Related words. Single root words.
Related words.
Related words- these are words that have the same root and are close in meaning.
Single-root words- these are words with the same root, different parts of speech or the same part of speech, but with different prefixes and suffixes.
Practice finding related words with your child. Winter - winters - hibernation - wintry - hibernation - hibernating.
Vegetable garden - ...
Flower - ...
TO HELP THE SCHOOLBOY
How to learn to find related words?
Learning to select cognate or related words is taught in elementary school. This skill allows you to check the spelling of words. Not everyone is good at this task. How to teach them to choose related words correctly? So:
Basic concepts and rules that are necessary for the selection of related words:
- Words with the same root have the same root. Root- this is the main significant part of the word, which contains its main lexical meaning, the common part of the same root and related words.
- Single-root words should not be confused with the form of the same word. Try to complete tasks in which you will need to make chains with one root word and separately - with grammatical forms. For instance:
- gardener - garden - garden (related words);
- gardener - gardeners - gardener (forms of the same word).
- Please note that the selection of words with the same root should not be mechanical. This can lead to erroneous results. similar combinations of sounds can be found in the root in other words that will not be related. This can be seen in the example of the words "driver" and "water". They will not be of the same root.
- Single-root words are not always the same part of speech. For instance:
- drive - driver - driver.
Identify the parts of speech for these words. If you do everything right, then you should have a verb, a noun and an adjective in this chain of cognate words.
- Use the following way of forming single-root words: you need to remember such parts of the word as the prefix and suffix. Use these morphemes to form cognate words with some root. For example, with the root "run". You should end up with a string of words like this:
- running - running - running - defector, etc.
- The work on the formation of cognate words is very important. This skill will allow you to easily cope with the selection of test words and avoid mistakes in writing.
IT IS IMPORTANT! REMEMBER!
- Relatives and cognates are words that come from the same word, i.e. explain using the same word. (For instance: forest - a small forest; forest - located in the forest; forester - one who looks after the forest.)
- Related, test words should be related in meaning ( pull - pulls, not slime).
- Words that are close in meaning, but do not have a common part, are not related words.
- When choosing related words, you need to look for words without prefixes or with other prefixes.
- In the roots, there can be an alternation of consonants or vowels, or even the "disappearance" of vowels.
|
ALTERNATION OF VOICES IN A WORD: |
ALTERNATION OF CONSENT IN THE WORD: |
||
|
freeze - freeze |
p / pl |
pound - pound |
|
|
ask - ask |
b / bl |
love - love |
|
|
f / o (e) |
sing - sing |
v / vl |
catch - catch |
|
i / im |
shoot - shoot |
m / ml |
feed - feed |
|
a / in |
squeeze - reap |
narrow - already |
|
|
s / y |
forge - forge |
capital - capital |
|
|
f / u (u) |
peck - peck |
d / st |
sweet - sweets |
|
o / zero sound |
flowers - bloom |
||
|
o / zero sound |
let in - let in |
||
|
e / zero |
day - day |
st / n |
thick - thick |
|
o / s / y |
dry - dry - dry |
wilderness - wilderness |
|
|
o / s / zero sound |
ambassador - send - send |
t / h / u |
shine - candle - lighting |
|
and / d / her |
pour - pour - lei |
d / w / railway |
drive - drive - driving |
|
and / th / oh |
beat - beat - fight |
high - higher |
|
|
c / h / c |
fist - fist - kulak |
||
|
g / f / z |
friend - friendship - friends |
||
- In changes to the same word, only the endings are different, the other parts in them are the same (window, windows, window, window - this is one changed word, and not the same root and related words).
- Check only those words that require checking.
- Test words must necessarily be related, and not just similar.
- In a test word, the vowel must be stressed (For example: water - water, not water).
- Good work goes in this order: realized - checked - wrote. For trained people, the test word manages to come to mind before they write down the dubious letter, and then they simply do not have time to make a mistake.
- In speech, the words "help each other" express our thoughts; for this they "know how" to change, firstly, according to numbers, and secondly, according to the "commands" of those questions that can be put to them in a sentence. Exercising in changing words not only by numbers, but also by “question commands”, you will learn how to recognize in such word forms hint words that help to determine the desired letter at the root.
