Workbook on the world around us, planet of knowledge

Although the world and is not the main subject, but knowledge in it is still as important as in other disciplines. To make them more complete, and also to eliminate all possible gaps, you can use the workbook for the textbook "The world 4th grade Workbook No. 1 Ivchenkova, Potapov Bustard Planet of Knowledge".

Main settings

This publication has a convenient structure, so it will be easier for children to find the required number. The tasks are provided with very good answers, which will help you understand even the most difficult topic. Usage GDZ on the surrounding world 4th grade Ivchenkova online presupposes a certain ethics and restraint, since many schoolchildren are strongly tempted to write off the existing solution.

Who is the solution book suitable for?

excellent students, to check their academic achievements;
those lagging behind in the program, to consolidate knowledge;
parents to control their children.

The main role of the textbook's solution book "The world around us, grade 4, Workbook No. 1 by Ivchenkov" is to serve as a means of self-control. It can also help restore poorly learned knowledge.

The world around us 4th grade

Ivchenkova, Potapov

Planet of Knowledge

Geography, biology and history includes the subject the world. It is difficult for a 9-year-old child to understand such a volume of information. Often for a lesson you need to prepare an oral response, complete a project or research work. And at the end of the year it is worthy to write a transfer test.

How to do homework quickly and efficiently

The exact answers can be found in the textbook's workbook. “The world around us 4th grade textbook by Ivchenkova, Potapov Bustard Planet of Knowledge”. The publication contains information on 80 topics to prepare for lessons in the first half of the year. Including examples of projects, tests and illustrated tasks. The collection is available online, so finding the answer you need won’t be difficult.

Why do you need a GDZ collection?

Take advantage of the data teaching aid in the following situations:

The student does not know how to complete the assignment in the subject.
You need to learn a large amount of material and complete the project in one evening.
The child asks to check whether he prepared the lesson well.

How is a solution book useful for a student?

Using in preparation for a lesson in the collection GDZ A junior student will learn to independently search for and process information. You will see examples of detailed answers and well-executed projects. Will acquire the skill of self-control, reading diagrams, plans, tables and maps.

Fourth grade– graduating class of junior school. Academic year ends diagnostic work to test knowledge of the entire course of the first years of study. This is the first exam in a student’s life. The task before the student is extremely responsible and serious - to reliably prepare for a number of subjects.

Personal trainer

Parental help has a significant drawback - the lack of pedagogical professionalism, which is expressed in the desire to complete the entire task for the child, and not explain to him the entire solution algorithm. Brings much more benefit independent work student with support professional literature- workbook for the manual “The world around us, grade 4. Workbook by Ivchenkov, Potapov Bustard”.

Briefly about the Workbook

Reshebnik divided into topics for two academic semesters and considers all the material of the subject the world:

Our region.
What is weather?
How human economic activity changes nature.
Forests and people.
The influence of big cities on wild animals.
Natural areas of Russia.

The publication is supplemented with thematic illustrations and is precisely targeted at this age group. The manual will help parents stay up to date with the material being studied.

Explanation: To download a book (from Google Drive), click on the top right - ARROW IN RECTANGLE. Then in the new window at the top right - DOWN ARROW. To read, just scroll the page up and down with the wheel.

Text from the book:

