Hello dears.
I propose to continue reading the immortal and magnificent work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”. We started the first part here:
Having served excellently and nobly,
His father lived in debt
Gave three balls annually
And finally squandered it.
Eugene's fate kept:
At first Madame followed him,
Then Monsieur replaced her.
The child was harsh, but sweet.
Monsieur l'Abbé, poor Frenchman,
So that the child does not get tired,
I taught him everything jokingly,
I didn’t bother you with strict morals,
Lightly scolded for pranks
And he took me for a walk in the Summer Garden.
The fact that first Madame and then Monsieur Abbot went to Eugene is the system of standard “noble” education of those years. French was the main, sometimes the first, language of the Russian aristocracy. For example, the famous Decembrist Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin practically did not know Russian, and studied it before his death. Such are the things :-) It is clear that with such an education, it is important that the first nannies and teachers are carriers French. Everything is clear with Madame, but that’s why the second teacher was the Abbot. Initially, in my youth, I thought it was his last name.
M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin
But no - there is a hint of his clerical, that is, church past. I think that he was forced to flee revolutionary France, where the ministers of the Church suffered greatly, and labored in Russia as a teacher. And as practice shows, he was not a bad teacher :-) By the way, the word wretched does not carry any negative meaning. Monsieur Abbot was simply poor, and Pushkin uses this term here in this context. He fed from the table of his student, and his father paid him a salary, albeit small.
By the way, the fact that they walked in the Summer Garden, which by that time had received its current boundaries, suggests that Evgeniy lived nearby.
Lattice of the Summer Garden.
Let's continue.
When will the rebellious youth
The time has come for Evgeniy
It's time for hope and tender sadness,
Monsieur was driven out of the yard.
Here is my Onegin free;
Haircut in the latest fashion,
How the dandy Londoner is dressed -
And finally saw the light.
He's completely French
He could express himself and wrote;
I danced the mazurka easily
And he bowed casually;
What do you want more? The light has decided
That he is smart and very nice.
Real dandies :-)
As I said above, Monsieur Abbot turned out to be a good teacher and taught Eugene well. This can be seen in this stanza and in the following ones. The term dandy went down among the people, as they say, and has since come to mean a man who emphasizes aesthetics appearance and behavior, as well as the sophistication of speech and courtly behavior. This is a separate topic for conversation, and we will be happy to talk about it next time. The term itself comes from the Scottish verb “dander” (to walk) and denoted dandies and rich people. The first real dandy, so to speak, “style icon,” was George Brian Brummel, a friend and clothing adviser to the future King George IV.
D.B. Brummel
Mazurka is originally a Polish national fast dance, which received its name in honor of the Masurians or Mazovians - inhabitants of Mazovia (Masuria), part of central Poland. In the years described in the novel, the mazurka became an extremely popular dance at balls, and being able to dance it was a sign of “advancedness.” A little later, the mazurka will be taken to a new level by the great F. Chopin.
We all learned a little bit
Something and somehow
So upbringing, thank God,
It's no wonder for us to shine.
Onegin was, in the opinion of many
(decisive and strict judges)
A small scientist, but a pedant:
He had a lucky talent
No coercion in conversation
Touch everything lightly
With the learned air of a connoisseur
Remain silent in an important dispute
And make the ladies smile
Fire of unexpected epigrams.
Latin is now out of fashion:
So, if I tell you the truth,
He knew quite a bit of Latin,
To understand the epigraphs,
Talk about Juvenal,
At the end of the letter put vale,
Yes, I remembered, although not without sin,
Two verses from the Aeneid.
He had no desire to rummage
In chronological dust
History of the earth:
But jokes of days gone by
From Romulus to the present day
He kept it in his memory.
Learn Latin, really...:-)))
Knowing historical anecdotes is great. Yuri Vladimirovich Nikulin and Roman Trakhtenberg would approve of this :-) Putting vale at the end of the letter is not only beautiful, but also correct. After all, translated into completely original Russian, this could be interpreted as “Be healthy, boyar” :-) And if you, my dear readers, at the end of your written monologue, in the course of clarifying the most important question of existence, “who is wrong on the Internet,” pose not only dixi, but also vale - it will be beautiful :-)
It’s not very possible to talk about Juvenal these days, because it’s not always with anyone, but in vain. Decimus Junius Juvenal is a Roman satirical poet, contemporary of the emperors Vespasian and Trajan. In some places it gets annoying :-) Although one expression associated with this Roman is certainly familiar to any of you. This is “A healthy mind in a healthy body.” But we talked about it in more detail here:
(if you haven’t read it, I’ll take the liberty of recommending it)
We studied Virgil's Aeneid at the University. I don’t remember about the school, but in theory, it seemed like they could study it. This epic tells about the resettlement of the Trojan prince Aeneas to the Apennines and the founding of the city of Alba Longa, which later became the center of the Latin Union. What we also talked a little about here:
This is exactly the engraving of Virgil that Eugene could have seen :-)
I confess to you honestly, unlike Eugene, I don’t know a single verse from the Aeneid by heart. It is interesting that the Aeneid became a role model, and produced a bunch of alterations and variations. Including the rather funny “Aeneid” by Ivan Kotlyarevsky, if I’m not mistaken, almost the first work in the Ukrainian language.
To be continued...
Have a nice time of day.
Affectionate thoughts of excitement
Quote from the poem “The day will wake up - and human speech...” (1884) by A. Fet:
And my chants will begin to hum, -
But in the shifting currents you will find
Is it a tender thought of excitement,
Are hearts trembling in vain?
Latin is out of fashion now
Quote from the novel by A.S. Pushkin's Onegin (I, 6):
Latin is now out of fashion:
So, if I tell you the truth,
He knew quite a bit of Latin,
To understand the epigraphs...
They are somewhere out there, on computer websites...
On December 20, 2010, Prime Minister Putin, speaking at a meeting of the government commission on high technologies and innovations in Zelenograd, said: “...They are somewhere out there, on computer sites...”.
My sloth
Jokingly accusing someone of laziness.
Where are you, my sloth?
Lover of pleasure!
Summer of goodness
(foreigner) About beautiful inventions passed off as scientific (historical) fact (see).
Crafty dreams
Like a child I will dawn
Remembers crafty dreams
I am the sound of the soul
I'm looking for what lives in the soul.
The best country in the world for talented, demanding, independent and critical citizens
In 2008, in his first address to the Federal Assembly, President Medvedev spoke of the need to make Russia “the best in the world for talented, demanding, independent and critical citizens.”
Better is a dish of greens, and with it love, than a fattened ox, and with it hatred
From the Bible ( Book of proverbs. 15:17).
It is better to trust in the Lord than to trust in man!
From the Bible ( Psalter. 117:8).
It's time for better thoughts
Allegorically - about the night.
Quote from the poem “Notturno” (1842) by E.P. Rostopchina:
How can I not love you? - It's time for better thoughts;
You are refreshing; you blow me away
Holy poetry; you often until the morning
In slumber, in reality, you delight my heart with dreams
Inexpressible!..
Love's last goodbye
Quote from the poem “From edge to edge, from city to city...” (1834) F.I. Tyutcheva:
The wind brought us a familiar sound:
My last forgiveness to love...
There are many, many tears behind us,
Fog, obscurity ahead!
