. Petersburg - in the Hermitage, in the Museum anthropology and ethnography. Peter the Great (Kunstkamera), the Zoological and Botanical Museums and the St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
The memorial museum-apartment of P.K. Kozlov takes you into the wonderful world of the past.
Having visited the museum-apartment of the traveler, I was convinced that Petr Kuzmich made a huge contribution to the study of Central Asia. He was a strong, courageous man, devoted to the cause of geography. Until the end of his life, he worked tirelessly, devoted a lot of time to educating young people. His work is very valuable to this day.
Modern schoolchildren know enough about H. Columbus or F. Magellan, but they know very little about Russian travelers. Unfortunately, the school geography course does not say anything about PK Kozlov's expeditions, so I decided to prepare a small lecture and give it at the geography lessons for the students of my school.
The site of the museum-apartment of the traveler P.K. Kozlov. Among the exhibits of the museum are archival documents, diaries, letters, books, geographical maps, drawings and photographs, personal belongings of P.K. Kozlov, testifying to the great era of the scientific development of the Central Asian region by Russia. The expedition equipment of that time is of great interest - pack bags and boxes for transporting instruments and collections, rifle equipment, compasses, binoculars, photographic accessories. Two items that have been repeatedly exhibited at city and international exhibitions stand out: a traveling men's dining room vanity unit with 20 items in a leather suitcase and a folding mahogany writing table with a full set of accessories. Among the exhibits of an ethnographic nature, it should be noted objects of Buddhist cult - a perfectly preserved monastery gong, as well as several ceremonial scarves - "hadaks". One of them was presented to Kozlov in 1905 by the ruler of Tibet, Dalai Lama XIII.
(1863-1935)
Petr Kuzmich Kozlov is one of the greatest explorers of Central Asia. An associate and follower of the works of N. M. Przhevalsky, he, together with the latter, basically completed the elimination of the "blank spot" on the map of Central Asia. Research and discoveries of P.K. Kozlov in the field of nature and archeology have won him wide fame far beyond the borders of our homeland.
Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov was born on October 15, 1863 in the town of Dukhovshchina, Smolensk province, into a family of small prasol. Thanks to the inquisitive and inquisitive nature of P.K.
At the age of twelve he was sent to school. At that time, the Russian traveler to Central Asia Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky was in the aura of world fame. Newspapers and magazines were full of reports of his geographical discoveries. His portraits were published in almost all periodicals. Young people enthusiastically read the fascinating descriptions of Przewalski's travels, and more than one young man, reading about the discoveries and exploits of this wonderful fearless traveler, fired up with the dream of the same exploits. PK Kozlov eagerly caught everything that was published about Przhevalsky. The articles and books of Przewalski himself sparked in him an endless love for the vastness of Asia, and the personality of the famous traveler in the youth's imagination took the form of an almost fairytale hero.
At the age of sixteen, P.K. Kozlov graduated from a four-year school and, since he had to earn a living, entered the office of a brewery 66 kilometers from his native Dukhovshchina in the town of Sloboda, Porechsky district. Monotonous, uninteresting work in the office of the plant could not satisfy the living nature of PK Kozlov. He eagerly reached out to study and began to prepare for admission to the teacher's institute. But one summer evening in 1882, fate made a different choice. As he himself later wrote: "That day I will never, never forget, that day for me is one of the most significant."
The young man was sitting on the porch. The first stars flickered in the sky. The endless expanses of the universe opened up to his eyes, thoughts, as always, soared in Central Asia. Immersed in his thoughts, P.K.Kozlov suddenly heard:
- What are you doing here, young man?
He looked around and froze with amazement and happiness: in front of him stood N. M. Przhevalsky, whom he so well imagined from his portraits. N. M, Przhevalsky came here from his Otradnoye estate of the same Smolensk province. He was looking for a cozy corner here, in which he could write his books in between travels.
- What are you thinking so deeply? - N. M. Przhevalsky simply asked.
