Nominative (nominative) sentences are single-component, articulated sentences in which the semantic subject and his. Nominal sentences examples Nominal sentences examples

The purpose of the lesson : learning new material
1) repetition of information about one-part sentences;
2) familiarity with nominal sentences;
3) studying the practical orientation of the acquired knowledge.

Methods and techniques:
1)methods of verbal transmission of information and auditory perception of information (techniques:conversation, story, discussion );
2)methods of visual transmission of information and visual perception information (techniques: observation, work from a picture );
3)methods of transmitting information using practical activities (experimental work in groups, work with a book, creative work );
4) methods of stimulating and motivating students (techniques:partial search activity, group research activities, creating a situation of success, creating a situation of mutual assistance)
5) control methods (techniques:frontal survey, self-assessment)

Form of organizing work in class: frontal, group, individual.
Means of education:
Material and technical: projector, reproduction of a painting.
Didactic: Russian language textbooks, notebooks, task cards.
Lesson timing:
1) Organizing time-2 minutes.;
2) Repetition of the covered material - 8 minutes;
3) Explanation of new material -10 min.;
4) Consolidation of knowledge -20 min.;
5) Summing up - 2 min.;
6) Presentation and discussion homework-3 min.

During the classes:

Organizational stage
Mutual greeting between students and teacher; recording of absentees; checking students' readiness for the lesson; checking the availability of diaries, notebooks, textbooks; organization of attention.

2) Blitz - survey :

1) How do one-part sentences differ from two-part ones?

(In two-part sentences, the grammatical basis consists of two main members - the subject and the predicate, and both of these members are necessary for understanding the meaning of the sentence. In one-part sentences, the grammatical basis consists of one main member (subject or predicate), and the second main member is not needed for understanding meaning of the sentence.)

2) What groups are single-component sentences divided into according to the form of the main member?

(According to the form of the main member, one-part sentences are divided into two groups: with

the main member is the predicate and the main member is the subject.)

3) Name the main groups of one-part sentences with the main member

predicate.

(Definitely - personal, indefinitely - personal, impersonal.)
4) What sentences are called definitely-personal?

(Definitely - personal sentences are one-part sentences with

predicate - a verb in the form of the 1st or 2nd person.)

5) What sentences are called indefinitely personal?

(Vague - personal sentences are one-part sentences

with a predicate-verb in the 3rd person plural form in the present

and future tense and past tense plural form.)
6) What sentences are called impersonal?

(Impersonal sentences are one-part sentences with a predicate,

in which there is not and cannot be a subject.)

3) The text is projected onto the board:

It is cold outside. And the children are waiting for the frosts. Then they will go skiing and skating. Love winter!

-Can the collection of these sentences be called a text?
-Title it (“Waiting for Winter”)
-Name the grammatical bases of these sentences and determine the type of sentences (chilly– impersonal; children are waiting – two-part;will ride – vaguely personal;love - definitely personal)

4) Go to new topic lesson
The teacher reads a poem by A.A. Feta “Whisper, timid breathing.”(see Appendix1)
- Did you like this poem?
-This is how L.N. Tolstoy spoke about him: “There is not a single verb in it, every expression is a picture.”
Teacher: there is no action in this poem, but a picture of the night is painted very figuratively with the help of nouns. The author uses only nouns that name objects. A. Fet uses denominative sentences (or nominative sentences).
The topic of the lesson is written down: “Nominal sentences.”
Teacher: Nominal sentences form a specific group among monocomponent sentences. In scientific grammar they are interpreted differently, but in practice they represent a rather motley group, in which objective and attribute nouns act as the main member.Room. Table. Sofa. Night. Cool. Silence. Nominal sentences, like impersonal sentences, are expositional. They are mainly used in fiction(poetry, prose), in newspaper and magazine essays and articles. The noun sentences are very short but expressive. With the help of them, the writer subtly and laconically draws the place, time of action, landscape, and setting. They contribute to the rapid development of the plot. A.P. Chekhov often used nominative sentences in his stories.
Zemsky hospital. Morning . (story “Surgery”)
Evening twilight. Large, wet snow . (story "Tosca")
A.A. Akhmatova often used denominative sentences in her poems:
Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness. (note: all sentences are displayed on the dock using a projector)
We pay attention to reading noun sentences. They are read with a long pause.
To distinguish nominative sentences from two-part incomplete ones, you need to know grammatical features name sentences:
a) Nominal sentences have one main member - the subject, which can be expressed by a noun in the nominative case (Forest. Clearing ), quantitative noun phrase (Twenty minutes past ten. ), personal pronoun(Here she is.) and numeral( Twenty three! - continues Grisha). The scheme of the indicated nominal sentences also includes particlesHere And out and then such sentences acquire demonstrative meaning.

b) Nominal sentences can be common and non-common. The specificity of nominal sentences in this regard lies in the fact that their main member can only be distributed by definitions, agreed and inconsistent.
- What definitions are called agreed upon? (definitions associated with the defined noun by the method of agreement, i.e. in case, number, gender. Starry night.)
- What definitions are called inconsistent? (definitions associated with the word being explained by the method of control or adjacency . A chain of wolf pits with oak bristles.)

5) A sentence is written down from dictation:
Frost and sun; wonderful day!
- Where does this line come from, who is the author? (" Winter morning"A.S. Pushkin)
- Produce parsing(declarative sentence, exclamatory, complex, non-conjunctive; 1st sentence one-part, nominative, unextended; 2nd sentence two-part, unextended)
Conclusion: noun clauses can also be part of a complex sentence.
Differentiated task:
1st group (strong students): write a miniature essay based on the painting by V.D. Polenov “Overgrown Pond”, using one-part sentences;
Group 2 (average achievers): task using cards; (see Appendix 2, card#1)
3rd group (low achievers): exercise 213, write down nominative sentences.
Assignments are checked one from each group.
Independent work
The class completes Exercise 216 as assigned.
=A student works at the board using a card (the task can be given to either a strong student or a weak one), see Appendix 2 , card No. 2 or card No. 3)

6) Summing up
1) The teacher analyzes the students’ activities in the lesson.
2) Joint assessment of the activities of the teacher and students in the lesson.

7) Presentation and discussion of homework
Paragraph 24, differentiated task, each group receives task cards. (see Appendix3)

Annex 1

Poem by A.A. Fet “Whisper, timid breathing”

Whisper, timid breathing,

The trill of a nightingale,

Silver and sway

Sleepy stream,

Night light, night shadows,

Endless shadows

A series of magical changes

Sweet face

There are purple roses in the smoky clouds,

The reflection of amber

And kisses and tears,

And dawn, dawn!..
(1850)

Appendix 2

Differentiated task based on cards.

Card No. 1
With the help of agreed and inconsistent definitions distribute nominal sentences.

Morning. River. Island. Bushes. A fisherman sits in their thick shadow.

Card No. 2
(note: task for a strong student)

Place punctuation marks and parse the sentence.

Silence and only fishing seagulls disturb the night peace.

Card No. 3
(note: assignment for low-performing students)

Find nominal sentences and emphasize the grammatical basics in them, characterize the sentences.

Autumn. Thicket of the forest.
Dry swamp moss.
Lake Beleso.
The sky is pale.
I. Bunin

Appendix 3

Differentiated homework on the topic “Nominal sentences”

Assignment to group 1:

Make short verbal sketches: 1) describe the situation in your apartment in different time days - early morning, afternoon, late evening; 2) describe the situation at school during the big break. What noun sentences will help you expressively and vividly convey pictures of home and school life?

Assignment to group 2:

Remember what pictures of nature you remember (while hiking, traveling, traveling out of town, during the holidays, etc.). Describe them. What types of one-part sentences can be used?

Assignment to group 3:

Write out two or three stage directions with nominal sentences from a dramatic work. Determine what the author expresses using such sentences.

§1. Total information

Let us remember: sentences are divided into two-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of two main members - the subject and the predicate, and one-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of only one main member: the subject or the predicate.

One-part sentences are divided into two groups:

• with the main member - subject
• with the main member - predicate

The latter are divided into four types.

This means that there are five types of one-part sentences in total. Each has its own name:

• nominal
• definitely personal
• vaguely personal
• generalized-personal
• impersonal

Each type is discussed separately below.

§2. One-part sentences with the main member - subject

Name sentences- These are one-part sentences with the main member - the subject.
In nominal sentences, the existence of an object or phenomenon is reported or an emotional and evaluative attitude towards it is expressed. Examples:

Night.
Silence.
Night!
Sweet raspberries!
What a beauty!

Denominative sentences with particles here, over there have a demonstrative meaning: Over there is the village!

Nominal sentences can be uncommon and consist of only one word - the main member, or common, including other members of the sentence:

Blue sky overhead.

Blue sea at your feet.

There is a small table covered with a tablecloth by the window.

Most often, the following are used as subjects in nominative sentences:

• nouns in I.p.: Heat!
• pronouns in I.p.: Here they are!
• numerals or combinations of numerals with nouns in I.p.: Twelve. First of January.

