Analysis of the modern scientific and technological revolution is of great importance for a correct understanding of the processes observed in public life.
affects the entire structure of production and the person himself. The main features of the scientific and technological revolution:- this is a qualitative transformation, the transformation of science into a productive force and a corresponding radical change in the material and technical base of social production, its form and content, character,.
- universality - covers almost all sectors of the national economy and affects all spheres of human activity;
- rapid development of science and technology;
- a change in the role of man in the production process - in the process of the scientific and technological revolution, the requirements for the level of qualifications increase, the share of mental labor increases.
The modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by the following changes in production:
Firstly, the conditions, nature and content of labor change due to the introduction of scientific achievements into production. The previous types of labor are being replaced by machine-automated labor. The introduction of automata significantly increases labor productivity, removing from production the limitations in speed, accuracy, continuity, etc., associated with the psychophysiological properties of a person. At the same time, the place of a person in production changes. A new type of "man-technology" connection is emerging, which does not limit the development of either man or technology. In an automated manufacturing environment, machines make machines.
Secondly, new types of energy are beginning to be used - atomic, sea tides, the earth's interior. There is a qualitative change in the use of electromagnetic and solar energy.
Thirdly, natural materials are replaced by artificial ones. Plastics and polyvinyl chloride products are widely used.
Fourth, production technology is changing. For example, mechanical impact on the subject of labor is replaced by physical and chemical impact. In this case, magnetic-pulse phenomena, ultrasound, superfrequencies, electro-hydraulic effect, various types of radiation, etc. are used.
Modern technology is characterized by the fact that cyclical technological processes are increasingly being replaced by continuous flow processes.
New technological methods also impose new requirements for tools (increased accuracy, reliability, ability to self-regulation), for objects of labor (precisely specified quality, precise feeding mode, etc.), for working conditions (strictly specified requirements for illumination, temperature the regime in the premises, their cleanliness, etc.).
Fifth, the nature of management changes. The use of automated control systems changes the place of a person in the management and production control system.
At sixth, the system of generation, storage and transmission of information is changing. The use of computers significantly speeds up the processes associated with the generation and use of information, improves the methods of making and evaluating decisions.
Seventh, requirements for professional training are changing. The rapid change in the means of production sets the task of constant professional improvement, raising the level of qualifications. A person is required to have professional mobility and a higher level of morality. The number of the intelligentsia is growing, and the requirements for its professional training are increasing.
Eighth, there is a transition from extensive to intensive development of production.
Development of technology and technology in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution
Under the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, the development of technology and technology occurs in two ways:
- evolutionary;
- revolutionary.
Evolutionary path consists in the continuous improvement of technology and technology, as well as in increasing capacity of productivity of machinery and equipment, in growth carrying capacity of vehicles, etc. So, in the early 50s, the largest sea tanker held 50 thousand tons of oil. In the 70s, they began to produce supertankers with a carrying capacity of 500 thousand tons or more.
Revolutionary way is the main through the development of technology and technology in the era of the scientific and technological revolution and consists in the transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology. The revolutionary path is the main path of the development of engineering and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.
Manufacturing automation process
Technology in the period of the scientific and technological revolution enters a new stage of its development - automation stage.
The transformation of science into a direct productive force and production automation - this is the most important characteristics of the scientific and technological revolution... They change the connection between man and technology. Science plays the role of a generator of new ideas, and technology acts as their material embodiment.
Scientists divide the production automation process into a number of stages:- The first is characterized by the spread of semi-automatic mechanics. The worker complements the technological process with intellectual and physical strength (loading, unloading machines).
- The second stage is characterized by the emergence of computer-controlled machine tools in the production process.
- The third stage is associated with complex automation of production. This stage is characterized by automated workshops and automatic factories.
- The fourth stage is the period of complete automation of the economic complex, which is becoming a self-regulating system.
The foregoing indicates that the scientific and technological revolution is expressed in qualitative transformation of the life support system of people.
The scientific and technological revolution transforms not only the sphere of production, but also changes the environment, everyday life, settlement and other spheres of social life.
The characteristic features of the course of the scientific and technological revolution:- First, the scientific and technological revolution is accompanied by the concentration of capital. This is explained by the fact that the technical re-equipment of enterprises requires the concentration of financial resources and their significant costs.
- Second, the process of the scientific and technological revolution is accompanied by a deepening division of labor. Third, the growth of the economic power of firms leads to an increase in their influence on political power.
The implementation of the scientific and technological revolution has some negative consequences in the form of increasing social inequality, increasing pressure on the natural environment, increasing the destructiveness of wars, decreasing social health, etc.
One of the most important social tasks is the realization of the need to maximize the use of the positive consequences of the scientific and technological revolution and reduce the volume of its negative consequences.
