One of the holidays revered among military professionals is the Day of the Radio Engineering Troops of the Air Force of the Russian Federation. It is celebrated annually on December 15th.
The task of the radio engineering troops
Perhaps not all readers are aware of the fact that the radio-technical troops at one time separated from the Russian ones.Their main purpose is considered to conduct reconnaissance radar operations, thanks to which the management links of the Air Force receive timely information about the identified air enemy. In addition, data on the constant air situation is necessary for solving regular tasks not only in wartime, but also when nothing threatens the security of the state.
Strategic information received by the Air Force headquarters from the reconnaissance radar troops is then sent, as necessary, to the aviation military units,
History of origin
It turns out that the radio engineering troops have a rich history. This one is quite young, since it was formed a little over half a century ago. In 1952, it already functioned in almost the same form in which it is presented today. Although the ancestors of military radio technology are the so-called "observation posts". They were formed during the First World War in the process of organizing defensive measures around Petrograd. Then the task of the newly formed posts was to timely warn the army about the proximity of an air enemy. A few years later, the posts were united into a military body, forming the VNOS service (aerial surveillance, warning and communications).
Radio engineering during the Second World War
In the coming years, the posts were equipped with the simplest optical equipment, and in 1940, the RUS-2 radar stations were at the disposal of VNOS. Within two years, the radars were modernized, which made it possible to continue to use devices with improved increased characteristics. The radio-technical troops of the Great Patriotic War, using the first stations, had the ability to detect Nazi aircraft at a distance of up to 40 kilometers.
In fact, the use of such radars was the only reconnaissance method in the air when searching for an enemy. Realizing the level of danger for fighters and bombers from the operation of radar devices, enemy pilots set themselves the obligatory task of destroying them. Thus, the timely detection of potential enemy aircraft has become the number one item in the solution of important tasks at the state level to ensure the country's security.
Date approved December 15
As a holiday, the Day of the Radio Engineering Troops of the Russian Federation began in 1951. Then on December 15, the USSR Council of Ministers ordered the Ministry of War to form a new functional military body that would deal with the issues of detecting the enemy in the border airspace and alerting military headquarters and civilians.
The Air Force radio-technical troops went through an important stage of development in the middle of the 20th century. The 60s were marked by large deliveries of radar equipment, military units of this type of troops were formed. In addition, the emphasis was on discovering new heights to help maintain control over the Soviet sky.
Development of the radio-technical military sphere at the end of the twentieth century
Modern military experts note that the 80s became the most significant for the history of radio-technical troops. This period is distinguished by significant significant changes in the equipment of troops. One after another, they supplied the most powerful complexes and radar detection stations.
In addition, many devices of the new generation have been partially or completely transferred to automatic operation. By this stage of development, the radio engineering troops possessed systems for combining with the air defense troops. The scale and high level of automated processes for the control, processing and provision of information data allowed the radio-technical troops to take the lead among the Armed Forces.
The importance of radio-technical troops in ensuring the defense capability of Russia
The radar field on the territory of the former, created at that time, allows to this day to implement a program of continuous tracking and tracking of aircraft, helicopters and other aircraft.
It turns out that the radio engineering troops contributed to the unique history of the space industry, namely, they participated in the organization and contributed to the safe landing of domestic ships. By the way, the landing of the first Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin did not take place without the help of radio technicians. It is also known that the servicemen of this type of troops participated in peacekeeping missions in Central Asia (China, North Korea, Vietnam), Angola, Egypt, Syria, Afghanistan, Cuba and many other states.
The radio technical troops of Russia, which include regiments of the same name, are subordinate to the main command of the Air Force. In the absence of hostilities, all units and strong points of this type of troops do not leave their places of deployment and continue to protect the state border zone, or rather its airspace, from illegal invasion.
Educational radio engineering institution in Vladimir
It is also important that the RF Air Force radio-technical troops need an adequate level of material support, since radar reconnaissance activities require equipment with expensive modern equipment and highly qualified training of military specialists for the further operation of such equipment.
