What's the news in Vladivostok today? Now there is an urgent question about the successful use of all sanitary protection zones in the interests of all residents of the city - this is the task that the authorities of the coastal capital have set themselves. Such fresh news from Vladivostok spread quickly among the population and beyond. According to the latest changes in the Land Code of Russia, medical and recreational areas, as well as all resorts, have now been excluded from the so-called categories of protected areas. Because there were reasons for this. What exactly are these reasons?
This means that all restrictions have been lifted from the zone, which is the territory from the village of Trudovoye to the Sedanki district itself. Now such plots will be given to large families and young families of the city. We can now find out more about this. This news from Primorye and Vladivostok is spreading rapidly.
Also in Soviet time in the suburbs of the city there were quite a few sanatoriums, each of which had quite large territories under its jurisdiction. Currently, many health resorts have already ceased their activities, but the land itself remains. It is formally ownerless. Nobody disposes of such land and, most importantly, cannot dispose of it, because it was considered protected. This news from seaside Vladivostok cannot but worry the public.
However, this did not stop many private individuals from appropriating various plots in the suburbs. It is here that cottages and private houses are built, and then through the court they begin to seek registration of land ownership. There is another big question - what is left of the second sanitary zone after private farms.
The city mayor's office has repeatedly raised the issue of the need to transfer the second sanitary zone from protected to free status. The important issue of registering it as city property was also considered. What is it for? This solution is very important for the reason that it can be used to solve various problems that were previously considered unsolvable. Unfortunately, few people worried about this issue before. That is why so many private owners were able to live at someone else’s expense and not even pay a penny.
First of all, to ensure that absolutely all private owners no longer manage to illegally appropriate plots for themselves. Previously, many private owners managed to appropriate such territory for themselves in various underground ways and did everything possible to live there for their own pleasure. As for other people in need, who urgently needed housing and land, then, unfortunately, no one cared about them. Now this issue can be said to be resolved.
However, the most important goal is an excellent opportunity to provide land to those categories of people who need it. That is, to those city residents who need land. Such news from Vladivostok and the Primorye Territory is difficult to ignore.
Many large families will probably agree to settle in Sadgorod with great joy. Moreover, many of these families simply do not have permanent housing. Now that all restrictions on this territory will be lifted, the authorities will need to do a lot of work on inventory, as well as accounting for all the lands, communications and networks that remain. It will be necessary to prepare all the documentation that has not been entered for approximately 20 years. This is a very large amount of work.
Right now, the city administration has begun urgently registering plots in the second sanitary zone for distribution to everyone. large families. In the coming months, about 200 families will already be able to receive land. Active work began on inventory, as well as putting all documents in order. Therefore, the number of families who will be able to obtain plots in this zone will increase.
It should be noted that the territory of the second sanitary zone is considered undelimited. In other words, only two structures have the rule to manage it. That is, the Vladivostok mayor’s office itself, as well as the administration of the Primorsky Territory. For example, the mayor's office can actively use such land directly to issue plots to all large families, but on the condition that the regional authorities provide consent to this. For all other purposes, the city government does not have the right to use all demarcated lands.
Also, in turn, the administration of the Primorsky Territory has the right to dispose of hundreds of hectares of land in the suburbs of the city and the former sanitary protection zone for the purposes it deems necessary. These were the most last news Vladivostok, which sold out quite quickly. Now we can only hope that all the land will be distributed to those people who really need it. In addition, all actions taken will be subject to strict controls. In this regard, the conclusion suggests itself that now the situation will change for much better.
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Leading experts in the field of ancient and medieval history of Primorye assess the summer of 2010 as another step towards understanding the secrets hidden in the past of Primorye. They have something to brag about.
There are interesting finds from Paleolithic times at the Krasnaya Sopka-2 site - unique bone tips,- said Dmitry Kudryashov, a graduate student of the Department of Archeology, Ethnography and Cultural History of Far Eastern State University. - In Primorye, bone products are not preserved due to the characteristics of the soil, but now we can draw conclusions about the technologies of Stone Age people.
Photos provided by Nadezhda Artemyeva, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Head of the Department of Medieval Archeology at the Institute of the History of Archeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Interesting scientific material was obtained from an analysis of the geography of settlements in the north of the region: 15 fortified settlements located above the mouths of rivers and controlling navigation, speak of confrontation between different cultures already 3 thousand years ago, - Olga Dyakova, head of the laboratory of the Institute of History of Archeology and Ethnography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, voiced the hypothesis...
Another previously unknown phenomenon is the Smolny culture. In the 5th - 12th centuries, a certain people lived on the territory of the Shkotovsky plateau in Primorye from Shtykovo to Arsenyev. Traces of this culture were discovered by Vladimir Shevkunov, candidate of historical sciences. What form of government they had and how they communicated with other aborigines is unknown. It is known that the Smolny residents differed from other local tribes both culturally and, most importantly, genetically. For about 10 years, skeptics denied the existence of such a people. But after a series of works, it became clear that the hypothesis has a right to exist!
Two dangers: summit construction and black diggers
There is no consensus among scientists - is it worth naming the locations of new finds? To indicate where they dug means to attract the attention of “black archaeologists” and simply curious people with shovels. Not naming it is also useless: while going about their business, illegal antiquity seekers study history no worse than recognized experts.