Planet of Knowledge G.G. Ivchenkova, I.V. Potapov Publishing house "Astrel" _______-i l. . ^ "^V ■ > G' E?.. OUR HOMELAND ON PLANET EARTH ■" ;"-i; "G4-(.(3; g -V Planet of knowledge sr G. G. Ivchenkova, I. V. Potapov 4 class Textbook for four-year-old primary school In two parts Part 1 2nd edition, revised Recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ACT Astrel Moscow 2008 UDC 373:502 BBK 20ya71 I25 All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or any part without the permission of the copyright holder is punishable by law. A set of textbooks for primary schools “Planet of Knowledge” is published under the general editorship of I. A. Petrova. Authors of the textbook “The World Around us. 4th grade"'. G. G. Ivchenkova, I. V. Potapov (part 1), E. V. Saplina, A. I. Saplin (part 2) Conventions Invariant part Variable part Pair work Differentiated tasks Intellectual marathon Creative works Information search Demonstration experience © Ivchenkova G. G., Potapov I. V., 2006 © Development of the textbook structure and standard assignments under the guidance of Petrova I. A., 2006 © Astrel Publishing House LLC, 2006 Our country Russia is beautiful and amazing. In this large country there is a part where each of us lives, studies or works - our region. The life and activities of people in a particular region largely depend on natural conditions: weather, terrain, soil, flora and fauna, the presence of reservoirs and minerals. To properly use the natural resources of your region, you need to know and love it. -h/ Our region Weather Weather is characterized by air temperature, direction and strength of wind, cloudiness, precipitation. Weather prediction is the science of meteorology. Natural and artificial communities P.53-95 Meadow, forest, pond - natural communities Animals and plants are adapted to living conditions in natural communities In natural communities, organisms are closely related to each other The importance and protection of natural communities Artificial communities: field and garden.V Terrain surface, subsoil and soil Plains and mountains are the main forms of the land surface The terrain surface changes under the influence of the Sun, water and wind Dumps, quarries, mounds, mounds - forms of the land surface created by man Coal, peat, oil, gas, ores - the most important minerals in the economy Soils are: podzolic, chernozem, gray forest, peat-bog, saline P.29-52 Our region WEATHER Usually When going out, we ask about the weather. We often have to take unexpected and sometimes unpleasant changes into account in our activities. Are you and your parents going to go on vacation in July? What will the weather be like at this time? Good weather during vacation has great importance. Does the teacher want to give a tour? He needs to know what the weather will be like. The driver, the pilot, and the railway worker need to know the weather in order to be prepared for surprises along the way. People of various professions are interested in the weather: geologists and fishermen, builders and scientists, tourists and gardeners. What is weather? Remember what atmosphere is. Give examples of the three states of water in nature. Scientists call weather the state of the atmosphere in a given area at a given time. Remember, in second grade you noted the air temperature, the state of the sky, and precipitation in your observation diary. These and other phenomena characterize the weather. Air temperature. The air constantly heats up and cools down, that is, its temperature changes. You know that air temperature is measured with a device called a thermometer. The temperature is marked with a number with a small circle at the top and the Latin letter C (pronounced “tse”). The circle represents degrees, and the letter C is the first letter of the name Celsius, the inventor of the thermometer we use. Scientists have found that the sun's rays pass through transparent air, almost without heating it. They heat the earth's surface, which transfers its heat to the air. The hotter it is, the warmer the air above it, and vice versa. And the higher we rise above the Earth's surface, the colder the air. High in the mountains, even in summer, there is snow and ice. You know that warm air is lighter than cold air, therefore, when heated from the earth's surface, the air rises. Colder air takes its place. This is how air mixes in nature. Because of this continuous movement the air temperature changes all the time. Cloudiness. The sky may be cloudless. Then they say: “I see.” Sometimes clouds cover the entire sky. Then we say that the sky is completely cloudy. We call this weather cloudy. Or clouds may appear and disappear, at times covering the entire sky. Then we are talking about partly cloudy skies. Our region You know that clouds are cirrus, stratus, and cumulus. Other types of clouds can be seen in the sky. For example, “lambs”, cumulonimbus, thunderclouds. All these clouds are at different heights from the Earth's surface. Precipitation. In the third grade you became acquainted with such natural phenomena as rain, snow, frost, dew, fog. Scientists call all these natural phenomena precipitation. Most often, precipitation falls from clouds. You know that when water vapor cools, it turns into tiny drops of water or ice crystals, which gradually form clouds. When water droplets or ice crystals become too heavy, they fall to the ground as rain or snow. In addition to snow and rain, round pieces of ice sometimes fall from the clouds - this is hail. Hail is formed like this. Water droplets in a cloud rise upward with air currents. When the temperature drops, they freeze, become heavy and begin to fall down. But currents of warm air lift them up again. At the same time, a thin layer of ice crystals freezes on the ice floes once again. The result is ice balls that can be of different sizes: from a pea to a pigeon egg. By destroying crops, hail causes great harm to agriculture. Precipitation plays an important role in life on Earth. Rain, snow and other precipitation participate in the water cycle in nature. 8 Imagine what would happen if too little rain fell in a certain area. A drought will begin, crops will die, animals and people will suffer from the heat. What happens if it rains heavily for a very long time? This can also lead to various disasters. Which ones do you think? 1. What is weather? 2. Remember and tell how clouds are formed (you studied this in third grade). 3. Look at the pictures on page 7. What can you say about cloudiness? 4. What types of precipitation do you know? How are they formed? 5. What role does precipitation play in the water cycle in nature? 6. Why does hail harm agriculture? 7. Using the diagram, explain how hail is formed. 8. Have you ever watched hail fall? Tell us about this phenomenon. 9. a) Try to explain why, the higher we rise above the land surface, the lower the air temperature. 6) Why do you think there is snow on the tops of high mountains all year round? 10. When water evaporates from the surface of the Earth, light particles of toxic substances, such as acids, can rise into the sky along with the steam. They will rise with steam in one place and fall with rain in another. How can such rains harm plants and animals? Explain why doctors do not recommend walking in the rain without a hat or umbrella. How the weather depends on the wind Remember what wind is and how it is formed. You studied this in third grade. What is the wind called if it blows from the south? What if from the west? You must have noticed that when the wind blows from the south, the weather is usually warmer, and when it blows from the north, it is colder. Humid winds blow from the sea. In summer they bring rain, in winter - 1>’ Our region is snow. If the wind blows from the desert, then it is dry, there is almost no water vapor in it. With such winds there are droughts. Winds can be strong, moderate, or weak. The strength of the wind depends on its speed. The faster the air moves over the Earth's surface, the stronger the wind. The strength of the wind can be determined by various signs. When the leaves on the trees move only slightly, it is a weak wind. When the wind shakes the branches of trees, raises dust and scraps of paper, it is called moderate. A strong wind shakes trees, breaks branches, and raises waves on the surface of the lake. A very strong wind is called a hurricane. A hurricane uproots trees, destroys houses, and lifts and carries heavy objects from place to place. Hurricanes can cause great destruction. You know that the wind often changes direction, and it is named after the side of the horizon from which it blows. The direction of the wind can be determined using a special device - a weather vane. The weather vane needle turns towards the wind. At the bottom of the weather vane, rods are fixedly fixed; they show the sides of the horizon. The strength of the wind is determined by the deflection of the metal board attached to the weather vane. Arrow \ 10 1. Explain what effect wind has on the weather. 2. By what signs can you determine the strength of the wind? 3. Where does the wind blow from if the weather vane arrow points to the east? What is the name of the wind that blows from the northwest? 4. The wind sometimes helps a person, and sometimes causes great harm. Give examples. 5. What device helps a person create artificial wind? What is this device for? Observations of nature 1. Observe the weather in your area during the fall: air temperature, sky conditions, precipitation. The air temperature should be noted around noon. Record your observations in the table in your workbook. 2. Observe the height of the Sun above the horizon. In an open area near the school, drive a 1 meter long pole into the ground. At the end of each month at noon, mark the length of the shadow cast by the pole. Write down the measurement data (in centimeters) in your notebook. Terrible natural phenomena On hot summer days you can see a dust column rising on the road. Spinning, he rushes in one direction or another. It's a whirlwind. Leaves, branches and pieces of paper rise high up in this whirlwind, and then fall. The vortex can reach enormous sizes, forming a tornado - a giant column of rotating air that moves above the Earth at tremendous speed. It absorbs everything that comes in its way: water, stones, plants and animals. 