§3. One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are not the same in the structure of the predicate. There are four types.

Classification of one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

1. Definitely personal proposals
2. Vaguely personal sentences
3. Generalized personal sentences
4. Impersonal offers

1. Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by the personal form of the verb in the form of 1 or 2 l. or a verb in the imperative mood. The person is defined: it is always either the speaker or the interlocutor. Examples:

I love meeting with friends.

the action referred to in the sentence is performed by the speaker, verb in the form of 1 l. units

Let's call each other tomorrow!

inducement to joint action of the speaker and interlocutor, verb in the imperative mood)

How are you living?

the action about which information is obtained is performed by the interlocutor, verb in the form of 2 l. plural

Declarative and interrogative sentences express the action of the speaker or interlocutor:

Tomorrow I'm leaving on a business trip. What do you prefer for dessert?

Incentive sentences express the motivation for the interlocutor to act:

Read! Write! Fill in the missing letters.

Such sentences are independent, they do not need a subject, because the idea of ​​a person can be expressed in language by personal endings of verbs.

2. Vaguely personal sentences

Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the form of 3 l. plural in the present or future tense or in the plural form. in the past time. Person is not defined: the action is performed by someone unidentified.

unknown, not determined by whom the action is performed

It was reported on TV that...

it is not determined who performed the action

Such sentences do not need a subject, since they express the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe uncertainty of the persons performing the action.

3. Generalized personal sentences

Generalized personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 2 l. units or 3 l. plural in the present or future tenses or in the form of 2 l. units or plural imperative mood:

In generalized-personal sentences, the person appears in a generalized form: all, many, and the action is presented as ordinary, always performed. Such proposals express the collective experience of the people as a whole and reflect stable, generally accepted concepts. Examples:

If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
You cannot build your happiness on someone else's misfortune.

The action being spoken of is common and common to all people, conveying the idea of ​​collective experience.)

Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.

It does not matter who specifically performs the action, what is more important is that it is performed usually, always, by everyone - the collective experience is reflected, while a specific person is not implied.

In generalized-personal sentences, the idea of ​​a generalized person is important, therefore they express generalizations characteristic of proverbs and sayings, aphorisms, various kinds maxims.

Note:

Not all textbooks highlight generalized personal sentences as a special type. Many authors believe that definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences can have a generalized meaning. Examples:

If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
(considered as a definite personal sentence with a generalized meaning)

Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
(considered as an indefinitely personal sentence having a generalized meaning)

What is the basis for different interpretations?
Authors who distinguish generalized-personal sentences into a separate type pay more attention to the meaning of this group of sentences. And those who do not see a sufficient basis for this put formal features (verb forms) at the forefront.

4. Impersonal offers

Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, standing in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in the form s.r. past tense. Examples:

The action or state is expressed in them as involuntary, in no way dependent on any person or group of persons.

The predicate in impersonal sentences can be expressed in different ways:

1) impersonal verb: It was getting dark, it was getting dark.
2) a personal verb in impersonal use in the form of 3 l. units present or future tense or in s.r. units past tense. It's getting dark, it's getting dark.
3) brief passive participle in the form of w.r.: Already sent to the market for fresh products.
4) in a state category word: Are you cold?, I feel good.
In the present tense, the zero copula of the verb be not used. In the past and future tenses, the copula be is in the following forms:

• past tense, singular, middle: I felt good.
• future tense, singular, 3 l.: I will be fine.

5) infinitive: To be a scandal, to be in trouble.
6) impersonal auxiliary verb with infinitive: I wanted to relax.
7) a state category word with an infinitive: Have a good rest!
8) negatives: no (no - colloquial), nor: There is no happiness in life!

Impersonal sentences are also diverse in the meanings they express. They can convey the states of nature, the states of people, and the meaning of the absence of something or someone. In addition, they often convey the meanings of necessity, possibility, desirability, inevitability, etc.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main predicate member?

2. Is it true that one-part sentences are those with one main member - the subject?

3. What are sentences with one main member - the subject - called?

   • incomplete
   • nominal

4. What is the offer: What nonsense!?

   • nominative
   • definitely personal
   • impersonal

5. What is the offer: Protect the environment!?

   • definitely personal
   • vaguely personal
   • impersonal

6. What is the offer: The newspaper published a weather forecast for the week.?

   • vaguely personal
   • generalized-personal
   • definitely personal

7. What is the offer: I'm shivering.?

   • nominative
   • impersonal
   • definitely personal

8. What is the offer: It's getting light.?

   • impersonal
   • vaguely personal
   • generalized-personal

9. What is the offer: He wanted to sleep.?

   • definitely personal
   • vaguely personal
   • impersonal

10. What is the offer: Do you want some tea?

    • definitely personal
    • vaguely personal
    • impersonal

One-part sentences - these are sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member, and this one main member is sufficient for the complete verbal expression of a thought. Thus, "single-part" does not mean "incomplete."

Chief member one-part sentence- a special syntactic phenomenon: it alone forms the grammatical basis of the sentence. However, in terms of its meaning and methods of expression, the main member of the majority one-part sentences(except for denominative sentences) is close to the predicate, and the main member of denominative sentences is close to the subject. Therefore, in school grammar it is customary to divide one-part sentences into two groups: 1) with one main member - the predicate and 2) with one main member - the subject. The first group includes definitely-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal and impersonal sentences, and the second group includes denominative sentences.

Behind every type one-part sentences(except for generalized-personal ones) their own ways of expressing the main member are fixed.

Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal proposals - these are sentences denoting the actions or states of direct participants in speech - the speaker or interlocutor. Therefore, the predicate (main term) in them is expressed by the form 1st or 2nd person singular or plural verbs.

The category of person is in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definitely personal proposals can be expressed in the following forms: I’ll tell you, you’ll tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you; I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going, you're going to go, you're going to go, we're going to go, you're going to go, go, go, let's go.

For example: No honors, no wealth for long roads I'm not asking , but I take the little Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava); I know that in the evening you will leave the ring of roads and sit in a pile of fresh ones under a nearby haystack (S. Yesenin); Why are you laughing? You laugh at yourself (N. Gogol); Do not look forward to happy days presented by heaven (B. Okudzhava); In the depths of Siberian ores, keep proud patience (A. Pushkin).

These sentences are very close in meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by including a subject in the sentence. me, you, we or You.

The sufficiency of one main member is determined here by the morphological properties of the predicate: the verbal forms of the 1st and 2nd persons with their endings clearly indicate a very specific person. Subject me, you, we, you turn out to be informationally redundant with them.

We use one-part sentences more often when we need to pay attention to an action, and not to the person who performs this action.

Vaguely personal proposals

- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an unspecified person; the actor is not grammatically named, although he is thought of personally, but the emphasis is on the action.

The main member of such sentences is the form 3rd person plural (present and future indicative and imperative) or forms plural(past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will speak, they spoke, let them speak, they would speak; (they are) satisfied; (he) is welcome.

For example: They say in the village that she is not his relative at all... (N. Gogol); They led an elephant through the streets... (I. Krylov); And let them talk, let them talk, but- no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky); It’s okay that we are poets, as long as they read us and sing (L. Oshanin).

The specificity of the meaning of the figure in vaguely personal sentences is that in reality it exists, but is not grammatically named.

The 3rd person plural form of the predicate verb does not contain information about the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively addressing the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) person known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they are shouting; I got an A on the exam.

Vaguely personal proposals most often have secondary members, i.e. vague sentences, as a rule, common.

Included vaguely personal proposals two groups of minor members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the actor: In hall sang. In the next class they make noise. Often in my youth strive to someone imitate(A. Fadeev); These distributors usually indirectly characterize the actor, denoting the place and time associated with human activity. 2) Direct and indirect objects placed at the beginning of the sentence: Us invited into the room; Him here glad; Now hiswill bring here (M. Gorky).

If these minor members are excluded from the composition of the sentence, the sentences become incomplete two-part sentences with a missing subject: In the morning we went to the forest. We stayed in the forest until late evening.

Generalized personal proposals

Generalized personal proposals occupy a special place among one-part sentences. This is explained by generalized personal proposals do not have their own forms, and, thus, the main criterion for their identification is the semantic feature.

The meaning of generality may be inherent in sentences different structures: And what kind rus skiy does not love fast ride (N. Gogol)(two-part sentence); Searching for words cannot be neglected nothing (K. Paustovsky)(impersonal sentence); You can't order your heart (proverb)(a sentence that is definitely personal in form).

Generalized-personal Only those sentences are considered that are definitely personal or indefinitely personal in form, but denote the actions or states of a generally conceivable person. These are sentences in which observations are formulated related to the general characteristics of certain objects, life phenomena and situations: Take care of your honor from a young age (proverb); What do we have?- we don’t keep it, it’s lost- we cry (proverb); Chickens are counted in the fall - (proverb); When you take your head off you don't cry through your hair (proverb).

The most typical form is the 2nd person singular present or future simple indicative: You involuntarily surrender to the power of the surrounding vigorous nature (N. Nekrasov); ...In a rare girl you will find such simplicity and natural freedom of look, word, and action (I. Goncharov); You can’t put a scarf over someone else’s mouth (proverb).