On the territory of Russia, there is a specialized preparatory institution in the city of Vladimir, called the Center for the Training of Specialists of the Air Force Radio Technical Troops. Graduates of this institution, having received diplomas in the specialties "technician of a radar station", "technician of a separate radar company", etc., can enter the service in the radio engineering troops.
Industry development
At the moment, the budget of the Russian state annually provides for the need to equip and purchase high-quality promising radio equipment for this type of Air Force troops. Also, in order to maintain a satisfactory state of military radio electronics, the leadership of the units organizes its periodic repairs. By the way, thanks to the constant modernization of equipment in this area, in 2015, about a third of all weapons are innovative radio devices. But, according to the Air Force leaders, this is far from the limit. It is planned that this figure will double by 2020.
There is nothing surprising in the fact that on December 15 in Russia congratulations on the Day of Radio Technical Troops are heard from everywhere. They wish all the best to the workers in this sphere, because the representatives of military affairs deserve recognition and respect, no less than the military personnel of the airborne troops, air defense or border service.
Day of the radio-technical forces of the Air Force is celebrated on December 15. The date of the celebration coincides with the day of the creation of radio technical troops in Russia - the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on their formation was signed on December 15, 1951. The radio-technical troops can boast of high-tech equipment and the latest technology, which allows them to carry out continuous tracking of aerial vehicles anywhere in the country.
Servicemen of the radio technical troops celebrate their professional holiday in the service, being in a state of constant combat readiness. It cannot be otherwise - after all, the security of the country and every citizen depends on them.
Guard the heavenly roads
Few are honored.
Every year we celebrate in December
Holiday of our glorious RTV.
Again and again we will congratulate
You, both commanders and soldiers.
Protect your native sky
The homeland has entrusted it, guys.
Let the holiday light up
All divisions and units.
We want to wish you peace
Joy, love, health, happiness!
Radio technicians, congratulations to you!
Let only success await you in the service,
And also in career upward promotion,
Know no troubles, no worries, no hindrances!
We wish you to be in great shape forever,
Great energy, cheerfulness, strength!
May your health always be normal,
So that every day brings you joy!
Congratulating you, I will say
I am lyrical words.
It is absolutely impossible for us without troops
Radio engineering.
To everyone who serves here
I wish you well.
In post, in the civilian sphere
Live not discouraged.
The country sleeps quietly while
Troops are in the ranks of radio technicians.
Provocateurs won't get into the country
Radars are on patrol.
Let the enemy not violate the airspace,
And our state is flourishing.
And a friendly family will meet you at home,
Honor and respect among colleagues and acquaintances.
Do you serve in RTV? I congratulate you
And I sincerely wish the defender of the Fatherland
Be healthy, strong, courageous,
Well, with technology - skillful.
Seize all the signals without interruption
So that our homeland sleeps peacefully.
Let it be over you, my dear soldier,
Only peaceful waves always fly!
Air Force Radio Engineering Troops,
This is pride, this is fame, and technical progress,
For peace and tranquility, in our blue sky,
Day and night at the post of the falcons of Russia!
Let not spies, provocateurs hope for a miracle,
Radars will find them in an instant!
And to you, serving these troops, our congratulations,
May you be lucky and luck in business,
Let you be bypassed, and misfortune and grief,
Enjoy the ocean, love and happiness the sea!
The feast of the radio engineering troops has arrived.
I wish you new meetings, smiles, strength.
May this wonderful holiday bring you success.
So that you become the luckiest and luckiest of all!
Let, like a long radio wave,
Happiness, laughter and joy will fly to you.
Gather all close friends as soon as possible.
Celebrate your holiday brighter, more fun!
Notify about the imminent approach of the enemy
Glorious radio-technical troops.
They are on permanent combat duty,
Keeping peace in heaven, on earth.
Locators are their keen eyes.
The tracking stations serve as ears.
The enemy cannot deceive them.
And we are proud of them, no doubt!
Various reconnaissance and tracking devices,
The airspace is protected from invasion.