With barely restrained emotion, with difficulty finding the right words, P.K.Kozlov replied:
- I think that in distant Tibet these stars should seem even more sparkling than here, and I will never, never have to admire them from those distant, desolate heights ...
Nikolai Mikhailovich was silent, and then quietly said:
- So that's what you are thinking, young man! .. Come to me. I want to tell you.
Feeling in Kozlov a person who sincerely loves the work to which he himself was selflessly devoted, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky took an ardent part in the life of the young man. In the fall of 1882, he settled P.K. Kozlov at his place and began to supervise his studies.
“In the fall of 1882,” PK Kozlov recalled later, “I had already passed under the shelter of Nikolai Mikhailovich and began to live one life with him. NM Przhevalsky was my great father: he brought up, taught and supervised general and private preparation for the trip. "
The days of life in the Przhevalsky estate seemed to PK Kozlov to be just a "fabulous dream." The young man was under the spell of the fascinating stories of N.M. Przhevalsky about the delights of a wanderer's life, about the greatness and beauty of the nature of Asia.
“After all, so recently I only dreamed, only dreamed of how a sixteen-year-old boy could dream and dream under the strong impression of reading newspapers and magazines about the return of Przhevalsky's glorious expedition to St. Petersburg ..., dreamed and dreamed, being terribly far from real thought ever to meet face to face with Przhevalsky ... And suddenly my dream and dreams came true: suddenly, unexpectedly, that great Przhevalsky, to whom all my striving was directed, appeared in Sloboda, was enchanted by its wild charm and settled in it ... "
PK Kozlov firmly decided to travel in the near future as a companion of Przhevalsky. But it wasn't that easy. NM Przhevalsky made up his expeditions exclusively from the military. Therefore, PK Kozlov, willy-nilly, had to become a military man.
But above all, he considered it necessary to complete secondary education. In January 1883 P.K. Kozlov successfully passed the exam for the full course of the real school. After that, he entered the military service as a volunteer and, after serving for three months, was enrolled in the expedition of N.M. Przhevalsky.
“There was no end to my joy,” writes PK Kozlov, “happy, infinitely happy, I was experiencing the first spring of my real life.
P.K. Kozlov made six trips to Central Asia, where he explored Mongolia, the Gobi and Kam Desert (the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau). The first three trips were carried out by him under the command - successively - of N. M. Przhevalsky, M. V. Pevtsov and V. M. Roborovsky.
PK Kozlov's first trip on an expedition to explore Northern Tibet and Eastern Turkestan was an excellent practical school for him. Under the leadership of N.M. Przhevalsky, an experienced and enlightened researcher, he received good training, so necessary to overcome the harsh conditions of the harsh nature of Central Asia, and baptism of fire in the fight against the superior armed forces of the local population, repeatedly pitted against a handful of Russian travelers.
Returning from his first trip (1883-1885), P.K.Kozlov entered a military school, after which he was promoted to officer.
In the autumn of 1888 P.K. Kozlov set off with N.M. Przhevalsky on his second journey. However, at the very beginning of this journey near the city of Karakol (on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul), the head of the expedition N.M. Przhevalsky fell ill and soon died.
The expedition, interrupted by the death of NM Przhevalsky, resumed in the fall of 1889 under the command of Colonel, and later Major General MV Pevtsov, the author of the famous book "An Outline of a Journey in Mongolia and the Northern Provinces of Inner China" (Omsk, 1883). The expedition collected rich geographical and natural-historical material, a considerable part of which belonged to P.K. Kozlov, who explored the regions of East Turkestan.
The third expedition (from 1893 to 1895), in which P.K. Kozlov was a member, was under the command of V.I. Its task was to explore the region of the Nan Shan mountain range and the northeastern corner of Tibet.
In this journey, the role of P.K.Kozlov was especially active. He independently, separately from the caravan, carried out surveys of the surroundings, passing along some routes up to 1000 km, in addition, he gave the overwhelming number of samples of the zoological collection. V. I. Roborovskiy fell seriously ill halfway through; P.K. Kozlov took over the leadership of the expedition and successfully brought it to the end. He presented a full report on the expedition, published under the title "Report of the assistant to the head of the expedition, PK Kozlov."