The term "scientific and technological revolution" has been around for quite some time. More than half a century has passed since the beginning of the process designated by this term. And until now, discussions about him do not subside. The reason for this is the fact that it continues. What includes this process, what are its signs and what it can lead to just talk in this article.
The concept of scientific and technological revolution
The scientific and technological revolution is a process of abrupt transformation of all aspects of the life of society, which is based on the achievements of science and technology. Many are sure that it began in the 40-50s of the last century. However, it is not. Many authors (D. Bell, E. Toffler and others) talked about its beginning. a long time ago.
For example, Professor A.I. Rakitov said that starting with the invention of the language and writing, the process of the scientific and technological revolution had already begun. Writing has indeed changed every aspect of people's lives. She transformed people's ideas about time. After all, now it has become possible to read the words written by ancestors. The letter made it possible to communicate with people over long distances.
Further, Rakitov has another important stage - the invention of book printing, then the telephone and telegraph, and then the computer and the Internet. It is easy to see that the criterion of development, revolutions is in the transformation of the way information is transmitted.
Of course, this is an important aspect of any scientific and technological revolution. But it's not just him. If we understand this revolution only as a change in the way information is transmitted, then we will inevitably simplify reality and imagine it one-sidedly. For example, he wrote a swear word on the fence, trolled other people on the Internet, and then published a swearing book. Is this progress or what? Somehow, probably not.
Other authors (D. Bell and E. Toffler) draw parallels in their works between the concepts of "scientific and technological revolution" and "modernization". At the same time, they have a broader understanding of the content of the process we are considering.
D. Bell (1919 - 2011)
I must say right away that you need to understand what modernization is. This, roughly speaking, is bringing something in line with something, but simply - borrowing Western forms of labor and production. Can the process under consideration be considered a purely Western phenomenon? Of course not. Then we deny development to the whole world.
So that's it. The first stage of scientific and technological revolution according to these authors began with the invention of the steam engine in the 18th century. In fact, this invention turned the entire life of people upside down. Previously, several hundred people worked at the plant, but now a couple of dozen is enough. Unemployment is the first thing any such thing leads to.
Further, according to Bell and Toffler, the second stage of scientific and technological revolution was the invention of electricity. Indeed, electricity has turned life upside down. Previously, people were sure that it was impossible to see in the dark, it was impossible to move around the world faster than a horse, it was impossible to listen to other people at a distance or communicate with them - but now all this has become possible. Children who grew up with the already invented telephone could not understand their parents in any way, why do they still correspond with letters? There is a telephone, a telegraph, and other benefits of civilization.
Or you used to buy expensive tickets for a match, but now you can listen to it on the radio for free! That's where the real freebie is. Life has become more fun.
However, it was not electricity, but computers that killed society. In fact, not even computers, but two people Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. At the time of their youth, no one thought that computers (computers - electronic computers) could be personal. By the way, I didn’t think about it as a child, because I saw personal computers and communicators only on the covers of very expensive magazines.
The first Soviet supercomputer
So these two people truly made a scientific and technological revolution - they gave a computer to everyone who can speak, like Prometheus, who gave people fire. And what have people done with this gift? Believe it or not, true scientific and technological revolution is only happening now, when computer technology has actually become available to everyone. And it turns out that the real comes only now.
However, in my opinion, all these arguments are unconvincing. I understand that I am not a great thinker. But the appearance of computers also cannot be considered a full-fledged scientific and technological revolution. Why? Because people use computers in different ways. Only 1% of users use them for the job they are designed for: computer simulations, really serious calculations. But the other 99% of people use a computer as a typewriter, and for surfing the Internet. And in this network, people do not create their own sites ... no - they consume information: they watch movies, play games, read something.
Personally, I believe that the STD criterion is the number of scientific discoveries introduced into production. The higher this indicator, the greater the coefficient of post-industrial society for a given society. How many scientific discoveries are made in Russia per year, and how many are introduced into production? How much has been done in the USA, Japan, China? When there is an answer to this question, then we will get the full picture.
Signs of scientific and technological revolution
Versatility. The achievements of the scientific and technological revolution cover all spheres of society: political, economic, spiritual, social. Science has changed everything: now there is some kind of stability and security from hunger, of course, if the existing climatic conditions are more or less favorable.
Accelerating change. The further this process develops, the less time remains between a scientific discovery and its implementation. In fact, when I was 8 years old, I dreamed that I would have my own personal computer and that I would work on it. Now you can work on a tablet or even a phone: type text, draw, read, surf the Internet. And only 20 years have passed. And what will happen in another 20?
The need for constant professional development. For example, you got an education 10 years ago: what kind of floor coverings are there and how to lay them. And now everything is different: both the laying technology and the coatings themselves have changed: there are more varieties. So it turns out that the requirements for workers are increasing.