To help schoolchildren and teachers, a small dictionary of cognate and related words:
|
root -white- whitewash |
root -birch- berezina (meaning: the Berezina river is one of the main tributaries of the Dnieper) |
root -boy thriller |
root -ball- painful |
|
root -brother- bro |
root -book- ABC |
root-fun- to amuse |
root -spring- spring |
|
root -water- water |
root-sparrow- Sparrow |
root-raven- Crow |
root -heads- main |
|
root-hunger- from hand to mouth |
root -mountain- sorrow |
root -rook- rooks |
|
|
root -load- laden |
root -gus- (Goose) goose gander root -gus- (Gusli) guseries |
root-yard- Castle |
root -good- kind |
|
root -house- homeless |
root -roads- (Road) off-road -roads- (dear) expensive |
root -mate- friend |
root-oak- oak |
|
root -heat- Firebird |
root -stars- take a trip |
root -beast- go berserk |
root-ringing- get through |
|
root-earth- grounding |
root -grain- grainy (granular material - finely crushed) |
root -winter- winter |
root-bison- (bison) bison -subr- (cramming) memorize |
|
root-games- win |
root -kam- rocky |
root -card- map |
root -skin- leather |
|
root-goat- goat |
root -col- bell |
root -ring- ringlet |
root -kon- horse breeder (meaning: Horse breeding specialist; horse breeder) |
|
root-feed- (feed) breadwinner -feed- (feed) helm |
root -kras- (Beauty) gorgeous -color- (red) blush -color- (paint) dyeing |
root-circle (w) - (Circle) around -circle (w) - (Lace) lacemaker |
root -kup- (Bath) take a dip -kup- (Buy) merchant |
|
root -kur- (Chickens) chicken -kur- (Smoking) light a cigarette |
root-ice- glacier |
root -forest- wooded |
root -let- helicopter |
|
root -leaf- larch (meaning: coniferous tree of the pine family with soft needles falling for the winter and valuable wood) |
root -loss- moose nursery |
root-honey- bear |
root-young- (Young) young -young- (well done) well done |
|
root-frost- freeze |
root -nos- (Nose) long-nosed -nos- (Wear) stretcher |
root-leg (w) - (Leg) sandals -leg (w) - (Knife) knife |
root -vegetable- vegetable grower |
|
root -father- domestic |
root -winning- invincible |
root-slave- (work) earnings -slave- (slave) slavery |
root -rad- please joyfully joyful joy hospitality welcoming joyful joyful joyful joyful joy |
|
root-cank- rocket |
root -ran- (Rana) wounded -ran- (Early) early |
root-speech (k) - (Speech) dictum -reech (k) - (River) interfluve |
root -rod- become related |
|
root -ruch- oversleeve |
root -garden- zoo |
root -words- backbiting |
root -snow- snow-white |
|
root-sun- sunflower |
root -sal- insufficient salting |
root -port- gym |
root -table- feast |
|
root-slender- built-in (built-in wardrobe) |
root-court- (court) not under the jurisdiction -ship- (ship) ship owner |
root-herb- herbs (many different herbs) |
root -tren- trained |
|
root -ush- earless |
root-bread- freeloader |
root-cold- chill |
root -hod- all-terrain vehicle |
|
root -color- primrose |
Dictionary of cognate words
wind, breeze, sail, wind;
water, water, water, underwater;
eye, eyes, eye, peephole;
mountain, slide, mountainous, mountainous;
grief, grief, bitterness;
goose, gander, goose, gosling;
yard, janitor, yard, yard;
rain, rain, rain, rainy;
home, house, home, home;
hedgehog, hedgehog, hedgehog, hedgehog;
star, asterisk, starry, starless;
beast, animal, animal, animal;
call, ring, bell, ringer, ring;
winter, wintry, hibernation, hibernate;
class, classroom, extracurricular;
forest, forest, forester, wooded, copse;
leaf, leaf, leaf, foliage;
elk, moose cow, calf, elk;
horse, horse, horse, little horse;
sea, sea, sailor, seaside;
frost, frost, frost, frosty;
shoulder, shoulder, broad-shouldered;
light, shine, light, light, firefly;
word, word, verbal;
snow, snow, snowman, snow maiden;
bullfinch, bullfinch;
litter, speck, weed, litter;
tiger, tigress, tiger cub, tiger, brindle;
bread, bread, bread, bread box;
color, flower, blossom, flower garden;
hour, hour, hour, hour, hour.
Every person has relatives. With them, it is united by a common set of genes and one ancestor. Words also have relatives. They are united by the same root and similar lexical meaning. It is transmitted from word to word, like genes in humans, and takes on certain shades depending on the set of prefixes, suffixes, etc.
