Being an emotional and sensitive nature, T. Shevchenko, like every poet, often fell in love. But evil fate haunted him all his life, depriving him of the happiness of living in marriage, in love with his wife, whom he dreamed of, especially in the last years of his life.
Women could not appreciate either the poetic or artistic genius of the great poet. This is how he writes about marriage.
Do not marry Bagati,
Bo vision z hati,
Do not marry the wretched one,
Bo will not sleep.
Get married to free will,
On the cossack valley,
Yaka bude, taka y bude,
Chi is a goal, then th is a goal.
That doesn't bother me
І not rozvazha -
Why hurt і de pain,
Nichto does not feed.
Double, it seems, and posters
Move is lighter than the night;
Don't mess it up: it's easier to cry
Yak shouldn't be bothered.
(T.G. Shevchenko)
M Many of the information in this article has not been documented, but for fairness I will cite both the positive and negative aspects of the life of the famous poet. It's up to you to believe it or not.
Oksana Kovalenko.
Taras's first hobby was Oksana Kovalenko, three years his junior, and they lived next door. Their mothers, looking at the fun of their children, thought that they would someday get married. But childhood sympathy and teenage love did not develop into a real and deep feeling. The 15-year-old serf "Cossack" Taras, in the retinue of Pavel Engelhardt, was to go to Vilna (now Vilnius). The parting was unexpected and long.
He wrote about this hobby in a poem.
I was thirteen minutes old.
I grazed the lambs outside the village.
Why is it so sonechko,
Chi so me what bulo?
Turning back to the hati -
Hati in me is dumb!
God gave me nothing! ..
I slouched down,
Heavy sleep! .. And dvchina
At the most expensive
Not far away
Flat vibrated,
That and I felt that I was crying.
She came, grabbed,
I wiped my sleep
I kissed ...
The sun has not begun to shine
Not at all, everything has become
Moє ... doe, gai, sadi! ..
І mi, zhartyuchi, drove
Alien lambs to the water.
Shevchenko came to his native Kirillovka only fourteen years later - already as a free man, promising s metropolitan artist and poet. By that time, Oksana had been married for three years and nursed two daughters born of a serf from the village of Pedikovka ...
T. Shevchenko Woman in bed. 1841
Ivan Maksimovich Soshenko played an important role in Shevchenko's life: It was he who was the first to raise the issue of freeing the poet from serfdom, and sheltered his friend, who was freed, in his room.
Shevchenko began courting his bride Masha, persuaded a 17-year-old girl to pose for him as a model and seduced her. Ivan Maksimovich was shocked. He drove Shevchenko. The fate of the girl is unknown.
BARBARA REPNINA.
The town of Yagotin of the Poltava province lies not far from Mosivka and Berezovaya Rudka, where Shevchenko visited in the summer of 1843, freely traveling around Ukraine as a poet and artist.
He came here for the first time in July, and from October 1943 to October 1944 he lived with interruptions in the family of Nikolai Grigorievich Repnin-Volkonsky - a prince, general, elder brother of the Decembrist S. Volkonsky
Varvara Nikolaevna Volkonskaya Repnina.
The prince's daughter, 35-year-old Varvara, was delighted with Shevchenko's talent and poetry and fell in love with him for life. Since love was not mutual, the princess decided that she was destined by God to become the poet's guardian angel, and with all the forces of her soul fought against passionate feelings.
In letters to her mentor, the Frenchman S. Einar, she frankly wrote about her mental anguish: “In a mean way, for hours on end, I surrender myself to the power of my imagination, which paints me ardent pictures of passion, and sometimes lust”.
The poet treated Varvara's quivering feelings with the greatest respect, but he could not force his heart to respond to sincere love.
In the end, a warm, trusting friendship struck up between them, which did not interrupt almost until the last years of Taras Shevchenko's life. He dedicated poems to her.
Trizna
In memory of November 9, 1843.
Princess Varvara Nikolaevna Repnina
DEDICATION
A soul with a wonderful purpose
Must love, endure, suffer;
And the gift of the Lord, inspiration,
Should be watered with tears.
You understand this word! ..
For you I happily folded
Your everyday shackles,
I have acted as a priest again
And he poured tears into sounds.
Your kind angel has dawned on
Me with immortal wings
And with quiet words
Dreams of paradise awakened.
In 1858, returning from exile, Taras Grigorievich visited the princess several times, who by that time was living in Moscow and “happily changed, became fuller and younger,” as Shevchenko noted. Their last meeting took place on March 24.
ANNA ZAKREVSKAYA.
Shevchenko visited Beryozovaya Rudka near Kiev in 1840, in the family of the landowner Platon Zakrevsky.
And love broke out here between 29-year-old Taras and 21-year-old wife of Plato, a beautiful womanAnna Zakrevskaya.
It was a strong and mutual feeling, tearing their young souls apart for more than one year.
T. Shevchenko. Portrait of Anna Zakrevskaya. Butter. 1843
Colonel's 21-year-old wife awakened in Taras great feelings about . Taras Shevchenko carried love and tenderness for Anna Zakrevskaya throughout his life. He dedicated two poems to her: "G.Z." ("Nemaє girshe yak in captivity ...") and written by the poet in the mid-1850s in exile"Yak bi zustrilisya mi know":
“Yakbi have done well and know,
Chi ti was angry b, chi ni?
Yakeє quiet word
Todi would have promoted me?
Niyakogo. I did not know b.
And maybe, maybe I guess,
Having said: "I dreamed of the evil."
And I am healthy, my miracle!
My share of the black-shaved!
Yakbi hitting, guessing
Cheerful and younger
Kolishnє is too dashing.
I'm bored bi, bored!
І after praying, we are not truthful,
And we were cunning in sleep,
Mud-water poured
Kolishnєє holy miracle! "
... But he did not have to meet his passion - she died at the age of 35 that year when the poet was released from the 10-year soldiery.
WEDDING TO REPLAY.
During his first trip to Ukraine, Shevchenko came to Kirilovtsy. Here he liked the daughter of a local priest Grigory Koshitsy-Feodosiy. After receiving a position at the University of Kiev, Shevchenko came to a church holiday to marry. But he was refused by the priest's parents.
The girl did not dare to contradict the will of her parents. After a while, she lost her mind.
ANNA USKOVA.