Communication progress... We talked about this above: before you could write an obscene word on the fence and be satisfied with your resourcefulness, but now you can send everyone to an indefinite number of letters on Youtube. That is, ALL!
I hope it became clearer about the scientific and technological revolution. Like it, share with your friends on social networks, subscribe to our news, and generally feel at home, but do not forget that you are visiting! 🙂
Best regards, Andrey Puchkov
At present, when the modern world has already entered the era of globalization, the scientists of many countries seriously think how to know this world. In my opinion, the main point here consists in a keen understanding of the new scientific and technological revolution which happened in the 20 th century, and its impact on the modern world. It is a key to understanding why the modern world entered a globalization era as well as to developmental problems and tendencies.
Today, when the modern world has already entered the era of globalization, scientists in many countries are seriously thinking about how to know this world. In my opinion, the central issue here is a deep understanding of the new scientific and technological revolution that took place in the 20th century and the impact it has had on the modern world. This is the key to understanding why the modern world has entered the era of globalization, as well as the problems it faces and its development trends.
I.New scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century
XX century. - this is the century when science and technology received a revolutionary development, which began with physics and is based on new results achieved during the revolution in it. And when the twentieth century. called "the age of physics", this is true. In the XIX century. and even earlier, knowledge of the material world basically remained at the level of matter, the most representative in this respect was Newtonian mechanics (of course, Galileo's physics existed even before it). Thanks to the law of universal gravitation, as well as the three great laws of mechanics, she gave a satisfying explanation of the interaction of bodies of objective nature, as well as the changes occurring under its influence. At the end of the XIX century. many scientists came to the conclusion that research in the field of physics has reached its limit and nothing can be discovered in this field of science. However, at this time it was discovered that some material objects can emit previously unknown rays, and their mass can decrease. The realization came that the previous knowledge about the material world is unreliable.
A contradiction arose with the teachings of classical physics. According to the ideas of the latter, the world consists of atoms, which are indivisible, atoms have mass, matter is indestructible. Within the framework of such a theoretical understanding, the discovery of radioactivity meant that atoms can be destroyed, and therefore, matter can also be destroyed. This problem stimulated the study of the structure of the atom by many physicists. In the 30s. The twentieth century discovered a new "brick of space" - elementary particles; the structure of the atom was discovered, it was found that it consists of a nucleus and electrons rotating at high speed around it, carrying electricity; in turn, the nucleus of an atom consists of protons, which carry positive electricity, and neutrons, which do not possess it; the result was the newest physical theory - quantum physics.
It was a revolution in the history of the development of physics, it deepened the understanding of scientists about the material world. Previously, research was carried out at the level of matter, later at the level of the atom, now, after the discovery of the structure of the atom and the creation of quantum physics, they moved to a deeper than the atom, the level of elementary particles. This not only led to a significant deepening of ideas about the world, for example, the knowledge of the material unity of the world, the origin and evolution of the Universe. More importantly, this revolutionary development of physical theory significantly increased the ability of mankind to use and transform the material world (including the ability to transform atoms, moreover, create new ones), led to a revolution in technology. It manifested itself mainly in three significant results.
The first- the creation of an atomic bomb.
In early 1945, the United States created an atomic bomb and dropped it on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 7 and 9 of the same year. The immense destructive power of the atomic bomb shocked the world and contributed significantly to the end of World War II. The creation of an atomic bomb with enormous power is directly related to the new knowledge of scientists about the structure of matter, obtained by them during the revolution in physics. One of the main representatives of quantum physics, the initiator of the creation of the atomic bomb A. Einstein was frightened by its enormous destructive power. A. Einstein is a great physicist, as well as an outstanding thinker and philosopher. Being a shrewd person, he realized that for the first time in history, mankind began to possess a power that could destroy the entire world. From that moment on, the ability of humanity to transform nature has risen to unprecedented heights.
Second - invention and use of computers.
During World War II, in order to create new weapons, American scientists began to study the latest computer technology. The mathematician von Neumann in 1946 created a project for a computing machine, which appeared in 1949.
The invention and use of computers led to the rapid progress of computing and information technology, which began in the second half of the 20th century and continues to this day. The success in the creation of computers is also the result of a revolution in physics. Precisely due to the fact that physics in its knowledge of matter was able to reach a level smaller than the atom, electronics was created and it became possible to use its achievements for collecting, processing and disseminating information. The new technique made it possible to partially replace the abilities of the human brain, it greatly increased the ability of a person in the speed of counting operations. Thanks to this, humanity has acquired an important tool for studying complex theoretical and technical issues and mastering them, expanded the space for research, and significantly increased the ability of humanity to cognize and transform the world.
Third - detection of the structure of the double helix of DNA.