At any time of the day, at any time of the year,
They keep everything under control - regardless of the weather.
Military electronics and the skill of the guys,
Air borders can be safely trusted.
Honor and respect - to all specialists,
Let the sky be peaceful, let the sky be clear!
In a world of sophisticated modern technologies
There is a videoconferencing - after all, the twenty-first century!
Yes, there is a lot of the latest high-precision technology,
But technology today is controlled by a person.
To detect an enemy aircraft,
And give reliable information -
There are technical intelligence posts,
Tracking stations, radars.
Congratulations: 28 in verse, 5 in prose.
The birth of radio engineering troops began before World War II. To detect enemy aviation, monitor its actions, alert air defense forces and means and the population of cities about the air hazard, an air surveillance, warning and communication service (VNOS) was organized.During the Great Patriotic War, the VNOS personnel showed courage, courage, and high combat skill.
In the post-war years, the need and importance of information about an air enemy, the beginning of his possible attack, control and prevention of reconnaissance activities in the airspace of the country has grown steadily. In this regard, on December 15, 1951, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a decree "On the creation of an early detection service for enemy aircraft." From that day on, the radio technical troops (RTV) began to count down their official history.
On May 1, 1960, RTV specialists demonstrated their excellent professional skills to the whole world during the discovery, capture, and destruction of the American Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft.
The radio-technical troops of the Air Force have a rich history of ensuring the landing of domestic spacecraft, including the landing of the first cosmonaut of the earth - Yuri Gagarin, the Soviet space shuttle Buran.
RTV servicemen performed their international duty in China and North Korea, Vietnam and Egypt, Syria and Angola, Cuba and Afghanistan, and in a number of other countries.
Today, radio-technical troops are a branch of the Aerospace Forces (VKS). They conduct radar reconnaissance and provide radar information to combat crews of higher command posts and command posts of formations, military units and aviation subunits, anti-aircraft missile forces and electronic warfare.
RTV VKS consists of radio technical regiments, which are organizationally part of the air and missile defense forces of the Aerospace Forces, air defense formations of military districts.
In peacetime, all deployed subunits and command posts of formations and units of radio-technical troops are on combat alert for air defense, carry out tasks to protect the state border in the airspace.
When equipping troops with new electronic equipment, the main attention is paid to increasing the maneuverability of subunits, their ability to issue combat operational information in a new positional area in the shortest possible time.
By 2020, it is planned to carry out a general re-equipment of radio technical troops with modern and advanced mobile models with a detection range of up to 1.2 thousand km and at altitudes up to 600 km. At the same time, the number of types of radar equipment in service with the radio-technical troops will be reduced by several times. The total equipment with new models of complexes of radio-technical troops will be more than 70 percent.
1. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CREATION AND FORMATION OF RADIO TECHNICAL FORCES
Prerequisites for the formation of a system for observing the sky and identifying aerial targets in the Russian army (1913 -1914)
In 1913, in Russia, when organizing air defense by the Russian aircraft designer A.A. The Porokhovshchikovs proposed to create a special network of observation posts with the aim of organizing the introduction of air forces into battle together with the existing field and fortress artillery. To this end, it was proposed to create a network of so-called "air stations" along the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland along the Petersburg - Riga line, placing them in two lines: one - Petersburg - Vindava, the other - Petersburg - Suwalki. The purpose of these stations was to monitor the appearance of aircraft in the zone of responsibility of the station, the dimensions of which were determined by the range of view of the airspace using optical instruments, to distinguish strangers among them and report the fact of their flight and its direction to the interested commanders. The idea was also expressed about the possibility of assisting their pilots in finding airspace violators.
This was nothing more than a proposal to organize an air surveillance service in Russia, which appeared a little later. At that time, the foundations of the combat employment of future VNOS units and units and radio technical troops were emerging.
So, the proposed stations were to be removed at a distance of up to 150 versts from one another, equipped with ground communications and provided with transport. Guiding documents for the fight against aerial reconnaissance determine the personnel specially assigned to monitor the appearance of enemy aircraft and airships in units and subunits.