Unlike outwardly similar definite-personal sentences with verbs in the 2nd person form, in general-personal proposals the specific actions of the interlocutor are never spoken about; the subject of the action is thought of in such sentences in a general way, like any person.

Impersonal offers

Impersonal offers - these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state. Feature of grammatical meaning impersonal offers is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action (The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal (I couldn’t sleep; He was cold); state environment (It gets dark; It feels fresh);"the state of affairs" (Bad with personnel; Experiments cannot be postponed) etc.

The main term can be expressed:

1) shape 3rd person singular impersonal or personal verb: It’s getting light!.. Oh, how quickly the night has passed / (A. Griboyedov); The smell of spring through the glass (L. May);

2) shape neuter: You, happiness, were covered with snow, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even until Christmas time (A. Chekhov);

3) in a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form was, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will be): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that you, my humble one, were not and are not (N. Gumilyov); There is no stronger beast than a cat (I. Krylov);

5) combination of a state category word(with modal meaning) with infinitive(compound verb predicate): When you know that you can't laugh, then- then it is precisely then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven (A. Pushkin);

6) short passive neuter participle(compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); U I haven’t been tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);

7) infinitive: You will never see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one? (A. Griboyedov); Sing and ring for a long time in the blizzard (S. Yesenin)

Name sentences

Nominal (nominative) offers - these are one-part sentences that affirm the existence, existence of objects or phenomena. Grammar basis name sentences consists of only one main member, similar in form to the subject: main member name sentences is expressed nominative case of a noun(single or with dependent words), for example: Noise, laughter, running, bowing, gallop, mazurka, waltz... (A. Pushkin).

Meaning name sentences lies in the affirmation of being, the existence of a phenomenon in the present time. That's why nominative sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, neither in the conditional nor in the imperative mood. In these tenses and moods they correspond to two-part sentences with a predicate was or will be: Autumn(nominal sentence). It was autumn; It will be autumn(two-part sentences).

There are three main varieties name sentences.

1.Existential: Twenty first. Night. Monday. Outlines of the capital in the darkness (A. Akhmatova).

2. Index fingers; they include demonstrative particles here, here and, there, there: This is the place where their house stands; Here is the willow (A. Pushkin); Here is the bridge / (N. Gogol).

3. Evaluative-existential; they are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation and often include exclamatory particles what, what, and: Siege! Attack! Evil waves are like thieves climbing through windows (A. Pushkin); What a night! The frost is bitter... (A. Pushkin).

Feature name sentences is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the overall picture of the described situation or events.

More often nominative sentences used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech, as well as in stage directions for dramatic works: Rocks, blackened by tanning... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sladkoe); Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. The majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont); Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and middle.- Day (A. Chekhov).

1. Question about nominatives (from the Latin word nominativus, which means nominative case ) sentences in Russian syntactic science are among the “old”, insufficiently developed, although the presence of sentences of this type is beyond doubt and is recognized by the authors of all academic grammars of the Russian language, university teaching aids, as well as school textbooks. Special studies are devoted to nominative sentences, the subject of which is the grammatical nature of the nominative sentence and the syntactic function of its main member. In recent decades, scientific interest has been generated by the structural diagram of the nominative sentence, the basis for its isolation, and the genetic nature of the nominative sentence. A way of expressing predicativeness.

In modern syntactic science, two approaches to nominative sentences have developed: broad and narrow.

With a narrow approach, nominatives are understood as “one-part sentences that assert the presence, existence of an object or phenomenon, called the main member of the sentence, which can be expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a quantitative-nominal combination (less often - by a numeral name or personal pronoun)” . For example: Noise, laughter, running, bowing, gallop, mazurka, waltz...(Pushkin); Tatars, Mamai, Mitka...(Bunin); Wind, wind! (Block); Heights. Clouds. Water. Brody. Rivers. Years and centuries. (Parsnip); Spring. Four o'clock in the afternoon.(Kuprin); The twentieth century… Even more homeless, More scarier than life haze (Even blacker and larger Shadow of Lucifer's wing). (A. Blok).

This is the so-called traditional approach. When identifying nominative sentences in a special group, linguists take into account the semantic and grammatical features inherent in these sentences and distinguishing them from other types of Russian sentences.

The constitutive feature of nominative sentences is the feature beingness, or existentiality. The dictum component of the content structure of these sentences states being, presence objects and phenomena as objects located in a certain space, observed and perceived through one or another perceptual channels of a thinking being, a person, to whom the term “observer” is assigned in grammar. So, for example, presented in a non-union complex sentence Night, street, lantern, pharmacy, Pointless and dim light(Block) phenomena and objects of the surrounding world are perceived visually by the observer. In a statement Needle frost, shaggy paws, dark snow(Bulgakov) the lexeme “frost” nominates a phenomenon that is perceived through the touch of the skin; the same objects as tree branches (paws) and snow are perceived visually.

However, unlike other semantic varieties of existential sentences with lexically represented beingness, for example, In the courtyardcosts neighbors car(the existence of an object is represented by the lexeme costs), the beingness of sentences with a single main member, expressed by the nominative case, is implicit, i.e., not expressed by a special lexical indicator. According to Alexander Vladimirovich Bondarko, “It is only implied. This or that phenomenon presented as a substance is called - a time of year, a day of the week, a part of the day, the state of nature, the environment (including objects and dynamic manifestations of the elements of the described situation) - and it is implied that all this ( Winter; Sunday; Night; Cool; Silence; A park; Yearning; Boredom; Laughter; Noise etc.) exists at the period or moment in time in question, but this is not specifically, explicitly expressed.” .

Nevertheless, beingness in sentences of this type has its own forms of expression: it is represented morphologicallyand syntactically. Morphological the way of expressing beingness is contained in the substantive, which verbalizes not only the objects themselves, but phenomena as objects of perception, as substances. Syntactic the way to indicate beingness lies in the independent syntactic position of the nominative form of the name.

The time plan of nominative sentences, which contain one nominative case of a noun with or without conventional extenders, is also specific. It is formed by the time of perception of the surrounding world by the observer and the time of information about what is being observed. The time of perception of the surrounding fragment of the world by the observer and the time of information about this fragment coincide. The coincidence in time of perception and information about what was perceived determined the meaning of the temporal component in the meaningful structure of nominative sentences, the form of the present tense.

The specificity of the modal-temporal plan has determined the current opinion of a number of linguists that the paradigm of nominative sentences is represented by only one temporal form - the form of the present tense and the real modality. It is the constant modal-temporal meaning of traditionally identified nominative sentences, and this is their constitutive feature, that does not allow paradigmatic changes in moods and tenses. Suggestions like It was winter; It was Sunday, according to, for example, A. V. Bondarko, represent “a special type of sentence, and not an element of the same syntactic paradigm to which constructions like Winter" In support of his position, the scientist draws attention to the lack of regular correlation of the constructions “without a verb be and with this verb in the past tense form. Wed. artificiality of speeches like There was a steppe; There was a park; There was melancholy and so on.". Hence his summary: “As for proposals like was it's winter, it will be frosty, then they should be recognized as two-part sentences: winter, freezing– subject, was, will be- predicates, with the verb meaning present in the past or future" .

The same approach to sentences like It was winter was previously expressed Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov in his famous “Syntax of the Russian Language”. Justifying his point of view, he wrote: “Proposals like winter, frost, fire, expressing the presence of the named phenomena or objects at the present time, at the present moment, we recognized one-piece and, moreover, complete, since we have no grounds for defining them as broken two-part sentences (with the omission of one or another predicate). As for suggestions, how there was winter, there will be winter, then they must be recognized as proposals two-part: winter, frost– subject, was, will be- predicates, with the verb meaning present in the past or future.<…>even if the historically indicated proposals even went back to there is winter, there is frost, then at present they can still be considered as one-part sentences, because to complete their meaning the insertion of the 3rd person singular of the verb is not required There is; secondly, the very grammatical form of these sentences, their stress, their pronunciation accompanied by emphasis * obviously separates them, as one-part sentences, from two-part sentences such as It was winter, it will be frosty; to express presence in the present tense, apparently, the original name was accompanied by emphasis, which made its division unnecessary; to express presence in the past or future, the division of the word sentence into a two-part sentence was required ... " .

A similar point of view on these types of sentences is presented by the authors of the academic “Grammar of the Russian Language” of 1954, and it is also proposed in university and school textbooks.

However, in Russian linguistics the generally accepted qualification of sentences like It was winter have not received.