We know about 2.5 thousand ancient monuments in the Primorsky Territory, and these are only the discovered and described monuments,” said the deputy. Director of the Educational and Scientific Museum of Far Eastern State University Alexander Popov. - It is more important to preserve these antiquities; we various reasons Every year we lose many settlements.
The construction of the summit alone destroyed the ancient settlement in Ajax Bay on the island Russian, under the bridge at Cape Pospelov, shell heaps of the Yankovskaya culture died, new roads were laid through the ramparts and villages. Civilization has no time for preserving shards and fragments. Although, having been stopped in time, builders and businesses are meeting the scientists halfway.
It’s worse when “black archaeologists” with metal detectors climb into objects and barbarically destroy cultural layers, complained Nadezhda Artemyeva.
An iron ingot was a treasure for the ancients
We were digging forge workshops and discovered two real treasures,” shared Nadezhda Artemyeva. - In one place behind the chimney, someone hid a large ingot of iron, in another - a ladle for casting metal. These are definitely treasures - the objects could not have been lost or rolled into such a place. They were deliberately hidden from outsiders.
The finds included 9 anvils, obviously collected in one place for melting down. This tells specialists a lot - on the territory of Primorye there are no deposits of copper, tin, or easily mined precious metals, and spears and arrows are sometimes found without a trace of rust. This means there was a road network, there was a logistics system, there were technologies sufficiently developed for mass production.
Lamellar armor recovered from one famous site, consisting of approximately 500 elements, did not retain leather or woven parts. But the metal has hardly decayed and makes it possible to reconstruct this cuirass,” said Nadezhda Artemyeva. - For some, this is an expensive souvenir, but for others, it is another step towards understanding the events that took place in Primorye hundreds and even thousands of years ago.
Source: http://suchan.narod.ru/histnikgor.html
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Primorsky Krai in ancient times
The most ancient settlements in Primorye, dating back to the Paleolithic era, were discovered in the territory of the current Nakhodka region.
Man first appeared on the territory of Primorye and continental Asia during the Paleolithic era more than 30 thousand years ago. These were gatherers and hunters of mammoths, wild horses, bison, rhinoceroses, bears, and moose.
At the final stage of the Stone Age, the population of the continental part of Primorye mastered primitive agriculture. At the end of the 2nd millennium BC. ancient people begin to use bronze tools and weapons.
At the beginning of the Iron Age - about 2800 years ago - the coastal zone of Primorye was occupied by the population of the Yankovskaya archaeological culture. People lived in large settlements all year round. Millet was grown on the coast, and barley was grown in the continental zone. They fished, collected shellfish and plants, and hunted.
Around the same time, 2300 years ago, carriers of the Krounov culture (Woju tribes) appeared in the western regions of Primorye.
In the middle of the 1st millennium AD. Primorye was inhabited by Sumo Moekh tribes; a state was formed from the beginning of the 8th century. called Bohai (698 - 926). On the territory of Primorye, the southern part of which became part of Bohai from the middle of the 7th century, there were at least two territorial and administrative units: the Shuaibin region, named after the river (Suifen, Suifun, Razdolnaya), in the valley of which its center was located, and the district Yan (Yanzhou), the remains of its central city are a settlement near the village. Kraskino in Khasansky district. In 926, Bohai was destroyed by the Khitans. After 926, part of the Heishui Moeh tribes, known since the 10th century, united. under the name Jurchen. The Jin state they formed (Golden Empire, 1115-1234) defeated the Khitan Liao Empire (916-1125) and, during the wars with the Chinese Song Empire, conquered all of Northern China.
On the territory of Primorye there was the Jin province of Xuping with its center in the area of the modern city of Ussuriysk.
The real history of Primorye began with its exploration by Russian travelers, sailors, and researchers.
Primorsky Krai in the 19th century.
For the first time, Russian explorers - the detachment of O. Stepanov - visited Primorye in the middle of the 17th century. However, active study and foundation of the region began in mid-19th V. The intensive settlement of the region also dates back to this time.
On May 26, 1861, the southern lands of the Russian Far East, including the Primorsky region, were declared open for settlement by peasants and “enterprising people of all classes.” Primorye was inhabited by Cossacks and peasants, demobilized army and navy officers, artisans and skilled contract workers, convicts and exiles, foreigners who received Russian citizenship, and otkhodniks temporarily living here.
The first settlers were military men and Cossacks. In the early 50s of the XIX century. on the Lower Amur, military sailors and soldiers organized military posts: Nikolaevsky and Mariinsky; in 1855 Transbaikal Cossacks They founded the first Cossack village, Suchi, near the Mariinsky post.
In Primorye, military posts arose in 1859 - on the shore of Lake Khanka (Turiy Rog) and in St. Olga Bay. In 1860, soldiers of the 3rd Line Battalion formed posts in Novgorodskaya Bay, in the area of the modern villages of Razdolnoye, Uglovoye and other places. On June 20, 1860, soldiers of the 4th line battalion, led by warrant officer Vladimir Komarov, were sent to the Golden Horn Bay on the military transport "Manzhur". They founded the military post of Vladivostok.
A special place in the settlement of the region belonged to the Cossacks. They were given two important tasks: the economic development of new lands and their defense. The first Cossack villages in Primorye arose on the Ussuri River in 1859 - Verkhne-Mikhailovsky, Grafsky, Ilyinsky, Princely, etc. They were founded by Cossacks enlisted in the Ussuri foot battalion of the Amur Cossack army. By 1862, about 14 thousand mounted and foot Transbaikal Cossacks settled on the Amur and Ussuri.