Observation in combat conditions was to be conducted everywhere and continuously, regardless of the weather and time of day. Having discovered an air object, the observer had to notify the command and all personnel about this.
The order of notification was worked out in units, available means of signaling were used for it. The first observer who spotted the air reconnaissance was supposed to give the alarm signal.
Due to the fact that on January 1, 1913, the law on the sovereignty of the airspace of the Russian Empire came into force, there was an objective need to affix the nationality mark on aircraft.
On the eve of the First World War, the Military Council approved the Instruction, according to which concentric circles from the colors of the state flag of Russia - white , blue and red. These designations were used by observers to identify their aircraft.
The beginning of the creation of structural units of air defense monitoring and warning of the air situation (1914-1918)
When creating the air defense of Petrograd and the Imperial residence in Tsarskoye Selo in the fall of 1914, special attention was paid to observation posts for the sky, which were formed in units and subunits of the 6th Army, in accordance with the "Aeronautics Instruction", put into effect by order of the commander-in-chief of the army.
Long-range aerial observation posts were located along the western border of Finland and along the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia of the Baltic Sea. The task of detecting an air enemy on the territory of Finland and notifying the Petrograd Air Defense Headquarters about it was assigned to the border guards.
The close air surveillance line was deployed on the basis of an artillery fortified area around the Russian capital and on ships of the Baltic Fleet.
To establish the speed of communication between the air observation posts, to ensure the possibility of immediate transmission of reports from them to Petrograd, the chief of the air defense of Petrograd was charged with organizing direct communication between the posts and the central point he had chosen, as well as communication between the central point and artillery, airplanes and teams , assigned to repel enemy air attacks.
On May 12, 1915, the commander-in-chief of the 6th Army issued special Instruction No. 1 "Posts from the lower ranks for observing the sky." It determined: the composition of the posts to be formed; areas of observation; official duties of lower ranks of posts; the procedure for carrying out combat duty and warning in the event of the appearance of enemy aeronautical vehicles in the sky.
For the first time, the Instruction introduced the term "Air" to efficiently transmit information about an air enemy through a communication line, which is still used in the course of combat duty of air defense units.
At the posts of observation of the sky, the Instruction introduced special working journals, which became the prototype of modern journals on combat duty.
By order of the troops of the 27th Army Corps dated January 23, 1915, No. 13, the air defense of Warsaw was organized. To combat the enemy's air fleet,
aviation detachments were formed, the general leadership of which was entrusted to the commander of the 2nd aviation company, Lieutenant Colonel Geneiko. At the same time, the first fighter aviation detachment of Senior Lieutenant N.A. was operating in this area. Yatsuka. For the timely notification of air defense units, a network of observation posts was established, interaction with the anti-aircraft artillery of the Warsaw Fortress, which was at the disposal of the head of the Warsaw Fortress Artillery, Colonel PN Glazkov, was determined.
In the period 1915-1917 for the organization of air defense of large military-political, administrative centers of the country: Mogilev, Dvinsk, Minsk, Pskov, Odessa, Nikolaev, etc. an aerial surveillance and warning structure is being formed, which is an integral part of the organization of defense against an air attack by German and Austro-Hungarian aviation. So, in 1917, around Petrograd and Odessa, 60 observation posts were already set up, brought together in companies of observers and staffed with regular officers and soldiers. Later, around Petrograd, the number of such posts increased to 83. To receive reports from the posts, 15 telephone and telegraph stations were also created around the Russian capital.
On March 20, 1917, by order of the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief No. 370, it was determined the creation of air defense within the boundaries of the Odessa Military District. The air defense of the district was headed by Major General IAFedorov.
The same order introduced the state and the Regulations on the Air Defense Headquarters of the Odessa Military District. Captain Pokrovsky (commander of the battalion of defense) was appointed Chief of Staff of the Air Defense. The chief of the air defense is subordinated to: ... artillery units, machine-gun and air units for defense against air attack ... Observation posts were formed by two companies of observers. For night actions, there were 4 searchlight teams. The telegraph-telephone command provided communication between the air defense units and the Air Defense Headquarters of the district.