The approach to the linguistic status of the sentences in question is inconsistent, e.g. Natalia Yulievna Shvedova. Thus, in the theoretical “Fundamentals of constructing a descriptive grammar of the modern Russian language” sentences like It was winter she refers to two-part with a mixed paradigm, explaining it as follows: “To sentences with mixed full paradigm include all so-called nominative sentences<…>In the form of a present indicative, these sentences act as the original member of the paradigm; in the forms of past and future tense and unreal moods, two-part sentences with the forms act as members of the paradigm be as a predicate: Winter - There was winter - There will be winter . In the “Grammar of the modern Russian literary language” when describing the structural diagram of N N 1 type Night, Silence N. Yu. Shvedova actually recognizes the status of one-part sentences for sentences that verbalize the indicated structural scheme. “In the past and bud. tenses and in unreal moods as part of sentences of the scheme N N 1, – she writes, – auxiliary verb forms appear be, and in implementations with semi-linked verbs - the forms of these verbs: There was, there will be night, there is silence and so on. However, such changes Not do these two-part sentences(our italics - V.K.), since between the name and the verb there is no relationship between the attribute and its bearer, and the verb is an auxiliary syntactic formant - an indicator of temporal reference or temporal changes" . In “Russian Grammar” nominative sentences are also considered as single-component sentences, built according to structural scheme No. 1, with an eight-term paradigm, including forms of the syntactic indicative and syntactic unreal moods , thus, according to N. Yu. Shvedova, sentences like It was night; It will be night are included in the nominative sentence paradigm as a variant of structural scheme N 1.

On the indivisibility of sentences of the type It was winter previously said and Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov:"Offer It was winter- for modern consciousness is as monomial (i.e. one-part. - V.K.) as Winter. This is a simple name for a phenomenon related to the past, a simple statement of a phenomenon in the past. Wed: It was evening. The stars sparkled. It was frosty outside", he wrote. According to V.V. Vinogradov, in such sentences “nothing speaks of syntactic division into subject and predicate” .

This allows a group of linguists to recognize the verb form in sentences like It was frosty a syntactic formant, a delexicalized lexeme that expresses only the grammatical categories of tense and mood, without contributing anything to the nominative meaning of the sentence. "In the statement It was frosty the verb performs the same role as in the sentence It was freezing. In both cases, its function is equal to the function of the past tense morpheme in the sentence Freezing“, say the authors of the fundamental academic work “General Linguistics. Internal structure of language" .

2. One of the issues that has attracted the attention of researchers throughout the history of the study of nominative sentences, but which has not found a generally accepted solution, is the question of the syntactic function of the nominative case.

At the dawn of isolating this type of sentences Alexander Afanasyevich Potebnya in his historical work “From Notes on Russian Grammar” recommended determining the syntactic function of the single nominative case based on the context, which would qualify it as either subject, or how predicate. He wrote: “So in cases where only the nominative of a noun is on the face of a sentence, we distinguish by context whether this case stands as subject with an unspoken predicate (for example, in Nov. L. P, 38: “in the summer of 6917. A terrible miracle in the Church of St. Michael on Frying Pan in the monastery: sound in the poppy, November 30, two days and two nights”)<…>or how predicative attribute, part of a compound predicate with an implied subject and verb (link). The latter case includes exclamations of “fire!” and titles" (our italics - V.K.).

Philip Fedorovich Fortunatov, approaching the sentence as an expression of “psychological judgment in speech,” he considered nominative sentences to be incomplete, and also considered the word form forming them to be a predicate. He wrote: “For example, the word fire, and, moreover, not only in an exclamation, under the influence of the feelings I experience, but also in calm speech, it can be used as a sentence, precisely as an incomplete sentence; in the psychological judgment expressed in this sentence in speech, the psychological subject is, for example, the representation of the flame, smoke that I just saw, and the psychological predicate, the second part of the same thought, includes the representation of the word fire. In exactly the same way, it is clear, other words can be an expression in speech of psychological predicates in those psychological judgments or sentences in thought that have direct representations of known objects as psychological subjects; for example, each of the words like house, lamp, tree, bird etc. may be a sentence in speech, namely an incomplete sentence in the indicated sense of this term" .

Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov opposed the qualification of a nominative sentence as a predicate, believing that “the idea of ​​being here is included in the very concept of an object and is not separated from it; hence the word implied in this case it is false." “It’s the same,” he continues his thought, “as if, looking out the window and seeing the rain falling, you simply said: rain. What? The verb implied here is There is or not? We think not. About yesterday (about the past) you can and should use the verb and say it was raining; about tomorrow (about the future): will rain, because here you are not just calling an object by its name, because the object itself is not in front of you, but you are pointing to the relationship of the existence of the object to the minute in which you are: you are in one case remember, in a different - imagine his. The verb here obviously becomes necessary,” he concludes .

The 20th century also did not lead to a uniform interpretation of the syntactic function of the structure-forming component of nominative sentences.

Dmitry Nikolaevich Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky nominative nominative sentences qualified as subject. Analyzing the lines of the poem by A. A. Fet

« Whispers, timid breathing,

The trill of a nightingale,

Silver and sway

Sleepy Creek…»,

he wrote: “Without inserting verbs (which would spoil the whole poem), we, however, accompany these nouns with a mental feeling of verbal predicability - only because they are given to us as subject» (our italics – V.K.).

How the subject determines the syntactic function of the nominative nominative sentence Vasily Alekseevich Bogoroditsky, Leonard Arsenevich Bulakhovsky and etc.

Russian philologist Innokenty Fedorovich Annensky, on the contrary, considered the nominative of the nominative sentence predicate. In an article dedicated to the “Syntax of the Russian Language” by D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, when interpreting the same poem, he wrote: “I consider the subject not named, but the living sensation of the night. The poet understands it little by little and as he does so predicates your feeling. If we had subjects before us, they would be given for predication, and the poem would lose not only its charm, but also its meaning.” (our italics - V.K.).

Alexander Matveevich Peshkovsky, recognizing nominative sentences as an independent structural type of one-part sentences, the nominative terminated predicate, pointing out the impossibility of having in these sentences, already “by their very nature,” “neither subject, neither verb predicate» .

Evdokia Mikhailovna Galkina-Fedoruk in the monographic work “Judgment and Sentence” he distinguishes between two types of nominative sentences: subject And predicate, pointing out the difficulty of their differentiation. “It is not always easy to distinguish between a nominative subject sentence and a nominative predicate. But is it possible to refuse analysis just because it is difficult? – the author summarizes . In the university textbook “Modern Russian language. Syntax” she confirms her position by stating that “the main member of a nominative sentence can be either a subject or a predicate.” At the same time, the section “Nominative predicate-subjectless sentences” combines heterogeneous groups of sentences that are difficult to classify as nominative. For example, along with sentences “containing an answer to some modally colored question” like Who's there? – Girls! – What kind of girls? That's right, girls, “which were formed from incomplete ones,” and sentences in which the main member predicates the object of thought as a perceived phenomenon not named by a word.” Her example : Well... we didn’t expect it, we didn’t guess, we ended up behind German lines. Well then,war (Simonov). Nominative predicate-subjectless sentences include sentences that express “an assessment, a characteristic of what was said in the previous sentence or is now being said about the subject of the judgment, but is not expressed verbally. For example: It was difficult to see who they were at such a distance, but judging by the fact that the horses galloped randomly, Yakovenko immediately decided that they were locals. –Kulachyo “he said contemptuously... (Kremlin, Soldiers of the Revolution)" .

Natalia Yulievna Shvedova, the author of the corresponding section of the academic “Russian Grammar”, calls the nominative case of nominative sentences the main member without differentiating it into subject and predicate . In the “Grammar of the Modern Russian Literary Language”, the same scientist highlighted a structural diagram as a marker of nominative sentences, symbolically designated as N N 1 with main member– nominative case of a noun, illustrated with examples Night; Silence; Scream; Call! Summer; War! and in “Russian Grammar” - as N 1 with examples: Night; Silence; Argument; Fainting .

Elena Sergeevna Skoblikova also considers it appropriate to assign to the nominative of nominative sentences “an undifferentiated terminological designation - “the main member””, arguing that he, the nominative of nominative sentences, “turns out in these conditions to be the exponent of a special meaning - the meaning subject, being significant sign the whole situation. This determines its specificity. It has the same form as the subject, but means not a carrier sign(as in two-part sentences), but a special kind of sign (our italics - V.K.). At the same time, due to the uniqueness of its attribute semantics, the main member of the nominative sentence does not have the properties of a predicate: it is not capable of being used with a connective and being an expresser of modal-temporal meanings: the speaker conveys the relationship of the object or phenomenon he calls to reality with the help of intonation, cf.: Fire! And Fire?; Cossacks! And Cossacks? and under." .