29 Cossack villages and villages were founded on the Ussuri River. In 1879, some of the Cossacks left for Southern Primorye, where in the border strip south of the lake 10 new settlements arose in Khanka. This made it possible in 1889 to create an independent Ussuri Cossack army.
In 1895, resettlement to Far East from the Cossack troops European Russia. The reason for this relocation was the construction of the Ussuri section of the Siberian Railway (Trans-Siberian) and the need to protect it. Over 5 years, more than 5 thousand people arrived in the Far East, mainly in the Ussuri Cossack Army. This resettlement continued at the beginning of the 20th century.
On March 26, 1861, the Amur and Primorsky regions of Eastern Siberia were declared open by the government for settlement by “peasants who do not have land and enterprising people of all classes who wish to move at their own expense.”
In 1861, the first peasant settlement arose in Primorye - Fudin (Vetka), in 1863 - the village of Voronezhskaya (now the village of Turiy Rog), in 1864 - Vladimir-Aleksandrovskoye, in 1866 - Astrakhanka, Nikolskoye, Razdolnoye and etc.
From 1883 to 1901, 56 thousand people moved to the South Ussuri region, of which more than 55 thousand by sea and about 900 people. land, 77% of the migrants came from Chernigov, Poltava, Kyiv and other Ukrainian provinces.
At the early stage of development of Primorye, its industry developed mainly due to the development of the richest natural resources. In 1860 - 1880 highest value had fisheries: forest (harvesting firewood, timber, as well as tree mushrooms, ginseng, medicinal herbs and other wild plants, antlers, etc.), sea (harvesting seaweed, sea cucumbers, crabs, etc.), fishing . Vladivostok entrepreneurs developed whaling: in the 1870-1890s. whale hunting was carried out by O.V. Lindholm, then skipper F. Gek, in 1889-1890. - A.G. Dydymov (who died along with his crew in 1891).
Primorsky Krai in the 20th century.
Beginning of the 20th century was marked by a crisis of overproduction that hit developed countries, including Russia, where the crisis was aggravated political events(Russian-Japanese war, revolution). In Primorye, in particular, in 1906 the number of operating enterprises remained at the 1901 level; and the amount of production decreased by 38%. Only in 1908 did a new economic recovery begin, which was facilitated by increased government investment in construction railways, military and other facilities, influx of immigrants, etc.
Erupted in Russia under the influence Russo-Japanese War, which significantly worsened the situation of the masses, the revolution quickly spread throughout the country. Residents of Primorye, which was a front-line zone, fully experienced all the hardships of the war: rising prices, shortages of food and essential goods, etc. The morale of the population and especially the army was depressed due to the shameful military defeat. The transfer to the reserve of the lower ranks of the army and navy, whose numbers increased several times during the war years, and their dispatch to their homeland proceeded extremely slowly - railway and sea transport could not cope with the flow of passengers and military cargo. The soldiers and sailors ate poorly, lived in overcrowded barracks and even in tents, they were paid pennies for working on fortifications, officers used rough treatment and resorted to assault. Hospitals and hastily constructed infirmaries were filled with the wounded and sick. All these factors created the ground for growing discontent and indignation in almost all segments of the population.
On November 15, Vladivostok postal and telegraph employees joined the all-Russian strike; at the end of November, Ussuri railway workers joined the all-Russian strike. The first trade unions are created - on the Ussuriyskaya railway. etc., in the Vladivostok port, etc. Soldiers and sailors at crowded meetings in Vladivostok elected a Committee of lower ranks of 12 people. and developed a list of put forward demands. Peasant activity increased. In December 1905, a peasant congress took place in Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, at which the charter of the peasant union of the South Ussuriysk region was adopted. Gatherings and meetings also took place in Cossack villages.
In 1906-1907 Active anti-government agitation was carried out in the region by left-wing parties: Social Democrats, Socialist Revolutionaries, anarchists, whose ranks multiplied due to the influx of revolutionaries from other regions of Russia. In the spring of 1907, elections were held in the region for the first time State Duma, in which the main rivalry unfolded between the Socialist Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats, the latter even managed to get their own candidate from the Primorsky region. The revolutionaries directed great efforts towards preparing an armed uprising in Vladivostok, planning to seize power and create a Far Eastern Republic. The uprising broke out on October 16-17, it was quickly suppressed, accompanied by heavy casualties, about 300 participants were arrested and severely punished.
After the suppression of the revolution, the political regime in the region became tougher: censorship was strengthened, some trade unions were dissolved, a number of parties and organizations were banned, etc. However, positive changes were also observed in social and political life: campaigns for elections to the State Duma increased the population’s interest in political problems, in their course, meetings of voters with candidates for deputies and with deputies took place, contributing to the civic education of the population.
The first, which began in the summer of 1914 World War demanded enormous sacrifices from Russia and led it to a severe economic and political crisis. But Russian society responded to Germany’s declaration of war on Russia with an explosion of patriotism. Manifestations and meetings under loyalist slogans, with portraits of Nicholas II, the Empress and the Tsarevich, and the singing of the anthem took place in Vladivostok, in Nikolsk-Ussuriysky. Prayers were served in churches for the granting of victory to Russian weapons. Mobilization began, volunteers appeared. Donations poured in from the region's population to the Red Cross.