By September 1917, air defense services were formed in Petrograd and the Odessa military district, which united all the available forces and means of air defense, including the organizationally formed air surveillance service.
The command of the air defense service was carried out by the commanders of the military districts through the chiefs of the air defense, to whom all units of fighter aviation, anti-aircraft artillery, and air surveillance were subordinate.
The general management of the air defense services was carried out by the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief (through the services of the quartermaster general and the general on duty).
The chiefs of the air defense headquarters of Petrograd and the Odessa military district were at the same time the commanders of air observer battalions. The constant combat readiness of air defense units was maintained by daily assignments in all fighter squadrons and anti-aircraft batteries of duty units and by constant activity of observation posts.
Thus, the sky observation service was born and developed during the First World War and was part of the air defense systems formed in important military-political, administrative centers, military districts, groupings of troops and naval forces of Russia.
The main stages of the development of the observation, warning and communication system in the Red (Soviet) Army (1918-1945)
In the future, the development of the surveillance and warning system as part of the domestic air defense can be divided into the following stages:
The first stage (1918-1925) Formation of a monitoring and warning service only around the most important military-political and administrative centers of the country during the immediate danger of an enemy air attack.
Despite the change in the political situation in the country associated with the October events and the change of state power and system in Russia, the Air Defense Headquarters continued to function in Petrograd under the leadership of Major General V.G. Burman (chief of air defense 1914-1918) and the staff -Captain P.D. Votintsev (chief of staff 1917-1918). To provide reliable cover for the capital of the state and timely notification of a possible raid by enemy aircraft around Petrograd, sky observation posts continued to perform their combat mission. This is evidenced by the fact that the distribution of forces and means of the air defense of Petrograd, the organization of notification of the appearance of an air enemy was carried out by the Revolutionary Committee for the Defense of the City of Petrograd under the leadership of N.I. Podvoisky, who was in charge of the Air Defense Headquarters.
In April 1918, in connection with the move of the Soviet government to Moscow, in the order of the military leader of the Moskovsky district No. 1 dated 04/25/1918, the air defense of the city of Moscow was formed. At the approaches to the city, signal points are deployed - air observation posts.
In July of the same year, under the newly formed Directorate, the head of the formation of anti-aircraft batteries began training for junior command personnel for anti-aircraft batteries and specialists, incl. telephon observers for air defense.
In the period from February to May 1919, orders from the operational unit determined the location of the observation watch over the sky in Sestroretsk, Dibuny, Stanki, Toksovo, Osinovets, Oranienbaum, Strelna. In October - November of the same year, Instructions to the duty chief of communications and observation watch were developed and put into effect.
On September 1, 1922, in accordance with the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, the regulations and staff of the training electrical engineering battalion, the staff of a separate searchlight company and a separate electrical engineering station (peacetime) were introduced.
The second stage (1926 -1932) The formation of a permanent network of visual observation posts in the border zone and around the main economic and administrative centers of the country, staffed mainly by the forces of the local police.
On June 30, 1927, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, the Manual on the Service of Air Communication and Observation Posts was put into effect. Posts were created in units (subdivisions) of communications of corps, divisions, regiments, in parts of the air-chemical defense and air fleets of the Air Force
forces. The posts were subordinate in all respects to the chiefs of communications at all levels of leadership.
On January 31, 1928, the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR decided to legitimize the terms "anti-aircraft defense" and "air surveillance, warning and communication service (VNOS)". These terms have found application in the fundamental documents approved by the People's Commissar for Military and Maritime Affairs and the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR on the organization of the country's air defense, namely in the Regulations on Air Defense of the USSR (peacetime) and the first Temporary Regulations on Air Defense of the USSR (for wartime) ...