Loving others is a heavy cross
From the poem of the same name by B.L. Pasternak:
Loving others is a heavy cross,
And you are beautiful without gyrations,
And your beauty is a secret
It is tantamount to the solution to life.
I love their legs; but it's unlikely
You will find in Russia whole
Three pairs of slender female legs
Quote from the novel by A.S. Pushkin's Onegin (I, 30).
I love crazy youth
Quote from the novel by A.S. Pushkin's Onegin (I, 30):
I love mad youth
And tightness, and shine, and joy...
I love chimeras
Quote from the poem “As a child dawns...” (1847) by A. Fet:
Even though there is no faith in the heart
Legacy in living legends,
I love chimeras
Where childhood blooms.
Lover of pleasure
A playful accusation of someone being addicted to pleasure.
Quote from a poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Message to Galich":
Where are you, my sloth?
Lover of pleasure!
Lover of Roses
(foreign language) About the nightingale.
Quote from the poem “The wind blew, the grass cried...” (1880) by A. Fet:
The time for lovers' dreams has passed, -
Why else languish in vain?
But suddenly - one lover of roses
He sang so brightly, selflessly.
Love covers all sins
From the Bible: “Hate stirs up strife, but love covers all sins” ( Book of proverbs. 10:12).
Every woman has the characteristics of a policeman
Quote from Oganisyan’s film “Three Plus Two” (based on Mikhalkov’s play “Savages”; 1963).
Admire them - and be silent
Many probably remember Pushkin’s words in the title. “Now” means, as you might guess, almost two hundred years ago. Nowadays, it is rare that our contemporary can boast of at least Onegin’s knowledge of this language: the ability to “parse epigraphs,” familiarity with the work of Juvenal, or the ability to remember “two verses from the Aeneid.” Does this mean Latin is dead? Not quite.
Since the 1950s, there has been a so-called movement for living Latin in Europe, which aims to return Latin to the status of, if not the language of international communication, then at least the language of science. The movement is quite active. The model language and style for modern Latin is considered to be classical Latin and Renaissance Latin. There is no talk of simplifying the language, and modernization comes down to the development and codification of methods for creating and introducing into use new vocabulary that corresponds to modern realities. In Italy, not far from Rome, there is even educational institution, called Vivarium Novum, in which not only all teaching, but also everyday communication is conducted in Latin and ancient Greek.
However, the question arises: why, if the movement for living Latin is active and quite popular in Europe, have we still not returned to the use of this language, to its widespread teaching in school, to the reading of classical and modern literature in it? The answer is simple: there is no economic feasibility in replacing, say, English in international communication with Latin. But living Latin has problems, and they are as follows:
1. Latin, as a mass auxiliary language, turns out to be less convenient in this role than most existing communicatively implemented artificial languages: it is objectively more difficult to learn than Esperanto or, say, Glosa, Occidental, Interlingua. Given the limited nature of the use of auxiliary language for the most part its users, that is, its use in various everyday situations when communicating in a foreign language environment, Latin seems redundant in this role.
2. The adoption of Latin as the language of science will most likely require the translation of a significant corpus of specialized works written in national languages after Latin fell out of scientific use in the 19th-20th centuries. (in different scientific fields in different ways) - at least so that it would be convenient for a particular researcher to refer to them, without plunging into tedious translation studies each time. This is technically feasible, but requires considerable funds.
3. Against a dead language, the thorough study of which will be associated with obtaining a fundamental higher education, the prejudice of the majority of society will work. It is unlikely that this will look all that useful from the point of view of both education officials and the majority of students.
One can, of course, recall the example of Hebrew, revived through the efforts of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda and his associates, which fell out of use much earlier than Latin - not in the 18th-19th centuries, but several centuries BC. However, a comparison of Latin with Hebrew will not be entirely legitimate: Hebrew was revived for intranational communication and was proposed by Ben Yehuda as a new native language for the future of the Jewish state.
It’s different with Latin: here the goal is international communication, the absence of linkage of language to a separate living people is positioned as an advantage. Consequently, everyone will always have to learn international Latin. Language is not only morphology plus vocabulary, but also phraseology, syntax, and stylistics. In this, Latin is no different from the existing languages: students face all the same difficulties. How many are ready to overcome them for the sake of mastering a language that is not the most useful in practice and in everyday life?
However, the movement for living Latin deserves, if not support, then at least sympathy: a good command of Latin gives at least the opportunity to join the origins of European civilization without intermediaries and guides. This movement is widely represented on the Internet; The links below will help you get to know him better.
Some Soviet articles, dedicated to the issue of returning Latin to modern international use:
http://www.philology.ru/linguistics3/borovsky-91.htm
http://www.philology.ru/linguistics3/maadla-84.htm
On translations of Pushkin into Latin:
http://feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/serial/v72/v72-068-.htm
Russian site entirely dedicated to living Latin: http://linguaeterna.com/
The Finnish radio station YLE Radio has published weekly news reports in Latin for 25 years:
http://yle.fi/radio1/tiede/nuntii_latini/
Another example of the oral use of Latin is the report of the famous German classical philologist Wilfried Stroh, who angrily attacked the artificial Latin-Greek composite 'humanismus'.
Vorontsova Polina
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“Latin is out of fashion now...”? research work
Object of study: Latin words, popular words and expressions. Subject of research: study of winged Latin words, comparison of the number of Latin borrowings in textbooks for 8th grade. Research hypothesis: despite the fact that Latin is called a “dead language”, it is actively used in modern language. Purpose of the study: to present a dictionary of popular words, to identify the number of Latin borrowings in textbooks.
The objectives of the study are to study the history of the emergence and development of the Latin language; identify the relevance of using the Latin language; make calculations of words borrowed from Latin in textbooks of biology, Russian, mathematics; explore the role of Latin in modern world; learn about the life and work of the authors of popular words; Methods: descriptive, comparative, survey
HISTORY The name "Latin" comes from the word Latium, denoting a small region of ancient Italy in the lower reaches of the Tiber. According to myths, here the descendants of the Trojans founded the Great City of Rome. The oldest monuments of the language they spoke date back approximately to the 6th - 5th centuries BC. Latin is one of the most ancient written Indo-European languages. Nowadays, Latin is official language Holy See, Order of Malta, Vatican.
LATIN VOCABULARY ELEMENT ad-aqua-apim-antic-audi-bi, bis-vits, vice-gom, human-de-dis-, di-, dif-du-immune-, in, im, ir inter-intro-infra - quasi-co-, con-, count-, com-, cor- contra- copper- mini- mono- multi- post- pre- pro- re- sub-, suf-, suz- super- trans- ultra- uni - ex-extra juv-, jun-, uni
LATIN ON THE PAGES OF TEXTBOOKS Russian language: literature, transcription, punctuation, sail. Mathematics: trapezoid, figure, coefficient, function. Biology: experiment, enzyme, regulation, receptor.
WINGED WORDS Alea jakta est - “the die is cast (the decision is made) Veni, vidi, vici - “he came, he saw, he conquered” Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC)
Marcus Tullius Cicero Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit - “left, hid, escaped, fled.” Consuetudo est a lter a natura - “habit is second nature.” Cantus cycneus – “swan song”.
Horace Aurea mediocritas - "golden mean". Desipere in loco - “to be mad where it is appropriate.” Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori - “it is joyful and honorable to die for the fatherland.” Durum patientia frango I overcome difficulties with patience."
