Foreign connections. Preventive conservation as a promising direction for ensuring the safety of scientific library collections Belyaeva Irina Mikhailovna National program for the preservation of library collections

Society is always responsible to future generations for the preservation of world cultural heritage. This situation is especially relevant in our time, when, on the one hand, there is a deep understanding of the enduring value of the historical and cultural monuments that have reached us, and on the other hand, the danger of their destruction is increasing due to the constantly deteriorating environmental, economic and political situation in large cities. instability, cases of vandalism and careless attitude towards documents, as well as due to often simplified access to them.

Libraries, no matter what values ​​they store, are called upon to provide access to them, to provide them to the user. Therefore, it is objectively necessary to perform contradictory functions: storing cultural and historical monuments and at the same time providing access to them to current and future generations. We must remember that libraries are institutions that bear direct material, professional and moral responsibility to future generations for preserving the achievements accumulated by humanity.

Documents stored in libraries are made mainly on paper and are gradually destroyed during storage and use. Natural aging, irregularities in storage conditions, carelessness of readers, emergencies caused by accidents and natural disasters are the main reasons for the loss of library monuments. Therefore, issues of ensuring their safety have become a separate branch of scientific research by librarians, biologists, chemists and other specialists.

It is no coincidence that issues of collection preservation are increasingly becoming the subject of special library research. Knowledge and experience in preserving and restoring the values ​​of culture and art turn out to be very significant when society comes to understand the need to create effective means and methods for ensuring the preservation of cultural heritage for contemporaries and future generations.

In recent decades, priorities have been given to forms of preventive conservation that make it possible to maximize the safety of the largest possible number of documents with minimal interference in the structure of the documents themselves, and, accordingly, to achieve the most economical form of work. In Russia, preventive conservation as an independent area of ​​activity in the field of ensuring the safety of library collections began to be dealt with relatively recently.

If we turn to the history of studying the problem, then research into the benefits of preventive measures in ensuring safety has been only sporadic. One of the first domestic librarians who included in their scientific interests the study of the implementation of preventive measures in ensuring preservation were L.B. Khavkina and Yu.V. Grigoriev. The problems of the effectiveness of preventive measures in their studies were also touched upon by such scientists as A.M.Chukaev, Yu.N.Stolyarov, V.PLeonov and others.

A great contribution to the study of this scientific topic was made by the works of the conservation departments of large libraries: the Russian State Library, the Russian National Library, the All-Russian State Library of Foreign Literature, the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as the Laboratory of Conservation and Restoration of Documents of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Theoretical and practical issues of preventive conservation were developed by chemists and biologists: Yu.P. Nyuksha, D.P. Erastov, S.A. Dobrusina, O.I. Perminova, Z.P. Dvoryashina and others.

The very concept of “preventive conservation” was introduced into preservation practice by foreign researchers in the late 80s and early 90s. of our century. The greatest contribution to the development of this direction was made by specialists from the Institute of Conservation named after. P. Getty (USA), Northeast Center for Document Conservation (USA), as well as J. Banks (Canada), P. Waters (USA), R. Harvey (Australia), A. Giovanini (Switzerland).

But, unfortunately, the complex of library problems to ensure the safety of collections and, in particular, preventive conservation was considered by different specialists in isolation, without the active participation of library workers.

Despite the increasing interest in the problem of preventive conservation, many aspects of this process have not yet been sufficiently studied; the unification of the intellectual efforts of specialists working in different areas of librarianship is required. To date, the place and significance of forms of preventive conservation in modern library science have not been determined. In Russia, there is no systematic training of specialists at various levels on issues of preventive conservation. The existing experience of practical activities of libraries in this regard has not yet been essentially studied, generalized or analyzed.

The degree of development and specific features of the problem determined the setting of the goal of this dissertation research: to expand the scope of scientific research activities of libraries by including a range of issues on preventive conservation in library science; show the importance of this area in ensuring the preservation of historical and cultural funds using the example of a large universal library - the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The object of this dissertation is the preservation of historical and cultural collections of scientific libraries recorded on traditional media.

The subject of the study is the forms and methods of preventive conservation that ensure the safety of library collections and the possibility of their use.

Preventive preservation is a system of measures that provides comprehensive protection of documents, aimed at slowing down the aging process by creating and maintaining standard conditions for storage and use of phase preservation. Phase conservation as a form of preventive conservation means that documents are placed in microclimatic containers made of acid-free cardboard or inert material.

The purpose, object, subject of the research determined the formulation and solution of the following tasks of the dissertation work:

1. Study and summarize the results of the works of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists on the importance of preventive measures in ensuring the safety of library collections.

2. Analyze and evaluate the state of preservation of library collections in Russia using the example of libraries of the Russian Academy of Sciences system.

3. Justify the importance of preventive conservation in general and phase conservation, in particular, at the present stage.

4. Develop a technology for introducing phase conservation as a form of preventive conservation and, on its basis, propose a standard program for libraries and archives in Russia.