In 1916, war fatigue began to appear. Discontent grew among the workers and among the peasant masses. The strike movement began to intensify in the region: in 1916, more than 1,500 people took part in strikes. Lived up revolutionary movement: underground groups of D. Pozdnyakov and K. Sukhanov emerge. All this testified to the accumulation of “combustible” social material in the region, which immediately flared up as soon as news of February Revolution and the overthrow of the autocracy reached Primorye and became public knowledge.
In 1918, Primorye was occupied by American, Japanese, and British troops. Branches of foreign banks and industrial enterprises were opened. With the support of the Bolsheviks, the Far Eastern Republic (FER) was created in 1920, which, with the help of the People's Revolutionary Army, fought the invaders in the Far East.
In 1922 the Far East was annexed to the RSFSR. In 1922, the region was transformed into the Primorsky province, which was part of the Far Eastern Region (FER) formed on the territory of the former Far Eastern Republic. In 1926, the Far Eastern Region was transformed into the Far Eastern Territory (DVK), and the Primorsky province was first transformed into the Vladivostok Okrug, then (since 1932) into the Primorsky and Ussuri regions.
In 1938 the Primorsky Territory was formed.
Primorsky Krai during the Great Patriotic War Patriotic War
On the morning of June 22, 1941, violating the non-aggression pact, Nazi Germany invaded the USSR. The Great Patriotic War began. It became an integral part of the Second World War and influenced its further course.
Primorye was not an arena of military operations, but the life of the region was determined by its border position. Japanese troops were located 125 km from Vladivostok and 95 km from Ussuriysk along the Soviet-Chinese border.
Back in April 1941, the Soviet Union concluded a Neutrality Pact with Japan. However, Japan, Germany's Tripartite Pact ally, continued to build up its military forces on the continent. From July 1941 to 1942, the Kwantung Army increased to 1 million soldiers and officers, the number of tanks doubled, and the number of aircraft tripled. The danger of a Japanese attack on the USSR remained real all the time.
Primorye residents fought on all fronts of the Patriotic War. Many of them received their first knowledge of military affairs in civilian training units stationed in Primorye military units, on ships Pacific Fleet. Military registration and enlistment offices, defense societies Osoaviakhim and the Red Cross, and MPVO formations participated in the preparation of combat reserves. Weapons and equipment were studied, machine gunners, submachine gunners, snipers, and mortar men were trained. Nurses and sanitary assistants were trained in military affairs.
Commanders for ground units were trained by the Vladivostok and Shkotovsky infantry schools, for the fleet by the Pacific Higher Naval School, created back in 1937, and aviators by the Voznesensk Military Aviation School of Air Force Pilots.
During the war years, more than 200 thousand people were drafted from the Primorsky Territory. Thousands of Primorye residents went to the front as volunteers. They staffed the crews of the Primorsky Komsomolets tank column, built at the expense of residents of the region, and others.
The Pacific Fleet sent almost a third of its personnel to participate in combat operations on land. Of the 25 naval rifle brigades formed by December 1941, 12 consisted of Pacific and Amur troops.
Primorye residents defended Moscow and Leningrad, fought in Stalingrad and the Kursk Bulge, crossed the Dnieper, liberated Ukraine and Belarus, and stormed Berlin.
In the fall and winter of 1941, Pacific soldiers from four naval rifle brigades fought to the death near the walls of Moscow. The 71st Marine Rifle Brigade under the command of Ya. P. Bezverkhov was the first in the Marine Corps to receive the rank of Guards. “There is no land for us beyond the Volga!” - the whole country knew these words of Primorsky sniper Vasily Zaitsev, who defended Stalingrad.
A graduate of the Far Eastern Maritime College, Nikolai Sipyagin commanded a division of boats that made a heroic breakthrough into Novorossiysk Bay on September 10, 1943; for this feat he was awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union. 35 Primorye residents became Heroes for crossing the Dnieper.
Among the first to break into Berlin was a battalion under the command of Ivan Voronin, a native of Vladivostok, and the soldiers of the Pacific Ocean fighter Konstantin Samsonov hoisted the Victory Banner at the entrance to the Reichstag. Primorsky resident N.E. Berzarin was appointed the first commandant of Berlin.
Ships and submarines of the Pacific Fleet - the leader "Baku", the destroyers "Razumny" and "Razashchiy", boats L-15, S-51, S-54, S-55, S-56 fought in the Northern Fleet. 10 submarines and 6 boats with crews arrived from Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea Fleet.
Primorye residents fought bravely on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Our fellow countrymen were awarded 230 thousand military awards. 104 Primorye residents were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union. 16 people became full holders of the Order of Glory.
Defeat by the armed forces of the USSR and its allies Hitler's Germany meant the complete collapse of the plans of the Japanese military in Asia and the Pacific. In April 1945, the Americans landed on the island of Okinawa, and by the summer the Philippines, Indonesia and part of Indochina were liberated.
Back in April 1945, the Soviet Union denounced the Neutrality Pact with Japan; fulfilling allied obligations and decisions of the Potsdam Conference, on August 8 he declared himself in a state of war with Japan.