Lucius Annaeus Seneca Calamitas virtutis occasio - “adversity is the touchstone of valor.” Omnis ars imitatio est naturae - “all art is an imitation of nature.” Per astera ad astra - “through thorns to the stars.” Plus sonat quam vale - “more ringing than meaning.” Post mortem nihil est - “after death there is nothing.”
RESULTS OF THE SURVEY Who speaks and writes in Latin? Would you like to know and study Latin? Why might modern people need Latin? Students of what majors study Latin? Do you know words in Russian borrowed from Latin? Give an example. Do you know popular Latin words and expressions? Why do you need to know them? Name the names of outstanding ancient writers and politicians. 1. Most were written by a doctor or philologist. 2. Most wrote that they would like to study Latin. 3.7 Most wrote for knowledge of the past, for terms, to broaden their horizons. 4. Philologists, medical students. 5. Few people know expressions and words in Latin. 6. Many people know. 8. Caesar and Herodotus were mentioned.
RESULTS OF THE SURVEY Was it easy for you to learn Latin? Have you had any cases when knowledge of Latin helped you in a non-professional field? Do you know popular Latin words and expressions? 70% responded that the language was difficult to learn due to difficulty in pronunciation. 20% responded positively. 80% responded positively.
CONCLUSION In the Russian language there are many borrowings from Latin, especially from the field of scientific, technical, public political terminology: audience, republic, vacation, constitution, exam and others. What is evidenced by the analysis of textbooks for 8th grade. Getting to know the sayings of great and famous people Ancient Rome, modern man not only replenishes his vocabulary, but also turns to history, literature, and philosophy. How cool it is to use winged Latin when talking about something: “Sic transit gloria mundi” [sic transit gloria mundi] - “this is how earthly glory passes.” Or, having heard, for example, the motto olympic games“Citius, altius, fortius” [citius altius fortius] (“faster, higher, stronger”), be able to translate it into Russian!
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Description of work
Research is devoted to the study of Latin catchphrases and expressions and their equivalents in the Russian language.
Relevance
The topic is relevant because allows you to expand your general and philological horizons, to join the wealth ancient culture, better learn your native language.
Object of studyare Latin words, catchphrases and expressions.
Subject of researchis the study of winged Latin words and their equivalents in Russian, comparing the number of Latin borrowings in textbooks for 8th grade.
Research hypothesisDespite the fact that Latin is called a “dead language”, it is actively used in modern language.
Purpose of the study:
Present a dictionary of popular words and their equivalents in the Russian language, based on comparison of textbooks, surveys, and identify the frequency of use of Latinisms in the modern language.
Research objectives
During testing of the hypothesis the following were revealed:
- study the history of the emergence and development of the Latin language;
- identify the relevance of using the Latin language;
- make calculations of words borrowed from Latin in textbooks of biology, Russian, mathematics
- explore the role of Latin in the modern world;
- learn about the life and work of the authors of popular words;
The following were used in the study: methods:
- descriptive,
- comparative,
- survey
- Scientific novelty The work consists of comparing the use of words borrowed from Latin in textbooks of biology, Russian, mathematics, and comparing Latin catchphrases with Russian equivalent.
Practical significance. The results may be of interest to a wide range of people interested in the Latin language, students, teachers, and readers.
History of the Latin language
"Latin language ( lingua latina), or Latin, - language Latin-Faliscan subgroupItalian languages Indo-European language family. Today it is the only actively used Italian language (although there have been no people with native Latin for at least a millennium and a half, therefore it should be considereddead language ). Latin is one of the most ancient written Indo-European languages. Nowadays, Latin is the official language of the stateThe Holy See (Vatican City State), andRoman Catholic Church and other Catholic churches. A large number of words in European (and not only) languages are of Latin origin.Latin alphabet is the basiswriting many modern languages."
The name "Latin" comes from the word Latium, which refers to a small region of ancient Italy in the lower reaches of the Tiber. According to myths, here the descendants of the Trojans founded the Great City of Rome. The oldest monuments of the language they spoke date back approximately to the 6th-5th centuries BC.
This was the period of archaic Latin (5th century BC - 2nd century BC) - the language of Plautus' comedies, inscriptions on gravestones - epitaphs. As the state grew and its power increased in the 3rd century. BC. The Latin language began to gain increasing importance.
Elements of Greek education penetrated into Roman life, giving impetus to the magnificent flowering of Roman literature and language. Iv. BC. – II century BC - the period of classical and post-classical Latin, the era of Cicero, Virgil, Ovid, Apuleius and many other writers and poets. The state borders of Rome at that time covered a vast territory, running across a wide strip in Europe, Asia, and Africa around the Mediterranean Sea. The Roman Empire imposed its state language on the conquered territories.
At the same time, the internal ties of the state gradually weakened, and by the 5th century AD. it ceased to exist as a single whole. III – VI century AD - the period of late Latin, when dialect differences are clearly identified in the Latin language, marking the beginning of the development, on a common Latin basis, of the Romance languages. However, literary Latin retained its role as the language of artistic and intellectual culture Western Europe even in those countries where the local language was not supplanted by Latin in Germany, England, Ireland, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Croatia, and Poland. Only starting from the XIII – XIV centuries. - the so-called Renaissance - arise next to Latin literature works of art in the developing national languages of European peoples. However, even in the Middle Ages, the Latin language retained its dominant position, remaining the language of the state, administration, international relations, science, church, and school. Enlightened people of that time showed great interest in Latin. Without knowing Latin, it was impossible to join the experience of previous generations.
TO XVIII century Almighty Latin began to lose ground, and new scientific literature appeared, written in German, English and Russian.
Signs of Latinisms.
The legacy of those centuries when the Latin language played a leading role in cultural life is a huge number of Latin words that were included in new languages, the so-called international words. According to scientists, for example, in English language 75% of all common words are of Latin and French origin.
Among international words, three types of borrowings should be distinguished:
- words that entered another language directly from Latin;
- borrowing through other languages;
- words artificially created in modern times on the basis of a Latin root word (scientific and technical terms).
The number of such terms is rapidly increasing in our time and, as Otkupshchikov rightly notes in his book “To the Origins of the Word,” having discovered a Latin suffix in a word, one cannot conclude that this word is necessarily borrowed from the Latin language. Many Latinisms penetrated into the Russian language not directly from Latin, but from French, German, Polish, i.e. they were borrowed from these languages. And yet the amount of international vocabulary in individual languages is quite large.