In the study of heredity, it has long been discovered that human life is determined by hereditary genes that contain deoxyribonucleic acid, which is located in the chromosome of the cell nucleus, that is, DNA. However, the structure of the DNA double helix molecule was discovered only in 1953 by D. Watson and F. Crick. The precondition for this discovery was also a revolution in physics. The revolutionary development of physics led to the emergence of different types of microscopes and other experimental equipment, thanks to which scientists received such effective tools for research in the field of biology and chemistry that it was difficult for them to imagine before. The discovery of the structure of the double helix of DNA was the result of using this particular toolkit. This discovery made it possible to conduct research in the field of biology at the molecular level; on this basis, bionics, biotechnology - genetic engineering appeared. This means that mankind has mastered the secrets of life and that it can consciously transform biological species at will, moreover, it can create living creatures that did not previously exist in nature in a laboratory way. Life is the most difficult thing in the world; thanks to the discovery of the structure of the double helix of DNA, the ability of people to cognize and transform the world has risen to unthinkable heights, since a person has the opportunity to create a new life; in a sense, one could say that he became an "emperor".
In the twentieth century, a large number of other important technical inventions were made, for example, the emergence of new materials and space technology, etc., all of them in one way or another are associated with the revolutionary development of physics, made it possible to overcome the limited possibilities of man in relation to nature and opened up space for a new development.
II... The impact of the new scientific and technological revolution in the twentieth century
The new scientific and technological revolution had an extremely great impact on the development of the world community in the twentieth century. This influence can be approached from three sides.
First of all its most direct influence lies in the fact that science and technology become the first productive force, or, in other words, production becomes the field of application of science and technology. This is because information technology, microelectronics, biotechnology, as well as new materials are acquiring an increasingly important role in production, the results achieved by them far exceed the everyday experience of people, the experience of workers directly involved in production. Without scientific discoveries made by scientists in laboratories, new progress in technology and technology is impossible. Today's material production is increasingly becoming a sphere of practical application of the results of science and technology, which are becoming a factor playing a decisive role in material production. The workers and peasants — the workers who are directly involved in production — are already playing a peripheral, non-primary role in it.
Further. A direct result of the aforementioned changes is the fact that the criteria for determining the quality of the social system are changing, which causes deep social reforms in many socialist countries. Before the emergence of a new scientific and technological revolution, when assessing the social system, it was usually assumed that it could stimulate the activity of workers and peasants directly involved in material production on a significant scale. At that time, production was extensive, the proportion of science and technology was low and therefore the size of the production potential depended on the ratio of the invested living labor (production activity and consciousness of workers and peasants), as well as "dead" labor (products produced by workers and peasants before ). The reason why the Stakhanov movement during the period of industrialization in the Soviet Union was able to exert a great stimulating influence on the development of the country's economy was that the social system created after the October Revolution allowed the working masses to perceive themselves as masters of the state, as a result of which an unprecedented labor enthusiasm arose. The new scientific and technological revolution leads to the use of science and technology in production. Therefore, the fundamental criterion for assessing the quality of a social system is its ability to stimulate the development of science and technology on a large scale, as well as to turn their results into a direct productive force at the fastest possible speed. This major change brought with it a number of profound social consequences.
On the one hand, it infused new forces into the capitalist system. Before World War II, it was clear at first glance which system was superior - Western, capitalist, or Soviet, socialist. Founded in the late 20s and early 30s. the economic crisis in the Western world and the astonishingly rapid development of the society and economy of the Soviet Union at that time best told which system was preferable. However, the situation changed after World War II, especially in the 70s. last century. Since there is competition in the capitalist world, in order to achieve an advantage in the market, every capitalist strove in every way to update production technology. He did his best to stimulate the development of science and technology. It should be added that private ownership of the means of production also contributes to the acquisition of new production technology by the capitalist, because for this he does not need the approval of any other persons, he immediately turns it into a direct productive force at his enterprise. Therefore, the capitalist world began to experience a "second youth" - there was a rapid growth of productive forces, the standard of living of the population rose significantly. In addition, the narrow framework of national states was no longer able to meet the needs of the productive forces that had reached a high level of development. Transnational companies began to appear like spring bamboo shoots after a rain, and gradually a single world market and an international economic system with features of integration are taking shape.
On the other hand, the socialist system that achieved brilliant results in the Soviet Union lost its former superiority. This happened because, created in the 30s. of the last century, the system had such features as a high concentration of power, public ownership of the means of production, a planned economy, and distribution according to work. Under the existing system, there was no political democracy, there was a lack of freedom of thought, as well as the opportunity to exchange opinions with foreign colleagues, so it was difficult for the intelligentsia to conduct research in the field of science and technology of a creative nature. There was no market competition between the enterprises, their task was only to fulfill the plan issued from above, they did not have the need and power to proactively develop and update technology. Since enterprises were not independent in making decisions, even in the event of the emergence of new equipment and technology, their application had to go through a multi-stage approval of the bureaucratic authorities, so they could not become a direct productive force in time. All this led to the fact that the outlined lag of the Soviet economy from the West after the 70s. the last century became big, Soviet society entered a period of stagnation and gradually found itself at a disadvantage in competition with the West. The highly centralized model of Stalinist socialism found itself in a difficult position. The new scientific and technological revolution forced all socialist countries to follow the path of reforms. The real deep reasons for the reforms in the Soviet Union and China lie precisely in this. The new scientific and technological revolution has shown that the previously existing socialist system has already come to its historical end. Marx said: "Steam, electricity and selfactor were incomparably more dangerous revolutionaries than even the citizens of Barbes, Raskail and Blanqui."