On the night of August 9, 1945, military operations began on three fronts. In the Trans-Baikal-Manchurian direction, troops of the Trans-Baikal Front under the command of Marshal R. Ya. Malinovsky were advancing, in the Amur - 2nd Far Eastern Front commanded by Army General M.A. Purkaev; In the Primorsky direction, troops of the 1st Far Eastern Front under the command of Marshal K. A. Meretskov were advancing. Parts of this front moved directly from the territory of Primorye: from Guberovo and Lesozavodsk, from Lake Khanka, from Razdolnoye and Barabash. The 9th Air Army and the 10th Mechanized Corps were also based in the region.
The actions of the ground forces were supported by ships of the Pacific Fleet under the command of Admiral I. S. Yumashev and the Amur River Flotilla under the command of Rear Admiral N. V. Antonov.
The general leadership of military operations in the Far East was carried out by Marshal of the Soviet Union A. M. Vasilevsky.
The main strategic task of the ground forces was to dismember and destroy the Kwantung Army, and therefore the offensive was carried out on all three fronts at once.
The defeat of the Kwantung Army and island groups accelerated the surrender of Japan. On September 2, 1945, the Act of Surrender of Japan was signed. On behalf of the Soviet Union, it was signed by Lieutenant General K. N. Derevyanko.
The surrender of Japan ended the Second World War. On May 3, 1946, meetings of the International Tribunal began in Tokyo. 2.5 years later, harsh sentences were handed down to Japanese war criminals who started the war in Asia and the Pacific.
Primorsky Krai in post-war years
In the post-war years, Primorye was one of the most industrially developed regions of the Far East; in the industry of the region, the leading place was occupied by industries that were given national importance: fishing, forestry, non-ferrous metallurgy, mining and chemical and mechanical engineering. Industries that served local industry and the population of the region also developed: electric power, industry building materials, fuel, light, food, etc.
Since the beginning of the 60s, new industries for the region began to be created: chemical, electrical, instrumental, and instrument making. Enterprises of the mining and metallurgical industry were built: the Bor production association, the Yaroslavl mining and processing plant, the Primorsky mining and chemical plant, the Rettikhovsky coal mine, as well as the Vladivostok tool plant, the Artemovsky porcelain plant, etc. - in total more than 230 production facilities. Reconstruction took place at the Far Eastern Mining and Metallurgical Plant named after. Lenin and Khrustalnensky mining and processing plants. Technical re-equipment of the timber industry was carried out. Growth in gross industrial output in Primorye for 1960-1965. amounted to 170%.
Transformations in industries occurred unevenly. Artemovskaya and Partizanskaya state district power plants, as well as low-power thermal stations, only partially satisfied the industry's electricity needs. Due to low mechanization, the mines did not provide the region with coal, and it had to be imported.
With the growth of the fishing, transport and refrigerated fleet, the scale of fishing expanded, and expeditionary fishing in the ocean began. From 1955 to 1965, fishing and seafood production increased 5 times. At the same time, ship repair and coastal fish receiving bases have not received adequate development, which complicates the work of the fishing industry.
The second half of the 60s took place under the sign of the struggle to improve planning, increase the independence of enterprises and the material interest of workers in the results of labor. Government resolution “On measures to further development productive forces of the Far Eastern economic region and the Chita region" (1967) provided for the accelerated development of non-ferrous metallurgy, fishing, forestry, pulp and paper industries, and strengthening the energy base. In Primorye, as well as throughout the country, enterprises began to introduce cost accounting.
From the mid-60s to the end of the 70s, extensive industrial construction was carried out in the region. More than 300 enterprises were built - Primorskaya State District Power Plant, Novospassky Cement Plant, Primorsky Mining and Processing Plant, Dalpribor, Dalkhimprom plants, the Pavlovsky and Luchegorsky coal mines, etc. were put into operation. New types of mechanization, advanced technology and equipment were introduced.
In the 70s, products from Far Eastern enterprises were supplied to more than 50 countries: Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, France, USA, Germany, North Korea, China, Poland, etc. The share of Primorye in the export supplies of the Far Eastern region was 50%. The structure of exports was dominated by timber (about 54%) and fish; machinery and equipment accounted for 2-3%. Among the sea ports of the Far East in the processing of export-import goods, the port of Nakhodka accounted for 44%, and Vladivostok - 21%.
However, labor productivity grew slowly. The share of manual labor in industry was still extremely high: in mechanical engineering and metalworking - 63%, in the energy industry - 55%, in the food industry - 72%, in construction - 59%. The volume of unfinished construction increased.
1. Prehistoric period
By the end of the Stone Age, primitive agriculture began to penetrate into the territory of Primorye, and already closer to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, the local population mastered bronze tools and weapons.
2. Ancient world
At the beginning of the Iron Age - around 800 BC - the coastal zone was occupied by the population of the Yankov culture. At this time, large settlements appeared in which people lived all year round. The main activity was fishing, collecting plants, and agriculture was also developed. On the coast, millet was mainly grown, and in the continental zone, barley was grown.
In the second half of the 1st millennium BC, the Woju tribes, carriers of the Krounov culture, appeared in the western regions of Primorye. In the middle of the 1st millennium AD, Primorye was inhabited by the Sumo Moeh tribes.
3. Middle Ages
On the territory of Primorye in the Middle Ages there were three empires that successively replaced each other: Bohai (698-926), Jin (1115-1234) (1115-1234), Eastern Xia (1215-1233).