Latin prefix | Meaning of the Latin prefix | Russian version or equivalent |
a-, ab-, abs- | action directed from something, removal; cutting off, separation, deviation, refusal, denial; excess | a-, under- |
direction towards something, approach; addition, accession, beginning, complementarity, proximity, correlation with something. Often " d " is likened to the first letter of the root, so the prefix turns into | ||
ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at- | see ad- | |
aequi- | equal, one of equals | equi-, equal- |
alter- | other, one of two, opposite, changed | alter- |
alti- | located high, at a height | alti-, high- |
amb-, ambi-, ambo- | duality, double function, the presence of two different properties; around, around, about, on both sides | ambi-, bi- |
ante- | position in front, before, before | pre- |
duality, double function, having two different properties | bi-, bi- |
|
circum- | around, all around | circum- |
cis- | (located) on this side | pre- |
co-, col-, com-, cor- | see con- | |
con- | joint action, unification, together, together. If the root begins with consonants b, m, p, used by com -; before initial l of the root – col-, and before r – cor- . A root that begins with a vowel is preceded by a prefix of the form co- | s-, co- |
contr-, contra- | opposition, opposition, opposition | counter-, counter-, counter- |
separation, elimination, removal, deprivation, destruction; lack, absence; movement from top to bottom, decrease; completion of action | de-, des- |
|
di-, dif- | see dis- | di-, di- |
dis- | division, separation, dismemberment; absence, lack; spreading. Final letter " c " drops out before some initial consonants of the root (the prefix is obtained di- ) or goes to"f" (it turns out dif- ), if the root begins with " f". | dis-, times-, non- |
e-, ex- | former; being outside of something; exit, removal, extraction from something, movement from the inside out, upward; change in quality, completion, strengthening. Before the root on " f "the prefix ex- becomes ef- | e-, ex-, ex-, from-, you-, times-, dis- |
extra- | highest degree of quality; going beyond something; being outside, outside | extra-, extra-, super- |
il-, im-, ir- | see in- | il-, im-, ir-, non- |
negation or opposite; an action directed inside something or being in something, inside something. Consonant " n " in the prefix goes to"l", "m", "r" , if the root begins with them (we get prefixes il-, im-, ir-), before "b" and "p " turns into " m " (it turns out im- ) | not-, without-, bes-, in-, on-, voz-, at- |
|
inaequi- | unevenness of signs, properties | not equal- |
infra- | position under something, below something | infra-, sub- |
inter- | implementation or location between someone, something, interstitiality; reciprocity, interconnection. | inter-, inter-, inter-, inter- |
intra-, intro- | located inside, between, directed inward | intra-, intro- |
multi- | significant, significant presence of a characteristic or properties; plurality | multi-, many- |
being in front of something; opposition, opposition. Console ob- assimilates " b " before some initial consonants of the root (for example, before " c " and " p " are obtained oc- and op- ) | about- |
|
oc- , op- | see ob- | |
pauc-, pauci- | insignificant, insignificant presence of a sign or property | little-, little- |
per- | strengthening, completion, completeness of action; action directed through, through something, performed by means of something | per- |
pluri- | multiplicity, the presence of numerous repetitions of signs or properties | a lot of- |
post- | after, after | fast- |
prae- | being ahead, anticipation, prematurity, action before, before something, before something; high or highest degree | pre- |
pro- | moving forward, acting in the interests of or instead of someone or something | pro- |
quadri- | the presence of four repetitions of a characteristic or property, quadruple | four- |
quin-, quinque- | the presence of five repetitions of a characteristic or property, fivefold | five- |
reverse, opposite action, reaction; resumption or repetition of action | re- |
|
semi- | half-heartedness, incompleteness | half-, half- |
semper- | always, constantly | forever- |
sub- | being under something or inside, below, below, below or with something, near, near something, secrecy; subordination, dependence, incompleteness, secondaryness. Often " b" becomes su- before the initial " s " root followed by a consonant, insue-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-respectively before " s", "f", "g", "m", "p", "r "; before consonants" p", "t" and (sometimes) "s " takes shape sus- | sub-, sub- |
su-, sue-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus- | see sub- | |
super- | highest quality, enhanced action; main; located above, above something; excess, excess | super-, super-, re-, pre-, over-, on- |
supra- | above, on the surface | supra-, over-, over-, on- |
trans-, tra- | moving, passing through, through something, crossing a large space; location outside of something, on the other side of something | trans-, re-, pre-, for- |
tri- | triplicity, triplicity, the presence of three properties or characteristics | three-, three- |
ubi- | being somewhere | |
ultra- | extreme degree of manifestation of any symptom; extreme, located outside, on the other side of something; beyond measure | ultra-, super- |
uni- | uniqueness, singularity, one-pointedness | uni-, one- |
The most common Latin word-forming elements in the Russian language are:immuno-, im-, ir-, in-, (115), co-, con-, count-, com-, cor- (149).
Using this table, we analyzed three paragraphs from textbooks for 8th grade in order to identify Latin words in the modern language. The following was revealed: in the textbook “Russian Language” there are Latin words: literature, transcription, punctuation, sail; in “Mathematics”: trapezoid, figure, coefficient, function; in “Biology”: experiment, enzyme, regulation, receptor.
Thus, we are convinced that Latin words are actively used in modern scientific language, since Latinisms are basically terms.
Scientists believe that the Latin language inbiology can be considered as independent scientific language, derived from LatinRenaissance , but enriched with many words borrowed fromGreek and other languages. In addition, many Latin words are used in biological texts in a new, special sense. Grammar in Latin biological language noticeably simplified.Alphabet supplemented: unlike classical Latin, the letters “j”, “u”, “w” are used. ModernCodes of biological nomenclature require scientific namesliving organisms were Latin in form , that is, they were written in letters of the Latin alphabet and obeyed the rules of Latin grammar, regardless of what language they were borrowed from.
Latin borrowings need to be known and studied, since they make up a significant percentage of the vocabulary of the Russian, English and French languages.
Idioms
Any language contains a wide layer of popular words. The expression “winged words” was used for the first time in ancient times. It is found in Homer’s poems “The Iliad” and “The Odyssey” (“He spoke a winged word”; “They exchanged winged words quietly among themselves”). On the wings of a word, a thought flies to the interlocutor. This term denotes short quotes, figurative expressions, sayings of historical figures included in our speech from literary sources, names of mythological and literary characters that have become household names, figurative compressed characteristics of historical figures. The stock of catchwords is very large. Abundant sources of winged words are ancient and biblical myths, folk songs and fairy tales, world literature, criticism, journalism, historical documents, scientific writings, speeches of political and public figures. Having a literary origin, winged words are associated with a certain language, but in their use they are not limited only to this language, but, going beyond its limits, become, to one degree or another, an international property, not only in translation into other languages, but also in in its original form. Insufficient familiarity with the specific conditions for the emergence of catchwords and possible changes in meaning can lead to their misunderstanding in literary texts. It is not always possible, however, to establish the authorship of a popular expression and the history of its origin.
Conventionally, the sources of many winged words are considered to be the written monuments in which they are recorded. Among the entire collection of popular words, expressions in Latin occupy a special place.
Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC)
Julius Caesar is a legendary military leader who became the sole dictator of Rome. By his conquestGaul Caesar expanded the Roman power to the shores of the northernAtlantic and subjected modern times to Roman influenceFrance , and also launched an invasion ofBritish Isles . Gaius Julius Caesar, possessing brilliant abilities as a military strategist and tactician, won the battlescivil war and became the sole ruler. Along withGnaeus Pompey he began reforming Roman society and the state, which after his death led to the establishmentRoman Empire .
Alea jakta est [Alea jakta est]- “the die is cast (the decision is made) - about an irrevocable decision that does not allow a return to the past. This expression, which later became popular, was uttered by Caesar after crossing the Rubicon. "Rubicon - ancient name river flowing into the Adriatic Sea, which in 49 BC. Julius Caesar crossed with his legions, contrary to the prohibition of the Senate." The full version of the aphorism: "The Rubicon has been crossed, the die has been cast." This is what they say when deciding on some risky business.