Marx is right. However, in this case, the object of the social revolution, conditioned by the progress of science, was not capitalism, but socialism of the Stalinist model.
The paths of reform in different states, such as in Russia and China, differ from each other, but their main direction is the same. It lies in the fact that the reforms being carried out in both countries are focused on turning science and technology into the first productive force, creating conditions for the development and use of science and technology, and for this it is necessary to turn a planned economy into a market economy, to move from highly centralized power to political democracy. This is clearly seen in the reforms carried out in all socialist countries. But Russia began its reforms by building political democracy, and China made building a market economy and developing production as its primary task. China is not only building a market economy in its country, but also actively entering the large world market. Back in the 80s. of the last century, using the experience of Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and a number of Southeast Asian states, choosing as his clear goal the creation of an economy based on the model of "borrowing two from the outside" (capital, technology and the market from abroad), became forces to strive to enter the large network of the world market.
Finally, the third side of the influence of the new scientific and technological revolution on the modern world is the emergence of a wave of globalization. As we have already noted, the new scientific and technological revolution that took place in the twentieth century has significantly deepened the knowledge of mankind about nature, which significantly increased the possibilities for its transformation. The continuous emergence of new sources of energy and new materials, a high degree of automation of the worldwide information network, the continuous renewal of vehicles, the landing of people on the moon, etc. - all this increases human capabilities, the globe is becoming small, even the concept of a "world village" has appeared. In concentrated terms, these changes represent revolutionary progress in relation to the productive forces of humanity. As noted above, capitalist states based on a market economy have created favorable conditions for the application of scientific and technological innovations and new achievements in the field of science and technology. They used the historical chance provided by the new scientific and technological revolution, as a result, the material productive forces began to develop rapidly. In order to find space for highly developed productive forces, these states have given rise to a wave of economic globalization. At the same time, the former socialist states began, one after another, to turn to a market economy, in the interests of their own development, they needed to connect with the large international market, and they actively joined the wave of economic globalization. As a result, the need and mutual interest that existed in the capitalist and former socialist states have led to the fact that the creation of a single world large market economic system has become an irresistible historical trend. Currently, the wave of economic globalization has swept the whole world, it determines everything. At the same time, the ties between various states of the world in political, cultural and other fields are also becoming closer.
The problems of globalization have aroused the interest of people from different countries. There are many reasons for its appearance, but ultimately it all comes down to a new scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century.
III... New scientific and technological revolution and zigzags (breaks) of human civilization
Globalization, which we are talking about today, is based on global economic integration, it is the creation of a single market economic system throughout the world. We are dealing with an unprecedented spread of a market economy on a global scale, and the role of the main manager in this world market economic system is played by the capitalist states led by the United States. It is well known that for a long period of time they equated the market economy and capitalism. Therefore, many people believe that globalization is a victory for the entire world of the capitalist system, according to the American scientist of Japanese origin Fukuyama, this means the end of history. However, in reality, such a view is superficial. The wave of modern globalization to a large extent goes beyond the ideological confrontation between capitalism and socialism, it is a sign of a turn in human civilization, symbolizing that the industrial civilization that existed for more than seven hundred years since the Enlightenment has come to its historical end. Both capitalism and socialism - both systems pay attention to the development of science and technology, to their use for the development of industrial production and increase in material wealth. The values \u200b\u200bdenied by the wave of globalization are the values \u200b\u200bof industrial civilization.
Until now, the main creative force of industrial civilization has been the bourgeoisie, whose fate is closely linked with the capitalist system. The peculiarity of this system is that everything here is subordinated to the needs of capital, the essence of which is growth, unlimited self-growth. Only because of this, industry, replacing agriculture, becomes the main form of material production of mankind, and the unlimited expansion of material production becomes the main feature of the capitalist system and the entire industrial civilization. Why can the capitalist system have such properties? This is determined by the basic value orientations of people in bourgeois society.