On July 11, 1928, by a resolution of the Administrative Meeting of the Labor and Defense Council, for the first time, the list of the most important points subject to air defense (48 in total) was approved, and the deployment of the VNOS service was determined by the civilian commissariats.
On January 28, 1930, the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR discussed the issue of the Air Defense Plan and recognized the need to combine anti-aircraft artillery, machine-gun, searchlight, aeronautical, chemical and observation units of the rear air defense into divisions, regiments, brigades and air defense divisions ...
On December 11, 1930, the resolutions of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR "On the air defense of the active army and objects of military significance" and "On the air defense of the rear" determined measures to strengthen anti-aircraft weapons, suicide aviation, deploy airborne missions to defend objects Air defense.
On February 7, 1931, a joint directive was issued by the Headquarters of the Red Army and the Main Directorate of Militia to create main and observation posts of VNOS under the militia. The points of deployment of the main posts (GP) and the number of observation posts (NP) in the regions (territories) and autonomous republics were determined, the states of the GP and NP VNOS were introduced.
Third stage (1932-1938) Transfer of all functions of the VNOS service to military units of VNOS specially created in the air defense forces. During this period, the first radar devices for detecting air targets were created.
On April 11, 1932, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 0019, the Regulations on the units: VNOS of the air defense of the country were put into effect.
In June 1933, the USSR People's Commissar for Defense K.E. Voroshilov was presented with a memorandum from the design engineer P.K. Oschepkov, outlining the idea of \u200b\u200busing radio waves to detect aircraft and the principles of using radio detection devices in the air defense system.
In January 1934, a group of employees of the Central Radio Laboratory headed by Yu.K. Korovin carried out the first experiment to detect an air target using radio waves. Radio signals reflected from the aircraft were recorded at a distance of 70 kilometers. On January 14, 1934, a special meeting was held at the USSR Academy of Sciences that approved the idea of \u200b\u200bradar.
On July 10-11, 1934, near Leningrad, the first in world practice tests of the Rapid aircraft radio detection equipment (manufactured by the Leningrad Electrophysical Institute at the request of the RKKA Air Defense Directorate) were carried out, which could detect - distance up to 3 km. On October 22, 1934, an agreement was signed with the industry for the manufacture of six such detection stations. The tested equipment served as a prototype for the development of the first radio detection system for aircraft "Rheven" (RUS-1).
July 11, 1934 - the birthday of the Russian radar equipment for the VNOS service.
On June 20, 1937, by the directive of the NCO of the USSR No. 34990ss, a closed border strip and specially protected zones were established on the territory of the country in relation to air defense. The entire VNOS service, with the exception of air defense posts, was subordinated to the commander of the air force of the military districts.
The fourth stage (1938 - June 1941). The period of comprehensive strengthening of the VNOS troops, raising their combat readiness to a level that meets the requirements of the outbreak of the Second World War, the period of the first combat development of new radar equipment, the period of the formation of the first radar subunits.
The research and experimental work carried out in the field of radar allowed Soviet scientists to create the world's first radar station RUS-1 by 1938 (the first radio interceptor for aircraft), which received the baptism of fire in the war with Finland in 1939-1940 years. In the fall of 1939, a more sophisticated station "RUS-2" (code "Redut") was created, put into service in July 1940 and widely used during the Great Patriotic War to detect enemy aircraft and aim Soviet fighters at them.
On December 4, 1938, by decree of the Main Military Council of the Red Army No. 10200ss, the VNOS service was subordinated to the head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army, and in military districts, to assistants to commanders of troops for air defense.
On October 7, 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR issued a decree "On the Air Defense of the SS SR", which determined changes in the leadership of the local air defense. The USSR People's Commissar of Defense retained the functions of directing and organizing the air surveillance service, air defense of the territory and air defense points, and the fight against the air enemy.
On January 25, 1941, the USSR Council of People's Commissars issued a decree No. 198-97ss "On the organization of anti-air defense." The organization of air defense was envisaged in the zone threatened by air attacks at a depth of 1200 km from the state border. In accordance with this decree, on February 14, the USSR NCO issued order No. 0015 "On the division of the territory of the USSR into zones, districts and air defense points". The order determined to form air defense zones in the border and some internal military districts (13 in total), incl. as part of the units and subdivisions of VNOS.