11 Our region When the tornado loses its strength, all this falls to the ground. You've probably seen a thunderstorm. Dark clouds appear in the sky, thunder rumbles, lightning flashes. During thunderstorms, showers, storms and hurricanes often occur. Scientists are observing these natural phenomena, since they have not yet been sufficiently studied. Lightning is an electrical discharge that occurs between clouds and is accompanied by thunder. Thunder is not dangerous to humans, lightning is. We see lightning at the moment of formation, and often hear the sound - thunder - later. This happens because light travels faster than sound. Lightning can cause a fire, damage wires, and kill an animal or person. Lightning often strikes tall, free-standing objects, or water. Therefore, during a thunderstorm you should not stay in bodies of water or be close to them. You cannot stand under free-standing trees, near poles, or metal supports of power lines. It is dangerous to be in an elevated place, such as the top of a hill. The safest place to be is on the side of a hill, hiding in a ditch or hollow. As a last resort, you can lie down or sit on the ground. In cities and villages, lightning rods are installed on the roofs of buildings to protect against lightning. If snow falls during strong winds, blizzards occur. They cover roads and ponds with snow, and create huge snowdrifts. A strong snowstorm impedes the movement of traffic and makes it difficult to navigate the area. It’s easy to get lost in a forest or field during a heavy snowstorm. When frost strikes after a thaw, a layer of ice forms on the surface of the ground, buildings, trees, poles, and wires. When there is ice, the road becomes slippery. This leads to accidents and injuries, so when there is ice, drivers and pedestrians need to be especially attentive to each other. To reduce slipping, pavements and sidewalks are sprinkled with special mixtures. Tires with spikes are put on car wheels. 1. What is a tornado? 2. What is lightning? Why is lightning dangerous and not thunder? 3. Look at the pictures. Did the children hide from the thunderstorm correctly? 13 (L Our region 4. Tell me what you will do if you are caught in a thunderstorm while walking. 5. People often call a lightning rod a lightning rod. Is this correct? Explain your answer. 6. What is ice? How is it dangerous? 7. Once upon a time In France, an amazing phenomenon was observed: frogs fell to the ground from the sky! In Scotland, “fish rains” were observed several times. How do you explain these amazing “rains”? 8. Using reference books, find out what a simoom, a tornado is. Tell us about these phenomena nature to your friends. 9. Together with a friend, select photographs with menacing natural phenomena and make an album. How to predict the weather Remember if there were times in your life when it was very important for you to know about the weather in advance. Is it possible to predict the weather? It turns out that you can. In every area, people have been predicting the weather for a long time using signs. Many people talk about these signs folk proverbs, sayings, poems. Read the following signs. The west wind is a crybaby, it cries and brings rain. Swallows fly low above the ground - predicting rain. Folk signs are not fictitious, but taken from many years of observations of natural phenomena. 14 Indeed, to the west of our country there is a large body of water - Atlantic Ocean. That's why westerly winds wet. They usually bring with them a lot of precipitation. The sign about swallows also has a scientific explanation. Insects' wings are often covered with fluff and hairs. These hairs easily absorb moisture from the air. Therefore, while the air is dry, insects fly high. And before it rains, the air becomes humid. The wings of insects become wet and heavy - you can no longer fly high. Insects are forced to descend closer to the surface of the earth. Swallows and swifts descend to chase insects. Here are some folk signs that you can completely trust. They have a scientific explanation. Scientists call them local signs of weather change. Cirrus clouds portend bad weather for two days or more. The smoke of a fire goes straight up - to good weather, spreads along the ground - to bad weather. In the evening, clouds are scattered across the sky in small pieces - expect rain the next day. Heavy dew in the morning means good weather, no dew means rain. The bees hid in the hive - to the rain. Scientific weather prediction is the science of meteorology. In our country there are several thousand meteorological stations where weather observations are carried out. 15 Our region currently operates the World Weather Watch. Several times a day in most countries of the world, readings are taken from instruments and the data is transmitted to the main weather center of the country. Observations are carried out not only at the surface of the Earth, but also high in the atmosphere. For this purpose, sounding balloons are launched and laboratory aircraft take off for meteorological measurements. Special equipment on weather satellites makes it possible to photograph the Earth from space. Based on these images, weather forecasts are compiled for the entire Earth. Laboratory aircraft Meteorological satellite Meteorological station Launching a radiosonde 4) 1. Together with a friend, check the following signs: Cumulus clouds moving low means bad weather, high clouds mean good weather. The sun sets in a cloud - bad weather. The cat curled up into a ball and covered its nose with its tail - to the cold weather. 2. Find out what other weather signs there are. 16 Is it possible to control the weather? Is it possible to make the weather to order? Something is possible. For example, you can disperse clouds by launching rockets into them with a special substance that is harmless to people and animals. This can protect an area from rain by causing the rain to fall in advance. “Dispersing” clouds is not so easy. And very expensive. Therefore, rockets are launched into the clouds only in very important cases. For example, when heavy hail is expected. Hailstones falling from the clouds can destroy crops in a field, destroy vineyards, and knock unripe fruits from trees to the ground. Where hail often occurs, there are anti-hail detachments. They are armed with missiles and shells filled with substances that turn dangerous hailstones into raindrops. According to M. Krivich and O. Holguin Of course, such actions cannot yet be called weather control. Perhaps someday people will actually learn to do this. But first we have to learn a lot about the nature around us and its laws. After all, by violating the relationships that have developed in nature, we can cause irreparable harm not only environment, but also to people's health. 1. What do you think about this? 2. Write a story about weather control. 17 Our region OUR TERRITORY ON THE PLAN AND MAP Let's go outside and look around. Everything we see is called a terrain view. As you go up, the visible space will expand. To get a good look at the terrain, you need to climb as high as possible. Anyone who has ever climbed to the top of a mountain, looked out the window of a high-rise building, or observed the surface of the Earth from an airplane could be convinced of this. In second grade you were introduced to a globe - a model of the Earth. A more detailed image of the earth's surface is given on a geographical map. Even more detailed information is on the plan. Life modern people It’s hard to imagine without plans and maps. They are used by people of many professions. For example, when building a city, a detailed plan is made, streets, places for squares and parks, houses and bridges are marked on it. Geologists determine the route for searching for minerals on a map and mark the deposits found on it. In rural areas, each household needs plans for its land. A terrain plan is also necessary during military operations. The ability to use a plan can be useful to anyone. According to the city plan, it is easy to find the desired street or house. Having a plan of the surroundings of the sports camp, it is easy to outline hiking routes and competition routes. But first you need to learn how to read the plan, that is, be able to understand the symbols of the plan well. A person who knows how to read a plan can talk in detail about an area without ever having been there. Image of a path What is a horizon? You studied this in third grade. What is orientation? Name the main and intermediate sides of the horizon. At the end of summer 18, Kolya and his parents came to stay with friends. The owner of the house invited them to go pick mushrooms. “However,” he said, “I won’t be able to go with you.” He took out a compass and a piece of paper and quickly drew something. “Here,” he said, handing over the compass and drawing to Kolya’s father, “here is a schematic representation of the surroundings of our village.” The arrows show the path you should follow to avoid getting lost. The drawing shows the approximate distances between individual sections of the track. After leaving the house, you will follow the path to the north. The road will lead you to a birch grove. There are a lot of boletuses here. If you stick to the eastern direction while picking mushrooms, you will end up in young spruce forests. After passing through the spruce forest, you will come out onto the bank of the stream. Moving downstream, you will come to a mixed forest where mushrooms grow. In a mixed forest, stick to the north, then you will come to a clearing. Follow the clearing west to the end of the forest and you will come out onto the road that will lead you to our house. Using this drawing and a compass, you will not get lost. ® Follow the path of the mushroom pickers according to the diagram. 1. Remember how a compass works. How can you navigate using this device? 2. Look at the drawing and determine the direction in which the mushroom pickers need to go along the road to come to the house. 19 Our edge 3. Calculate the length of the path indicated by the arrows in the figure. 4. Take a sheet of paper and try to draw on it from memory your path from home to school. Check yourself on the way to school. Refine your drawing. Route diagram A route is the path followed, for example, by tourists, cars, trains. A route diagram usually shows how different paths are connected to each other. This helps travelers determine the most convenient way to get to the point they need, where they can change from one transport to another. 1. The Ivanov family came to St. Petersburg to see its sights. Using the diagram, determine the fastest way for Ivanov to get from Vosstaniya Square, where the Moskovsky Station is located, to the Sportivnaya metro station, where their friends are waiting for them. 2. How many stations must they pass? 3. How many transplants will they have to make? XO Terrain plan The figure shows some terrain. Can you determine the sides of the horizon and the distance between objects from the drawing? It's unlikely that you will succeed. This is why it is difficult to navigate by drawing or photograph. It is much easier to navigate according to the terrain plan. A terrain plan is a reduced-scale image of a small area of the earth's surface from above. What is the difference between a site plan and a drawing? In the figure, the view of the area can be shown from the side or from above. On the plan, the area is always depicted from above. Conventional signs are used to depict objects on the plan. The sides of the horizon are always indicated on the plan. In the figure, the sides of the horizon are not indicated. The direction of the sides of the horizon can be indicated arrow N-S . If there is no arrow, then the north side is considered to be the top part of the plan, and the south side is the bottom. This allows you to navigate the area using a plan. Practical work 1 1) Consider the drawing of the school site and its plan (p. 22). Compare them. 2) Together with a friend, look at the symbols on the school site plan. Find on the plan a school building, a sports ground, a playground, a flower garden, free-standing trees, an orchard. XI if " ■ in I X K m " m w " in " " I " g X X " playground Flower garden ^ Trees Fence n fruit garden 3) Is it possible to determine from the picture on which side of the horizon the entrance to the school is located? 