There is an opinion that Shevchenko got into exile in the Orenburg province because ... he offended a woman. Besides the empress herself. It was she who got the famous portrait of Zhukovsky by Bryullov, thanks to which Shevchenko was redeemed by their serf bondage.
In the scandalous at that time, the poem "Sleep" Taras allowed himself to compare Empress Alexandra with a dried mushroom, they say, she is so "thin, long-legged." And about grieved by such a comparison, the Russian emperor severely punished the poet.
Ten years of a soldier's life have completely crippled the poet's personal life.
Shevchenko called his love for the wife of the commandant of the Novopetrovsk fortress Uskov Anna Yemelyanovna a sublime, pure, platonic feeling. Unfortunately, dirty gossip interrupted their friendly conversations, but Uskova remained a sincere friend of Shevchenko for many years.
ACTRESS EKATERINA PIUNOVA:
Shevchenko was already forty-fourth the year when the new emperor signed a pardon decree, and he already felt like an old man. TarasGrigorievich besideslet go of a shaggy beard with which he really looked like an old man. But, as it happens, I dreamed of a young oh my wife, "from the simple", next to which he wanted to return his former young awn.
Returning to Petersburg, Shevchenko remained under police surveillance and for several months"Frozen" In Nizhniy Novgorod. And here I fully felt my popularity. Women from the local society vied with each other to order his portraits, and the artist assessed them with a picky eye.
Ekaterina Piunova.
AND The poet thirsting for love found the girl of his dreams in Nizhny Novgorod. He first saw her on the stage on October 13, 1857. 16-year-old aspiring actress Katya Piunova seemed to him the ideal of female beauty.
For the sake of her theatrical career, he summoned the famous actor Mikhail Shchepkin to Nizhny, and he played in performances with her for three days. About her acting oh games e Shevchenko wrote an enthusiastic note to a local newspaper, which was later reprinted in the Moscow press.He begged the director of the Kharkov theater to agree to the terms of the actress and enroll her in your troupe.
But the young actress turned out to be too ungrateful Oh , or maybe she just did not dare to connect her life with a fashionable, but notorious artist, who was almost thirty years older than her. In the end, she left for Kazan with 25-year-old actor Maximilian Schmidthof ohm and married him.
From the memoirs of Piunova:
“After all, I was not yet sixteen years old! Well, I understood! half a day a hundred times ...
Yes, only all this was imagined and remembered, but I forgot about the mind of the great poet, my mind did not have enough! "
MARIA MAXIMOVICH.
On the way from Nizhny to St. Petersburg, Shevchenko stayed for several days in Moscow, where he visited the Maksimovich family. Mikhail Alekseevich Maksimovich, a longtime acquaintance of Taras Grigorievich, a Ukrainian scientist, naturalist, historian, folklorist and linguist, was the first rector of the Kiev University (1834-1835), organized a dinner in honor of the poet.
There Shevchenko met his young wife Maria, whom on the same evening he gave the autograph of one of his best lyric poems "Cherry kolo hati garden", written in the casemate of Petropavlovka before exile.
An entry appeared in the diary: “We stopped by to see Maksimovich ... The hostesses did not find him at home ... Soon she appeared, and the gloomy abode of the scientist brightened up. What a sweet, lovely creature.
But what is most charming about her is the pure, direct type of my countrywoman. She played some of our songs on the piano for us. So pure, immoral, as no great artist knows how to play. And where did he, the old antiquary, dug up such fresh and pure good? And sad and enviable ... "
G. Maksimovich at that time was 50 years old, and how old his wife Maria Vasilievna was is unknown, but judging by the portrait painted by Shevchenko in 1859, then, apparently, somewhere around 20 and no more than 25. There, in Moscow, she allegedly promised to help the poet find a bride in Ukraine.
Taras Shevchenko and Maria Maksimovich corresponded. The poet even sent her his first photo in one of his letters. Here are a few phrases from a letter from Taras Grigorievich to Maria Vasilievna.
“Thank you, my heart, but do not guess and do not forget my request.”
"... if God help you, then maybe I will make friends."
“My love, my only friend! Thank you, my dear, for your wide, affectionate letter ... Yu.K.) і want to "
Although, if you look closely at the portrait of Maksimovich, painted by Taras Grigorievich during this rather short visit, we can conclude that he had never painted any of the women with such inspiration, with such sincerity.
Her unusually dreamy eyes, a special radiant expression on her face, a smoky halo around her head - all testify to the fact that the image was created by an artist in love who deified his model.
It is believed that Taras Grigorievich became close to Maria Maksimovich, since nine months after the poet's visit, her son was born. Before that, the Maksimovichi had no children. Other researchers of the poet's life reject this version, referring to the fact that Shevchenko's decency would not allow him to cross the line beyond which a friend's betrayal begins, and sincere and tender conversations with Maria Maksimovich concerned only the choice of a bride.
By the way, one of the candidates for marriage with the poet was a servanthis second cousinBartholomew, Kharita Dovgopolenko. But the 19-year-old peasant on considered Taras too big a master and therefore did not agree to the marriage.And she married a young clerk.
ABOUT THE LAST BRIGHT LOVE OF THE POET FOR LUKERIA POLISMAK IN THE NEXT ARTICLE.
Sources:
Especially for the birthday of Kobzar, we have prepared a selection of 15 such facts - interesting and little-known information about Taras Grigorievich.
Two years of school, two hundred years of glory
"I was thirteen minutes old ..."
The main education of Taras was two years of study at a parish school. The future pride of Ukrainian culture - Shevchenko - owed much of his knowledge to Baroness Sofia Grigorievna Engelhardt. The charming beauty taught the young Cossack woman Polish and French, and Taras received a general idea of the world from the lackeys.
Stormy leisure
Taras Shevchenko with friends in St. Petersburg
Contemporaries of the genius argued that Taras Grigorievich was fond of drinking since the days of St. Petersburg. Most of all he liked to visit the tavern near the stock exchange, where foreign sailors usually feasted between voyages. Quiet in sobriety, having drunk alcohol, Taras became uncontrollable: he swore at everyone, was ready to join any fight. And getting drunk in the company was common.