Veni, vidi, vici [veni vidi vici]- “he came, he saw, he conquered” (according to ancient historians, the words of Julius Caesar from his report to the Senate about the victory over the Pontic king Pharnaces). " Latin“, these words, having the same endings, create the impression of convincing brevity, quick, decisive and successful completion of any task.” . The expression “I came, I saw, I conquered” became synonymous with a quick victory.
The following statement of Julius Caesar went down in history: “ And you Brute?!".
After Caesar's grandiose victories, he was proclaimed consul of Rome for life. The enemies were afraid to act openly and organized a secret conspiracy. “They spread a rumor that Caesar wants to become king. Then Marcus Junius Brutus joined them. … Caesar loved Brutus very much and trusted him completely.” .
The assassination of Caesar occurred on March 15, 44 BC, on the so-called Ides of March. At the entrance to the Senate, a crowd of petitioners surrounded him - he did not have time to read the note warning him of the danger that one of his friends gave him. In the Senate, armed conspirators rushed at Caesar. He tried to defend himself with a stylus - a sharpened writing stick. And suddenly Caesar saw that his favorite, Brutus, was attacking him. “And you, Brutus?!” Caesar exclaimed doomedly and fell, struck by daggers.
The catchphrase “And you, Brutus?!” has the following meaning: “reproach to a loved one who betrayed the common cause." .
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Cicero - ancient Roman politicians philosopher , brilliant speaker . He was not a patrician and could not count on high positions. Since childhood, Cicero was fond of Greek literature and studied oratory. He traveled to the island of Rhodes, where he studied with the best rhetoricians.
Cicero's famous phrase“One is not born as a poet, one becomes an orator." It is pronounced when they want to emphasize that “talent is a hereditary gift, and skill is an acquired skill.”.
Cicero became famous for his speeches against Catiline, who wanted to seize power in Rome, laughed at the weakness of the Senate and prepared a conspiracy. Everyone knew about it, but they were afraid to speak openly. Cicero made a speech in the Senate, which he began with these words: “How long, Catiline, will you test our patience? They subsequently became winged.They are pronounced if they want to stop someone’s arbitrariness.
Cicero then reminded the Romans that there were times when citizens sacrificed everything in the name of freedom and the republic. Speaking about contemporary politicians, he exclaimed: “O tempora!” O more!” [O tempora! Oh mores!] - “Oh times! Oh morals!
Thanks to Cicero's speeches, the plot failed. Other statements of Cicero also became popular.
Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit[abiit, ektsessit, evazit, erupit] - “left, hid, escaped, fled.”
Benefacta male locata malefacta arbitror[benafakta is small, e locata is small, efakta arbitr] - “I consider the benefits shown to the unworthy to be atrocities.”
Cantus cycneus [cantus kykneus] – “swan song”.
Consuetudo est altera natura[consvetudo est altera natura] - “habit is second nature.”
Ex ipso fonte bibero [ex ipso fonte bibero] – “to drink from the source itself.”
Igni et ferro [igni et ferro] – “to destroy with fire and sword.”
Ex malis eligere minima [ex mal, is el, ig, ere m, in, ima]. - “to choose the lesser of evils.”
Nervus belli [nervus bell, and] – “the nerve of war (about money).”
O fallacem hominum spem ! [o fallatsem hominum spam] - “oh, deceptive human hope!”
Omnia mea mecum porto [omnia mia metsum]. - “I carry everything that’s mine with me.”
Quintus Horace Flaccus.
Horace ( full name Quintus Horace Flaccus (lat. Quintus Horatius Flaccus); 65 BC e. , Venusia, today in the regionBasilicata , Italy - 8 BC e. , Rome ) - Roman poet "golden age"Roman literature . His work covers the revolutionary era of Rome at the endrepublics and the first decades of the new regimeOctavian Augustus .
Horace was born into a freedman's family. He participated in civil wars, and after them took up poetry. Another famous Roman poet, Virgil, liked his poems, and he introduced Horace to Maecenas, his patron. The patron gave Horace an estate and introduced Octavian Augustus to his poems. Horace became a court poet. His ode “To Melpomene” is especially famous, in which the expression became popular: “ Exegi monumentum "[exegi monumentum]. It is translated as follows: “I have erected a monument to myself...”. And it became famous thanks to the brilliant translations of Horace’s ode made by M.V. Lomonosov, G.R. Derzhavin and A.S. Pushkin.
Other winged aphorisms.
Aurea mediocritas [aurea mediokratis] - “golden mean”.
Carpe diem [karpe diem] - literally “break the day”, that is, take advantage of the present day, seize the moment.
Desire in loco [disipere in loko] - “to go crazy where it is appropriate.”
Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori[dulce et dekorum est patria mori] - “it is gratifying and honorable to die for the fatherland.”
Durum patientia frango [durum patientia frango] - “I overcome difficulties with patience.”
Ira furor brevis es t [ira furor brevis est] – “anger is short-term madness.”
In media res [in medias res] – “to the very essence of the matter.
Publius Ovid Naso.
Ovid ( full Publius Ovidius Nason (43 BC - ca. 18 AD), Roman poet. Created love elegies, messages; didactic poems “The Science of Love” and “Remedies for Love” imbued with humor and irony. The mythological epic “Metamorphoses” (about the “transformations” of people and gods into animals, constellations, etc.) and “Fasti” (about Roman religious holidays), at the end of his life, while in exile, he wrote “Sorrowful Elegies” and “Letters from Ponta."
Ovid's works are distinguished by irrepressible imagination, a half-joking tone and exceptional skill in versification. For unclear reasons, he was exiled from Rome to the western Black Sea region, where he spent the last eight years of his life. Had a huge influence on European literature.
Tempus edax rerum [tempus edax rerum] – “all-consuming time.”
Tempora mutantur et nos mutantur in illis[tempora mutantur et nos mutantur in illis] - “times change - and we change with them.”
Amor non est medicabilis herbis[amor non est medicabilis herbis] – “love cannot be cured with herbs,” i.e. “there is no cure for love.”
Ars amandi [ars amandi] – “science of love.”
Es fumus est dulcis [es fumus est dulcis] - “and the smoke of the Fatherland is sweet.”
Dum spiro, sp ero [dum spiro spero] – “while I’m breathing, I hope.”
Gutta cavat lapidem - [gutta kavit lapidem] - “a drop wears away a stone.”
Publius Virgil Maro.
Virgil - Publius Virgil Maro (lat. Publius Vergilius Maron) (October 1570 BC e. near Mantua - September 2119 BC e. ) - one of the most significant ancient Roman poets. Created a new type of epic poem.
Auri sacra fames [auri sakra fames] – “cursed thirst for gold.”
Durat(e), et vosmet rebus servate secundis[durate et vosmet rebus servate sekundis] – “take courage and preserve yourself for favorable times.”
Lucius Annaeus Seneca.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca (1 BC / 1 AD, Corduba, now Cordoba, Spain - 65 AD, Rome), - Roman statesman, writer, philosopher, educator of Emperor Nero and one of the leading exponents of Stoicism, a branch of philosophy. SonLucius (or Mark) of Annaeus Seneca the Elder (an outstanding rhetorician and historian) and Helvia. Younger brotherJunia Gallione . Belonged to the classhorsemen .
Calamitas virtutis occasio [kalamitas virtutis occasio] - “disaster is the touchstone of valor.”
Omnis ars imitatio est naturae[omnis ars imitation est nature] - “all art is an imitation of nature.”