4) How to determine the sides of the horizon on this plan? 5) Show on the plan the directions from the school building: strictly north, south, east, west, and let your friend check you, 6) Determine in which direction from the school the sports ground is located, and in which direction the children's playground. 7) What is located on the north side of the school and what is on the south? 8) From which side of the horizon can you enter the school yard if you use the gate next to the pool? 22 Kurokam.ru Practical work 2 1) Look at the symbols on the site plan near the village of Novoe. Find an orchard, meadow, mixed forest, swamp, arable land, ravine. 2) What is the name of the stream that the spring gives rise to? What is the name of the tributary of the Svetlaya River? In which direction does the Svetlaya River flow? 3) The tourists set off along a dirt road from the railway bridge to the forester’s house. Reading the symbols on the plan, describe the type of terrain they passed through. Have your friend check on you. I II U I « 1 n and I...H J * -L w Meadow Ravine, bush Spring Village pc i Shsh L Mixed forest and forester’s house Coniferous forest, clearing Railway Dirt road and bridge and wooden bridge l Swamp Orchard Arable land, vegetable garden Deciduous forest 1. Compare your school plot with the plan in the textbook. 2. Determine on which side of the horizon the entrance to your school is located. -L"" - _T ■" w 23 Our region 3. On which side of your school is the sports ground, on which side is the playground? 4. a) Draw a Magic City. Come up with street names. Does a river flow through the city? Is there one in the city? parks? 6) Come up with symbols and draw a plan of the Magic City. Scale To depict the area on the plan, scale is used. Scale is a number that shows how many times the distances on the drawing, plan or map are reduced. For example, the length of the school site is 90 meters, and its width is 60 meters. In order to depict this area on the plan, it is necessary to reduce its length and width. Take another look at the school site plan on page 22. Below you can see the inscription “1 cm 10 m”. This means that 1 centimeter on a plan represents 10 meters. ^" The scale can be different. For example, you can find ^4 on the plan the following inscription: “5 m in 1 cm” or “100 m in 1 cm.” This means that the dimensions and distances are reduced so that in the first case 1 centimeter per the plan depicts 5 meters on the ground, and in the second - 1 centimeter depicts 100 meters. in 1 cm 2 m 24 - "■"■1Г/У"ЧД- ■ ■■ "■ Kurokam.rii On the plan, the scale can be indicated by numbers, for example, 1 cm 2 m, or depicted as a line divided into centimeters. 1. What is scale? 2. Determine the length and width of the depicted class from the plan. 3. a) At home, draw a plan of the room in which you live, using the scale in 1 cm 50 cm. 6) Let your friend, using a scale, determine the length and width of the room on your plan. And you determine the dimensions of the room on his plan. Geographic map Remember the name of the science that studies the earth's surface. You studied this in second grade The word geography is translated from Greek language as an earth description^ It turns out that the surface of the Earth can be described not only with words, but also with conventional symbols. In the previous lessons you learned to read the symbols of the map, and now you will learn how you can study the nature of your native land using a map. A geographical map is a greatly reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane using conventional symbols. Distances on maps have been reduced hundreds and even millions of times. Therefore, the map cannot display the area in as much detail as the plan. Even large cities are depicted on the map with small circles or stars. Meridians and parallels are drawn on the map. These conditional lines show directions: meridians to the north and south, and parallels to the west and east. There are no such lines on the plan. Conventional signs are used to depict the earth's surface on a map. Land is indicated by different colors: green - low places, yellow - hills, brown - mountains. Reservoirs (rivers, lakes, seas) are indicated in blue. 25 Our region gh^ \ On maps depicting large areas of the earth's surface, there are always distortions. They arise because the Earth is spherical. A correct image of the earth's surface can only be shown on a globe. Mapping requires complex mathematical calculations. They are necessary to take into account the curvature of the earth's surface. Therefore, maps can only be drawn up by specialists. Science of geographical maps is called cartography, and those who draw maps are called cartographers. Cards come in many different varieties. Maps that show the outlines of continents, the height of land, and the depth of lakes and seas are called physical. Based physical cards special maps are created: for example, weather maps, maps of the composition and distribution of the population, historical maps. Historical maps can show various events and phenomena that occurred during different periods of human history, as well as the location of ancient states and military events. You will become acquainted with historical maps when you study the section “History of our Motherland.” Maps are often collected in special books - atlases. The name “atlas” is due to the fact that the first collections of maps depicted Atlas, a giant who, according to the ideas of the ancient Greeks, held the entire globe on his shoulders. 1. What is a map called? 2. What can be seen on the city plan, but cannot be seen on the map? Explain why. 3. How are cities, bodies of water and land surface depicted on the map? 4. What are the names of the conventional lines that show the directions on the map: north - south and west - east? 5. If your friend is going to go to an unfamiliar city, what would you advise him to take with him: a plan or a map? Explain your answer. Practical work Look at a map of the surrounding area of Moscow. Using conventional signs, determine how lakes, rivers, and canals are indicated on the map. GB Ж7 Our region I i) railways, cities. Find on the map the city of Moscow, the Moscow River, the city of Podolsk. 6. Look at a map of the area where you live. Find your locality on the city map. Find the ones closest to yours locality Rivers and lakes. What are their names? 7. Find out the names of maps that show the location of modern states. h- From the history of map creation Already in ancient times people began to create images of the area. At first these were simply route maps: hunting trails, paths along the river or along sea shores. They were carved on the bark of trees, painted on objects made of clay or metal. Usually it was broken line, and landmarks were marked on its sides: a mountain, a river bend, a well in the desert, or any other objects noticeable in the area. This route scheme had to be supplemented with oral history. Sometimes the story was given a poetic form so that the route would be better remembered. A very long time ago, people learned to draw up plans in which the area was depicted from above, as if from a high mountain or fortress tower. Turin world map (1080) Hereford world map (1260) 28 Kurokam.ru The most ancient maps were created more than 4 thousand years ago. The creators of these maps did not take into account the sphericity of the Earth, so the image of the earth's surface was very far from reality. The most famous ancient maps are road maps. In the center of the road map was the city - the capital of the state, and from it to the borders and to distant countries trade and military routes, land and river barriers, and populated areas were depicted. The outlines of the coasts were plotted on sea maps, bays convenient for anchorage were marked, and the distances between them were indicated. Inscriptions were made on the maps about the inhabitants of the shores, about winds and currents. Such maps were only suitable for sailing near the coast or between islands. More advanced sea maps appeared after the compass began to be used. Lines were drawn on the maps with which one could navigate. Such cards could also be used for sailing on the open sea. Over time, ancient cartographers, using complex mathematical calculations, learned to draw relatively detailed maps. According to L. S. Abramov 1. Why did people begin to create plans and maps already in ancient times? 2. Why do you think maps became more advanced with the invention of the compass? 3. Try to find the most ancient map your locality. To do this, you can contact your local history museum. SURFACE, SUBSOIL AND SOIL The surface of the Earth is very diverse. In some places there are plains, in others mountains rise. Plains and mountains are the main forms of land surface. "■"*3 ■ X9 Our region V--“ Surface shapes have always been of great importance for human life. Since ancient times, people have sought to settle on flat terrain, along the banks of calm rivers, on the slopes of gentle hills or in wide mountain valleys. Such places are convenient build houses, farm, lay roads. Plains Large areas of flat or slightly hilly land surface are called plains. When we stand on the flat surface of a plain, it seems to us that it has no slope. In fact, this is not the case. The surface of a plain usually has a slight slope in some direction. Rivers flow along it in this direction. Very often there are hills on the plains. Such a plain is called hilly. Each hill is an elevation above the surface of the land. Hills come in different heights (from 10 to 200 meters). hills are distinguished by the base, slope and top. Often on the plains you can see sharp depressions with steep slopes and a narrow bottom - ravines. Gullies can reach several kilometers in length and several tens of meters in width. Often side ravines branch off from one ravine. The area covered with ravines can be very picturesque. Gullies are formed on the surface of the Earth as a result of the activity of flowing water. Have you ever watched a rainstorm begin? The first drops of rain are very large. The impact of such a drop on the ground leaves a hole on its surface, and soil particles scatter in all directions. When snow melts or rains, water rushes in muddy streams and carries away soil particles and rocks , forming potholes - small depressions on the surface of the land. With every rain these depressions become larger. Gradually the pothole turns into a ravine. The ravine is growing, covering an ever larger area. 31 Our region Ravines can occupy very large areas. By destroying fertile lands and roads, they cause damage to the economy. They are fighting with the ravines. First of all, they strive to prevent their growth. To do this, potholes formed after rain are filled with turf or covered with hard soil. Trees and shrubs are planted along the edges of the ravines, the roots of which strengthen the soil. Fields near ravines are plowed only across the slopes so that water does not flow down along the furrows and erode the soil. Sometimes a dam is built in a ravine to hold back the flow of water, preventing the ravine from growing. In addition to ravines, there are gullies on the surface of the plains. A beam is a depression with gentle slopes. The slopes and bottom of the beams are covered with bushes or forest. Very often, there used to be ravines in the place of beams. 