Arisen in the XIV century. the Enlightenment movement criticized the suppression of human nature by Christianity in the Middle Ages, it proclaimed that man is the center of life, put forward the ideas of humanism. Humanism was inherent in the affirmation of justice and rationality of a person's material desires and aspirations for obtaining material pleasures in order to satisfy them. The satisfaction of material pleasures requires the availability of a sufficient amount of money, for which it is necessary to develop production. Therefore, individual handicraft production is gradually being replaced by handicraft workshops and industrial production with extensive use of machines. The difference between industry and agriculture is that it, on the basis of knowledge of nature, using machines, consciously transforms it. Therefore, the formation and development of industry strongly stimulated the development of science and technology, as a result of which the role of the scientific reason of rationality increased significantly, which led to the emergence in the eighteenth century. educational movement represented by French materialism. Under the influence of rationalistic enlightenment and bourgeois political revolutions, the history of mankind entered a new era. From the point of view of politics and ideology, it was the era of capitalism, from the point of view of the mode of production - the era of the birth of industrial civilization. The replacement of an industrial civilization by an agrarian one is also called the era of modernization. In short, the entire history of mankind - from the Renaissance to the present day - can be viewed as an era of industrial civilization. It appeared after the birth of the bourgeoisie, so it should be said that in Russia before the October Revolution, industrial civilization was practically also a capitalist civilization.
The history of capitalist civilization is the history of people inspired by material desires who, with the help of scientific reason, strive to use the development of industrial production to obtain material wealth and material pleasures. The main value orientations of the humanism of the capitalists were the pursuit of material wealth and material pleasures. The bourgeoisie and the capitalist system did not care about anything except personal gain, all their interests were associated only with it. Inspired by material desires, the pursuit of money, artisans, merchants and the entire class of capitalists that arose then continuously developed science and technology, expanded production, engaged in fierce competition, prowled everywhere, they had a great influence on the development of productive forces, and invariably for several centuries the path of capitalism accompanied by a triumphal march. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in the "Manifesto of the Communist Party" Marx and Engels, speaking of the bourgeoisie, first of all give a high assessment of the revolution of thinking it has accomplished in history, that is, its preaching of individualism and egoism.
As Marx and Engels said, the bourgeoisie and capitalism played a revolutionary role in history, including the fact that they stimulated a new scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century and the emergence of a wave of economic globalization. However, the new scientific and technological revolution is precisely the consistent denial of the value orientations of the capitalist system and the capitalist industrial civilization, since under the influence of these orientations, capitalism approached its natural border, for the first time faced with an insurmountable obstacle.
Human desires have no limits. Self-expansion of capital, its unlimited expansion does not have any framework. However, such an expansion inevitably meets obstacles in its path; it is certainly accompanied by resistance and crisis phenomena. From a historical point of view, this expansion gave rise to the third crisis of the capitalist system.
The first crisis was associated with the fact that the expansion of capital and its reproduction met with the resistance of the working class, at the same time this gave rise to conflicts between the capitalists themselves. A clear demonstration of the resistance of the working class was the rapid growth of the labor movement in Western countries in the nineteenth century. and a fierce struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Conflicts between capitalists were mainly manifested in free competition in the market, which led to economic crises. The class struggle and economic crises showed that the capitalist system was becoming fetters for the development of productive forces and that it had already trained its gravedigger. Then for the first time the capitalist system was in crisis. Marxism was the product of this very crisis.
Under the pressure of the class struggle of the workers, the bourgeoisie was forced to change its tactics, which resulted in a softening of class contradictions; thanks to the emergence of Keynesianism, she found effective methods of countering the economic crisis, and it was gradually resolved within the framework of capitalism.
The second crisis of the capitalist system is associated with two world wars caused by the movement of national capital outside their state borders and the emergence of imperialism. Before the transformation of science and technology into the first productive force, the increase in the wealth of the capitalists was based mainly on exploitation and seizure: inside the country, on the exploitation of the workers, outside it, on the seizure of colonies. The greedy desire for material wealth forced the capitalists, following the development of the productive forces, to expand the framework of national states, go to the outside world and pursue various imperialist policies. The associated expansion of capital inevitably leads to conflicts between imperialist states over space for their development. Both world wars were precisely the manifestation of these conflicts. One after another, they showed that the expansion of capital met with new obstacles and restrictions, and that capitalism entered a new crisis. However, the creation of the UN and the emergence of such an international organization as the WTO testify to the fact that the bourgeoisie of various states agreed to certain general rules of the game, thanks to which this crisis was also resolved within the framework of capitalism.