This period in the history of the region is characterized by the emergence of inequality and classes, the formation of government bodies beyond the control of the people, which are based on legitimate violence. The economy is characterized by a qualitative transformation of the economy (primarily its productive forms, such as agriculture), the development of crafts and trade. Economic development leads to the emergence of the first cities. In the field of culture, the polarization of ideology into elite and mass begins.
From the beginning of the 8th century, the territory of the region was part of the state of Bohai, and at that time was divided into at least two territorial and administrative units: the Shuaibin region, named after the Suifun River (now Razdolnaya), in the valley of which its center was located, and Yan District (Yanzhou), with the center located near the modern village of Kraskino in the Khasansky district.
In 926, Bohai was destroyed under the onslaught of the Khitans, after which the unification of part of the Heishui Moeh (Jurchen) tribes began, which culminated in the creation of the Jin state, which defeated the Khitan Liao Empire in 1125. Later, during the wars with the Chinese Empire, the Song Jin managed to capture all of Northern China, and held it for a century.
IN early XIII century, the territory of East Asia was subjected to Mongol invasions. This led to the loss of the eastern territories of the Jin Empire, which became the independent state "Eastern Xia". At this time, which was a distant outskirts, Primorye became one of the central regions of the new Jurchen state. However, in 1233, after passing through Goryeo, Mongol troops besieged the southern capital of Eastern Xia, and from that moment the state ceased its 19-year existence.
The final result of the Mongol invasions was the destruction of ancient civilizations, devastation and devastation of Primorye. As one of the Chinese chroniclers wrote: in the place where cities stood and vibrant life was in full swing, desolation reigned and wild animals grazed. Until the advent of Russian pioneers, the region remained untouched and forgotten. This was partly facilitated by the policy of self-isolation carried out in China and Korea in the 17th-19th centuries.
4. XIX century - early XX century
In the mid-19th century, Russia began to strengthen its position on the eastern coast of the Pacific Ocean.
In 1856, from the coastal parts of Eastern Siberia, together with Kamchatka, the Primorsky region was formed, from which the Amur region was separated in 1857. In 1858, the Primorsky region included all the space newly acquired under the Aigun Treaty, the space between the right bank of the Amur, the Ussuri River and the Sea of Japan, the city of Nikolaevsk was made the center of administration of the region, where the fleet was transferred from Petropavlovsk, however, this territory was declared at that time in joint economic management of Russia and China.
In the same year the village of Khabarovka was founded, and in 1859 Sofiysk was founded. On June 20 (July 2, new style), 1860, Vladivostok was founded as a military post. On November 14 of the same year, the Beijing Treaty was signed, the result of which was the transfer of the southern lands of the Far East under the full jurisdiction of Russia, since then the southern part of Primorye has taken its current shape.
At the same time, the resettlement movement began, which was carried out in two ways: forced and voluntary. In the first case, military commands were sent by order, Cossacks were sent by lot, peasants were sent as recruits, administrative installation of state peasants, exile of Cathars, etc. The voluntary method, in contrast to the forced one, was characterized by the free resettlement of those who wished to new lands.
In 1880, the regional administration was transferred to Khabarovka, and the Vladivostok port with the Muravyov-Amursky peninsula was separated from the region, forming a separate Vladivostok military governorate.
In 1884, the Amur Governorate General was established, which included the Primorsky, Amur and Transbaikal regions and Sakhalin; in the same year, Sakhalin was removed from the jurisdiction of the governor of the Primorsky region. In 1888, the Vladivostok military governorate was again annexed to the Primorsky region, and the regional administration was transferred to Vladivostok.
On June 26, 1889, as part of the Primorsky region, the district of the Ussuri Cossack Army was formed with four village districts: Kazakevichevsky, Kozlovsky, Platon-Alexandrovsky and Poltava.
Further strengthening of Russian positions in the Far East was limited by the small size of the Russian population and remoteness from the populated parts of the empire. In order to reduce travel time from the European part of Russia to 2-3 weeks, in May 1891 the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway began - a railway line between Chelyabinsk and Vladivostok with a length of about 7 thousand kilometers. Regular communication between the capital of the empire - St. Petersburg and the Pacific ports of Russia - Vladivostok and Dalniy - by rail was established on July 1 (14), 1903, when the Chinese Eastern Railway, passing through Manchuria, was accepted for permanent operation.
A little earlier, in 1899, the Oriental Institute was opened in Vladivostok - the first higher educational institution in Eastern Siberia and the Far East, and one of the oldest in East Asia.
On June 17, 1909, in accordance with the law “On the administrative reorganization of the Primorsky region and the island of Sakhalin,” the Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions were separated from the Primorsky region. In the same year, the South Ussuriysk district was divided into 3 districts: Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, Imansky and Olginsky. On February 26, 1914, Udsky district (center - the city of Nikolaevsk) was transferred from the Primorsky region to the Sakhalin region.
From 1861 to 1917, 245,476 peasants arrived in Primorye, who founded 342 villages, and by the beginning of the February Revolution, the population of Primorye was 307,332 people.
5. Revolution and Civil War
Immediately after the October Revolution, during which the Bolsheviks came to power, the “Decree on Peace” was announced - Soviet Russia On December 2, 1917, a truce was concluded and withdrew from the First World War. On March 15-16, 1918, a military conference of the Entente was held in London, at which the issue of starting an intervention was discussed. On August 1, 1918, British troops landed in Vladivostok. In the Far East, the interventionists held out until 1922.