One of the poet's acquaintances, who took an active part in the liberation of Taras from serfdom, spoke about the period of his life in Kazakhstan: “I go out at three in the morning to breathe fresh air. Suddenly I hear singing. And what do you think I see? Four carry on their shoulders a door, removed from a hinge, on which lie two people, covered with an overcoat, while others walk to the sides and sing: "Holy God, Holy Mighty" - They are exactly hiding who. "What are you gentlemen doing?" - I ask them. “So we had a party, they say, - in which our two, Taras and the lieutenant, lay down with bones. This is how we distribute them to our homes. "
Dear "soul"
Pavel Vasilievich Engelhardt, landowner of Taras Shevchenko
Various historical sources indicate different dates of Shevchenko's dismissal from serfdom: some researchers call the year 1838, others say that Taras became a free citizen only a few years before his death. In his autobiography, Taras Grigorievich wrote that he owed his freedom to Karl Bryullov and Vasily Zhukovsky: the great Russian artist painted a portrait of the poet. They decided to sell the painting at an auction and spend the funds received to free Shevchenko.
The portrait was sold for fantastic funds by the standards of that time - two and a half thousand rubles. The most interesting thing is that part of the money was provided by the imperial family, about which there is an entry in his diary: for example, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna spent 400 rubles, heir to the throne Alexander II and Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna - 300 rubles each. A week later the landowner Colonel Herr Engelhardt released this "serf soul".
19th century hipster
Karl Bryullov, Self-portrait for the Uffizi Gallery, 1834
We are accustomed to the image of Shevchenko, depicted in the portraits as a tired mustachioed man in a hat and retinue. However, such a one-sided picture does not quite correspond to the actual image of Taras. Shevchenko was a young progressive democrat and did not like either excessive pomp or modest restraint in dress. But in the first years of his life in St. Petersburg, the fashionable portrait painter earned decent money, which he happily spent on fashionable clothes. In particular, in his diary, the poet wrote about the special pleasure he received from the purchase of a rubber raincoat-mac, which cost 100 rubles. For comparison, being a member of the archaeological commission, Shevchenko earned 150 rubles a year.
"Society of Mochemordia"
Taras Shevchenko, "Victor Zakrevsky, their insanity", 1843
Rake Shevchenko was friends with Viktor Zakrevsky, the Ukrainian founder of the playful "society of mochemordia." The Alcoholic Society held regular meetings, at which the head of "his insanity" was elected. During a trip to Ukraine in 1843, Shevchenko also visited the "society of mochemordia".
Drinking companions used noble secular drinks: rum, liqueurs and liqueurs, conducting careless conversations "for life" and dreamed of freedom and a bright future. It was a certain circle of drunkards - young free-thinkers and persons opposed to the Russian autocracy, to which Viktor and Mikhail Zakrevsky, brothers Yakov and Sergei de Balmen, historian M. Markevich, officer Tsikhonsky and others belonged.
The youth, gathering, proclaimed free-thinking toasts, talked about "the falseness of the noble-lordly life, which has developed over the centuries, and especially at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th reached the highest degree ...".
Lukerya Polusmakova: a wedding that did not happen
Taras Shevchenko. Liqueur Polusmakov. Coal. 1860
20-year-old maid Lukerya Polusmakova completely captivated the poet's heart, as is known from the biography of the writer. At the age of 46, Shevchenko fell in love with a girl and was going to marry her. He prepared a dowry for the bride, prepared for the wedding, hired a city teacher for the rude and rustic Lukerya. But not destiny. They say that Taras found his beloved in the arms of the same teacher, which caused the breakup.
According to the second version, Lukerya herself did not want to go with Shevchenko to St. Petersburg, preferring to remain in the usual circumstances of life. But most researchers are inclined to the version that Kobzar realized that Lukerya was greedy, rude and unkempt, and most importantly, she agreed to marry Taras Grigorovich solely for selfish reasons.
Was there a boy?
Mikhail and Maria Maksimovich, 1859.
We had very friendly relations with the famous Ukrainian scientist Mikhail Maksimovich Shevchenko. During a visit to Moscow, Taras met the scientist's young wife, Maria. Warm friendly relations developed between them, they corresponded a lot, Maria promised to help in finding a bride for Taras. But some researchers of Kobzar's biography are sure that the relationship between Maria and Taras was very close, because nine months after Taras visited the Maksimovich family, the couple had a son. Before that, they had no children. However, opponents of this version argue that Taras would never have crossed the line, because Mikhail was his close and faithful friend.
"Only not in Moscow, or even I will not read ..."
Taras Shevchenko. Sketches on a letter to brother Nikita Shevchenko. 1840
It's hard to imagine, but until the end of his life, Taras Shevchenko wrote surprisingly illiterate. Here are excerpts from one of his letters sent to his brother: "Brother Mikito, please b 'so I am not sordid. Don't be so robust .... For the good of old Ivan Ivan for me, and bowing to all the birth of Our Yak є .. . Say Ivanovo Federtsi do not hi vin "until I write a sheet of okrіm. - That only not according to Moscow, otherwise I will not read - Bow to you. Get healthy - your brother Taras "Shevchenko".
"Shcheb doe shirokopolі, і Dnіpro, і steep bulo can be seen ..."
Kobzar has two graves: in St. Petersburg and Kanev. After all, at first he was buried in the northern capital, at the Smolensk cemetery, where a memorial stone was installed, and only two months later the coffin with the body of the deceased was transported to his homeland, to Kanev, where he was reburied, according to the covenant.
Miniature "Kobzar"
Ukrainian master Mykola Syadristy created the world's smallest "edition" of "Kobzar", just over half a square millimeter in size - much smaller than a poppy seed. This is almost 19 times smaller than the smallest Japanese book. The pages are so thin and tiny that you can only flip through them with the tip of a pointed hair. The binding is stitched with cobweb, and the cover is made of an immortelle petal.
Shevchenko on Pridnestrovian banknotes
Somewhat unexpectedly, they paid tribute to the memory of Kobzar on the territory of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic: in 1995, banknotes of 50,000 rubles were introduced into circulation, on the front side of which was a portrait of the Ukrainian hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky, and on the back - Shevchenko's monument in front of the university in Tiraspol.
And already in 2002 the design of the banknote was updated. Thus, a portrait of Taras Shevchenko appeared on the 50-ruble banknote. The banknote was green, so in the minds of Moldovans, it was not American dollars that remained green for a long time, but money from Shevchenko.
In 2007, the final design of the money was approved - a gray-green color with the same Kobzar.