This point of view goes back to the teachings of Acad. A. A. Shakhmatova, who wrote: “Like any other sentence, monocomponents correspond to communication that combines the idea of ​​a subject with the idea of ​​a predicate; such correspondence is found between the composition of the entire sentence and communication; but it follows from this that the main member of a one-component sentence itself corresponds to the same combination of subject and predicate.<…>Compared with the methods of verbal expression of the main members in two-part sentences, the main member of a one-part sentence can be identified formally either with the subject or with the predicate, and, of course, one should not forget that such a “predicate” differs from the predicate of a two-part sentence in that it evokes the idea of ​​​​both the predicate and the subject, while the predicate of a two-part sentence corresponds only to the predicate, and also “that the “subject” of a one-part sentence evokes the idea of ​​both the subject and the predicate, while the subject of two-part sentences corresponds only to the subject” (our italics - V.K.). Therefore, “we will call the member of a sentence corresponding in its meaning to the combination of a subject with a predicate the main member, the main member of a one-component sentence; in one-part sentences, the division that is undoubtedly found in communication itself did not find verbal expression; two-term communication corresponds to a one-part (often one-part, one-part) sentence” . However, the noted specificity of the main member of one-part sentences did not prevent A. A. Shakhmatov from describing nominative sentences in the section “unpredictable-subject”, which suggests that he still considers the nominative case of nominative sentences subject to, formal, but subject, although he does not use this term when characterizing the main member of a nominative sentence. In his opinion, nominative sentences are “a combination of a subject with a predicate that corresponds to the idea of ​​being, presence, appearance of a given subject” .

Vera Arsenyevna Beloshapkova the structure-forming component of nominative sentences is also assigned the term “main member of a one-part sentence,” qualifying it “ third main member offers" (our italics - V.K.).

Vera Vasilievna Babaytseva, noting multifunctionality nominative case in a nominative sentence, and hence its syntactic ambiguity and the impossibility of determining its syntactic role, “based only on grammatical indicators,” considers it necessary to “take into account the nature of the thought expressed and the communicative tasks of the sentence.” "In some cases he getting closer with the subject, in others - with the predicate. In addition, according to V.V. Babaytseva, the main member cannot be qualified if the sentence does not have a clear logical-syntactic division.” (our italics - V.K.). However, recognition of the paradigmatic series Heat. - It was hot. - It will be hot. - It would be hot. - Let it be hot allowed her to consider this series “as one of the confirmations of the “subject” role of the noun” .

3. The second half of the twentieth century brought into the syntactic arena the doctrine of syntactic paradigmatics and the doctrine of syntactic zero, which made it possible to distinguish nominative sentences from the group of one-part ones and qualify them as two-part ones. For example, E. A. Sedelnikov, examining the structure of a simple sentence from the point of view of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, comes to the conclusion that in the “form of the present tense of the sentence It was hot that member of the syntagma forming a sentence that performs the function of distinction (predicate) is expressed by zero: Heat... This is possible because in other forms, opposed in the paradigmatic series to this form of the sentence, FR*– the member receives verbal expression. It's hot, It's been hot, It's been hot, It's been hot, Let it be hot and etc. - different shapes sentences representing the same model. Therefore, nominative sentences cannot be considered as one-piece e" (emphasis mine - V.K.). The learned linguist suggests calling them two-part sentences with the zero form of the present tense verb predicate There is .

The idea of ​​a zero predicate in a nominative sentence is widely reflected in the works of other researchers of Russian syntax.

Mikhail Viktorovich Panov, for example, argues that in a Russian nominative sentence “the predicative combination<…>expressed by a noun and the zero form of a full verb be.(This zero form is not “omitted”, but, of course, is present). The meaning of this zero form is the same as that of all present tense forms; in particular, it can indicate that an action (here, being) is not confined to a specific time.” Considering an offer It was a warm, clear night - Warm, clear night, he comes to the conclusion that “the basis of the sentence is the predicative combination “noun in the nominative case + conjugated form of the verb”” .

V. A. Itskovich also disagrees with the fact that in sentences traditionally terminated by nominatives there is one main member and, based on the paradigm Night – There was night – There will be night – There would be night – If there was night! - Let it be night comes to the conclusion that in this paradigm “all forms (except the original) are two-part sentences. And if all forms are two-part (all forms also have a subject night, and predicate – verb forms be), then the present tense form also contains a predicate - the zero form of the verb be" The researcher considers it necessary to write down the present tense form indicating the presence of a zero term: Night#. The paradigm of the nominative sentence should be presented as follows: Night# – It was night – There will be night – It would be night – If there was night!“This means that the so-called nominative sentences are the present tense form of such two-part sentences that have only a verb in the predicate be, not common in other words" .

The idea of ​​a zero predicate made it possible to recognize nominative sentences as two-part with a zero predicate A. S. Popov and the authors of the Prague “Russian Grammar”, who characterized nominative sentences as a special type of “two-part two-component” sentence in which “ V f is implemented in all forms, with the exception of the present tense form, which is presented in zero form" .

Yuri Trofimovich Dolin the approach to nominative sentences, taking into account the paradigmatic aspect, as two-part ones with a zero predicate seems “convincing and logically consistent.” He substantiates his point of view by the functioning of sentences of this type in the text. According to his observations, “in the text, nominative sentences stand, as a rule, in the same syntagmatic row with such sentences in which the predicates are expressed in the form of the present tense of the indicative mood,” while sentences like It was winter; It will be winter accordingly, they always stand in the same syntagmatic row with such sentences in which the predicates are expressed in forms of past and future tense. Wed. examples by Yu. T. Dolina:

Winter. The peasant, triumphant,

On the firewood it renews the path.

His horse smells the snow,

Trotting along somehow.

A. S. Pushkin

There will be a storm! We'll argue

And we will fight with her.

N. M. Yazykov .

4. The composition of a classic nominative sentence, in addition to the nominative case, may include various shapes determinants of its determinants. For example: Whisper,timid breathing, trillnightingale , Silver and sleepy swayingstream , Night light,night shadows, Shadows without end, A series of magical changes to a cute face(A. Fet); Golden night! Silence, light, aroma andbeneficial , revitalizing heat(Leskov); ANDeternal the battle! Rest only in our dreams. Through blood and dust... The steppe mare flies, flies and crushes the feather grass... (A. Blok). Front,guerrilla edge, rear Evacuation, occupation, losses, searches, meetingsdecades later ... Stories of military and post-war years, dramatic and almost detective stories. (A. Aleksin).

Sentences with included attributive word forms always coincide in form with word combinations represented by one core component and the definition(s) related to it.

5. In addition to nominative lexemes, nominative sentences represented by the nominative case of a noun may include particles and interjections. For example: Darkness.(L. Sobolev); – Well , Yalta... (M. Bulgakov); Well then night! Fear! (L. Tolstoy); I met an unfaithful woman at the entrance: She dropped her handkerchief - and one. Nobody. Only night and freedom . It's just an eerie silence. (A. Blok).

The presence of such distributors influences the semantics of the nominative sentence, determining its functional variety.

Taking into account the semantic-functional purpose, linguists usually distinguish the following varieties of the classical nominative sentence: 1) existential (proper-existential and objective-existential), 2) demonstrative; 3) evaluative-existential.

Under intrinsically existential sentences are understood as sentences that represent the presence of a phenomenon conceivable in time. For example: Night . The winter sky is dark. There is a deep sleep in Novgorod and everything is covered in silence... (M. Lermontov); Black evening, White snow. Wind, wind! (A. Blok); One thousand nine hundred sixteen year . October . Night . Rain, wind. Trenches over the swamp , overgrown with alder. Wire wires aheadbarriers (M. Sholokhov); Drizzle. Twilight . Road to the steppe(M. Sholokhov); Goldennight ! Silence , light , aroma and beneficial, revitalizingheat . (Leskov); Early morning , on the streetthaw , A light, fluffy snow is falling(L. Oshin); – Rain, rain ! – Dasha shouted enthusiastically, running up to the doors(P. Proskurin).

IN objective-existential sentences name objects located in space. The observer-speaker sees these objects and invites the listener-reader to see them. For example: sunken toothlessmouth with a saggy lower lip(M. Bulgakov); Illuminated againhighway – Street Kropotkin, thenlane , ThenOstozhenka and furtherlane , dull, ugly and poorly lit(M. Bulgakov); City. Corner. Little houses on the outskirts, rareovercoats . (M. Bulgakov); Pines . Narrowroad . (A. Fadeev); Field . haystacks hay. (A. Fadeev); Empty street . One fire in the window. Jewish pharmacist groans in his sleep(A. Blok)

IN index In sentences, the seme of being, existence is complicated by the seme of indicating existing objects and phenomena. A structural feature of such sentences is the presence of demonstrative particles Here (that's), over there, and here, the semantics of which is an indication of the appearance, detection of an object. Demonstrative sentences are a clear fact of colloquial speech, and in literary texts they appear when the writer wants to imitate colloquial speech. For example: Vaughn sun, blue sky... The air is so clean(Kuprin); Vaughn , it seems, a passenger train. (I. Bunin); AHere and a little horse(A. Chekhov); The wind died down, and the glory glowed over those ponds. There and the schema-monk . Closing the book, He humbly waits for the star. (A. Blok); Here it, my herd is red! (S. Yesenin); Here September, evening(I. Bunina); Here it's stupid happiness with white windows to the garden(S. Yesenin); Here's the sword . He was. But it's not needed. Who weakened my hand? – I remember: a small row of pearls One night, by moonlight. (A. Blok). Here he is – Christ is in chains and roses Behind the bars of my prison.Here's the lamb meek in white robes , He came and looked out the window of the prison.(A. Blok)

However, there is no generally accepted approach to the qualification of these proposals in science. So, Igor Pavlovich Raspopov expresses doubt about the identification of demonstrative nominative sentences on the basis that the demonstrative particles introduced into sentences Here And over there have a pronominal character and in their function are similar to demonstrative pronouns This, That, and, therefore, can be considered as a kind of substitutes (substitutes) of the subject with a nominal predicate.” Continuing his thought, he talks about the functional-semantic proximity of demonstrative particles Here And over there and locative adverbs Here And there. Based on this proximity, I. P. Raspopov comes to the conclusion that the analyzed sentences should be qualified as sentences “with a reduced predicate “location” (cf. Here is a mill, Here is a bream; There's a rainbow there)» .