5. Summarize the experience and summarize the implementation of phase conservation in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The methodological basis of the study was the ideas and provisions formulated in the works of leading domestic and foreign librarians and document preservation specialists. The methodological basis on which the study of this problem is based, the theoretical guidelines and conceptual conclusions contained in the works of L.Z. Amlinsky, E.P. Arefieva, N.G. Belenkaya, A.N. Vaneev, V.I. Vasilenko, Yu.V. Grigorieva, Z.P. Dvoryashina, S.A. Dobrusina, G.A. Kislovskaya, K.B. Lavrova, V.P. Leonov, S.L. Lokhvitskaya, N.K. Nikolaeva, V.G.Nosova, Yu.P.Nyuksha, O.I.Perminova, V.F.Sakharov, E.V.Starova, Yu.N.Stolyarova, Yu.M.Tarasova, G.V.Tarachenko,

L.V. Trapeznikova, V.I. Tereshina, L.B. Khavkina, O.S. Chubaryan, A.M. Chukaeva, V.V. Shilova, D.P. Erastova, A. Abida, S. Buchanan, M.-T. Varlamof, V. Wechter, M. Smith, P. Waters, K. Haris, R. Harvey, D. Etherington, and others.

The study used statistical and sociological methods, including questionnaires and interviews.

The research was based on the collections of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences: the Baer collection, the collection of printed and handwritten books of Peter I, the collection of foreign manuscripts, the Slavic collection, the incunabula collection, and the Struve collection.

The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive study of issues of preventive conservation, which have not previously been the subject of independent research. At the same time: based on the results of the study, the concept of preventive conservation, as well as its forms and methods, was proposed; the criteria for selecting documents for conversion into phase storage form are justified; a technology has been developed for introducing phase conservation in various types of libraries and archives.

The practical significance of the work lies in the development of a Program for the implementation of phase conservation. The results of the study can be used by specialists when drawing up plans to eliminate the consequences of emergency situations. The dissertation materials can be useful in training library personnel of medium and higher qualifications.

Approbation of work. The main provisions and conclusions of the study were reported and discussed at international conferences: “Preservation of cultural property and natural disasters: International cooperation with the Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences” (Leningrad, 1990), “Preservation of cultural heritage: an international imperative” (Leningrad, 1993 ), "BAN: 10 years after the fire" (St. Petersburg, 1998), "Libraries and associations in a changing world: New technologies and new forms of cooperation1 * (Crimea, 1998 and 2000); at an international seminar on issues of preventive conservation, conducted by the company "Blackmon-Mooring Steamatic catastrophy" (Fort Worth, Texas, USA, 1991), at the third annual seminar on the problems of preventive conservation and storage of cultural property: "Storage of exhibits in small sealed volumes" ( St. Petersburg, 1994); at the international training seminar "Libraries and archives in extreme situations" (St. Petersburg, 1995); at the all-Russian meeting of heads of federal and central libraries of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation "State policy in the field of preservation of library collections" ( St. Petersburg, 2000), at scientific and practical conferences held at the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1989, 1991, 1994), and are also reflected in the author’s publications.

Implementation of work results. The results of the dissertation research were introduced into the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (the Baer Fund, the personal library of Peter I, the Incunabula Fund, the Foreign Manuscript Fund, the Slavic Fund), and were also used to eliminate the consequences of a fire in the library of the Pulkovo Observatory. The technological process of phase conservation was implemented in the Vorontsov Memorial Library of the Alupka Palace and Park Reserve, the St. Petersburg Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Provisions for defense

1. Preventive conservation as an effective form of preserving library collections is aimed at slowing down the processes of their destruction both as a result of natural aging and as a result of accidents, natural and environmental disasters.

2. Phase conservation as a promising form of preventive conservation allows libraries to preserve documents for a long time, protect them from the harmful effects of the environment and mechanical damage, reduce the need for restoration and rationally spend funds on ensuring preservation.

3. A typical phase conservation program, designed to ensure the safety of collections in libraries of various types, can be used during emergency response. The experience accumulated by the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences in restoring and ensuring the safety of the collection damaged in the fire of 1988 has confirmed this.

4. In the process of educating and training library workers of average and higher qualifications, it is necessary to include sections on preventive conservation in the curricula of library technical schools and library and information departments of cultural universities as part of the course “Library Collections”.

Conclusion

As a result of studying and analyzing a fairly extensive literature, varying in nature and content, taking into account the author’s practical experience, a number of generalizations and conclusions can be made.

First of all, it should be noted that the process of ensuring the safety of library collections is an extremely complex and complex problem that covers many aspects of library activities.

In Russia to end of the 19th century V. The basic prerequisites for the emergence of library science as a science have already been formed: the main ideas and certain ideas about the library and librarianship have been formed. This, in turn, was a theoretical justification for the problems of preserving library collections, which for the first time, in our opinion, were touched upon, and within the framework of general issues of library science, by E.V. Balobanova, P.M. Bogdanov, V.I. Sobolytsikov and N.A. Rubakin.