Shevchenko on Mercury
In 1973-1975, the automated probe Mariner-10 took photographs of Mercury at close range for the first time. It was found that the planet's surface is covered with craters of various sizes. According to the rules of the International Astronomical Union, they were named after prominent artists, musicians, writers and poets. Therefore, one of the 300 craters of Mercury was named Kobzar. The diameter of Shevchenko's crater is 137 kilometers.
Shevchenko's works in Esperanto
The works of Taras Shevchenko have been translated into more than a hundred languages of the world. Among them are Japanese, Korean, Arabic and even the international language Esperanto. The largest number of translations was carried out in Russian, German, Polish, and English.
180 settlements
Shevchenko Peak in the Caucasus
In 1964, when the 150th anniversary of the Great Kobzar was celebrated, 196 settlements of the USSR bore the name of Shevchenko. Now in Ukraine, 164 settlements are named after the poet. In Kazakhstan, Fort-Shevchenko was named in his honor, from 1964 to 1991 the city of Aktau was called Shevchenko. Also, 3 villages, 4 settlements and 8 farms in Adygea, Bashkortostan, Krasnodar Territory and 8 regions of the Russian Federation, and a village in the Rybnitsa region of Transnistria bear the same name.
In addition, a sea bay in the Aral Sea and a peak with a height of 4200 m on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus, on a side ridge are named in honor of Taras Grigorievich Shevchenko. This name was given to her by Ukrainian climbers who first conquered the Caucasian peak in 1939.
Record number of monuments
Unusual monument to Shevchenko Ivan Kavaleridze
There are 1384 monuments to the Kobzar in the world. This amount is the second for one person. More, according to the researchers, only monuments to Jesus Christ. True, there is a version that Vladimir Lenin is ahead of Taras Shevchenko. But in recent years, at least in Ukraine, the number of such monuments has significantly decreased.
There are 1256 monuments on the territory of Ukraine, and another one and a half hundred - in other 35 countries of the world - from Brazil to China.
The genius of Shevchenko is undeniable. All over the world there are 1,384 monuments to him ... But we will not talk about that. We will remember a person who just lived, loved, wanted a family and children.
The great Ukrainian poet lived a stormy life and could well be the hero of modern society chronicles, many of his imaginary and real novels would be on the front pages of popular publications. Let's acquaint readers with the muses of Kobzar.
OKSANA KOVALENKO: FIRST LOVE
Oksana Kovalenko was a neighbor in the village of Kirillovka (in the current Cherkasy region), where the family moved two years after the birth of Taras. She was three years younger than him. Their parents thought the children would get married. Not destined: falling in love did not become a great feeling. The owner of Taras, then a serf Cossack, Pavel Engelhardt, took him with him to Vilna (modern Vilnius). Oksana is already dedicated to the textbook: "I was thirteen minutes old ..." Shevchenko arrived in his native village only fourteen years later as an accomplished artist and poet. Oksana was already married to a serf from a neighboring village and a mother of two children.
ANNA ZAKREVSKAYA: PASSION
In Berezovaya Rudka in the Poltava region, Shevchenko stayed in June 1843 in the family of the landowner Platon Zakrevsky. Here passion flared up between 29-year-old Taras and 21-year-old wife of Plato, the beautiful Anna Zakrevskaya. Platon Zakrevsky was 18 years older than his wife and pretended that nothing was happening. And Shevchenko often visited Berezovaya Rudka for five years. In addition to love pleasures, he did not forget about work: he painted the entire Zakrevsky family. The portrait of Anna is considered one of the best works of the artist. According to one version, they met in the winter in St. Petersburg. In 1845, Anna gave birth to a daughter, Sophia. Plato sent the girl to a Parisian boarding house, and tormented his wife with scenes of jealousy. When the poet returned from a 10-year exile, Anna was no longer alive: she died at the age of 35. He dedicated two poems to her: "G. Z." ("Nema girshe yak in captivity ...") and "Yakbi made us know", written in captivity.
VARVARA VOLKONSKAYA-REPNINA: THE TRAINER
In July 1843, Taras Shevchenko was summoned as an artist to put the gallery in order and paint portraits in the Yagotin house of 35-year-old Varvara Volkonskaya-Repnina. The daughter of the prince and the granddaughter of hetman Razumovsky first fell in love with the poet's work, and then with himself. She was six years older than Taras and undertook to take care of him. The "upbringing" bothered, although flattered, the former serf, given his social status. Her written confession to the Frenchman Einar about her feelings for Shevchenko is known: "In a mean way, I surrender myself for hours to the power of my imagination, which paints me ardent pictures of passion, and sometimes lust." Shevchenko ignored the princess's feelings, but presented her with a self-portrait and dedicated the poem "Tryzna", written in Russian. The dedication began with the words: "A soul with a wonderful purpose must love, endure, suffer ..." Shevchenko left Yagotin for St. Petersburg. 15 years later, passing from exile, the poet met the princess in Moscow. About her, he spoke complimentary: "Happily changed, became fuller and younger."
THEODOSIA KOSHITS: LOVE TO MADNESS
During a trip to Ukraine in 1845, Shevchenko turned to Kirillovka, where he liked the daughter of the priest Grigory Koshyts - Feodosia. Shevchenko got involved. However, her father did not consider the poet a successful party for his daughter and responded with a sharp refusal. The girl obeyed her parents, but never married. She lost her peace of mind from experiences. Feodosia finished her days in a Kiev psychiatric clinic. According to the testimony, she shouted there with bitterness: "If I became Shevchenko's wife, you would not treat me like that!"
AGATA USKOVA: EXCHANGE FOR PREFERENCE
In exile, Shevchenko fell in love with the wife of the commandant of the Novopetrovsk fortress, Agatha Uskova. He liked her, even being pregnant: Shevchenko lacked a normal family - and here he found a replacement for her. Shevchenko liked to walk with Uskova for hours, which turned out to be enough - dirty rumors spread. To stop them, Agatha began to spend time at home playing preference. Agatha was charming but down to earth. The books that she herself asked to send Shevchenko, in the end, did not even open. The poet was disappointed with Uskova's too pragmatic character, although he always spoke of her with warmth.