In 1899 P.K. Kozlov made his first independent journey as the head of the Mongol-Tibetan expedition. The expedition was attended by 18 people, including 14 people in the convoy. The route started from the Altai post station near the Mongolian border; then he walked first along the Mongolian Altai, then along the Central Gobi and along the Kama - the eastern part of the Tibetan plateau almost unknown to the scholarly world.
As a result of this trip, P.K.Kozlov gave detailed descriptions of numerous physical and geographical objects of the route - lakes (including Lake Kuku-nor, which lies at an altitude of 3.2 km and has a circumference of 385 km), the sources of the Mekong and Yalu rivers. jiang (a large tributary of the Yangtze River), a number of the greatest mountains, including two powerful ridges in the Kun-Lun system, hitherto unknown to science. One of them P.K. Kozlov called the Dutreil-de-Rance ridge, after the famous French traveler in Central Asia, who had died shortly before that at the hands of the Tibetans in these places, and the other - the Woodville-Rockhill ridge in honor of the English traveler.
In addition, P.K. Kozlov gave brilliant essays on the economy and everyday life of the population of Central Asia, among which stands out a description of the curious customs of the Tsaidam Mongols with an exceptionally complex ritual of celebrating the most important events in life: the birth of a child, weddings, funerals, etc. From this expedition PK Kozlov brought out an abundant collection of fauna and flora of the traversed areas.
During the expedition, travelers more than once had to fight their way through bloody battles with large armed detachments, up to 250-300 people, set on the expedition by local fanatical lamas. The almost two-year isolation of the expedition from the outside world due to its encirclement with a hostile ring was the reason for the persistent rumor that reached St. Petersburg about its complete death.
The Mongol-Tibetan expedition is described by PK Kozlov in two large volumes: vol. I "Mongolia and Kam" and vol. II "Kam and the way back". For this trip PK Kozlov was awarded a gold medal by the Russian Geographical Society.
In 1907-1909. P.K. Kozlov made his fifth journey (Mongol-Sichuan expedition) along the route through Kyakhta to Urga (Ulan Bator) and further into the interior of Central Asia. It was marked by the discovery in the sands of the Gobi of the dead city of Khara-Khoto, which provided archaeological material of great historical and cultural value. Of exceptional importance is the library of 2000 books discovered during the excavations of Khara-Khoto, mainly consisting of books in the "unknown" language of the state Xi-xia, which turned out to be a Tangut language. This was a discovery of enormous scientific significance. None of the foreign museums or libraries has any significant collection of Tangut books. Even in such largest depositories as the British Museum in London, there are only a few Tangut books. Among the books found was a Tangut-Chinese dictionary, which made it possible to reveal the contents of the books. Other finds in Khara-Khoto are also of great historical and cultural significance, as they vividly depict many aspects of the culture and life of the ancient Tangut state of Xi-Xia.
Remarkable is the collection of woodcuts (cliches) for printing books and cult images found in Khara-Khoto, indicating the familiarity of the East with typography hundreds of years before the appearance of the latter in Europe.
Of great interest are the printed paper money found in Khara-Khoto, which made up the world's only collection of paper money of the Tang dynasty of the 13th-14th centuries.
Excavations at Hara-Khoto also yielded a rich set of statues, figurines and all kinds of figurines of cult significance and more than 300 Buddhist icons painted on wood, silk, linen and paper, many of which are of great artistic value.
After the discovery of the dead city of Khara-Khoto, the expedition of P.K. Yellow River. From this expedition, as well as from the previous one, PK Kozlov, in addition to valuable geographical material, brought out numerous collections of animals and plants, among which there were many new species and even genera.