At this time, the border of Primorye was poorly guarded, which allowed thousands of Korean immigrants to cross into Russia, most of whom settled in the Vladivostok district, making up 90% of the population in the Posyet region. Chinese immigrants also crossed the border, who, unlike the Koreans, came to Primorye, as a rule, for seasonal work.
On April 6, 1920, the Far Eastern Republic (FER) was proclaimed, which included, among other things, the Primorsky region. On November 22, 1920, the Amur region of the Far Eastern Republic was formed from the Iman, Sakhalin, Ud and Khabarovsk districts of the Primorsky region with its center in the city of Khabarovsk.
On May 26, 1921, in the southern part of the Primorsky region, as a result of the overthrow of the Bolshevik government, an independent state entity was formed - the Amur Zemsky Territory.
In November 1921, a campaign against Khabarovsk and Anuchino began from Vladivostok, which ended in failure.
The Amur Zemsky Territory existed until October 25, 1922, when Vladivostok was taken by the NRA troops of the Far Eastern Republic under the command of Ieronim Uborevich.
6. Soviet period
On November 15, 1922, the Far Eastern Republic was included in the RSFSR as the Far Eastern Region with its center in Chita (since December 1923 - in Khabarovsk). The Primorsky region was renamed the Primorsky province. In August 1923, the territory of the liquidated Amur Governorate became part of the Primorsky Governorate.
On January 4, 1926, by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Far Eastern Region was transformed into the Far Eastern Territory, which included 9 districts uniting 76 districts. The territory of the abolished Primorsky province was divided into four districts: Vladivostok (within the Vladivostok district (with the exception of the northern part of the Tetyukhinskaya volost), Nikolsko-Ussuriysk district, as well as Shmakovskaya, Spasskaya, Yakovlevskaya and Chuguevskaya volosts of the Spassky district of the Primorsky province, with the center in the city of Vladivostok ), Nikolaevsky, Sakhalinsky and Khabarovsk.
By the mid-20s, the population of Primorye reached 600 thousand people, which was equal to 44% of all Far Easterners.
On October 20, 1932, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR issued a decree “On the new territorial division and zoning of the Far Eastern Territory.” Four regions were formed as part of the Far Eastern Territory, including Primorskaya with its center in the city of Vladivostok.
In the 1930s, accelerated industrialization and collectivization of agriculture began. This led to the migration of residents of the western and Siberian regions of the USSR to the Far East. Migration was both voluntary and forced (deportation of Gulag prisoners).
At the same time, the Stalinist leadership pursued a policy of ethnic and socio-demographic cleansing, which resulted in the eviction of several tens of thousands of “unreliable” and “socially alien” persons. In 1937 - 1938, 200 thousand residents of Korean (to Kazakhstan and Central Asia) and Chinese (mainly to China) nationalities were forcibly deported. As a result of ethnic deportations, until the end of the 80s of the 20th century, the Chinese and Koreans disappeared from the national composition of the population of Primorye.
In the summer of 1938, on the southernmost border of the Primorsky Territory, in the area of Lake Khasan, military clashes took place between Manchukuo (a puppet state controlled by Japan) and the Soviet Union, which went down in history as the Battles of Khasan. The cause of the conflict was Japan's claims to the territory of Lake Khasan and the Tumannaya River; as a result of two weeks of clashes, the USSR won. The losses of the USSR amounted to 960 dead, 2,752 wounded, the losses of the Japanese side were 650 killed, 2,500 wounded.
In the same year, on October 20, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Primorsky Territory was formed as part of the RSFSR with its center in Vladivostok, which included the Primorsky and Ussuriysk regions of the Far Eastern Territory.
On September 18, 1943, the Ussuri region, previously part of the Primorsky Territory, was liquidated.
After the end of the Second World War, the Primorsky Territory continued to develop as a large industrial and agricultural region of the Far East, but at the same time retained its specialization in raw materials. Rail and sea transport played a significant role in the economy of the region.
In the mid-60s. In the 20th century, industries that were not previously available in the region were created: chemical, electrical, instrument-making, tools, porcelain, furniture, etc.
At the same time, the migration of residents of the European part of Russia and Siberia continued, which led to an increase in the population of the region, from 1381 thousand people in 1959 to 1978 thousand in 1979, while the urban population predominated in the socio-demographic structure of the region.
6. Soviet period
In the mid-80s, “perestroika” began, which brought significant changes to the economic, political, demographic and social life of the entire USSR, and Primorsky Krai was no exception.
In 1992, Vladivostok was opened to foreign citizens.
With the beginning of economic reforms in Russia in Primorye, most enterprises were disaggregated with the formation of small, joint-stock, mixed companies on their basis, and the creation of joint ventures with foreign companies. The maritime transport system collapsed, the fishing industry suffered enormous damage, and agriculture fell into decay. The decline in living standards of the population led to a sharp decline in the birth rate and emigration of the population to the European part of Russia, as well as partially to Ukraine and Belarus.
In 2000, the Far Eastern federal district with its center in Khabarovsk, which included all the Far Eastern regions of Russia, including the Primorsky Territory.
In the first half of 2010, in the southern part of Primorye, a group of patriotic youth, known as the “Primorsky Partisans,” operated in the southern part of Primorye, attacking police departments and traffic police posts, and engaging in expropriations and robbery.