1. Name the main shapes of the land surface. 2. Tell us what they call plains. 3. What surface forms are found on the plains? 4. Tell us how ravines are formed. " 5. Explain what harm ravines can bring to people if they are not fought against. 6. The picture shows a plowed field not far from the ravine. Was the field plowed correctly? Explain your answer. 7. a) Are there any in the area, where do you live, ravines? Find out what measures are being taken to prevent their growth. 6) Think about how you and your friends can help in the fight against the growth of ravines. Discuss this issue in class. 32 f w 8. Find out on what plain it happened Battle of Kulikovo 9. At the end of his journey through the Magic Land, the Great Goodwin decided to found a city. Draw the area that, from your point of view, would be best suited for the Emerald City. Mountains Mountains are hills that rise above the earth's surface more than than 200 meters. Each mountain, like a hill, has a base, slopes and a peak. But, unlike a hill, mountains rise hundreds and thousands of meters. Mountain slopes can be gentle and steep. Mountain tops can be sharp, flat, rounded Sometimes you can see a lonely mountain standing, but most often the mountains are located in rows. Such rows of mountains are called mountain ranges. Valleys lie between mountain ranges. It is easy to build roads along wide valleys and gentle slopes. There are villages, gardens and fields here. Our region Sometimes mountain valleys narrow greatly, forming gorges. Rough rivers and sometimes waterfalls flow along the bottom of the gorges. Roads in the mountains are usually laid through the lowest parts of the ridges, which are called overpasses. Sometimes tunnels are made through the mountains. The tops of the high mountains are covered with eternal snow and glaciers. Anyone who has been to the mountains has always been amazed by their beauty. Here’s how the writer N. E. Sladkov writes about it: “You can look at the mountains, like the sea, and look at them. They have always been and always will be. By touching stones, you touch Eternity. Below are deciduous forests that look like green astrakhan fur. Above them the forests are dark, coniferous, like the rearing mane of an animal. Even higher are mountain steppes and colorful alpine meadows. Faceted rocks rose above the meadows. And at the very top, above the rocks and clouds, there are eternal shining snows! Everything in the mountains is unusual. The earth rearing up. Clouds and birds fly deep under your feet, and rivers and waterfalls roar high above your head. Sometimes it rains downstairs, but the sun shines above. Hot summer below, frosty winter above. And from winter to summer it’s just a stone’s throw away. In the mountains you can truly be in the clouds. And you can walk under a rainbow, like under an arch. And it will seem closer to the stars than to the lights in the deep valleys.” 34 wr Kurokam.ru A lot of strength and dexterity is required to travel through the mountains. Mountaineering athletes train for a long time to climb inaccessible mountain peaks. When going on a hike, they take ice axes with them, put on shoes with sharp spikes, and tie themselves with ropes. Ropes help keep them from falling when climbing steep slopes. Often there are rock falls in the mountains, and snow avalanches come down from the slopes. On maps, mountains are depicted in brown. The higher the mountains, the darker the color. In addition, the heights of individual peaks are marked with numbers. 1. How are mountains and hills similar and how are they different? 2. How are mountains indicated on a physical map? 3. What types of land surfaces are found where you live? A walk around the area and a map of the area where you live will help you answer this question. 4. ^^the bottom of the high mountain was very hot. The climbers began to climb to the top of the mountain. The higher they climbed, the colder it became. Why? 5. a) If you have been to the mountains, write about them short story , b) Make a “Mountains” photo album with your friends. Fire-breathing mountains Sometimes a molten mass, called magma, rises along the tregdins inside the bowels of the Earth. When magma flows to the surface, it solidifies into lava. Cooled lava often forms a cone-shaped mountain - a volcano. Inside the volcano there is a crater ending in a funnel-shaped hole - a crater. When a volcano erupts, a terrible noise and roar is heard. Hot gases, ash, and stones are thrown up several kilometers. Hot lava pours out of the crater - Our region Crater Lava Vent Magma. It flows along the slopes of the volcano, burning everything in its path. In our country, the largest active volcano is Klyuchevskaya Sopka. Find out where the Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano is located. How the Sun, water and wind change the surface of the land Remember what rocks are. Give examples of rocks. What rocks are found in the area where you live? The land surface is constantly changing. We usually don't notice these changes because most of them happen very slowly. No matter how hard the rocks are, they all gradually collapse. And above all, rocks are destroyed by solar heat. In order to understand how this happens, let's do an experiment. 36 liSd Kurokam.ru Experience*. Take a piece of granite with tongs, heat it over the fire and lower it into a vessel with cold water for 1 - 2 minutes. Let's do this several times, carefully observing what happens to the granite. Let's check whether the granite has lost its strength. To do this, let's try to break it. What conclusion can we draw from this experience? From experience it is clear that granite loses its strength and collapses when heated and rapidly cooled. As you know, all solids expand when heated and contract when cooled. This property manifests itself during the destruction of rocks. During the day, the sun heats the stones, and they expand, and at night they cool and shrink. This causes cracks to appear in them. At first, these cracks are barely noticeable, but then they expand, and the surface of the stone or rock gradually collapses. 37 Our region Water also contributes contribution to changes in the surface of the land. Remember how ravines are formed. But water creates not only ravines on the surface of the land. All flowing waters do a lot of work. Water in rivers erodes the banks, deepens the bottom and gradually forms a river valley. A river valley is a depression on the surface land along the bottom of which a river flows.The formation of river valleys is similar to the formation of ravines. Both river valleys and ravines are formed as a result of the erosion of rocks by flowing waters. Only ravines are eroded by temporary flows of water, and river valleys are eroded by permanent ones. It takes longer to form river valleys than to form ravines. The work of water on the river never stops. It erodes the rocks through which it flows, and carries with it small, and sometimes larger, particles. Where the river's current weakens, these particles are deposited on the bottom and gradually form shoals and islands. If a river flows along a bottom made of very hard rocks, then as a result of erosion of rocks, rapids and waterfalls are formed on the river. ■V- t 1 Ksh^kapgyi The faster the river flows, the more it erodes the land surface. Mountain rivers especially erode the banks and bottom. They cut deeply even into solid rocks, forming gorges. In the gorges, turbulent streams of water rush along the bottom, continuing their work. A strong current rolls over the stones, pushing them against each other, turning them into sand and clay. Gradually the gorge widens and turns into a mountain valley. Water that penetrates deep into the earth also produces work. It breaks up soft rocks, forming voids in the thickness of the earth - caves. Often the caves are connected to each other by narrow, low passages. Such underground palaces can stretch for many kilometers underground, forming underground “cities”. Streams or rivers flow in some caves, while in others you can find underground lakes. The water falling from the ceiling of the cave contains dissolved lime. Some of this lime is released while the drop hangs on the ceiling, and the rest is released after the drop falls on the floor. So, little by little, an icicle grows on top - a stalactite, and a column - a stalagmite - forms on the floor. The wind does a lot of work to change the surface of the land. In the mountains, the wind picks up small rock particles, such as grains of sand, and blows them against the rocks. Millions of such impacts knock out depressions on the surface of the rock, gradually destroying them. As a result of the wind, rocks can take on bizarre shapes. ■-I 39 Our land "The work of the wind is visible in the desert. The wind blows and drives grains of sand, collecting them into hills and mounds - dunes. Sometimes dunes are low (30 - 50 cm), and sometimes they are as high as a ten-story building. Dunes resemble frozen waves. True, it only seems to us that the dunes are motionless. In fact, the wind moves the sands, and the dunes can move hundreds of meters from one place to another in a year. If you don’t stop the dunes, they can cause harm: fill up a field, a road , village. The moving sands are fixed by planting trees, shrubs, and sowing grass. 1. Explain how the sun, water and wind change the surface of the land. 2. What contributes to the formation of rapids and waterfalls on rivers? 3. Look at the photographs of the lowland (p. 38) and mountain (p. 34) rivers and explain why the banks of these rivers are so different. ^^4. What property solids manifests itself during the destruction of rocks under the influence of the sun? 5. Tell us how stalactites and stalagmites are formed in caves. 6. You know that sand allows water to pass through well. Then why do some rivers have a sandy bottom, but the water still does not flow through it into the depths of the earth? 7. The pictures show how the current of the river washes away its banks. What do you think is the reason that the river bank in picture “b” is more eroded than in picture “a”? Discuss this issue with a friend. 8. Find out how a rapids river can be made navigable. 