The fifth journey of PK Kozlov is described by him in a large volume entitled "Mongolia and Amdo and the dead city of Khara-Khoto". During his sixth trip, made by him in 1923-1926, P.K. Kozlov explored a relatively small territory of Northern Mongolia. However, even here he received major scientific results: in the Noin-Ula mountains (130 km north-west of the Mongolian capital Urga, now Ulan Bator) P.K. prescription. This was the greatest archaeological discovery of the 20th century. Numerous items were found in the burial grounds, which can be used to restore the economy and life of the Huns for a period of at least the 2nd century BC. e. to the 1st century A.D. e. Among them were a large number of artistically executed fabrics and carpets from the time of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which existed from the 3rd century BC. e. until the 2nd century AD e. and was located approximately in the northern part of the modern territory of Iran, in Afghanistan and the northwestern part of India. The administrative and political center was the city of Baktra (now Balkh, Afghanistan). In terms of the abundance of samples of Greco-Bactrian art, the Noin-Ula collection has no equal among collections of this kind in the whole world.
The sixth journey of P.K. Kozlov was the last. After that, he lived first in Leningrad, and then 50 km from Staraya Russa (Novgorod region), in the village of Strechno. In this place he built a small two-room log cabin and settled there with his wife. Soon P.K.Kozlov gained great popularity among local youth. He organized a circle of young naturalists, whom he began to teach the collection of collections, the exact scientific definition of animals and plants, dissection of birds and animals. Later in Strechino there was a “corner of memory of P.K. Kozlov”, where these collections were kept.
P.K. Kozlov was an excellent storyteller and lecturer. In between travels, he often spoke to various audiences with captivating stories about his travels. His appearances in print are no less interesting. Peru Kozlov owns over 60 works
Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov died of heart sclerosis in a sanatorium near Leningrad on September 26, 1935.
Petr Kuzmich Kozlov, as a researcher of Central Asia, was widely known worldwide. The Russian Geographical Society awarded P.K. Kozlov with a medal. N.P. Przhevalsky and elected him an honorary member, and in 1928 he was elected a full member by the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
PK Kozlov occupies one of the most honorable places among the researchers of Central Asia. In the field of archaeological discoveries in Central Asia, he has no equal among all researchers of the twentieth century.
The following figures speak volumes about the enormous amount of scientific work done by the expeditions of Pyotr Kuzmich. PK Kozlov's expeditions collected more than 1400 specimens of mammals, among which there are many rarest and even completely new, previously unknown. More than 5000 specimens were collected of birds, 750 reptiles and amphibians, about 300 fish, 80,000 insects. Botanical collections were extensive. Collections 1899-1901 only. consisted of 25,000 plant specimens containing thousands of previously unknown ones.
P.K. Kozlov is dear to us not only as a talented researcher of nature, economics, everyday life and archeology of Central Asia, but also as a Russian patriot who showed himself an example of courage, bravery and selfless devotion to the cause of his Motherland, for whose glory he did not spare his life.
Bibliography
- Timofeev P.G.Petr Kuzmich Kozlov / P.G. Timofeev // People of Russian Science. Essays on outstanding figures in natural science and technology. Geology and Geography. - Moscow: State publishing house of physical and mathematical literature, 1962. - pp. 542-547.
KOZLOV PETER KUZMICH
Kozlov Petr Kuzmich is a famous traveler. Was born in 1863. In 1883 he joined the fourth expedition of N.M. Przhevalsky, after which he completed his military education in St. Petersburg and again left with Przhevalsky in 1888. After Przhevalsky's death, the expedition was completed in 1891 under the leadership of M.V. Pevtsova; northern Tibet, East Turkestan and Dzungaria were explored by her not only geographically, but also in natural history. In 1893 - 1895 Kozlov took part in the expedition of V.I. Roborovsky to Nan Shan and northeastern Tibet. On the way, Roborovsky fell ill, and the expedition returned under the command of Kozlov; its results are described by Kozlov in his book: "Report of the Assistant Chief of the Expedition" (1899). In 1899 - 1901, Kozlov led an expedition to Tibet, and he explored the upper reaches of the Yellow River, Yangtze-jiang and Mekong rivers; the expedition had to overcome natural difficulties, and also more than once withstand resistance from the natives. This expedition is described by Kozlov in his work: "Mongolia and Kam" (1905 - 1906). In 1907 - 1909 Kozlov made his fifth trip to Central Asia: he explored the middle and southern parts of Mongolia, the Kuku-nora region and the northwestern part of Sichuan. In addition to the rich material on the nature of the country, the expedition collected extensive ethnographic collections, especially on Buddhist cult and Chinese antiquity. In the center of Mongolia, in the lower reaches of the Etszin-gola River, Kozlov discovered the remains of the city of Khara-Khoto covered with sand; his excavations yielded rich material (in the form of manuscripts, objects of art, utensils, banknotes, etc.), which entered the museums of Emperor Alexander III and the Academy of Sciences. This journey Kozlov described in a number of articles in the newspaper "Russian Vedomosti" for 1907-1909 and in the book "Mongolian-Sichuan Expedition". In 1910, Kozlov received large gold medals from the geographical societies, English and Italian.