EKATERINA PIUNOVA: HISTORY OF PRODUCTION
After the death of Nicholas I, his son, Emperor Alexander II, forgave the poet. Shevchenko was already 44. Taras Grigorievich in exile let go of his beard and looked more like an old man, although he was not such in age. He sought to compensate for the years spent in the barracks with a happy family life. Returning to the capital, he stayed in Nizhny Novgorod - a residence permit in the capital had not yet been received. In 1857, he saw the 16-year-old actress Katya Piunova on the stage of the local theater and was struck by her beauty. Shevchenko decided to become, as they would say now, her producer. And then the 69-year-old famous actor Mikhail Schepkin came to him. Taras Grigorievich persuaded him to perform with a young artist in the theater. And he himself wrote a "correct" review for the local newspaper "Benefit of Mrs. Piunova". The PR company was a success: the aspiring actress was noticed. Shchepkin agreed that she would enter the troupe of the Kharkov theater, which thundered throughout the empire. Taras Grigorievich was afraid to confess his feelings to Katya, so he made an offer to her in writing: "It would be happiness to become your husband." And he wrote that if she refused, "feelings and respect will not change." But, in addition to refusing to get married, Piunova signed a contract with the Novgorod theater, ignoring the agreements between Shevchenko and Shchepkin. This infuriated the poet: “Everything seemed to have vanished for me. I would rather forgive the brisk coquetry than petty lack of independence, which put me, and most importantly, my old famous friend, in the most indecent position. ! " Piunova left for Kazan with 25-year-old actor Maximilian Schmidtgof, whom she married. “After all, I was not yet sixteen years old!” She will write in her memoirs. “Well, what did I understand? “Although she“ was pleased with the attention of the poet. ”She never made a brilliant career.
MARIA MAXIMOVICH: FORBIDDEN LOVE
From Nizhny Novgorod, heading to the capital, Shevchenko stayed in Moscow with the Maksimovich family. Mikhail Maksimovich was a longtime elder friend of the poet. This is a Ukrainian naturalist, historian, philologist, folklorist and linguist, the first rector of Kiev University (1834–1835). Shevchenko was fascinated by his 29-year-old wife Maria. He immediately gave her an autograph of his famous poem "A garden cherry kolo hati". “We stopped by to see Maksimovich. Soon she appeared, and the gloomy abode of the scientist brightened up. What a sweet, wonderful creature,” he wrote. And about Maksimovich it is bitter: "Where is he, the old antiquary, dug up such fresh and pure good? Both sad and enviable ..." Maksimovich was twenty years older than Maria. Shevchenko asked her ... to find him a bride. Perhaps this was just an excuse for communication: Maria did not find any bride for the poet. Until now, Shevchenko scholars argue whether she had an affair with Shevchenko? Nine months after the poet's visit to the Maksimovichi in the Prokhorovka estate, Maria had a son, Alexei, although before that, for five years of marriage, they had no children ...
"My great-grandfather could have been the son of Maria Maksimovich and Shevchenko"
From the descendants of the great poet's muses, we found Vladimir Maksimovich. He is the President of the Association of Piano Master Restorers of Ukraine. The restorer believes that he may be a relative of Taras Shevchenko: "This is a family tradition. And the Academy of Sciences gave me information confirming the relationship. My family is related to Mikhail Maksimovich, the first rector of Kiev University. Maksimovich helped Shevchenko, with whom he was friends, and Taras Grigorievich often came to his estate in Prokhorovka, where he fell in love with Maria, Maksimovich's wife. After all, for some reason, Shevchenko was arrested in the summer of 1859 in Prokhorovka. Maksimovich, perhaps, summoned the sergeant himself. The poet was sent to Kiev, but soon released ... Do I feel the creative genes in me? I am closely connected with Ukrainian culture - restored the piano Lesya Ukrainka, Lysenko, Saksaganskiy, Staritskiy, Rope ... And I play myself. "
LUKERIA POLISMAK: THE ETERNAL BRIDE
The poet's last love was the 19-year-old serf Lukerya Polusmak, a seamstress who worked for his friends in St. Petersburg. Shevchenko begged the owners to let her free, rented an apartment, threw hats, shoes, rings on her. The poet's entourage was against this marriage, believing that Lukerya agrees to marry only for selfish motives. Nevertheless, the engagement took place. Shevchenko, like Pygmalion Galatea, wanted to transform Lukerya, teach her, "ennoble" her, for which he hired a teacher for her. In the arms of that he found her. Shevchenko renounced the traitor, surrendering to despair. "And what Lukerya has left, besides the things that I asked you to burn in front of her, need her to pay 14 rubles for the apartment, 1 rubles for the key she lost," the poet wrote to his friends. Shevchenko fell into depression. There was no longer any talk of women. Three months later, the poet died ... And Lukerya married the hairdresser Yakovlev. In 1904, after the death of her husband, who was laying by the collar, she, leaving the children in St. Petersburg, came to Kanev and every day came to Shevchenko's grave. In the guest book at the memorial I made a piercing note: "Your Liqueur has arrived, your beloved, my friend. Look, look at me, how I repent." For about ten years, until her death in 1917, Polusmak lived in Kanev, came in mourning to Tarasova Gora, distributed gifts to children. The locals called her that way: "Tarasova's bride".
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Biography, life story of Shevchenko Taras Grigorievich
Childhood and youth
Born on February 25 (March 9) 1814 in the village of Morintsy, Zvenigorodsky uyezd, Kiev province, in the family of Grigory Ivanovich Shevchenko (1782-1825), a serf peasant landowner P.V. Engelhardt.
Two years later, Taras's parents moved to the village of Kirillovka, where he spent his entire childhood. His mother died in 1823; in the same year, the father married a second time to a widow who had three children. She treated Taras harshly. Until the age of 9, Shevchenko was in the care of nature and partly his older sister, Catherine, a kind and gentle girl. She got married soon after. In 1825, when Shevchenko was 12 years old, his father died. From that time on, the hard nomadic life of a homeless child begins, first at the teacher-sexton, then at the neighboring "painters" (that is, artists). At one time Shevchenko was a shepherd of sheep, then he served with a local priest as a chase. At school, a sexton-teacher Shevchenko learned to read and write, and from painters he got acquainted with elementary drawing techniques. In the sixteenth year of his life, in 1829, he was among the servants of the landowner Engelhardt, first as a cook, then as a Cossack. The passion for painting did not leave him.
Noticing the abilities of Taras, during his stay in Vilna, Engelhardt sent Shevchenko to study for the portraitist Jan Rustem, a teacher at Vilnius University. Shevchenko stayed in Vilna for about a year and a half, and after moving to St. Petersburg at the beginning of 1831, Engelhardt, intending to make a house painter out of his serf, sent him in 1832 to study with V. Shiryaev, a "different painting master".