Today we will talk about words with a root "common"... This is a fairly large group that includes various parts of speech. But first, let's define the basic concepts.
What is root
Plants, teeth, hair have it. The root is the foundation on which everything rests. A person also has roots - this is his ancestry, national identity, the history of the place where he lives and his ancestors lived. What influenced the formation of the personality became its foundation. A kind of elusive mental connection that is passed down from one generation of the family to the next.
In linguistics, a root is a common part of related words. To highlight it, you need to discard all affixes and find a base that is indivisible further. It is in it that the main meaning of the word lies. For example, in the chain birch - boletus - birch the root will be "birches".
All related words go back to one etymon and can be explained through it. For example, birch - having something in common with birch; boletus is a mushroom growing under a birch.
The meaning of the root "common"
It came from the Proto-Slavic word "obtio", which translates as "what's around". Over time, the meaning and sound have changed. Now cognate words with a root "common" indicate some unifying property, quality, action. Examples:
- generalization- based on the identification of common features of objects or phenomena;
- community- an organization of people, which is characterized by collective ownership of property and equal distribution of benefits;
- communication- the process of establishing contacts between individuals;
- accomplice- a like-minded person who assisted in the implementation of the crime;
- attach- to make a part of something, to include in a certain group.
As you can see, all these words reflect the unity of objects, phenomena or people. This should be taken into account when selecting related tokens.
Single-root words with the root "obsch"
Many of us have children. And, of course, parents have to help them with their homework. Teachers require younger students to quickly select examples of same-root words, grade 2 is the period when this skill is actively being mastered. Moms and dads help their child master it by exercising at home.
What is required to find related words? It's very simple: take the root "common" and substitute various prefixes, suffixes, endings for it. For instance, general, general-e-st-o, not-general-and-tel... It is important to remember that the same root words have different lexical meanings, although they are similar to each other. But sometimes adding new suffixes, endings and postfixes only changes the grammatical meaning: general - general - general(genus), joins - joins - joins i (time), society-society-society-society(case). These are forms of the same word with the same meaning. They cannot continue a series of related lexemes.
A little about parts of speech
Among the cognate words there can be nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, etc. You cannot focus on a part of speech, choosing related lexemes. Using words with a root as an example "common" it is easy to verify this. Among them are:
- Nouns: communication, dormitory, community, social scientist.
- Adjectives: sociable, social, cooperative, obligatory.
- Verbs: communicate, generalize, dissociate.
- Adverbs: collectively.
- Gerunds: communicating, introducing.
Ways of word formation
It is impossible not to remember them when talking about the selection of one-root lexemes. Understanding how new words are formed saves you from mistakes and makes it easier to complete the task. So, in Russian, the following methods are most common:
- Suffixal. With it from the root "common" many words are formed: communication, communicated, society, community, community member, sociable.
- Prefix. The word is formed by adding a prefix to the generating stem: sociable - uncommunicative.
- Prefix-suffix. There are enough examples here: accomplice, accomplice, separation, generalization, join.
- Addition. Two stems are taken, or a stem and a whole word, from which a new one is obtained: general, uncommunicative, hostel, catering, citywide, social studies, common etc. Such words have two roots, through the meanings of which they can be explained.
Examples: uncommunicative- the one who communicates little; social science- knowledge about society; dormitory- a place where they live together; public catering- public catering.
How to avoid mistakes
When choosing words of the same root, it is important not to rely only on their similar sound. In the Russian language there is a concept of homonymy. The roots can be pronounced and written the same way, but have different meanings. For instance, mountain - grief... Single-root words with a root "common" at first glance, this does not apply. After all, they have no homonyms.
But, nevertheless, schoolchildren manage to make mistakes, including in a number of related words such as "pluck", "click"... You can avoid this by following some simple rules:
- Pay attention to the meaning of tokens. We have already said that the root "common" indicates a unifying feature. Pluck- means to cut something from something (for example, feathers from a bird's carcass). Snap- shoot down with clicks. As you can see, already by the meaning of the words, one can guess that they are superfluous in the related series.
- Change the word by removing or adding prefixes, suffixes, endings to find the root. Pluck - pinch, click - click... Having done this, we will make sure that "about" in this case - a prefix, and the roots will be "pinch" and "click".
The ability to select related lexemes will come in handy when searching for test words. And the root "common" will remind you that a person needs the presence of close people nearby, friendly communication and a sense of spiritual unity.