Otium sine litteris mors est et hominis vivi sepultura[otium sine litteris mors est et hominis vivi sepultura] – “leisure without science is the death and burial of a living person.”
Per astera ad astra [per astara ad astra] - “through thorns to the stars.”
Plus sonat quam vale [ plus sonata kvam val, e] - “more ringing than meaning.”
Post mortem nihil est [post mortem nigil est] - “after death there is nothing.”
Apostle Peter
Apostle Peter - one of the twelveapostles (students) Jesus Christ . IN Catholicism traditionally considered the firstPope , although the title itself appeared several centuries later.
Qvo vadis ?[quo vadis?] – “what are you going with? The apostle said this phrase while fleeing the persecution of Emperor Nero. At night Peter left Rome. Outside the city gates, he met Christ and asked him: “Qvo vadis, Domini?” (“Where are you going, Lord?”). Christ answered: “To Rome to be crucified again.” After this, Christ ascended to heaven, and Peter, seeing in the words of Christ a proclamation of his martyrdom, returned to Rome, where he was crucified upside down.
Results of a sociological survey
During the research work, a survey was conducted among students in grades 7 and 8 of our school in order to study their interest in the Latin language.
The students answered the following questions:
- Who speaks and writes Latin?
- Would you like to know and study Latin?
- Why might modern people need Latin?
- Students of what majors study Latin?
- Do you know words in Russian borrowed from Latin? Give an example.
- Do you know popular Latin words and expressions?
- Why do you need to know them?
- Name the names of outstanding ancient writers and politicians.
An analysis of students' answers to the first question showed that they are not fully aware of the use of the Latin language today in oral and written speech.Most wrote that he was a doctor, a philologist. Many people would like to study Latin. According to the students, modern people need the Latin language to know the past, terms, and broaden their horizons. Philologists and medical students study Latin. Few students know expressions and words in Latin. Respondents, answering question No. 6, wrote that they knew Latin words and Latinisms, but did not give examples. Among the outstanding ancient writers and politicians were Caesar and Herodotus.
We asked medical professionals and pharmacists with the following questions: 1. Was it easy for you to learn Latin?
2. Have you had any cases when knowledge of Latin helped you in a non-professional field? 3.Do you know popular Latin words and expressions?
To the first question, 70% answered that the language was difficult to learn because of the difficulty in pronunciation. On the second, 20% responded positively, on the third, 80% responded positively.
The data obtained from the survey showed that the majority of students would like to study Latin, have an interest in this language and would like to know more popular expressions in order to better understand their native language, be erudite people and get a good education.
And those who know this language do not regret it, despite the difficulties in learning it.
Thus, the relevance of the research topic is confirmed by the results of the survey.
conclusions
Latin does not currently play a role in our Everyday life of great importance. The generally accepted language of science and business communication is English. Latin serves, rather, as a foundation for the education of scientific terms and concepts. In the Russian language there are many borrowings from Latin, especially from the field of scientific, technical, public political terminology: audience, republic, vacation, constitution, exam and others, as evidenced by the analysis of textbooks for 8th grade.
And yet it is studied in gymnasiums and universities. Many people want to read Roman treatises, poems, and tragedies in the original. International names for animals and plants are also given in Latin. The names of medications and prescriptions can be read in Latin in any pharmacy in Europe! Knowing Latin, you can better and more accurately understand your own language, the foreign language you are studying, join the richness of ancient culture, broaden your horizons, learn about the wisdom of the ancients and the realities of the ancient world, important historical events that time.
By getting acquainted with the statements of the great and famous people of Ancient Rome, modern people not only replenish their vocabulary, but also turn to history, literature, and philosophy. How cool it is to use winged Latin when talking about something: “ Sic transit gloria mundi “[sic transit gloria mundi] – “this is how earthly glory passes.” Or, having heard, for example, the motto of the Olympic Games “ Citius, altius, fortius" [citius altius fortius] (“faster, higher, stronger”), be able to translate it into Russian!
Latin catchphrases | Translation into Russian and Russian equivalent |
1. (A) Abyssus abyssum invocat. | The abyss calls to the abyss. (Bible). Rus.: One misfortune does not go away. When trouble comes, open the gate. |
2. Acceptissima sember muněra sunt, auctor quae pretiosa facit. | The sweetest gifts are those whose value lies in the giver himself (Ovid). Rus.: Not in a good way, but in a nice way. |
3. Actum, ajunt, ne agas. | What you're done with, they say, don't come back to (Proverb). Rus.: You can’t undo what’s done. |
4. Alea jacta est. | Die is cast. (Words by Yu. Caesar 44 hours BC while crossing the Rubicon River). Rus.: If you call yourself a milk mushroom, get into the back. |
5. Amor caecus. | Love is blind. |
6. Ante barbam docent senes. | Elders are taught before beards. Rus.: Teach a scientist. |
7. Ante victoriam ne canas triumphum. | Don't celebrate until you win. Rus.: Don’t say “gop” until you jump over. Do not count your chickens before they are hatched. Sharing the skin of an unkilled bear. |
8. Asinus asinum fricat. | Donkey rubs against donkey. (Proverb). Rus.: You - to me, I - to you. Debt good turn deserves another. |
9. Audentes fortuna juvat. | Fortune helps those who dare. (Virgil, ancient Roman poet, 70 - 19 BC) Rus.: Happiness helps the brave. |
10. Aurora musis amica. | Aurora is a friend of the muses. Rus.: Getting up earlier means making money. The morning is wiser than the evening. |
11. Aut Ceasar aut nihil. | Either Caesar or nothing. (Emperor Caligula, 37 - 41 AD).Russian: Either pan or gone. |
12. Aut non tentaris, aut perfice. | Either don't take it on or finish it. (Ovid). |
13. Bis dat qui cito dat. | He who gives quickly gives doubly. (Publius Sirus, Roman monograph, 1st century BC). |
Seize the day! (Motto of Epicureanism. Horace, 65 BC. - 8 years AD) Rus.: It’s biting, so don’t yawn. |
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15. Canis timidus vehemetius latret quam mordet. | A fearful dog barks more than he bites. (Bactrian proverb quoted by Curtius Rufus). |
16. Cibi condimentum est fames. | Hunger is the spice of food. (Socrates). Rus.: Hunger is the best cook. |
17. Clipeum post vulněra sumere. | Take up the shield after being wounded. (Ovid). Rus.: After a fight they don’t wave their fists. Wise after the event. I grabbed it when I rolled down the mountain. |
18. Consuetudo est altěra natura. | Habit is second nature. (Marcus Tullius Cicero 106 – 43 BC). |
19. Cucullus non facit monsehum. | Klobuk does not make a monk. Rus.: Not every monk who wears a hood. |
20. Cum tacer, clamant. | Because they are silent, they shout. (Cicero, 106 – 43 BC). Rus.: Good silence is not the answer. |