The fifth stage (June 1941 - September 1945). The active use of VNOS troops in hostilities, ensuring the combat operation of air defense weapons, organizing ground defense. Sharp quantitative growth of military aviation troops and their qualitative improvement.
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War (on June 21, 1941), the country's air defense in 13 air defense zones included, including: 6 regiments, 35 separate battalions and 5 separate VNOS companies.
In the period from September 21 to 23, 1941, for the first time in the history of wars, with the help of the first domestic radars (RUS-2) and subsequent actions of suicide aviation, anti-aircraft artillery and other air defense systems of Leningrad and the Baltic Fleet, the plan was thwarted. The German command to destroy the USSR fleet in the Gulf of Finland by conducting a three-day air operation of its air forces. The raids of enemy aircraft were repelled by the forces of fighter aircraft, anti-aircraft batteries and ship anti-aircraft artillery. During the air operation of the enemy air force, 12 massive raids and several strikes by small groups with a total of up to 500 bombers were launched.
All raids were revealed by the radar calculations of the 72nd VNOS orb. The actions of the fighters of the 7th Air Defense Corps, the Air Force of the Leningrad Front and the Baltic Fleet aviation, anti-aircraft artillery fire destroyed 25 enemy aircraft, a large number of them were damaged, the enemy's plan was to destroy the ships of the Baltic Fleet and suppression of the Kronstadt naval base was thwarted.
On May 21, 1943, in accordance with the order of the NKO of the USSR No. 0087 on the reorganization of the control over the air defense system of Moscow, for the first time VRKKA within the Moscow Air Defense Front were formed VNOS divisions (on the basis of the corresponding regiments of the Air Defense Front). For the first time, such formations were carried out in the Air Defense Forces of the country.
Radio-technical air defense troops (1952-1954-1998)
The sixth stage (September 1945-1952-1954). Fundamental re-equipment of VNOS troops with new equipment, including radar equipment, improvement of their organizational structure and comprehensive preparation for the creation of a new type of troops - the country's air defense radio-technical troops. This period was marked by the final transition from the VNOS troops to the creation of a new branch of the country's air defense forces.
On April 15, 1946, the service of the head of the Air Defense Forces of the country's Air Defense Forces was created as part of the Headquarters of the country's Air Defense Forces.
On July 10, 1946, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a detailed resolution "Issues of Radar", which defined the work on the development of radar technology as the most important state task.
On August 27, 1947, the service of the Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the country's Air Defense Forces as part of the Headquarters of the Air Defense Forces of the country was reorganized into the Directorate of the Chief of the Air Defense Forces of the General Staff of the Air Defense Forces of the country.
On December 15, 1951, by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Ministry of War was given the task of creating a reliable detection, warning and guidance service, for which to organize a unified radar system. Direct responsibility for the detection and destruction of enemy aircraft in areas (border, coastal, air defense of the country) was assigned to the commanders of the areas.
On January 15, 1952, a directive of the Minister of War of the USSR was signed, defining measures to implement the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated December 15, 1951: to create an external detection and targeting strip in the countries of people's democracies; to create a border strip for detection and guidance along the state border of the USSR, as well as strip in the areas of the country's Air Defense Forces. All ground-based radar detection and guidance systems located in the units and formations of fighter aviation were combined with the VNOS service facilities and on this base the VNOS radio technical troops (RTV) were created.
June 30, 1954 - the post of chief of the VNOS radio-technical troops was introduced. This date completed the creation of the radio-technical troops (RTV) as a branch of the air defense forces.
By the end of 1954, the visual observation posts that were in the states of the VNOS units along the state border were replaced by radar units.
Seventh stage (1954 - February 1998). Development and improvement of the country's air defense radio-technical troops.