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what PETR KUZMICH KOZLOV is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- KOZLOV PETER KUZMICH
(1863-1935) Researcher Center. Asia, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1928). Member of the expeditions of N. M. Przhevalsky, M. V. Pevtsov, V. I. Roborovsky. Supervised ... - KOZLOV PETER KUZMICH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Pyotr Kuzmich, Soviet researcher of Central Asia, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR ... - KOZLOV in the Dictionary of Russian Surnames:
Patronymic from a non-church male personal name Kozel (numerous examples from 1405 (Sl. Tupikov). A very common surname. According to B. ... - PETER in the Bible Dictionary:
, Apostle - Simon, the son (descendant) of Jonah (John 1:42), a fisherman from Bethsaida (John 1:44), who lived with his wife and mother-in-law in Capernaum (Mat. 8:14). ... - KOZLOV in 1000 biographies of famous people:
Alexey Alexandrovich (1831 - 1900) - professor of philosophy at Kiev University, spiritualist, who recognized the real existence only behind the world of animated individual beings ... - KOZLOV in the Literary Encyclopedia:
Ivan Ivanovich is a poet. He came from the ranks of a noble, but ruined nobility (son of the Secretary of State). He served in the military, then in the civilian ... - PETER in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
Old Russian architect of the 12th century The builder of the St. George Cathedral of the Yuryev Monastery in Novgorod (started in ... - KOZLOV in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
the name of Michurinsk in the Tambov region. before … - PETER SAINTS OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH
1) St. martyr, suffered for the confession of faith in Lampsak, in the Decievo persecution, in 250; commemoration of May 18; 2) St. ... - PETER in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
St. The Apostle is one of the most prominent disciples of I. Christ, who had a tremendous influence on the subsequent fate of Christianity. Originally from Galilee, fisherman ... - KUZMICH in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Marychevsky). - The Samara witch doctor Fyodor Kuzmich Mukhovikov, who lived in the village of Vilovatom, Buzuluk u., Is known under this name. In the 70s ... - PETER in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- PETER in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(? - 1326), Metropolitan of All Russia (from 1308). He supported the Moscow princes in their struggle for the great reign of Vladimir. In 1324 ... - PETER
PETER "TSAREVICH", see Ileyka Muromets ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETR ŔARESH (Реtru Rares), mold. the sovereign in 1527-38, 1541-46; pursued a policy of centralization, fought against the tour. yoke, a supporter of rapprochement with ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER LOMBARD (Petrus Lombardus) (c. 1100-60), Christ. theologian and philosopher, rep. scholasticism, bishop of Paris (from 1159). Studied with P. Abelard ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER THE RIGHT (Petrus Venerabilis) (c. 1092-1156), Christ. scientist, writer and church. activist, abbot of Cluny mon. (from 1122). Carried out reforms in ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER DAMIANI (Petrus Damiani) (about 1007-1072), church. activist, theologian, cardinal (from 1057); formulated the position of philosophy as a servant of theology. ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
"PETER THE GREAT", the first battleship grew. Navy; in service since 1877; the prototype grew up. squadron battleships. From the beginning. 20th century educational art. ship, … - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER AMENSKY, Hermit (Petrus Eremita) (about 1050-1115), French. monk, one of the leaders of the 1st Crusade. After the capture of Jerusalem (1099) he returned ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER II PETROVICH NEGOS, see Njegoš ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER I PETROVICH NEGOS (1747-1830), ruler of Montenegro since 1781. Achieved (1796) fact. independence of the country, published in 1798 "Legalist" (supplemented in ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER III Fedorovich (1728-62), rus. emperor (from 1761), it. Prince Karl Peter Ulrich, son of Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich and Anna ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER II (1715-30), dew. Emperor (from 1727), son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. In fact, A.D. Menshikov, then the Dolgorukovs. ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER I the Great (1672-1725), tsar (from 1682), the first grew up. emperor (from 1721). Ml. son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second marriage ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER, Old Russian architect of the 12th century Builder of the monumental St. George's Cathedral Yuriev Mon. in Novgorod (started in ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER (in the world Pyotr Fed. Polyansky) (1862-1937), Metropolitan Krutitsky. Locum tenens of the patriarchal throne since 1925, arrested in the same year ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER (in the world Pyotr Simeonovich Mogila) (1596-1647), Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia from 1632. Archimandrite of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (from 1627). Founded Slavic-Greek-Lat. ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER (? -1326), Russian Metropolitan since 1308. Supported by Moscow. princes in their struggle for the great reign. In 1325 he transferred the metropolitan see ... - PETER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
PETER, in the New Testament, one of the twelve apostles. First. the name is Simon. Called by Jesus Christ to the apostles together with brother Andrew ... - KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOZLOV, see Michurinsk ... - KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOZLOV Peter Kuz. (1863-1935), Researcher Center. Asia, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1928). Member of exp. N.M. Przhevalsky, M.V. Pevtsova, V.I. Roborovsky. Supervised ... - KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOZLOV Leon. Nick. (1927-98), chemist, Ph.D. RAS (1987), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1985). Tr. on chemistry and technology special. materials for ... - KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOZLOV Iv. Yves. (1779-1840), Russian. poet, translator. In 1821 he became blind. Lyric. poems performed by nat. coloring romantic. the poem "Chernets" (1825). Poem. ... - KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOZLOV Iv. Andes. (1888-1957), a member of the growing up. roar. movement, one of the hands. underground in the Crimea in Grazhd. and Vel. Otech. wars, ... - KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOZLOV Dm. Il. (b. 1919), scientist and designer in the field of rocket and space. technicians, ch. RAS (1984), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1961, 1979). ... - KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOZLOV Heinrich Abr. (1901-81), economist, Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1968). Main tr. on political economy, den. ... - KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOZLOV Vl. Yak. (b. 1914), mathematician, academician RAS (1966). Tr. in theory ... - KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOZLOV you. Yves. (1903-67), state. and watered. activist, writer, Hero of Owls. Union (1942), Major General (1943). Since 1940 deputy. prev. SNK ... - KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOZLOV Valer. You. (p. 1950), a scientist in the field of theoretical. mechanics, acad. RAS (2000). Tr. according to the general principles of dynamics, theory of oscillations, ... - KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOZLOV Al. Sem. (b. 1935), saxophonist, composer, honored. art. RSFSR (1988). Since 1973 organizer and leader of the jazz-rock ensemble "Arsenal". The author of jazz ... - KOZLOV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
KOZLOV Al. Al-dr. (1831-1901), philosopher. One of the first presented. personalism in Russia, developed the concept of panpsychism. The publisher of the first in Russia ... - KUZMICH in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
(Marychevsky). ? The Samara witch doctor Fyodor Kuzmich Mukhovikov, who lived in the village of Vilovatom, Buzuluk u., Is known under this name. In the 70s ... - PETER in Collier's Dictionary:
the name of a number of European kings and emperors. See also: PETER: EMPERORS PETER: ... - PETER
I cut through a window in ... - PETER in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
Paradise ...