In 1836, sketching statues in the Summer Garden, Shevchenko met his fellow countryman, the artist I. M. Soshenko, who, after consulting with the Ukrainian writer E. Grebenka, introduced Taras to the conference secretary of the Academy of Arts V. I. Grigorovich, artists A. Venetsianov and K. Bryullov, poet V. Zhukovsky. Sympathy for the young man and recognition of the talent of the Little Russian serf on the part of outstanding figures of Russian culture played a decisive role in the redemption of him from captivity. It was far from immediately possible to persuade Engelhardt: the appeal to humanism was not successful. The personal petition of the famous academician of painting Karl Bryullov only confirmed the landowner in his desire not to sell too cheap. Bryullov told his friends "that this is the largest pig in Torzhkovski shoes" and asked Soshenko to visit this "amphibian" and agree on the price of the ransom. Soshenko entrusted this difficult task to Professor Venetsianov, as a person received at the imperial court, but even the authority of the court artist did not help the matter.
CONTINUED BELOW
Caring for him by the best representatives of Russian art and literature touched and encouraged Shevchenko, but protracted negotiations with his owner plunged Taras into despondency. Upon learning of another refusal, Shevchenko came to Soshenko in a desperate mood. Cursing fate, he threatened to take revenge on the landowner and left in such a state. Soshenko became alarmed and, wishing to avoid a big trouble, invited his friends to act without delay. It was decided to offer Engelhardt an unprecedented amount for the redemption of a serf.
Shevchenko wrote in his autobiography:
"Having agreed in advance with my landowner, Zhukovsky asked Bryullov to paint a portrait of him in order to play it in a private lottery. The great Bryullov immediately agreed, and his portrait was ready. Zhukovsky, with the help of Count Vielgorsky, arranged a lottery of 2,500 rubles, and at this price my freedom was bought on April 22, 1838".
As a sign of special respect and deep gratitude to Zhukovsky, Shevchenko dedicated one of his most important works to him: "Katerina". In the same year, Taras Shevchenko entered the Academy of Arts, where he became a student and comrade of KP Bryullov.
1840s
The years 1840-1847 are the best in Shevchenko's life. During this period, his poetic talent blossomed. In 1840 a small collection of his poems was published under the name "Kobzar"; in 1842 he published "Gaidamaki" - his largest poetic work. In 1843, Shevchenko received the degree of a freelance artist; in the same year, while traveling across Ukraine, he met Princess V. N. Repnina, a kind and intelligent woman, who subsequently, during Shevchenko's exile, experienced the warmest feelings for him. In the first half of the 1840s, Perebendya, Poplar, Katerina, Naymichka, Khustochka, major works of art, were published.
Petersburg criticism and even Belinsky did not understand and condemn Ukrainian national literature in general, Shevchenko in particular, seeing in his poetry narrow provincialism; but Ukraine quickly appreciated Shevchenko, which was reflected in Shevchenko's warm welcome during his travels in 1845-1847. in the Chernigov and Kiev provinces. Regarding the criticism, Shevchenko wrote:
"Let me be a peasant sings, abi tilki sings; then there is more than nothing and no need".
"Katerina", 1842, oil. The only surviving oil painting from the academic period. The picture was created on the theme of Shevchenko's poem of the same name. The artist strove for the picture to be clear and understandable, to inspire sympathy. Shevchenko was one of the first in the art of classicism to depict a pregnant woman, generalizing the image of her heroine to the level of a certain symbol that speaks of the metahistorical fate of an entire nation. Although Shevchenko has not yet moved away from academicism in the construction of composition, the depiction of human figures and landscapes in this work, the ideological orientation of the picture makes it a real milestone in the development of critical realism in Ukrainian art.
Stay in the Orenburg region
By the time of Shevchenko's stay in Kiev in 1846, his rapprochement with N.I. Kostomarov belongs. In the same year, Shevchenko became an admirer of the Cyril and Methodius society that was then formed in Kiev, which consisted of young people who were interested in the development of Slavic peoples, in particular the Ukrainian one. The members of this circle, including 10 people, were arrested, accused of forming a political society and suffered various punishments, and Shevchenko got the most for his illegal poems: on recruitment, he was sent as a private, to military service, to the Orenburg Territory (the territory of modern Orenburg region (Russia) and Mangistau region of Kazakhstan), with a ban on writing and drawing.
The epigram on the empress (a mocking nod to her physical handicap, which appeared after the uprising of the Decembrists) played a very unfortunate role in the fate of Taras. From nervous experiences and due to fear for her own life and the lives of her children, the empress suffered a nervous breakdown and until the end of her life she had a nervous tic. The Emperor personally read the poem "The Dream" provided to him by the Third Section. According to Belinsky's testimony, "reading the libel on himself, the sovereign laughed," and only got angry when he reached "the libel on the empress." " Suppose he had reasons to be dissatisfied with me and hate me, - Nikolai remarked, - but why her?».
The Orsk fortress, where Shevchenko's recruit first got to, was a sad and desolate backwater. " Rarely, - Shevchenko wrote, - you can find such spineless terrain. Flat and flat. The location is sad, monotonous, the scrawny rivers Ural and Or, bare gray mountains and the endless Kyrgyz steppe ..."All my previous sufferings," Shevchenko says in another letter from 1847, "in comparison with the real ones, there were children's tears. Bitter, unbearably bitter. " For Shevchenko, the ban on writing and drawing was very painful; he was especially depressed by his severe ban on drawing. Not knowing Gogol personally, Shevchenko decided to write to him "by the right of a Little Russian verse," in the hope of Gogol's Ukrainian sympathies. “Now, as one falling into the abyss, I am ready to grab onto everything - hopelessness is terrible! So terrible that Christian philosophy alone can fight it. " Shevchenko sent Zhukovsky a touching letter with a request to petition him for only one favor - the right to paint. In this sense, Count Gudovich and Count A. Tolstoy worked for Shevchenko; but it turned out to be impossible to help Shevchenko. Shevchenko also turned to the head of the III department, General Dubelt, with a request, wrote that his brush had never sinned and would not sin in the political sense, but nothing helped.