Under o value-existential sentences usually contain such nominative sentences in which, along with the statement of the existence of objects and phenomena represented by the nominative case, its emotional assessment is also given: the speaker not only sees the object he calls, but also experiences some emotions from what he sees. The structural feature of evaluative-existential sentences are emotional exclamatory particles what the, well, that, too, and also, yes and, and what the, what, oh yes etc., interjections. For example: - Well , Yalta...(M. Bulgakov); Well dirt!(L. Sobolev); Well then night! Fear! (L. Tolstoy); Which distant days (I. Bunin); A night! heavenly powers! what night takes place in the heights! (N. Gogol); Eh , horses, horses,what the horses! (N. Gogol); Eh , three! bird three! (N. Gogol); “Yes,” she said,which wonderful clouds! (I. Turgenev); Which difficult days(F. Dostoevsky); – Which weird question! (I. Turgenev); Which fresh water(Sobolev); A thousand devils, a thousand witches and a thousand devils! Eky rain!Eky bad rain! Bad! Bad!(S. Yesenin).

Evaluative existential sentences also include sentences with the particle Here, in the case when the demonstrative meaning is weakened and the meaning of the assessment (ironic, disapproving, etc.) in relation to some person, object, event present in a given situation is brought to the fore. For example: It's winter ! Cold and snow;So that's the suspicion ! And this is all due to one bracelet... (M. Lermontov) . "In sentences with complicated particles It is for you And here you go, also introducing a shade of evaluativeness, the dominant meaning becomes the negation of those properties that seem naturally expected, for example: So much for his humanity(Letters); Yes, here's a fair trial for you(L.T.)" .

However, the attitude of linguists to evaluative-existential sentences is ambiguous. For example, Igor Pavlovich Raspopov does not agree with the inclusion of evaluative sentences, with particles in the composition of nominative sentences, because this, in his opinion, “deprives these sentences of their qualitative certainty” . U Alexey Grigorievich Rudnev there is no doubt about the status of evaluative sentences as nominative sentences. He calls them semi-predicative and notes that in these sentences “not only the presence of this or that fact is stated, but there is also an element of statement, a modal assessment, an expression of attitude towards this or that phenomenon, person, object.” Here are some of his examples: Emergency! (G); What a day! What passions! (P); Look, what a glorious melancholy! - Sophia exclaimed(M.G.) and others. A.G. Rudnev recommends distinguishing semi-predicative sentences from two-part sentences with a nominal predicate. " What a grief! – a one-part sentence, nominative, semi-predicative. Which in this sentence, writes the author of the textbook, is a definition. But the offer What a grief? – two-part, since here which is predicate. What kind of person! – complex reinforcing particle what the performs a special function for formatting exclamatory sentences. This compound particle is followed by the nominative case, and the nominative case is not used with a preposition. That's why what the cannot be considered as an excuse" .

6. In accordance with the broad understanding of nominative sentences, they include sentences that include, in addition to the nominative with or without conventional word forms, adverbial and objective word forms like I'm sad; The apartment is cold; Today is the ceremonial meeting. However, the history of syntactic science has not given an unambiguous decision about the status of these sentences. Let's look at the history of this issue.

7 In accordance with the point of view going back to syntactic works A. M. Peshkovsky And A. A. Shakhmatova, these sentences qualify as two-part incomplete elliptic type.

A. M. Peshkovsky, for example, believed that a characteristic feature of nominative sentences is the “obligatory” absence of specifically “verb” word forms (“members”), while the presence of “ adverbs or indirect case of a noun, unless these members are thought of with the nominative itself, serves<…>a sign of an incomplete sentence" .

In "Syntax of the Russian language" A. A. Shakhmatova“the formal difference between two-part and one-part” is called “the presence in two-part circumstances<…>or such an addition that does not depend on the noun constituting the main member of a one-part sentence.” His examples: And in the house there is knocking, walking, sweeping and cleaning. (Griboyedov); For a big ship, a long voyage(last). It's already day! … tell them(Griboedov) - “the sentence is two-part, because it states that the day has already arrived, has arrived, and not that it exists at all” . He believes that “the minor members of the sentence are revealed as a result of the division of the sentence”, therefore “in a one-part sentence there cannot be a circumstance without a predicate; based on this, recognizing freezing a one-part sentence, we are a proposal it's freezing now must be recognized as two-part and allow the omission of the predicate in it" . This type of sentence is described by him in the section of two-part incomplete broken sentences with an omitted predicate .

8This approach to qualifying sentences with a nominative of an existing subject and an adverbial or objective word form has also found its supporters among modern syntacticists.

Yes, according to Elena Sergeevna Skoblikova, “the attachment of the expressed objective details of a situation to a specific place (or time) can be expressed in denominative sentences only through postpositive adverbial definitions. For example: Steppes. Kurgans... Huge villages onchalk hillsides . Kites in the blue sky (A.N. Tolstoy) = “...villages, spread out - which are spread out on the slopes”; “kites, howling - who soar in the sky.” The use of circumstances (adverbial determinants) is incompatible with preserving the specificity of the nominative sentence. So, the following sentences are not nominal: In a light damp pine forest there's still snow here and there(Sladkov); At the foot piles of flowers(Kozhukhova); Now autumn(Peskov). Unlike nominal sentences, adverbial sentences are characterized by free paradigmatic change in tenses and moods. Wed: There was still snow in the pine forest - there would be snow - there would be snow» . Sentences of the type given, according to E. S. Skoblikova, two-part with zero predicate expression .

Nina Sergeevna Valgina also qualifies them as two-part ellipticals, approaching incomplete ones due to the lack of a predicate in them, which, however, they do not need . Considering the presence of the seme 'beingness' in the semantics of these sentences, it focuses on the fact that the existence of sentences represented only by the nominative case with the meaning of an existing object is static, while being in constructions There's a store around the corner; Misfortune again; Hiking again“the process of the emergence of an object or phenomenon is emphasized,” therefore, in sentences with adverbial word forms, the existence of the object is dynamic .

The special dynamic nature of sentences with an adverbial component was noted I. A. Popova, which qualifies these sentences as incomplete, close to “single-component - nominal, but not existential, depicting the static existence of an object, but a special kind of nominal, representing the object dynamically, at the moment of its appearance, in the process of its emergence and appearance” .

Vera Vasilievna Babaytseva in a 1968 monograph, sentences of the type under consideration were classified as transitional, combining the properties of two-part and nominative sentences . Later she assigns them the status of two-part incomplete sentences of the elliptical type with an unsubstituted position of the verbal predicate . For determinants (adverbials and additions), the preposition of which is due to their actualization, she notes a special syntactic connection, but, unlike N. Yu. Shvedova, she does not see in them special secondary members of the sentence .

Pavel Alexandrovich Lekant, the author of the corresponding section of the university textbook on the modern Russian language, quite rightly notes the unmotivation and uncontrollability of the secondary members of the sentence by the nominative; he considers the “omission of a predicate,” allegedly indicating the incompleteness of the sentence, to be based on “the “implied” non-existent (and unnecessary) predicate.” Following the theoretical views on the determinant of N. Yu. Shvedova, taking into account that the meaning of being in sentences of this type “is expressed by the main member of the sentence - the nominative,” he classifies these sentences as “nominative one-components with secondary members of the main type - determinants that have an independent (spatial) , temporary, subjective, etc.) meaning”, different from nominative sentences with conditional members of the type Late autumn its division based on “a pause between the determinant (determinant group) and the main member of the sentence (group of the main member), which separates the components of the actual division - theme and rheme: At your place / hysterical, Nikolai Ivanovich (A.T.); Beyond the dunes / extensive swamps and low forests(Paust.); Morning / frost(Bump.)" .

Against the “expanded understanding of nominative sentences”, when they also include “constructions that include adverbial secondary members: The city is quiet; It's a stuffy summer outside; Around the taiga" and the authors of "Fundamentals of Russian Grammar", but they did not provide a more detailed description of these sentences . In a later work (“Typology of the Russian sentence”) Anatoly Mikhailovich Lomov characterized sentences belonged to a wide and quite diverse class of one-part subject sentences with a nominative center .

9. In accordance with another approach, existential sentences with a zero predicate and an explicit localizer of an existing object are classified as single-component. So, N. Yu. Shvedova in locative word forms that occupy the position of a predicated component, he sees adverbial determinants - special secondary members of the sentence that relate “to the entire composition of the sentence and are not associated with any of its individual members.” Therefore, she classifies sentences with a structure-forming nominative and determining word forms as nominative .