The third crisis arose under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, it is associated with the crisis in the existence of mankind itself. This crisis is well known, it manifests itself in the following three points. The first. The revolutionary development of the productive forces caused by the new scientific and technological revolution has significantly increased the possibilities and scale of human activity to transform nature. As a result, we have today a constant deterioration of the ecological situation, a decrease in natural resources, therefore, the very further possibility of human existence and production is a serious problem. Second. The economy is rapidly globalizing, but humanity still does not have an appropriate mechanism for consciously responding to world problems of economic and political life, therefore, in the process of globalization, numerous conflicts constantly arise between different states and regions. On the one hand, this causes a large number of global economic crises and damages the productive forces; on the other hand, there is a constant renewal of weapons of mass destruction, the destructive power of which is constantly increasing. These two facts together lead to the fact that international conflicts are a real threat to the existence of humanity. Third. Simultaneously with the development and use of science and technology, the acceleration of the development of productive forces and the increase in material wealth, the general alienation of man significantly increases. Material wealth is accompanied by tension in the spiritual sphere, monotony and monotony of life.
The above changes inevitably lead to the idea of \u200b\u200bwhether the further existence of mankind is possible, whether it is necessary to look for a new path of development - this becomes a real, very serious problem. The further, the more people begin to show concern for the fate of mankind, reflect on the industrial civilization and its values. In comparison with the two previous crises, this - the third - crisis cannot be resolved within the framework of capitalism. The cause of this crisis is not related to any specific technical things or specific political measures. It is rooted in the values \u200b\u200bthat the bourgeoisie has adhered to since the Renaissance: the limitless increase in material wealth in order to satisfy the continuously increasing material desires. It is the basis of the way of life of the capitalist civilization, as well as of the entire industrial civilization, including the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. If one day these value orientations are discarded, then, not to mention capitalism, the entire industrial civilization will end its existence. But does humanity have any other choice? Not. If we do not want the disappearance of humanity, we should discard the old values, complete the industrial civilization. The facts support this.
Industrial civilization is based on science and technology, their development leads to the fact that it reaches its historical peak, and this causes a wave of globalization and a threat to the existence of mankind. This is the self-denial of industrial civilization. An understanding of globalization should be combined with an understanding of the threats that currently pose a threat to the existence of mankind, which, in turn, should be based on a deep understanding of the development of science and technology, especially the new scientific and technological revolution of the 20th century. The emergence of industrial civilization is associated with the Renaissance, so the completion of this civilization will mean the same turn in the history of mankind as the Renaissance. If we cannot raise the study of the problems of globalization to the proper level, it will be purely external and superficial. Evidence shows that this is not easy to do. In the West, many people oppose globalization because it promotes the movement of capital around the world, which leads to fewer opportunities for people to find work in their countries; in a number of developing countries, for example, in China, some scholars welcome globalization, because it presents a chance for the development of their own economy, they seek to find useful arguments in it for their theoretical conclusions.
There are, of course, a large number of people seriously contemplating this significant turn in history. The end of industrial civilization from the point of view of Marxism means the replacement of capitalism with communism; from the point of view of the leaders of China, this means the implementation of the scientific concept of development and the building of a harmonious society; from the point of view of Academician V. Stepin - the end of the technogenic civilization; from the point of view of the Russian scientist V. Inozemtsev - the arrival of a post-economic society. Essentially speaking, the description of the tendencies of the development of human civilization has long been given by the Russian philosophy of the Silver Age, among them the deepest, most brilliant work is the great work of N. Berdyaev "The Meaning of History". Although it was published over 80 years ago, what it says is directly related to the facts of today. This is the most precious contribution of the Russian nation to the history of human thought. This work should be read by every person of the modern era.
Translation by V.G.Burov, Doctor of Philosophy
Marx, K., Engels, F. Poln. collection op. - M., 1958. - T. 12. - S. 3. (Marx, K., Engels, T. The complete works. - Moscow, 1958. - Vol. 12. - P. 3).
When studying the problems of globalization, the scientific community of the Soviet Union used the concept of "global problems", in modern Russia it is replaced by another concept taken from Western literature - "global studies". From a certain point of view, this is a step backward. The first concept focused on "problems", that is, on the problems brought by globalization that have a negative impact on the existence of mankind, which he needs to solve; as for the second concept, it views globalization as a neutral, technical issue. The first concept is specifically Russian, the concept of the socialist Soviet Union, the second is in circulation in the Western capitalist world, it is imbued with the spirit of pragmatism. The facts show that globalization, while promoting the development of material production, has simultaneously caused many serious problems, and therefore also has a serious negative effect. We must pay attention to this very effect, as it poses a serious threat to the very existence of humanity.
For the fifth year now, ANO NTR, in partnership with MegaFon, has been implementing an interregional project "We Live for Real", in which teams of senior orphans and graduates of orphanages from 22 regions of Russia have taken part and continue to work actively. This year the project will start in 5 more regions.
The program has been implemented by the SUEK-REGIONS Foundation and the New Development Technologies ANO since 2016. It is aimed at developing in young people a technological culture, project and entrepreneurial thinking, leadership qualities and teamwork skills, fostering a sense of responsibility for their professional self-determination and choice of life path.