The prohibition to paint was not lifted until his release. Some consolation was given to him by participating in an expedition to study the Aral Sea in 1848 and 1849; thanks to the humane attitude towards the exiled General Obruchev and especially Lieutenant Butakov, Shevchenko was allowed to copy the views of the Aral coast and local folk types. But this indulgence soon became known in Petersburg; Obruchev and Butakov were reprimanded, and Shevchenko was exiled to a new desolate slum, Novopetrovskoe, with a repetition of the ban on drawing. In exile, Shevchenko became close friends with some educated exiled Poles - Z. Serakovsky, Br. Zalessky, E. Zhelikhovsky (Anthony Sova), which helped to strengthen in him the idea of "merging brothers of the same tribe."
He was in Novopetrovsk from October 17, 1850 to August 2, 1857, that is, until his release. The first three years of being in the "stinking barracks" were painful for him; then came various reliefs, thanks mainly to the kindness of the commandant Uskov and his wife, who fell in love with Shevchenko for his gentle nature and affection for their children. Unable to paint, Shevchenko was engaged in modeling, tried to take photographs, which, however, was very expensive at that time. In Novopetrovskoe Shevchenko wrote several stories in Russian - "Princess", "Artist", "Gemini", containing many autobiographical details (later published by "Kievskaya Starina").
Petersburg period
The release of Shevchenko took place in 1857 thanks to the persistent petitions for him by the vice-president of the Academy of Arts, Count F.P. Tolstoy and his wife, Countess A.I. Tolstoy. With long stops in Astrakhan and Nizhny Novgorod, Shevchenko returned along the Volga to St. Petersburg and here at large devoted himself to poetry and art. The hard years of exile in connection with the deep-rooted alcoholism in Novopetrovsk led to a rapid weakening of health and talent. An attempt to arrange a family hearth for him (actress Piunova, peasant women Kharita and Lukerya) were unsuccessful. Living in St. Petersburg (from March 27, 1858 to June 1859), Shevchenko was friendly received in the family of Count F.P. Tolstoy. Shevchenko's life of that time is well known from his "Diary" (from June 12, 1857 to July 13, 1858, Shevchenko kept a personal diary in Russian). In 1859 Shevchenko visited his homeland. Then he got the idea to buy himself a mansion over the Dnieper. A beautiful place near Kanev was chosen. Shevchenko worked hard to acquire, but he did not have to settle here: he was buried here, and this place became an object of pilgrimage for all admirers of his memory. Distracted by numerous literary and artistic acquaintances, Shevchenko in recent years wrote little and painted little. Almost all of his time, free from dinner parties and evenings, Shevchenko devoted himself to engraving, which he was then very fond of.
In April 1859, Shevchenko, presenting some of his prints to the discretion of the Academy of Arts council, asked to be awarded the title of academician or set a program for obtaining this title. On April 16, the council decided to recognize him as "appointed an academician and set a program for the title of academician in engraving on copper." September 2, 1860, along with painters A. Beidemann, Yves. Bornikov, V. Pukirev and others, he was awarded an academician degree in engraving "in respect of art and knowledge in the arts."
Shortly before his death, Shevchenko took up the compilation of school textbooks for the people in the Ukrainian language.
Died in St. Petersburg on February 26 (March 10), 1861 from dropsy, caused, according to the historian N. I. Kostomarov, who saw him drinking, but only once drunk, "excessive use of hot drinks."
The funeral speeches were published in the Kostomarovskaya Osnova for March 1861.
Most people, reading works of fiction, rarely think about the fate of the author. And in vain, because sometimes the biography of a writer, poet or prose writer can overshadow the epic and dramatic (or comical) nature of his works. A striking example of such a statement is Taras Grigorievich Shevchenko.
Childhood and youth
The future poet and artist was born on February 25, 1814. This event took place in the village of Morintsy, located in the Kiev province.
Taras's parents are simple serfs of the nephew of Prince Potemkin, Senator Vasily Engelhardt. Grigory Ivanovich Shevchenko, the boy's father, was often not at home due to the fact that he chumakov - he drove to sell the landlord's wheat to cities like Kiev and Odessa. Taras's mother, Katerina Yakimovna Boyko, worked all day long in the land of the landowners. That is why the grandfather and elder sister Ekaterina were engaged in the upbringing of the future poet.
In 1816, the Shevchenko family moved to Kirillovka, a village that years later would be named after the poet. In Kirillovka, Taras spends his childhood and meets his first love Oksana Kovalenko.
In 1823, due to increased loads, Katerina Yakimovna dies. In the same year, Taras's father marries the widow Oksana Tereshchenko for the second time, and she, along with her three children, moves to Shevchenko's house. The stepmother immediately disliked Taras, so the boy sought protection from his older sister, and after the death of his father in 1825, he decides to leave home altogether.
From 1826 to 1829, Taras wandered and earned money wherever possible. The first place of serious work was the parish school of clerk Pavel Ruban. It is in it that Shevchenko gets acquainted with the basics of reading and writing. The next place of work is the community of clerks-icon painters - from them Taras learns the basics of drawing. In addition to such work, Shevchenko sometimes has to graze sheep, harvest crops and help the elderly with firewood for the stove.
In 1829 he got a job as a servant for a new landowner - Pavel Vasilyevich Engelhardt. At first he worked as a cook, and then became the personal assistant of Sofia Grigorievna Engelhardt, who teaches Taras French. In his free time, the boy continues to paint.
Once Sofia Engelhardt saw these drawings and immediately showed them to her husband. He appreciated the boy's talent, figured that he could make a good personal painter and sent Taras to Vilnius University. The popular portrait painter Jan Rustem becomes the boy's mentor.
A year and a half later, Engelhardt sent Shevchenko to St. Petersburg to broaden his horizons and learn from the local masters. In 1831, under the leadership of Vasily Shiryaev, Taras took part in the painting of the Bolshoi Theater.
Five years later, in the Summer Garden, a significant event for Shevchenko takes place - an acquaintance with his fellow countryman, teacher Ivan Soshenko, who brings Taras out into the world, introducing him to the poet, artist and one of the leaders of the Imperial Academy of Arts Vasily Grigorovich. They sympathize with the young man and recognize his artistic talent, so they try in every possible way to help resolve the issue of buying Taras from Engelhardt.
But the landowner does not want to just let Shevchenko go, because he has already invested so much money in this boy. The negotiations drag on for a long time and it already seems that the ransom is impossible, but a brilliant idea comes to Soshenko's head. The essence of the idea is to arrange a lottery in which the portrait of Zhukovsky, painted by Bryullov, will be drawn. The winner receives a portrait, and all the proceeds will go to Shevchenko's ransom.