40 ^JL£t K.urokam.ru Aeolian city The famous geologist, traveler, writer V. A. Obruchev traveled a lot on our planet. Read how he described the desert landscape he saw. “One would have thought that we had ended up in the ruins of some ancient city . We seemed to be driving through streets bordered by massive buildings, with cornices and columns, but without windows. Balls were often visible in the walls of buildings, completely similar to the round cannonballs of ancient guns that got stuck in the walls of houses during the bombardment of the city. On the soil of the streets and at the base of the walls, small and large transparent plates glittered, similar to shards of window glass. A sharp needle several meters high rises above the building. Here are two towers: one higher, the other lower. Here is a solitary tower, similar to the figure of a woman in a wide dress, kneeling. Here is another tower, and next to it is a figure of a sphinx “on a high pedestal.” According to V. A. Obruchev 1. a) Who do you think created the Aeolian city? b) Draw what you think the Aeolian city looks like. c) Find out what does the word “Aeolus” mean? How human activity changes the surface of the land Not only the sun, wind and water change the surface of the land. Humans also have a strong impact on it. By erecting buildings, plowing fields, cutting down forests, building canals, people have changed the surface of the land for a long time . As a result of such activity, the appearance of the area became unrecognizable over time. What forms of surface that arose by the will of man in the past can we see on the territory of our country now? 41 Our region For example, mounds. Mounds are hills that ancient people built over graves of leaders, kings, military leaders. The mounds come in different heights. Sometimes they reach a height of up to 20 meters (this is the height of modern eight-story buildings). Archaeological scientists have established that some mounds were poured more than two thousand years ago. Mounds can be found on the shores of the Azov and Caspian seas. The poet I. Surikov wrote: You go, you go - the steppe and the sky. There really is no end for them. And it stands above the steppe. The silence is silent. You drive and drive like crazy. Horses rush through the steppe. The mounds turn green in the distance. They run away in a chain. V "" in ancient times, earthen ramparts were erected around cities to protect them from enemies and ditches were dug. The remains of such defensive earthworks have survived to this day. Nowadays, using various machines, people transform the earth's surface much more strongly and much faster. We can see the results of human activity everywhere today. By building plants, factories, houses, laying roads, people fill up ravines and river channels, drain swamps, and reclaim land from the sea for construction sites. When constructing roads, embankments are erected - artificial elevations made of sand, stones, and clay. The surface changes especially dramatically during the extraction of sand, clay, coal, peat and other natural resources hidden in the bowels of the Earth. At the same time, where there was previously flat terrain or even towering mountains, huge pits are formed - quarries. Some of them reach a depth of 500 meters. Not everything that a person extracts from the earth is fully used. In these cases, dumps appear on the surface - artificial elevations similar to hills with bare slopes. The terrain in mining sites often becomes unsightly and the land unsuitable for use. With proper management, these lands are restored, that is, brought into a condition suitable for further use. The quarries are filled in or turned into reservoirs, the dumps are given a convenient shape for use and plants are planted on their slopes, turning them into gardens and parks. 1. Tell us how human activity in nature changes the surface of the land. 2. Explain why human impact on the earth’s surface is now much greater than in the past. 3. Is it possible to compare the results of the impact of water and wind on the land surface with the results of the impact of human activities on it? Explain your answer. 43 Our region 4. Are there surface forms created by man in the area where you live? 5. Do you think people, by influencing nature, can avoid unwanted changes in it? Discuss this issue with your friends in class. 6. In Moscow there is Zemlyanoy Val street. Find out where this name comes from. Finds in a burial mound Do you know what can be found in burial mounds? If not, then read A. Tomilin’s story “What is in the mounds.” h "Is in Krasnodar region Maykop city. It stands on the banks of the Belaya River. The city is not old, it is a little over a hundred years old. But since time immemorial, a mound has stood in those places. And then one day archaeological scientists decided to excavate this mound. They equipped an expedition, began to dig and came across a treasure. What was there... A rich canopy covered with earth, embroidered with gold plaques, rose above the grave. It was supported by four silver columns, the tops of which ended with figures of steep-horned bulls, skillfully made of silver and gold. Right next to them were gold and silver vessels, all kinds of decorations. And all the tools and weapons were made of stone and pure copper. But it was not gold or silver that delighted scientists most of all. The most remarkable finds were ancient vessels with drawings on round sides. Once upon a time, oil and wine... Unknown artists depicted on the clay sides of vessels Caucasus Mountains and the river that flows in those places. The results were real plans, so correct and detailed that archaeologists immediately found the places that were depicted. The most surprising thing was the age of the finds. The vessels were at least four thousand years old. At that time, the tribes inhabiting these steppes did not know how to read and write, but they knew how to write.” 44 And the plans of the area are drawn - 1. What did scientists find in the mound? 2. Find out what archaeological finds were made in the area where you live. You can find out by visiting the local history museum. The wealth of the subsoil Remember what they call minerals. You studied this in third grade. What minerals do you know? How are they used? The depths of our Motherland are rich in deposits of various minerals. People began to extract minerals a very long time ago. Ancient mines that are several thousand years old have been found on the territory of our country. Life modern society It is impossible to imagine without minerals. They are used as construction material, as fuel, as fertilizer, as raw materials for the manufacture of plastics, glass, paints, cars and much more. 45 Our region has mineral deposits in every locality. You have already become acquainted with such minerals as sand, clay, granite, limestone, and studied their properties. Other minerals are also mined in our country. Combustible minerals. Coal, peat, oil and natural gas release a lot of energy in the form of heat when burned, so they are used as fuel. Our country has very large deposits of combustible minerals. Coal is a hard, black rock. Coal shines, it is heavier than water. Does not dissolve in water. Peat is brown or brown in color. It crumbles easily, and you can see the remains of half-rotten plants in it. Peat is lighter than water and does not dissolve in water. When peat burns, a lot of smoke and ash are produced. Oil is a dark brown oily liquid with a characteristic odor. It does not dissolve in water, but spreads over the surface of the water, forming a thin film. This means that oil is lighter than water. Oil burns well. When burned, it produces more heat than coal or peat. It is often called black gold because oil is a huge natural resource. Natural gas is colorless. It has a subtle unpleasant odor. Natural gas is lighter than air and burns with a bluish flame without smoke, releasing heat. Natural gas is poisonous and explosive. Therefore, it must be handled very carefully. Oil and natural gas are used not only as fuel. They are also necessary for the production of many different products: paints, medicines, gasoline, kerosene and much more. 46 T»‘^ii* ■ Kurokam.ni Magnetic iron ore Red iron ore f IRON ORES Brown iron ore Iron ores are called so because they all contain the metal - iron. They are usually dark brown in color, making them difficult to distinguish. Iron and its alloys: cast iron and steel are obtained from these ores. Iron ores form large accumulations in nature and are very rich in metal. The best, most iron-rich ore is magnetic iron ore. Magnetic iron ore has the properties of a magnet. If you bring a piece magnetic iron ore to the compass, then the compass needle will turn. Red and brown iron ore magnetic properties do not possess. Copper, aluminum, zinc, lead, silver, gold and many other metals are obtained from non-ferrous ores. These metals are called non-ferrous because they have a variety of colors. Look at the drawings and diagrams. Name iron and non-ferrous ores. NON-FERROUS ORES \ Bauxite (aluminum) Galena (lead) Chalcopyrite (copper) 47 r~, W t- In our region, metals can be found in nature in their pure form. Among the rocks you can find pure gold, silver, copper and some other metals. For example, once they found a piece of gold weighing 71 kg. But more often ores contain several metals. Apatites and potassium salt are minerals that are used as valuable fertilizers. They are added to the soil to increase yields. Apatite contains many different substances necessary for the development and growth of plants. Potassium salt contains potassium, a substance necessary for the normal development of plants. If there is a lack of potassium in the soil, the leaves of the plants turn yellow and the fruits become less sweet. Fertilizers are applied to the soil in strictly defined quantities. To determine this amount, it is necessary to know the composition of the soil, because an excess of fertilizer is just as harmful as a deficiency. 1. What property of coal and peat allows them to be used as fuel? 2. Compare the properties of oil and natural gas. 3. Which fuel do you think pollutes the air the least when burned: coal, peat, oil or natural gas? 4. What types of ores are there? What metals are obtained from them? 5. What is the significance of apatite and potassium salt for Agriculture? Why is too much fertilizer just as harmful as too little? 6. Explain why mineral wealth must be used carefully and economically. 7. Find out if there are deposits in your area: a) combustible minerals; b) iron and non-ferrous ores; c) fertilizers. Table salt This is a substance that is well known to each of us. It is white in color, dissolves in water, and tastes salty. If 48 ■. U- ‘ -^ -g i "■1 look at table salt through a magnifying glass, you can see white or colorless crystals. In nature, salt crystals reach large sizes. Practical work Together with a friend, do an experiment on growing salt crystals. Dissolve the salt in a glass with warm water, stirring it with a spoon. Add salt to the water until it stops dissolving. Tie a crystal of salt to a thin thread and lower the thread into the cooled solution. Keep an eye on him for a few days. Table salt is a valuable food product. It is part of the human body and is constantly excreted along with sweat. This is why we should consume salt in our food daily. Animals also need salt. Table salt is added to the food of domestic animals, and artificial salt licks are provided to wild animals. Table salt protects food products from spoilage, so it is used in canning meat, fish, mushrooms, and vegetables. In addition, it serves as a raw material for the production of soda, chlorine and other substances needed in the household. A lot of table salt is dissolved in the water of the seas and oceans. But sea water is not suitable for drinking, because in addition to table salt, many other substances are dissolved in it. 1. A person needs to get 20 g of salt per day from food. How much salt should he eat in a year? 2. Which water do you think will quench your thirst faster: fresh or slightly salted? Explain your answer. 