We also believe that offers like Outside the window there is a naked Birch - with a twig that looks like a broom(L. Oshin) also nominative. This conclusion can be reached by the presence of the seme “being” in the meaningful structure of sentences. It is the presence of this seme that unites them with classical (traditionally distinguished) nominative sentences and allows us to consider both named types as one of the varieties of a semantically large group of existential (being) sentences. Characterized sentences differ from traditionally qualified nominative sentences in that they contain a locative construction that names space as a container for an existing object. The presence of such a construction is a constitutive feature of an existential sentence: an object can be located, be present only in a certain space, being outside space is impossible. Therefore, the starting point of the message given in existential sentences should be recognized as a construction that represents the domain of being.

Consequently, the subject of an existential sentence should be recognized as the image of a certain fragment of the world, a certain space, verbalized by a locative construction. The predicate is represented by an existential verbal lexeme, and the subject of existence (object of existence) by a non-referential name .

Thus, the presented logical-semantic approach to the organization of an existential sentence (we did not set ourselves the goal of producing an abstract-grammatical, or subject-predicate, analysis) allows us to recognize the scheme “ where is what" It is formed by three full-valued word forms: a locative subject, marking the container of certain objects, a verbal predicative, representing the seme of being, presence, and an objective in the form of the nominative case with the meaning of an existing object. Each of the components of the structural diagrams represents specific lexical material. The locative subject is represented by nouns with spatial or (less often) temporal meaning in the corresponding prepositional case forms or correlative adverbs. The position of an existential predicative can be represented by one of the components of a numerous series of verbs of being, highlighted Nina Davidovna Arutyunova And Evgeniy Nikolaevich Shiryaev, with dominant There is meaning `available`. The position of the third component of the scheme, the object of being, has the ability to replace two lexical groups of nouns. The first group includes names with the meaning of objects (living and inanimate) that have the ability to be located in space, such as table, chair, book, tree, desk, house, institution, institute, father, brother and under. The second group includes abstract nouns that denote processes and phenomena occurring in time, time periods: winter, summer, day, meeting, meeting, conference, war, truce and under.

The signified of the structural diagram is a typical proposition represented by the meanings: `locus` - `being` - `existing object`. Examples: In the middle of the hall stood oval diningtable , covered with yellow marbled oilcloth, andagainst the walls beds were placed between the columns ... (Kuprin);

On a high hill , at the confluence of two rivers,

From hoary antiquity, from the Horde Khan,

AncientAlatyr city costs fifth century,

Remembering the Russians in battles with the infidel horde

In sentences with a non-verbalized predicate like There's a crush at the station(D. Furmanov); All around - lights, lights, lights... Shoulder - gun belts(A. Blok); The entire area slopes down to the sea, like a geographical map. And then there’s the sea! (A. Kuprin) locative word forms ( at the station, around, shoulder, there further) also denote place, space as a container for the named objectified processes ( crush) or objects ( belts, sea); the predicate of being, presence is represented by the dominant of the verbal series of existential verbs in the zero form, which means the coincidence of the moment of perception of the pictures being drawn with the moment of speech, time of perception and text time. Consequently, the construction of these sentences is based on the same structural scheme - “where is what”. Similar examples:

Back at home... Humiliated, angry and happy.

Night or day there, in the window ?

There's a month, like a clown, above the roofs of the masses

Makes a grimace at me...(A. Blok);

There is a green lamp in the corner .

From her - golden rays .

Nanny, bent over the bed...

“Let me wrap your little legs and little hands»

A grammatical modification of this scheme leads to the inclusion of a verb form in the structure of the utterance There is in the form of the past and future tense, as well as in the forms of the indirect mood. In this case, the position of the locative component can be replaced by a temporal component. For example :

Here once ancientchurch was ,

On the steep bank the bell tower was white,

Among the oaks and birches she seemed to be floating

Above Sura, which glittered under the steep

After yesterday's rain and storm was a clear sunny day, quiet and warm, and all of Marseille seemed washed anew(A. Kuprin).

Classical nominative sentences, being a type of existential sentences with a non-verbalized position of an existential predicate and a locative subject - the container of objects and phenomena of the surrounding real world - have the same three-component structural scheme “where is what”: being is impossible outside of space. The signified of the scheme is the same proposition “being”, represented by the meanings “local subject” - “being” - “existing object”.

10 The formation of statements with the meaning of the presence (existence) of an object in a certain area of ​​the surrounding observer of the real world, represented by the only nominative case of an existing object (phenomenon), is a consequence of incomplete implementation (structural-semantic modification) of the structural scheme of an existential sentence, represented by the ellipsis of the locative subject. The unoccupied syntactic position of the subject, however, does not affect the component composition of the structural scheme of the nominative sentence. As for the referent of statements, it is represented by a situation that has to be “here” and “now”.

Consequently, statements informing about the presence of an object (phenomenon) with a verbalized and non-verbalized domain of existence and an implicit predicate of existence form one type of nominative sentences. Traditionally terminative nominative sentences are an incomplete secondary formation from complete existential sentences with explicit or implicit beingness and a locative subject .

Sentences with a verbalized subject and a zero predicate represent an invariant of the “where is what” structural scheme; sentences with an ellipsis of the subject represent its incomplete version.

Justifying the derivative nature of the classical nominative sentence, N. D. Arutyunova and E. N. Shiryaev write: “Schemas of existential sentences with a localizer include a localizer as a constitutive member that determines the essence of the scheme itself. As a member with a specific reference, the localizer connects the concept of reality, called by the non-referential name of an existing object, with reality itself. Without such a connection, the very idea of ​​being in language would simply be impossible. This does not mean that there are no existential sentences in the language without a localizer expressed by a special word. Like any other sentences, existential sentences can rely on context or constitution, as a result of which so-called incomplete sentences are made possible. In them, by the very structure of the existential sentence, they conclude, an unsubstituted syntactic position of the localizer is given: if there is a name of an existing object, then there must be a localizer, and since the localizer is not verbally represented, it is legitimate to see its unsubstituted syntactic position. The semantic meaning of an unsubstituted position is derived from the context or constitution." (our italics - V.K.).

The results of the study allowed Stella Naumovna Tseytlin to come to similar conclusions, who argues that nominative existential sentences of the type Silence; Yearning; Boredom arose as a result of the reduction of “two-part” sentences: There is silence in the forest → Silence; I'm sad → Melancholy .

Zinaida Danilovna Popova and Galina Aleksandrovna Volokhina consider nominative sentences with a single nominative as verbalizing one meaning of the proposition of the concept “existence of an object”, marked by the nominative case with the meaning of a visible, sensory object, existing at the moment of speech in a spatial localizer .

However, this approach to the genetic nature of nominative sentences is not generally accepted. In the specialized scientific literature, some researchers traditionally see the distribution of the nominative sentence by secondary members in the selected structures. N. Yu. Shvedova, who was the first to draw attention to the very special role of constructions “freely attached to the core of a sentence,” called them determinants related to the entire sentence as a whole . This view allowed sentences like Winter; Silence; Stomp be considered as the primary and basic structure of nominative sentences, and in constructions with locative extenders ( There is dampness in the forest) see the result of the propagation of the main structure.

V. Yu. Koprov also characterizes sentences with a localizer as a common variant of actantless nominative sentences .

11 The verbal non-representation of the location of an object in a classical nominative sentence is due to its constitutive redundancy: an existing object is located in a certain space, “here”, its perception coincides with the moment of speech, “now”. The duplicate nomination of locus and time of perception does not carry new information and is not stylistically justified. In addition, researchers note the stylistic markedness and limitations of nominative sentences with an elliptically spaced localizer.

The specificity of nominative sentences represented by one nominative case is that their inherent fragmentation and laconicism make it possible to create speech segments that are more capacious in content. “They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the experience and imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the overall picture of the described situation or events.” . A. S. Popov notes that such pictures are perceived faster than the usual, detailed description.” . For example: Devastation. Hunger. Poor life . Our thin-legged dolls had an enormous appetite(L. Tatyanicheva); Bed, grandma, cat ... The grandmother sang something sad from the steppe, sometimes yawning and crossing her mouth(S. Yesenin); Front , partisan region, rear . Evacuation, occupation, losses, search, meetings after decades... Stories of the war and post-war years, dramatic and almost detective stories. The fates of those whom the war overtook in infancy, and those children wartime, who themselves have already become parents, and through whose lives her dark trace continues even now(A. Aleksin); Spicyevening . The dawns are going out. Fog is creeping across the grass, By the fence on the slope Your sundress has turned white(Yesenin). “Laconism and at the same time the focus on conveying broad general content determine the expressiveness of noun sentences” . If necessary, the container of an existing object can be easily restored from its condition.