It is not the first year that ANO NTR, thanks to the support of the Chevron company, has been carrying out the project "Social entrepreneurship - the path to the successful integration of the disabled in Krasnodar region." We have repeatedly told about the successful work of the School of Social Entrepreneurship, about the achievements of its graduates, about a friendly and efficient team on the pages of our website.
The program is a continuation of the 2018 project and is aimed at increasing the efficiency of strategic planning and implementation of territorial development plans, through the synergy of public initiatives, government and business resources.
A regular training session of the annual program "School of Social Entrepreneurship", implemented by the SUEK-REGIONS Foundation and ANO New Development Technologies, was held in Krasnoyarsk
During the seminar "School is ahead of changes: the system of design and research work of schools and kindergartens", 30 representatives of preschool and general education institutions of the territories of presence of the Siberian Coal Energy Company (SUEK) reported on the work on the use in practice of already acquired knowledge and continued to master modern pedagogical methods and tricks.
The first educational session was attended by 40 public sector employees and novice businessmen from the settlements of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kemerovo Region and Khakassia - the regions where the enterprises of the Siberian Coal Energy Company operate.
In Abakan, a seminar "School is ahead of changes: a new vision of the place of educational institutions in the life of society" was held, to which heads and employees of educational institutions of the territories of presence of the Siberian Coal Energy Company (SUEK) were invited.
Hello dear readers! In this article I would like to talk about how the development of science and technology on Earth took place. What are the ways of development for this ...
The development of civilization is associated with scientific and technological progress. There are separate periods of deep and rapid changes in productive forces. This process is based on the transformation of science into the direct productive force of society. Such periods are called - scientific and technological revolution (STR) .
The beginning of the modern scientific and technological revolution dates back to the middle of the 20th century, in which, as a rule, 4 main features are distinguished.
The first is versatility. This revolution concerns all spheres of human activity and covers practically all sectors of the national economy. Such concepts as TV, nuclear power plant, spaceship, jet plane, computer, etc. are associated with modern scientific and technological revolution.
Secondly, it is the rapid development of technology and science. The distance from a fundamental discovery to its application in practice was sharply reduced. 102 years have passed since the discovery of the principle of photography to the first photograph, and for example, for a laser, this period was reduced to only 5 years.
Thirdly, it is a change in the human role in the production process. Requirements for the level of qualifications of labor resources increases in the process of scientific and technological development. Part of the mental work, of course, increases in these conditions.
Fourthly, the modern scientific and technological revolution was born during the Second World War, as a military-technical one, and in many ways continued to remain so throughout the entire period after the war.
Today, the modern scientific and technological revolution is a complex system that consists of four interacting parts: 1) the science; 2) technology and technology; 3) production; 4) management.
In the era of scientific and technological revolution, science is a very complex component of knowledge. This is a large area of \u200b\u200bhuman activity, which employs many people around the world. The connection between production and science has especially increased. Production has become more scientific, that is, the level of costs for scientific research in the production of products increases.
Spending on science in developed countries is 2 - 3% of GDP. And in developing countries, these costs are only a fraction of a percent.
The development of technology and technology in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution occurs along two paths - revolutionary and evolutionary.
Revolutionary way - the main one in the development of technology and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution. The essence of this path is the transition to a fundamentally new technology and technology. The second wave of scientific and technological revolution, which began in the 70s, is not accidentally often called the "microelectronic revolution."
Moving to the latest technology is also important. On a level with the traditional ways of improving production, the newest directions of production are intensively developing, of which 6 main directions can be distinguished.
1. Electronization. This is the saturation of electronic computers in all spheres of activity.
2. Complex automation or the use of robotics, and the creation of new flexible production systems, automatic factories.
3. Restructuring of the energy sector. It is based on energy conservation, the use of new energy sources, and the improvement of the fuel and energy balance.
4. Production of fundamentally new materials, for example, titanium, lithium, optical fiber, beryllium, composite, ceramic materials, semiconductor.
5. Accelerated development of biotechnology.
6. Cosmization and the emergence of the aerospace industry, which contributed to the emergence of new alloys, machines, devices.
Evolutionary path manifests itself in an increase in the carrying capacity of vehicles, in an increase in the productivity of equipment and machines, as well as in the constant improvement of technology and equipment.
For example, the largest sea tanker, in the early 50s, held 50 thousand tons of oil, and in the 70s, they began to build super tankers with a capacity of 500 thousand tons or more.
The modern stage of scientific and technological development is characterized by new requirements for management.Modern humanity is going through a period of information revolution, which began with the transition from ordinary (paper) to electronic (computer) information.
One of the newest high-tech industries is the production of various information technology. Computer science, in this situation, is of great importance. Computer science is the science of collecting, processing and using information.
Thus, it is not for nothing that the scientific and technological revolution bears this name. Like any other revolution, it brings all kinds of changes: in production, science and technology, it helps modern humanity in development, and is already an integral part of everyday life.