3. Explain why it is necessary to eat salt. 4. Choose sayings and proverbs that mention salt. Explain their meaning. 5. a) You have a salt solution. How can you extract salt from it? What property of water allows you to do this? 6) The sailors ran out of fresh water. Come up with a way to turn salty sea water into fresh water. 49 -I >G Our region "-i" Тх- Diversity of soils Remember what is called soil. You studied this in third grade. 9 How is soil formed? Soil covers the land surface of our planet with a layer thick from a few centimeters to 1-3 meters or more. The nature of the Earth is diverse, and so are the soils. In a forest, in a meadow, in a swamp, the soil is not the same. Soil diversity depends on many factors. For example, on the content of sand or clay in the soil, on the amount of humus and water in it, on the air temperature. You already know: the more humus in the soil, the more nutrients it contains necessary for the growth and development of plants. Water, like air, is present in any soil, even the driest-looking one. Dry soils are watered, then the plants grow and develop well. The hotter the weather, the more water evaporates from the soil, the more often they have to be watered. If there is a lot of water in the soil, swampy soils form, which have to be drained. In our country, large areas are occupied by podzolic soils. They are light gray or whitish in color and are formed where mixed and coniferous forests and more precipitation falls than evaporates from the Earth's surface. As a result, the soil under the forest canopy is highly moistened, so leaves, needles and tree branches, falling to the ground, quickly rot and form humus. However a large number of As water seeps through, it dissolves the mineral salts that make up the humus and carries them with it into streams and rivers. This is why podzolic soils are not fertile. They need to be fertilized. In the south of our country there are chernozem soils. Chernozems are formed where a lot of herbaceous and shrubby plants grow, it is warm enough and there is heavy rainfall. These soils are named chernozems for their black color, because they are rich in humus and very fertile. .о> 50 h, and What surface forms predominate in your area? What bodies of water are there in your region? What is shown on the map of your region? F ■- b 1g. JC I I" X. . -.u. What is your region rich in (mineral resources, soils, plant and animal world)? How is nature protected in your region? What protected sites are there in your region? What is landscape? What landscapes predominate in your region? What else can you find out about your region? 94 PROJECTS Project preparation plan 1. Choose one of the proposed projects or come up with your own project. 2. Decide whether you will work with a friend or alone. 3. Think through the stages of activity. 4. Decide who will be responsible for what. 5. Find out what you need to prepare in advance. 6. Specify what books and materials will be needed and who to contact for help. -^51 L VIDEO “NATURAL MONUMENTS OF OUR REGION” Stages of activity 1. Determine the objects that you will film. 2. Develop a script. 3. Take a photo. 4. Edit a video. Roles: screenwriter, cameraman, director. QUIZ “NATURE OF OUR LAND” Stages of activity 1. Determine the topics of the tasks (about weather, soils, communities, protection of natural objects). 2. Determine the types of tasks (written or oral). 3. Select the material. 4. Prepare questions. 5. Decide how you will evaluate the answers. 6. Give a quiz. Roles: authors of assignments, designers, presenter, jury. RESEARCH Problem Statement: How does the weather depend on the wind? Make a guess. Make observations. Throughout the month, use a weather vane to observe where the winds are blowing. Enter the data into the weather calendar. Determine what winds are dominant in your area and how they affect the weather. Formulate your conclusions. Suggest how these findings can be used in life. What other projects would you like to participate in? 95 N#C|E Homeland -V. L5^ iSHM About planet Earth j,-X? ‘ - ir The Earth is spherical Continents on the map of the hemispheres: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica Oceans: Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Indian The Earth moves around the Sun, making a full revolution in 1 year The rotation of the Earth around its axis causes the change of day and night Thermal zones: cold, moderate and hot zone with: ^ Nature of our Motherland Our Motherland on the map ■ Arctic deserts, tundra, forest zone, steppes - the main ones natural areas Russia ■ Flora and fauna, human activities depend on natural conditions ■ Interaction between man and nature » Ecological problems of our planet Diversity of natural conditions on Earth ■ Distribution of light and heat is the main reason for the diversity of living conditions on Earth ■ Diversity of natural conditions on the continents: deserts of Africa, equatorial forests South America, features of the nature of Antarctica and Australia g, .. « g Our Motherland on Planet Earth ABOUT PLANET EARTH About the shape of our planet The correct idea of the shape of our planet did not develop immediately. For example, ancient people imagined the Earth as a mountain, which is surrounded on all sides by the sea. And the vault of heaven rests on the sea, like an overturned bowl. Over time, making observations in nature, scientists came to the conclusion that the Earth has a spherical shape. What observations allow us to draw such a conclusion? If you watch an approaching ship, you will notice that it appears gradually from behind the horizon. First, the tops of the masts, pipes, and then the entire ship become visible. When the ship moves away from the shore, it seems that it is sinking below the horizon. Proof of the spherical shape of the Earth is the fact that in open areas the horizon line appears to us in the form of a circle. And when we rise, the horizon line seems to move away. The sphericity of the Earth is confirmed by observations of lunar eclipses. The Moon revolves around our planet and, together with the Earth, moves around the Sun. Once a month the Earth comes between the Moon and the Sun. At the same time, our planet blocks the Sun from the Moon and a round shadow from the Earth creeps onto the full disk of the Moon. This is how a lunar eclipse occurs. But only the ball always has a round shadow. Let's check this statement experimentally. Experiments 1) Cut out a small square and a circle of the same size from cardboard and attach threads to them. Taking the square by the string, place it between the light source and the wall (or screen). Observe what shape the shadow of the square will be. Rotate the square by the string. Observe how the shadow of the square changes. 2) Now do the same experiment with a circle. Observe what shape the shadow of the circle will be. Will the shadow of the circle change as it rotates? 3) Now take the ball and place it between the light source and the screen. Rotate the ball by the string, observing its shadow. Does the ball's shadow change as it rotates? Compare the shadow of a rotating circle and the shadow of a rotating ball. Draw a conclusion. & e From experience, you were convinced that the shadow of a square changes shape when rotated. It becomes either square, then rectangular, or looks like a straight line segment. The shadow of the circle also changes shape when rotated; becomes either round or oval. And if you turn the circle edgewise, the shadow will look like a straight line. And only the shadow of the ball always remains round. Currently, scientists have a lot of evidence that the Earth is spherical. For example, photographs of the Earth from space were obtained, which clearly show that the Earth is a sphere. Scientists also managed to find out that the Earth has the shape of a slightly flattened ball - a geoid. Our Motherland on Planet Earth The view of the Earth from space amazes the human imagination. Read the words of Russian cosmonaut V. Sevastyanov: “Our blue planet from space has an amazingly beautiful view. It is beautiful, but also amazingly small... and suddenly you realize that the Earth itself is spaceship, which rushes through space. It has limited resources and a crew - humanity, which must take care of its planet, its resources, and take care of itself.” And here is what the American astronaut Thomas P. Stafford said about this: “From space I saw a lot of unexpected things. All my ideas about the Earth changed. Seeing the small, multi-colored planet Earth with its fragile environment and unique life against the backdrop of the blackness of space is an exciting and instructive experience. On the one side. The Earth seems so tiny and insignificant among the cosmic expanses, but on the other hand, it is so important and significant due to its uniqueness. We must do everything in our power to preserve the Earth with all its beauty and features.” * 1. How can you prove that the Earth is spherical? 2. Find out and tell how the ancient peoples different countries imagined the shape of the Earth. 3. How do you think our planet is similar to a spaceship? 4. Why do we need to protect our planet? Map of the hemispheres Remember what a globe is. You studied this in 2nd grade. How are land and water designated on the globe? What are large areas of land surrounded on all sides by water called? 100 “ :i". A globe is not always convenient to use, for example, it is inconvenient to map out a travel route. When we look at a globe, we only see half of its surface. To draw an image of the Earth on paper, it is necessary to “cut” its surface into two halves. Cartographers do this and they did. They conventionally divided the surface of the globe into two hemispheres - eastern and western - and depicted them on paper. The result was a map of the hemispheres, on which you can immediately see the entire surface of our planet (p. 102-103). The northernmost point on the globe is called the North Pole, and the southernmost one is called the South Pole. The earth is also divided into north and Southern Hemisphere along a conventional line that is equally distant from the poles. This line is called the equator. The length of the equator is 40,000 km. On the map of the hemispheres, as on other maps and the globe, the north-south direction is shown by meridians, and the east-west direction by parallels. Meridians converge at the poles. When we look at the map of the hemispheres, we see that most of The surface of our planet is covered with water. Scientists call this entire vast expanse of water the World Ocean. The United World Ocean is divided by large areas of land (continents) into oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic. The largest and deepest of them is Quiet. It occupies more space than all the land on Earth. Fernando Magellan, the first navigator to circumnavigate the world, called him quiet. The second largest is the Atlantic Ocean. It's not as deep as Quiet. f X01 fc ? f I-11 ■ Our Homeland on Planet Earth The Indian Ocean is slightly smaller than the Atlantic. In ancient times, sailors called it the Indian Sea. The Indian Ocean washes the shores of four continents: Africa, Eurasia, Australia and Antarctica. Northern Arctic Ocean much smaller than other oceans. Most of it is covered with ice all year round. Physical map of the hemispheres Scale 1:120 000 000 (1 centimeter is 1200 kilometers) I -,j I"- :- - Rivers Lakes - Swamps Sands Elevation marks above sea level * Volcanoes Coral reefs deeper 6000 4000 2000 200 Practical work 1) How many continents on the globe? Find them, name them and show them on the map of the hemispheres. 