21. De gustibus non est disputandum. | Tastes could not be discussed. (Pliny the Younger, Roman writer, 61/62 – 114 AD). |
22. Dies diem docet. | Day teaches day. (A brief formulation of the thought expressed in a verse by Publius Sirus, Roman mimographer, 1st century BC, author of “Sentetiae”. |
23. Dies dolorem minuit. | Day reduces suffering Rus.: Time will pass and the tears will be wiped away. |
24. Dimidium facti, qui coepit habet. | The one who has already started has done half the work. (Horace). Rus.: A good start is half the battle. The initiative is more expensive than anything else. |
25. Domus propria – domus optima. | Your own home is the best home. Rus.: It’s good at a party, but at home it’s better. |
26. Doneo eris felix, multos numerabis amicos. | As long as you are happy, you will have many friends. (Ovid, ancient Roman poet, 43 BC – 18 AD). |
27. Do, ut des. | I give so that you give. (Formula of Roman law establishing legal relations between two persons.). |
28. Dum spriro spero. | As long as I breathe, I hope. (Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman orator, 106 – 43 BC) (Lucius Annaeus Seneca, philosopher, author of tragedies 4 BC – 65 AD). |
29. Ede, bibe, lude. | Eat, drink, be merry. Rus.: Live, don’t be stingy, have fun with friends. |
30. Edǐmus, ut vivamus, non edǐmus, ut edamus. | We eat to live, not live to eat. (Socrates, ancient Greek philosopher, 470/469 – 399 BC). |
31. E fructu arbor cognoscitur. | A tree is identified by its fruit. |
32. Elephantum ex musca facis. | You're making a mountain out of a molehill. |
33. Equi donati dentes non insipiciuntur. | They do not look at a given horse's teeth. |
34. Errare humanum est. | To make mistakes is human. (Seneca, Roman philosopher, 4 BC – 65 AD). |
35. Est modus in rebus. | There is a measure in things. (Horace - Roman poet 65 BC - 8 AD). Rus.: Measure is faith in every matter. |
36. Et fumus partiae est dulcis. | And the smoke of the fatherland is sweet. (Ovid). rus.: Houses and straw will be eaten. |
37. Et semel emissum volat irrevocabǐle verbum. | The word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you won’t catch it. (Quintus Horace Flaccus, Roman poet, 65 BC – 8 AD). |
38. Ex duopus malis minus est deligendum. | You must choose the lesser of two evils. |
39. Experientia est optima magistra. | Experience is the best teacher. |
40. Fama crescit eundo. | Word of mouth is growing as it goes. (Virgil). Russian: Bad rumor flies on wings. |
41. Festina lente! | "Hurry slowly." Do everything slowly. (One of the common sayings of Emperor Augustus, 30 BC - 14 AD). |
42. Finis coronat opus. | End crowns the work. (Latin phraseological unit.). Rus.: The end is the crown of the whole thing. |
43. Flammo fumo proxima est. | Smoke is close to fire. (Plautus). Rus.: Spark the carcass before the fire, remove the attack before the blow. |
44. Fluctus in simpule (excitare). | Storm in a teacup. (Cicero). |
45. Fortes fortune adjuvat. | Fate helps the strong. (Terence, Roman comedian, 195 - 159 BC). Rus.: The city takes courage. The bullet is afraid of the brave. |
46. Frontis nulla fides. | There is no trust in people. (Juvenal). Russian: All that glitters is not gold. |
47. Gutta lavat lapidem non vi, sed saepe cadendo. | A drop chisels a stone not by force, but by frequent falling. (Ovid, Roman poet, 43 BC – 17 AD). |
48. Habeas tibil. | Have it with you. Rus.: Keep your mouth shut. |
49. Hic Rhodus, hic salta! | Rhodes is here, jump here. (From the fable “The Boastful Pentathlete” by Aesop, 6th century BC). |
50. Homo homini lupus est. | Man is a wolf to man. (Titus Maccius Plautus, Roman comedian, mid-3rd century BC, 184 BC). |
51. Homo ipse suae fortunae faber est. | Man is the architect of his own happiness. (Socrates, ancient Greek philosopher, 470/469 – 399 BC). |
52. Homo locum ornate, non homǐnem locus. | A person decorates a place, not a place that decorates a person. |
53. Homo proponit, sed dues disponit. | Man proposes, God disposes. (Thomas a Kempis, 14th century monk - mystic). |
54. Intelligenti pauca. | For those who understand, a little is enough. |
55. Ira furor breris est. | Anger is a short-term madness. (Horace). Rus.: It’s easy to piss off a fool. |
56. Irretit muscas, transmittit aranea vespas. | He who loves flies turns wasps into spiders. |
57. Male parta, male dilabuntur. | Sometimes it was poorly obtained, sometimes it was poorly squandered. (Cicero). Rus.: As is acquired, so is lived. |
58. Manus manum lavat. | The hand washes the hand. (Greek comedian Epicharmus, late 6th - early 5th century BC). |
Cast pearls before swine. (Gospel). |
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60. Medicus curat, natura sanat. | The doctor heals, nature heals. (Aphorism of the ancient Greek physician and naturalist Hippocrates). |
61. Mens sana in corpŏre sano. | A healthy mind in a healthy body. (Juvenal, Roman poet - satirist, 60 - 27 BC). |
62. Multa petentibus desunt multa. | He who achieves a lot lacks a lot. (Horace). Rus.: Appetite comes with eating. |
63. Nam sine doctrina vita est quasi mortis imago. | Life without learning is like death. Rus.: Live forever, learn forever! |
64. Ne quid nimis. | Nothing over the top. (Terence). |
65. Ne sutor supra crepǐdam. | Shoemaker, judge no higher than the boot. (Pliny). Russian: Every cricket knows its nest. |
66. Non bis in idem. | Not twice for the same thing. (Modified formula of Roman law). Rus.: You cannot enter the same river twice. |
67. Non omne quad nitet aurum est. | Not all that glitters is gold. |
68. Non scholae, sed vitae discimus. | We study not for school, but for life. (Seneca, 4 - 68 BC). Rus.: Learn from a young age, in old age you will not know hunger. |
69. Non omnia possǔmus omnes. | We can't all do everything. (Lucilius - Roman satirist of the 2nd century BC). |
70. Nulla aetas ad discendum sera. | It's never too late to learn. Rus.: Live forever, learn forever. |
71. Nulla requla sine exceptione. | There is no rule without exception. |
72. Nullum malum sine aliquo bono. | Every cloud has a silver lining. |
73. Nullum periculum sine periculo vincitur. | No danger is overcome without danger. Rus.: They knock out a wedge with a wedge. |
74. Nullus propheta in partia. | There is no prophet in his own country. |
75. Otium post neqotium. | Rest after business. Rus.: Finished the job - go for a walk safely. |
76. Otium saene dat vitium. | Idleness often leads to vice. |
77. Parturiunt montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. | The mountains give birth, and a funny mouse is born. (About the ridiculous results of great efforts or promises). (A proverb among Latin and Greek writers). |
78. Periculum est in mora. | The danger is in delay. (Titus Livius, Roman historian, 59 BC – 17 AD). |
79. Plenus venter non studet libenter. | A full belly is deaf to learning. |
80. Post nubila Phoebus. | After the clouds - Phoebus. (Attested as a saying in a collection from Frank, 16th century). Rus.: After bad weather - the sun. |
81. Potius sero, quam hunguam. | Better late than never. (Titus Livius). |
82. Proximus sum egomet mihi. | I am the closest to myself. (Plautus). Russian: Your shirt is closer to the body. |
83. Quae nocet, docet. | What harms, it teaches. Rus.: Having burned yourself on milk, you blow on the water. Burnt child dreads the fire. |
84. Qualis rex, talis grex. | As is the pop, so is the arrival. (Latin proverb). Rus.: Like the leader, like the herd. |
85. Quat capǐta, tot sensus. | So many heads, so many minds. (Publius Terence, Roman comedian, 195 - 159 BC). |
In action, not in words. Russian: Less words, but more to do. |