8. APEC Summit 2012
IN beginning of XXI century there has been some improvement in the social and economic situation. The planned holding of the APEC summit on Russky Island in the fall of 2012 is of great importance for the region, and especially for Vladivostok. In addition, there are plans to create Greater Vladivostok, the largest urban agglomeration in the Russian Far East.
Bibliography:
Primorye in the history of East Asia and Russia
Middle Ages
State of Bohai (698-926)
Eastern Xia
Primorsky Krai in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries
Secondary specialized and higher education
Development of Primorye (XIX-XX)
Primorsky Krai during the Soviet period
Armed conflict with Japan in the lake area. Hassan
Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: Statistical study. - M.: Olma-Press, 2001. - P. 173.
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 20, 1938 “On the division of the Far Eastern Territory into Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories”
Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of September 18, 1943 “On the liquidation of the Ussuri region as part of the Primorsky Territory”
With the onset of global warming, about 10 - 8 thousand years ago, significant changes occurred in the life of the ancient population. On the territory of the region, Neolithic cultures were formed, focused on the use of a wide range of natural resources. Ancient people hunted land and sea animals, engaged in river and coastal fishing, and collected shellfish and wild plants. They lived in small villages in half-dugouts with fireplaces for heating and cooking. At this time, pottery and various tools were invented - arrowheads, adzes and stone axes, boats, fishhooks, harpoons, and spears.
At the final stage of the Stone Age, the population of the continental part of Primorye mastered primitive agriculture. At the end of the 2nd millennium BC. ancient people begin to use bronze tools and weapons.
At the beginning of the Iron Age - about 2800 years ago - the coastal zone of Primorye was occupied by the population of the Yankov archaeological culture. People lived in large settlements all year round. Millet was grown on the coast, and barley was grown in the continental zone. They fished, collected shellfish and plants, and hunted. Around the same time, 2300 years ago, carriers of the Krounov culture (Woju tribes) appeared in the western regions of Primorye. Their main activities are farming, breeding pigs, cows, horses, hunting, and fishing. From the first centuries of our era, blacksmith and pottery crafts developed among the Ilou tribes, the construction of public buildings (roads, water supply systems) was carried out, and contacts with the cultures of neighboring territories intensified. The level of economic development and culture of early tribes
Iron Age of Primorye corresponded to the initial stages of formation class society and early states.
In the middle of the 1st millennium AD. Primorye was inhabited by Sumo Moekh tribes; a state was formed from the beginning of the 8th century. called Bohai (698 - 926).
On the territory of Primorye, the southern part of which became part of Bohai from the middle of the 7th century, there were at least two territorial and administrative units: the Shuaibin region, named after the river (Suifen, Suifun, Razdolnaya), in the valley of which its center was located, and the district Yan (Yanzhou), the remains of its central city are a settlement near the village. Kraskino in Khasansky district. From here, from Posyet Bay, the sea route from Bohai to Japan began, along which diplomatic, trade and cultural exchanges were carried out between Bohai and the Land of the Rising Sun. Bohai cities and settlements were located on fertile lands in the valleys of the Razdolnaya, Ilistaya, Arsenyevka, Shkotovka, and Partizanskaya rivers. Located east and northeast of Bohai, the Heishui Mohe tribes experienced strong cultural and political influence from Bohai. In 926, Bohai was destroyed by the Khitans.
After 926, part of the Heishui Moeh tribes, known since the 10th century, united. under the name Jurchen The state they formed Jin
(Golden Empire, 1115-1234) defeated the Khitan Empire Liao
(916-1125) and during the wars with the Chinese Empire Song
conquered all of Northern China. During its heyday, the Jin Empire occupied vast territories from the river. Huaihe in the south to the Amur Valley in the north, from the Greater Khingan in the west to the coast of the Sea of Japan in the east. On the territory of Primorye there was the Jin province of Xuping with its center in the area of the modern city of Ussuriysk. During the wars with the Mongols at the beginning of the 13th century, which ended with the death of the Golden Empire, the Jurchen military leader Puxian Wannu created the independent state of Du Xia in the territory of Eastern Manchuria, the northern part of the Korean Peninsula and Primorye. The Jurchens, led by Puxian Wannu, who came from the province of the Eastern capital of Jin, built fortified cities. Many of them - Shaiginskoye and Ekaterinskoye settlements in the Partizansky district, Krasnoyarskoye near Ussuriysk, Ananyevskoye in the Nadezhdensky district, Lazovskoye and others - became objects of archaeological research, providing a wealth of material for studying the economy, culture and socio-political structure of the Jurchens.
For the first time, Russian explorers - the detachment of O. Stepanov - visited Primorye in the middle of the 17th century. However, active study and foundation of the region began in the middle of the 19th century. The intensive settlement of the region also dates back to this time.
On May 26, 1861, the southern lands of the Russian Far East, including the Primorsky region, were declared open for settlement by peasants and “enterprising people of all classes.” Primorye was inhabited by Cossacks and peasants, demobilized army and navy officers, artisans and skilled contract workers, convicts and exiles, foreigners who received Russian citizenship, and otkhodniks temporarily living here.
Only for 1861-1900. 116 thousand people arrived in the Russian Far East, including Primorye, of which almost 82% were peasants and 9% were Cossacks; for 1901-1916 287 thousand people moved here.
In 1959, the first settlements- Cossack stations on the Ussuri River; in 1861-1866 The first peasant villages appeared in the south of the region. In 1860 the city of Vladivostok was founded.