On March 17, 1956, by a decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Plan for the development and organizational restructuring of the existing radar system of the country's air defense, developed by the Headquarters of the country's Air Defense Forces, was approved.
On April 17, 1956, the USSR Minister of Defense approved the organization of the central apparatus of the country's Air Defense Forces. The post of chief of the country's air defense radio-technical troops was introduced.
On January 14, 1994, a Decree of the President of the Russian Federation was issued on the creation of the Federal System for Reconnaissance and Airspace Control (FSR and STC). It provided for the integration of radar systems and assets of the Air Defense Forces, the Air Transport Department, the Air Force and the Navy through the automation system. The leadership of the Federal Reconnaissance and Airspace Control System was entrusted to the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces through the commanders of the air defense zones.
Radio-technical troops of the Air Force (from 1998 to the present)
Eighth stage (since March 1998). Development and improvement of the Federal system of reconnaissance and airspace control as part of a new service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the Air Force.
On July 16, 1997, the President of the Russian Federation signed a Decree "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure" (put into effect by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated August 3, 1997), which determined the creation of - outside the existing Air Defense Forces and the Air Force of a new type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the Air Force.
On March 1, 1998, in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, in the structure of the Office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (currently - the Main Command of the Air Force), the Office of the Chief of the Federal System of Intelligence, Use and airspace control (FSRICVP) of the Air Force. In the fall of 1999, it was renamed into the Directorate of the Chief of the Radio Engineering Troops of the Air Force.
Radio-technical troops (RTV) are a branch of the Aerospace Forces (VKS). They conduct radar reconnaissance and provide radar information to combat crews of higher command posts and command posts of formations, military units and subunits of aviation, anti-aircraft missile forces and electronic warfare. RTV VKS consists of radio technical regiments (RTP), which are organizationally part of the air defense formations of the Air Force armies and air defense (air defense-missile defense (OSN)). In peacetime, all deployed subunits and command posts of radio-technical troops are on combat alert for air defense, carry out tasks of protecting the state border in the air. The radar systems and stations combat and standby mode with a detection range of air objects up to 400 km and an upper limit height of more than 100 km, capable of simultaneously automatically detecting and tracking more than 200 targets of various classes - aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles and missiles on small, medium and large higher heights. Among them - the newest radar systems of medium and high altitudes "Sky-M", radar stations of medium and high altitudes "Protivnik", "VVO" ("All-Altitude Detector"), "Sopka-2", low-altitude radars "Podlet-K1 "And" Podlet-M "," Casta-2-2 ", as well as complexes of automation equipment" Fundament ". Every day, more than 6 thousand military personnel and civilian personnel take up air defense combat duty as part of the radio technical troops. During combat duty, radio technical troops specialists take part in regular checks of the duty forces by flights of control targets and training in the detection and interception of conventional air targets that simulate aerodynamic and high-precision targets in the entire range of altitudes and speeds. RTV units are marching to new positioning areas to build up the radar field. At the same time, the use of the "Fundament" automation systems makes it possible to simulate real combat conditions with the use of a conventional enemy of the entire spectrum of aerospace attack weapons. Only the radio technical troops on duty, which are on alert for the air defense of Moscow and the central industrial region, daily carry out radar detection and tracking of about 4,000 aircraft, 10% of which are subject to continuous radar control with information being sent to the Aerospace Forces Control Center. During 2017, during the air defense combat duty, the radio technical troops on duty found and supported about 570 thousand aircraft. The main attention when equipping troops with new electronic equipment is paid to increasing the maneuverability of subunits, their ability to solve assigned tasks in a new positional area in the shortest possible time. Over the past five years, the number of new radar equipment annually entering service with the radio technical troops has increased by more than 10 times. The number of purchased automation systems has increased by 30%. By 2020, it is planned to carry out a general re-equipment of radio technical troops with modern and advanced mobile models with a detection range of up to 1200 km. At the same time, the number of types of radar equipment in service with the radio-technical troops will be reduced by several times. The total equipment with new models of complexes of radio-technical troops will be more than 70 percent.