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87. Repetitio est mater studiorum. | Repetition is the mother of learning. (Latin phraseological unit). |
88. Sapienti sat (satis). | For those who understand, it is enough. (Plautus, Roman comedian 3rd century BC - 184 BC). Rus.: Whistle to the wise, but he is already thinking. |
89. Sero venientibus ossa. | For those who come late - bones. (Latin proverb). Rus.: I was late - I was gnawing on bones. |
90. Silencicus videtur confessio. | Silence is tantamount to confession. (Seneca). |
91. Si vivis Romae romano vivǐto more. | If you live in Rome, live according to Roman customs. Rus.: Don’t go to someone else’s monastery with your own rules. |
92. Simǐlis simǐli gaudet. | Like like rejoices. (Macrobius). Rus.: A fisherman sees a fisherman from afar. |
93. Suavǐter in modo, fortǐter in re. | In essence - firmly, in methods - softly. Rus.: Softly lays down, but sleeps hard. |
94. Saus cique mos est. | Everyone has their own custom. rus.: Everyone is a good guy, following his example. |
95. Tempus omnia revelat. | Time will reveal everything. Rus.: You can’t hide an awl in a bag. |
96. Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. | I am afraid of the Danaans and those who bring gifts. (A saying attributed to the Trojan priest of Apollo, Laocoon). Rus.: Be friends with the bear, but hold on to the ax. |
97. Tu hoc instristi, tibi omne est exedendum. | You started it, it’s up to you to sort it all out. (Terence). Rus.: You made the porridge yourself, so you can disentangle it yourself. |
98. Tundatur ferrum dum novus ignis inest. | Strike the iron while the fire burns. Rus.: Strike while the iron is hot. |
99. Tunica proprior pallia est (palliost). | The tunic is closer to the body than the pallium. (Plautus). rus.: Your shirt is closer to the body. |
100. Una herundo ver non facit. | One swallow does not make spring. Rus.: Alone in the field is not a warrior. |
101.Unius pecudis scabies totum commaculat gregem. | The scab of one animal defiles the entire herd. Russian: A black sheep spoils the whole flock. |
102. Utile dulci miscere. | Mix business with pleasure. (Horace). Russian: Mix business with idleness, and you will live a century with fun. |
103. Ut salutes, ita salutaběris. | As you greet, so you will be greeted. |
104. Verǐtas odium parit. | Truth breeds hatred. (Terence). Rus.: The truth stings my eyes. |
105. Vestis virum facit. | Clothes make the person. Rus.: Clothes make a person. A gold-lined cloak will cover all imperfections. |
106. Vinci qui patǐtur. | The one who encourages is the one who is patient. Rus.: Be patient, Cossack, you will become an ataman. Patience and a little effort. |
Bibliography.
- Afonkin S.Yu. Dictionary foreign words of Greek and Latin origin. – St. Petersburg: Khimizdat, 2000.
- Ashukin N.S., Ashukina M.P. Winged words.M.: “ Fiction", 1987
- Babichev N.T., Borovsky Ya.M. Dictionary of Latin winged words. M.: “Russian language”, 1982.
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
- Vartanyan E.A. Journey into the word. M.: “Enlightenment”, 1987.
- Kupreyanova V.N., Umnova N.M. Brief dictionary Latin words, abbreviations and expressions. Novosibirsk, 1971
- Ovrutsky N.O. Winged Latin expressions. M., 1969
- Otkupshikov Yu.V. "To the origins of the word." M., Education, 1973.
- Dictionary of foreign words. M., 1979
- http://www.latinpro.info
- http://www. wikipedia.ru
Many people are surprised when they learn that someone they know is voluntarily starting to study Latin. " So this is a dead language, why do you need it?! “- it would seem a completely logical question. " Latin is out of fashion now... “- Pushkin wrote in “Eugene Onegin”. And our Sasha (translator manager) took Latin courses and constantly answered the question “ For what?" And yet we will try to answer it ourselves.
Yes, indeed, alive spoken language Latin today is not. But besides this, it does not show any other signs of “dying”, because the Latin language is present in our lives imperceptibly, but constantly! We often don’t even pay attention to the Latin shell of long-familiar and familiar words. A modern lawyer pronouncing the phrase “ regulations" or " fictitious documents", could be understood by a resident of Ancient Rome, because all these words came from Latin.
An auto mechanic, asking you to check the operation of the caliper, reverse, or measure the tread depth, would use words that are not at all Russian. What can we say about the doctor with his infections, intoxications and sanitation (more precisely, not with HIM, but... well, you understand)! Latin is “hidden” in the words pedal, pension, apparatus, lecture, project, position, fact and many others.
By the way, the names Marina, Valery, Natalya and many others also go back to the Latin language. Automobile " Volvo", cream " Nivea", trading house " Decorum” are named by the words of that same “dead” language. But, if you think about it, he is more alive than all the living! And even programmers who deeply despise philology and are in awe only of the monitor and processor can have no doubt - and monitor, And CPU, And cursor, And matrix came into their personal lexicon from Latin.
If you claim that studying conversational language is enough for you foreign language, then do not forget that the layer of vocabulary of Latin origin in English and German languages; As for French, Italian and Spanish, they - the native children of Latin - grew up, “branching off” from it. So learning Latin will make it much easier for you to pick up a third or fourth language.
Many great people left their enthusiastic reviews of the Latin language and noted the exceptional importance of its study. " I would force everyone to learn English, and then the brightest to learn Latin as an honor, and Greek as a reward."- wrote an English politician of the twentieth century. Winston Churchill. And another politician, former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once said: “ For me, I believe in grammar, but I didn't really learn it until I learned Latin - and that was a gift, a real gift" Latin can “push” you to creativity, like Paul McCartney: “ I remember I really loved Latin at school. I even got a little hooked on it: it all ended with me developing a craving for writing».
So, if you work in the medical field, then you already understand the importance of knowing this “dead” language. But if history and literature are your interests, then the opportunity to read the greatest works IN THE ORIGINAL LANGUAGE can be a good reason to study Latin. It would be interesting to read in the original " Notes about civil war "Caesar? A " Metamorphoses"Ovid? What about the treatises and letters of Cicero? A " Aeneid"Virgil? Learn Latin!
P.S. And yet, we couldn’t help but ask Sasha, following dozens of her acquaintances: why did you decide to study Latin? " Firstly, Latin sounds very beautiful, in my opinion. Secondly, it is a rare language, and it’s nice to know that you are one of the few (at least in your environment) who knows it. Thirdly, I already studied Latin at the institute (note: one of Sasha’s specialties is veterinary medicine) and I liked it, so I decided to continue. Fourthly, I constantly work with Latin, as I translate and edit medical texts. Fifthly, it is the basis of many languages. Knowing Latin makes it easier to learn other languages. And finally, I just wanted to translate one song...»
If the only phrase you STILL know in Latin is “Lingua Latina non p**** canina
“- well... Good luck on your chosen path!
Based on materials from an article posted on the website of the Department of Classical Philology of the Belarusian State University