The lottery took place in the Anichkov Palace. Count Mikhail Velgursky helped to organize this event. There were quite a lot of people who wanted to win the portrait; in total, 2,500 rubles were raised. This entire amount was transferred on April 22, 1838 to Engelhardt. Shevchenko was no longer a serf. His first decision was to enter the Academy of Arts.
“I live, study, I bow to no one and I’m not afraid of anyone except God - it’s a great happiness to be a free person: you do what you want, and no one will stop you,” Shevchenko writes in his diary about those times.
Literature
The period from the moment he entered the Imperial Academy of Arts until his arrest in 1847 is the most prolific for Shevchenko in literary terms. In 1840, the cult collection of his poetic works "Kobzar" was published, which was reprinted more than once during the poet's lifetime. In 1842, Taras published his historical and heroic poem "Haidamaki".
Book by Taras Shevchenko "Kobzar" The next year, Shevchenko decides to go on a trip to Ukraine in order to see old acquaintances and find inspiration for new creativity. Anna Zakrevskaya and Varvara Repnina-Volkonskaya became his muses of those times - the first was the wife of a landowner, who was visited by Taras, and the second was a princess. After this trip, Shevchenko wrote the poem "Poplar" and the poem "Katerina" and "Heretic".
At home, the poet's works were greeted quite warmly, but the reaction of the metropolitan critics was completely opposite - they condemned Shevchenko's poetry for provincial simplicity (all works were written in Ukrainian).
In 1845, Taras again went to Ukraine to stay in Pereyaslavl (now Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky) with an old friend of the doctor Andrei Kozachkovsky. According to unconfirmed information, the poet went to improve his health. This theory is supported by Shevchenko's "Testament", written that year. In the same year, his poems "The Mercenary" and "The Caucasus" were published.
After staying with Kozachkovsky, Taras gets a job as an artist of the Archaeographic Commission, right there in Pereyaslavl. His main task at that time was to make sketches of the archaeological and historical monuments of the city (Pokrovsky Cathedral, the stone cross of St. Boris, etc.).
Painting by Taras Shevchenko "St. Alexander's Cathedral" In 1846, the poet moved to Kiev, where he was invited by another longtime acquaintance - the historian and publicist Nikolai Kostomarov. Kostomarov recruits Shevchenko into the newly formed Cyril and Methodius brotherhood. The poet does not immediately understand that he is being drawn into a secret political organization. Awareness comes when the arrests of members of the society begin.
It is not possible to prove Taras' direct attachment to the brotherhood, but the stubborn head of the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery, the prince, finds Shevchenko's verse "Dream", in which he sees ridicule of the government regime and a call to revolt. As a punishment, on May 30, 1847, the poet was sent to a separate Orenburg corps to perform recruiting duties. Shevchenko is also forbidden to write and draw, which becomes a serious blow for Shevchenko.
The poet Zhukovsky, the count and princess Varvara Repnina-Volkonskaya are trying to help Taras in every possible way. The only thing they manage to achieve is permission to write letters to Taras. In a letter to Kozachkovsky, Shevchenko sends the verse “Lyakham” (“Poles”), written about the employees with him who came from Poland.
It is possible to return to artistic activity, albeit for a short time, during an expedition to the Aral Sea (1848-1849). General Vladimir Afanasevich Obruchev secretly allows Shevchenko to make drawings of the Aral coast (for the expedition report). But someone finds out about this and reports to the management. As a result, the general receives a serious reprimand, and Shevchenko is sent to a new place, which becomes the military Novopetrovsk fortification (now the city of Fort Shevchenko in Kazakhstan).
There is also a ban on drawing, so Taras tries to sculpt from clay and take photos (daguerreotypes). It didn't work out with clay, and photography at that time was too expensive. Shevchenko again begins to write, but this time already prose works in Russian - "The Artist", "Gemini" and others. An exception is the verse "Khokhly" (1851).
In 1857, after another petition of Count Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy, the poet was released - the emperor canceled the punishment imposed by his father.
Personal life
Released, Shevchenko thinks about creating a family. The first attempt to marry is considered to be an offer that the poet presented to Ekaterina Piunova in writing. Before that, the poet promoted this young theater actress and hoped that she would agree, but was wrong. Almost nothing is known about the second attempt, except that the girl's name was Harita and she was a serf.
Shevchenko's third bride was also a serf. Her name was Lukerya Polusmakova. The poet invested a lot of money in her education, rented an apartment for the girl, bought food, clothes and books. Taras wanted to buy her out from the landowner, but abandoned this idea after he found her in bed with one of the tutors. More Taras Shevchenko did not think about marriage, instead, again hitting on creativity, the result of which was the "South Russian Primer" - the first of his planned textbooks.
Returning to the poet's personal life, it is also worth mentioning his earlier novels. The poet's first love was a girl from the village of Kirillovka, Oksana Kovalenko. In the forties, the poet's mistresses were Anna Zakrevskaya (it was to her that the verse "If we had met again") and Varvara Repnina-Volkonskaya were devoted to her.
During the years of service in the Novopetrovsk fortification, Shevchenko secretly met with Agata Uskova, who was the wife of the local commandant. There is information about other novels of the poet, but there is no reliable confirmation.
Death
The poet died in St. Petersburg, where he was initially buried. It happened in 1861, the day after the birthday of Taras Grigorievich. The cause of death is ascites (abdominal dropsy). It is believed that the cause of this disease was the excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages, to which the poet became addicted even in his young years - they say that it was he who organized the Mochemurdia club, whose members got drunk and started heartfelt conversations about life, and at the end of the party they chose “His All-drunkenness ".
The first place of burial of the poet was the Smolensk Orthodox cemetery, but later reburied on Chernechya Gora, according to the new testament. In memory of the poet, many settlements were renamed, a street with his name and a monument to the poet are in almost every settlement in Ukraine. Even a small crater on Mercury bears his name.
Bibliography
- 1838 - "Katerina"
- 1839 - "To Osnovyanenka"
- 1840 - "Kobzar"
- 1842 - "Gaidamaki"
- 1845 - "Duma"
- 1845 - "Testament"
- 1845 - The Mercenary
- 1847 - "Liakham"
- 1851 - "Ukrainians"
- 1855 - Gemini
- 1856 - The Artist
- 1860 - "South Russian Primer"