2) Find the continents (they are also called continents) that are located only in the western hemisphere. Name and show them. 3) Show the continents that are located only in the eastern hemisphere. Glaciers and continental ice Ice shelves --- Path of F. Magellan ^ Place of death of I52ii f Magellan --Z" __State- „pG.TOMNOE POLUSCHDRTS,. North Pole.... ^ ,N".>1 Vyal Klyuchevskaya border. l Ж"л Г „ уЛс*? Russia U;j. o^ -5 «>*ang^js* gr' ^ ■ , "1Ёк^terinbda'3 heights in METERS ___ ^ 1 I I below O 200 500 2000 3000 5000 above Our Motherland on planet Earth 4) Determine from the map which continents are located only in the northern hemisphere, and which ones are only in the southern. 5) Find the capital of our Motherland on the map of the hemispheres. In which hemisphere do we live? What continent is Russia located on? 6) Determine whether the city in which you live is on the map. 7 ) How many oceans are there on our planet? Find them, name them and show them on the map of the hemispheres. 8) Write on contour map hemispheres (in the workbook) the names of all continents and oceans. The North and South Poles, the capital of our Motherland. Have your friend check on you. 9) Look at the diagram that shows how much space on Earth is occupied by water and how much by land. Draw a conclusion. 10) Try to find the islands on the map of the hemispheres: Greenland, Madagascar, Tasmania, Great Britain. Determine which continents they are located off the coast of. %.* What the continents were like many millions of years ago The research of scientists helps us imagine what life was like on Earth many millions of years ago. Our planet is very old. Scientists believe that the Earth arose in outer space about 5 billion years ago. Try to imagine, feel this time. Five billion means five thousand times a million years! Over the long history of the Earth, the appearance of the planet has changed more than once. There was a time when the Earth was hot and lifeless. The planet was shrouded in a shroud of hot gases filled with water vapor and volcanic ash. The sun's rays did not reach its surface. As the Earth cooled, the water vapor thickened, and finally hot, torrential rains began pouring in, which lasted for millennia. This is how the first ancient seas and oceans appeared on Earth. 104 The first living organisms arose in the ocean about 2 billion 700 million years ago. This figure was determined by scientists based on the age of the fossilized remains of the first animals, the first algae and the first bacteria that appeared on Earth. The outlines have changed many times coastline continents. 300 million years ago In what thermal zones is this continent located? “Eurasia is the largest continent on the globe. In the north there is eternal snow and ice, in the south there are evergreen forests of the hot zone. On the territory of Eurasia there is the deepest lake in the world - Baikal, the largest lake - the Caspian Sea, the highest mountains - the Himalayas. The Himalayas are home to the world's greatest peak, Qomolangma (Everest). Its height is about 9 kilometers. The flora and fauna of Eurasia is diverse and rich. There are vast areas covered with deserts and varied forests. This continent is the homeland of many cultivated plants and domestic animals. It was here that wild horses, sheep, goats, pigs, camels, geese and chickens were once domesticated. From here rice, wheat, barley, and rye spread throughout the world. Currently, the nature of the continent has changed greatly as a result of economic activity humans: many species of plants and animals have disappeared, other species are listed in the Red Book of Kurokam.ru and need protection. The areas occupied by forests have decreased. Their place was taken by meadows, fields and gardens. Eurasia is home to most of the world's population. Each nation has its own language, its own customs and occupies a certain territory - a country. You will get to know the nature of Eurasia in more detail using the example of Russia. 1. Select any country on the territory of Eurasia and, using reference literature, write a description of its nature and occupations of the population. 2. Which continent did you not visit during your imaginary journey? 3. The natural conditions of Eurasia are in many ways similar to the natural conditions of another continent. Which one do you think? NATURE of our homeland Map of Russia Our country Russia is very large. Its expanses stretch from west to east and from north to south for thousands of kilometers. The nature of our Motherland is diverse: in the north there is eternal snow, in the south there are hot steppes. The mountains are high and majestic. There are many rivers, lakes and seas. More than 100 nationalities live on the territory of Russia. Practical work 1) Look at the symbols on the map of Russia, 2) Find and show meridians and parallels on the map. 3) Find and show the land borders of Russia in the west and south. 4) What oceans and seas wash the shores of our Motherland in the north and east? Label them on the outline map. 5) Find the rivers: Volga, Ob, Lena; Lake Baikal. Write their names on the outline map. 6) Determine in which direction the Volga flows and where it flows. In what direction does the Ob flow and where does it originate? 123 "V V" # .. NAR K IC K VO Murmansk iT. ? - And| l/o R E Minsk ^ . Great "^ Pe^yuvodsk" Novgorod ^ y Ti ^.G» o r *; , earth "4:4 V O s t. »ch n about 1 "I "- V #1 ahTs.TOILISI/ g"Y^ ^ o "^" Chelya&onsn: ^ . li"* ^'l895 ^.^olekhard /sl ^"1689 F- V Ekaterin^^urg \ Capital of the Russian Federation MOSCOW State border of Russia Border of the polar domains SIGNS MINERAL RESOURCES Coal ^ Oil D Natural gas Iron ores n Copper ores Q Aluminum ores D Zinc ores 0 Silver c Gold ^ Limestone ^ Granite Marble ^ Apatite Potassium salts Q1 Table salt..., ^ - R A in i) and P A . U: ^uNovosibirsk"^ \ \ ■ S, ■■ ^ I deeper 6000 4000 2000 200 0 200 S00 "00Q^gfl^5HH. /-Cf) ",1 BARENTS V, - >■ u. "o R / / x" X \ l -Saikt-: > ■^■f/bkov --8 .ggtzhskg.;■ ■^V P-OV I V, GH - \: , Minsk^ J "Veliky Petrozavodsk Novgorod.-/"I. 1 y®"-? " y "lSh": / Г J- ^ / (^(й^gelsk rv O S T S^. H NO >3 e m La o. Kalguev "■ > ^ o ". "X ■EURO PE^, S K A I KARA SEA,E s- I at Naryan-Mar / Vorkuta 'Yktmvkar ^ L: YAMAL J. P-OV /■■" ■ Dixo Voronezh V Nizhny Novgorod / Kommersant RA V i iRN A ^ ■£ --^°Ka^n /. ^ " - . Perm \ $ ■ ■ O -:L ■ " GYDANSKY \ * P-OV G \ 1895 .^Salekhard - ■ ■ y- J ° . ; ■ AV |T6ilisia * N ^ l-i X|l7: -) " Cw A- ' h _.rrslov-on-Don X " % Volgogradets h " o ^ Stavropol f, Elbrus nZh.-> \у 5642 „.Zhch ^ X ------------ /в38 ^ , X ib: \ f f/Chelyabinsk ^. U I, Makhala r.U ■ ^ A Epepawri\j,\ >VV^4 ' h R D^. "--L, >h!^ /Oatcjc," ( ^" ,"s. ^ \ Baku V ARAL ^ ❖ ; ■^ / . . -CH* i / htu-;:- CH » And 7 '*gP' \ I I L V Ya(ff and 4 ■ jj \ " /)o Tomsk " . " ■ Astana \ \ Novosibirsk B" ^р- \ \ ^" Krosnoyarsk U -.V 1 " . Nov^uznetsk "-"*^ : part 1 Mountain regions -G"" l Ch r-f* zones of Russia V70- V Wrangel Island l- eastern ^ Providence 17 (K_ P-OV, BERINGOVO l VA -CH "k- ; i LAPTEVYKH fe tshts k a -05 ■" « -.. 3003 I ^ Oymyakon ■i-, i 6th Magadan *th *2797 Okhotsk T- y: K O G O R E) ^ 4688 ^ Klyuchevskaya volcano Sopka V ^ :■ 0X0 ts to the oЁ SEA Petropavlovsk-■Kamchatsky village with V. / O. Sakhalin o y, Part 5 " ^ / u° Ulan-Ude. " " " f \ - .V ii f J ■ “Komsomolsk-^ i-on-Amur good"^ Khabarov/^ ■ch; Yuzhno-Sakhapinsk ^" and ■o S I (; !/ U" "■ 9i 5 o / o. Hokkaido: g; i i 1 \" > Vladivostok L\g.e "Planet of Knowledge" - a set of new textbooks for primary schools published by "Astrel" and "AST" This is the first set of textbooks in which the new state educational standard and ideas for modernizing Russian education were embodied. These are textbooks that can rightfully be called teachers' textbooks. Among the authors are four honored teachers of Russia, school methodologists and psychologists, doctors pedagogical sciences and teachers of pedagogical universities. These are advanced educational technologies, the use of which in combination with traditional teaching methods guarantees: a comfortable and effective learning process for teachers and students, a high and lasting level of learning in classes with any background, the formation of schoolchildren’s ability and lasting skill to learn, a full combination of knowledge and practical skills, the integration of educational And extracurricular activities into a single educational process, ensuring real socialization of students. The set for grade 4 includes textbooks: “Russian language” “Mathematics” “Literary reading” “The world around us” “English language” “Fine arts” “Music” “Technology” Each textbook is provided with workbooks for students and methodological manuals for teachers. Organizational and methodological training for teachers in different regions to work with the “Planet of Knowledge” kit is carried out by the Institute of New educational systems(INOS). ISBN 978-5-17-052030-5 9 785170 520305

The world around us 3rd grade

Workbook

Ivchenkova, Potapov

Planet of Knowledge

The program for this class is quite complex, so parents should pay attention to the following points:

the child sits for a long time over notebooks;
does not pick up a textbook;
His grades began to decline.

All this indicates that schoolchildren are experiencing certain difficulties in studying this subject. You can help them get out of a crisis situation with the help of a workbook for the textbook "The world around us, grade 3. Workbook by Ivchenkov, Potapov Bustard, Planet of Knowledge".

What's included in the guide

The two parts of this collection are paginated. This structure is very convenient and allows you to quickly find the number you need. Detailed answers to all tasks will help students check their assignments efficiently. GDZ on the surrounding world 3rd class Ivchenkova Online learning promotes good learning and successful studies.

What can a solver help with?

It is necessary to solve difficulties as they arise - almost everyone knows this. But it’s even better to avoid possible problems and save yourself the nerves and time that will be spent on overcoming them. The workbook for the textbook will help you successfully cope with all the troubles in your studies. "The world around us, grade 3. Ivchenkov's workbook".