Subsequently, the study of security issues became more specific. And already in scientific works According to library science by L.B. Khavkina, Yu.V. Grigoriev, A.M. Chukaev, Yu.N. Stolyarov, V.P. Leonov, we can quite clearly trace the general trends in the development of the topics we are studying. At the same time, of course, the works of each of these scientists have their own character traits and features of the “creative laboratory”, some rather subjective assessments and conclusions. However, throughout their scientific career, all of them convincingly proved and continue to prove that it is much easier and more effective to carry out preventive measures than to carry out emergency measures to combat the onset of a disaster and eliminate its consequences.

It should be noted that no matter what problems of library science scientists solve, they somehow relate to issues of ensuring preservation. Interesting in this direction are the works of N.S. Kartashov,

O.S. Chubaryan, A.N. Vaneev, V.V. Skvortsov and others; in the system of library collection formation - V.I. Tereshina, N.P. Vasilchenko, V.V. Shilova, I.V. Eidemiller, V.G. Nosovoy. Security issues and problems of library disasters are posed by V.V. Shilov and V.G. Nosova. O.N. Kokoikina considers the problem of legal support for the safety of the library collection.

Features of the organization of scientific library buildings in terms of serving readers were studied by L.Z. Amlinsky. Serious issues of organizing a library building in the structure of library science were considered by K.B. Lavrova. The study of O.V. Skvortsova is devoted to the biological aspects of the problem of preserving library collections.

Thus, thanks to the scientific work of leading domestic scientists, library science has now developed a fairly well-founded system of theoretical positions and views on the main problems of ensuring the preservation of library collections, a system of basic terms and concepts has been developed, on the basis of which its own professional “language” of communication has been created librarians.

A detailed study and analysis of the main works of library scientists made it possible to understand and appreciate current state problems, identify trends in historical continuity, establish an organic connection with the new terminology system, including a large number of foreign concepts.

The largest libraries in Russia - RSL, RNL, VGBIL and BAN - are recognized centers of scientific, methodological and practical work to ensure the safety of library collections. It is these institutions, having quite powerful conservation services and qualified personnel of curators, chemists, biologists, and restorers, that to a large extent determined and continue to determine the level of work to ensure the preservation of cultural values ​​in our country.

Over the past decades, materials reflecting the multidimensionality of the problem of ensuring safety have aroused increased interest and are regularly covered in foreign and domestic scientific literature. The state of preservation of library documents in Russia - one of the most attention-grabbing aspects - causes great concern and concern to society.

Thus, according to data published in the literature, restoration of documents stored in the Russian National Library (we are talking about a third of the total number of storage units) will take approximately 400 years. More than 1 million rare and valuable publications of the Russian State Library require restoration of bindings, about 20 million sheets require immediate restoration of paper, i.e. It will take 500 years to restore the RSL funds. To restore only the collections of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences damaged by the fire in 1988, according to our calculations, it will take 250 years.

In addition, the data obtained as a result of our scientific and practical work assessing the state of conservation of library collections administered by the Russian Academy of Sciences indicates that the gap between the need for restoration and the real possibilities of carrying out this work continues to increase, both due to aggressive influence environment, and an extremely weak material and technical base.

As a result, it was necessary to find an effective and economical form of conservation that could cover huge amounts of documents with minimal funding.

Preventive conservation was thus a set of preventive measures, including phase conservation, which were able to ensure comprehensive reliability and constancy of the condition of documents during their storage and use.

It is important to understand that this most progressive method of increasing the lifespan of collections is associated with high degree slowing down the processes of destruction of materials, and not with physical impact on documents for the purpose of their subsequent restoration. In this regard, preventive conservation plays almost the same role in relation to library materials as preventive medicine plays in relation to people. The medical axiom “it is easier to prevent a disease than to treat it” best reflects the essence of this area of ​​ensuring the safety of funds.

The importance and necessity of the research carried out in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences lies in the fact that as a result of the introduction of phase conservation, as a form of preventive conservation, a standard program was developed for libraries of different types. It includes the following activities: studying the composition and physical condition documents; systematic examination of the storage conditions of funds; development and creation of an information database; organization of the technological process of phase conservation; physical, chemical and biological processing of documents; development of methodological and normative-technological documentation; training of qualified guardians.

The dissertation research attempted to summarize the results of scientific works of domestic and foreign specialists, as well as the practical experience of libraries in terms of preventive measures in ensuring the safety of library collections.

Thus, based on the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The history of studying issues of preventive conservation (preventive measures) has traditionally been considered by domestic library scientists as library science. In modern library science, the necessary theoretical prerequisites have been formed to substantiate the phenomenon of preventive conservation.

2. The conducted research made it possible to carry out a multidimensional analysis of the state of preservation in the libraries of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Ways of introducing preventive conservation into the practical activities of scientific libraries have been developed and determined.

3. A standard phase conservation program opens up opportunities for libraries of various types to ensure the preservation of documents for a long time, protect them from harmful environmental influences and mechanical damage, reduce the need for restoration and rational use of funds.

4. To improve the skills of library specialists, it is advisable to include educational plans studying issues of preventive conservation. This will help you gain both theoretical and practical knowledge and skills on average educational institution, and more in-depth ones - in the highest. At the same time, it is possible to introduce a new specialization at the university: “Librarian for managing the preservation of collections.”

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