12 Another thing is sentences like You are hysterical, Nikolai Ivanovich(A.T.), qualified by P. A. Lekant as nominative dissected along with sentences Behind the dunes are vast swamps and low forests(Paust.); Frost in the morning(Bump.) . Their assignment to the group of nominative existentials is doubtful: a sentence with the meaning of the mental state of the subject represents a non-specialized phraseological structural diagram “ who has what condition”, historically correlated with the structural scheme of the concept “possession” (“possession”) “who has (has) what”: the subject of the scheme is represented by the word form “y + will give birth. pad.", predicative - a static noun in the form eminent. pad. in combination with a bunch There is . The same should be said about proposals Yearning; Boredom, fainting , representing an incomplete modification of the structural diagram of the concept “state” “who has what state”.

13 Thus, the approach to nominative sentences as a variety of existential sentences removes the question of qualification of sentences like The apartment is cold; In the auditorium there are tables, a lectern, a blackboard; Today is the conference including word forms with adverbial meaning, territories - containers of an existing object. They should be recognized as nominative sentences of full form, including, along with the nominative of a non-referential name with the meaning of the object of presence, adverbial word forms - markers of the predicated subject component. The structural diagram of these sentences is “where is what”. The invariant of the scheme is represented by the adverbial subjective word form, the zero form of the verbal predicative and the nominative objective with the meaning of an object or objectified phenomenon existing in the marked space.

The speech implementation of the structural scheme “where is what” led to the formation of a nominative sentence representing the situation of being, the presence of an object (phenomenon) in a certain space in the form of a single nominative case with the meaning of an existing object. This structure should be recognized as a secondary formation, which was a consequence of reduction, incomplete implementation of the structural scheme of an existential sentence with a verbalized predicated component.

14 As for the ways of expressing predicativity in nominative sentences, our approach to the grammatical nature of sentences of this type allows us to recognize the verbal way of expressing predicativity, as in any other Russian verbal sentence, regardless of the form of implementation of the verb, material or zero. In a nominative sentence it is a verb be, represented by zero or material form There is, as well as forms was, will be, would be. The morphological way of expressing predicativity is accompanied by intonation of the message.

15Nominative sentences, both full and reduced, are widespread in texts of fiction, performing a compositional function, starting or completing a narrative.

The descriptive nature of nominative sentences helps create the background for the subsequent text. For example: There's a glow in the sky . The dead of night is dead. The forest trees crowd around me, But the rumor of a distant unknown city is clearly heard(A. Blok); It's raining and slushy outside , You don’t know what to grieve about. And I’m bored, and I want to cry, and there’s nowhere to put my strength.(A. Blok); Late evening . The street is empty. One tramp slouches and the wind whistles... (A. Blok); In front of me is a bouquet of Red roses, I bought it on the way, at Prokhladnaya station. The carriage is filled with fragrant beauty, the petals sparkle with the dew of pure tears.(L. Oshin); Foggy window, Rain outside. Quiet in the room, warmth of my companion(L. Oshin); Thaw. Ice and water underfoot, Blackened snow trampled into mud, Wind gusts whistle between the branches, People grumble, angry at the weather(L. Oshin).

Nominative sentences perform the same function, creating the background of what is happening, in the stage directions of dramatic works. For example: At Sorrini's house.Papers on the table Andbooks Andhourglass ; Garden . Twilight , and the moon in the sky,left alcove ; Garden, day. Decoration of the last scene of the 2nd act;A room in the house of Pavel Grigorievich Arbenin, a cabinet with books and a bureau. The action takes place in Moscow(M. Lermontov); Outpost on Yaik, In the depths there is a shaft and a gate, Closer to the kuren. There is a garrison on the rampart in combat readiness; Large room in Ustinya's house. Morning. The Cossack women are sitting waiting for Ustinya to come out;Village street. Izba Marey, then the widows Sidorovna and others.Behind the huts is tall steep bank of a large river (K. Trenev); Well furnished apartment . On the wall is a large, full-length portrait of Perth the Great ( S. Yesenin).

Less often, nominative sentences conclude the narrative, as if summing up the reasoning, and explain what is happening. For example: Today is a special day in my life - I turned seventy-three years old. The trees are naked, the sun's shadow on the gold of the foliage.Beautiful weather (L. Oshin); The ball rolls softly, the knitting needles flicker,cigarette smoke ANDsilence (L. Oshin); February ... The cold is crushing and twisting the earth. The sun rises in white frosty heat. On the river under the arable land the ice tinkles fragilely.February ... (Sholokhov).

Nominative sentences are a laconic form of depicting pictures of nature, surroundings, and the internal state of a person. For example: City . Corner . Little houses on the outskirts, rare overcoats. (M. Bulgakov.); Is it my side, my side,Grief streak . Only forest , Yesstriped , YesTrans-river spit ...(S. Yesenin.); Heights. Clouds. Water. Brody. Rivers. Years Andcentury . (Parsnip); Blue sky, colored arc , Quietly the steppe banks flow, Smoke stretches out, near the crimson villages The wedding of the crows has covered the palisade. (S. Yesenin).

Nominative sentences are a convenient form for conveying the hero’s personal memories. For example, the use of nominative sentences in the story “A Boring Story” in the description of the area allowed A.P. Chekhov to highlight the details that seem to him the most important and help to recreate the picture as a whole:

At a quarter to ten I need to go to my dear boys to give a lecture.

I get dressed and walk along a road that has been familiar to me for 30 years and has its own history for me.Here big gray house with a pharmacy ; here once stood a small house, and in it there was a porterhouse; In this porter's room I thought about my dissertation and wrote my first love letter to Varya. He wrote in pencil on a sheet of paper with the heading “Historia morbi”.Here grocery bench ; once it was run by a Jew who sold me cigarettes on credit, then a fat woman who loved students because “each of them has a mother”, now there sits a red-haired merchant, a very indifferent man, drinking tea from a copper teapot. AHere gloomy , not repaired for a long timeuniversity gates ; bored street cleaner in a sheepskin coat,broom , heaps snow... Such a gate cannot make a healthy impression on a fresh boy who has arrived from the provinces and imagines that the temple of science is really a temple. In general, the dilapidation of university buildings, the gloominess of the corridors, the soot of the walls, the lack of light, the dull appearance of the steps, hangers and benches in the history of Russian pessimism occupy one of the first places among a number of predisposing reasons...Here and oursgarden . It doesn't seem to have gotten any better or worse since I was a student. I do not like him. It would be much smarter if, instead of consumptive lindens, yellow acacia and rare, trimmed lilacs, tall pines and good oaks grew here.

The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-Part Sentences contain two main members - subject and predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's getting dark.

Types of one-part sentences

Principal term expression form	Examples	Correlative constructions two-part sentences
1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE
1.1. Definitely personal proposals
Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person).	I love the storm in early May. Run after me!	I I love the storm in early May. You Run after me!
1.2. Vaguely personal proposals
Predicate verb in third person plural (past tense and conditional mood predicate verb in plural).	They knock on the door. There was a knock on the door.	Somebody knocks on the door. Somebody knocked in the door.
1.3. Generalized personal proposals
They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person).	You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). Do not count your chickens before they are hatched(in form - vaguely personal). You can't get rid of the spoken word. You’ll have a snack at the rest stop, and then you’ll go again.	Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. All do not count your chickens before they are hatched . Any ( any) counts chickens in the fall. From the spoken word any won't let go. I I’ll have a snack at the rest stop and then go again.
1.4. Impersonal offer
1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form).	A) It's getting light; It was getting light; I'm lucky; b) Melting; V) To me(Danish case) can't sleep; G) by the wind(creative case) blew the roof off.	b) Snow is melting; V) I am not sleeping; G) The wind tore off the roof.
2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) It's cold outside ; b) I'm cold; V) I'm upset ;	a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; V) I am sad.
3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb.	A) To me sorry to leave with you; b) To me Need to go .	A) I I don't want to leave with you; b) I have to go.
4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a short passive participle of the past tense in the singular form, neuter.	Closed . Well said, Father Varlaam. The room is smoky.	The shop is closed . Father Varlaam said smoothly. Someone smoked in the room.
5) The predicate no or a verb in an impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences).	No money . There was no money. There is no money left. There wasn't enough money.
6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences).	There is not a cloud in the sky. There wasn't a cloud in the sky. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.	The sky is cloudless. The sky was cloudless. I don't have a penny. I didn't have a penny.
1.5. Infinitive sentences
The predicate is an independent infinitive.	Everyone keep quiet! Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea! To forgive a person, you need to understand him.	Everyone keep quiet. There will be a thunderstorm. I would go to the sea. To you could forgive the person, you must understand him.
2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT
Nominative (nominative) sentences
The subject is a name in the nominative case (there cannot be a circumstance or addition in the sentence that would relate to the predicate).	Night . Spring .	Usually there are no correlative structures.

Notes

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: the genitive case form will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).

4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.

Wed: It was night ; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.

4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: I'm walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

1. Determine the type of one-part sentence.
2. Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.

A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.

With a kind word you can melt a stone(proverb).

The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; by meaning - generalized-personal: the action of a predicate verb refers to any acting person(cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).

It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).

The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter gender).

Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).

The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.