§ 1 What are related words?
When talking about important things, the word root is often used. For example, they say about serious mistakes - this is fundamentally wrong, and if you need to highlight the most important thing - look at the root! Words also have the most important thing - the root. The root takes on the most important meaning. But on the basis of one root, different words can be formed. Such words with the same root are called cognate or cognate.
But it is not always possible to select the root correctly. Because, as if you listen well to the words, sometimes you can hear that one word hides another. For example, Winnie the Pooh wrote a funny rhyme to himself:
After all, he is not an Elephant,
Therefore he
Can't all the time
Wander around idle!
In the word loitering, he heard the hidden word elephant. But the words elephant and loafing are not related, because with the same spelling of the root, they do not carry the same main meaning.
In order not to make such mistakes, you need to know the secrets of the root.
Consider a group of words: snow, snowman, Snow Maiden, snow. They have a common part - the root, which contains the general meaning and the spelling coincides - SNOW. These are related words.
Let's compare a couple of words: soldier and fighter; brave and bold, watch and behold. Can we say that words in pairs have a similar meaning? Yes, words in pairs have similar meanings. Is it possible to consider words in pairs - related? No, they cannot be considered related. They have a similar meaning, but they do not have a common part, which is usually spelled the same. Words that are close in meaning, but do not have a common part, are not related words.
§ 2 Signs of related words
Consider another example: a hut, in a hut, a hut. Can these words be considered related? Let's figure it out, guided by the rule. Do they have a common part, i.e. ROOT? Yes, they have a common part - IZB (the spelling is the same in all words). Does it keep the general meaning? Yes, it keeps the general meaning. But, the words hut, in the hut, differ only in endings, they have the same stems. It turns out that these are different forms of the same word. But the words hut, hut are related words. First, they have one root - IZB. Secondly, this root keeps the general meaning - a small wooden structure. And, thirdly, the words have different stems-izb- and izbušk-.
So, related words are words that have a COMMON main part, which keeps their general meaning. This common part is called the ROOT.
Read the poem:
Here's what kind of watermelon we have -
Tastes great!
Even the nose and cheeks
All in watermelon juice!
Let's find related words in it and write them out in a column in the initial form:
watermelon
Words have different stems: watermelon and watermelon-.
The words have the same root - watermelon-, which keeps their general meaning, and in both words it is spelled the same way.
So, related (same-root) words are words with different stems, but having a common part - the root. The root has a general meaning and is usually spelled the same way.
List of used literature:
- Russian language: 2nd class: Textbook: 3 hours / N.A. Churakova; ed. M.L. Kalenchuk. - M.: Akademkniga / Textbook, 2012. - Part 1.
- Russian language: 2 cl. Methodical manual / M.L. Kalenchuk, O. V. Malakhovskaya, N.A. Churakova - M.: Akademkniga / Textbook, 2012.
Images used:
Related words are words that have the same root. Moreover, they refer to different particles of speech. So, for example, the words "white", "whiteness", "whiten" can be called related. Continuing the conversation about what kindred words are, it should be noted that when defining them, a number of features must be taken into account. We will talk about this further.
How related words are formed
Related words are formed by a certain set of prefixes and suffixes (postfixes). If words, having one root, differ only in endings (inflections), they cannot be considered related. For example, "rek-a" and "rek-u" are not related words, but forms of the same word.
In the Russian language, the most common word formation methods are known to be prefix, suffix, prefix-suffix. In the first case, the word is formed exclusively by means of adding a prefix, in the second - a suffix. As for the prefix-suffix method, a symbiosis of the above two methods is used. The prefix method is not very suitable for creating related words. Indeed, the words "run-run", "run-run" and "run" do not have much semantic difference.
What words are not related
Continuing the topic of which words are related, it is necessary to say about the need to remember about homonymous roots. That is, the words "water-it" and "water-yanoy" cannot be considered related, because the meanings of these, at first glance, identical roots are different.
In addition to all of the above, you need to remember about historically related words that have ceased to be related in modern Russian. So, for example, in the past, the words "victory" and "trouble" were related. Today they are not considered as such. Therefore, the term "historically related" is applied to them.
Related words- these are words that have the same root and are close in meaning.
Single-root words- these are words with the same root, different parts of speech or the same part of speech, but with different prefixes and suffixes.
Practice finding related words with your child. Winter - winters - hibernation - wintry - hibernation - hibernating.
Vegetable garden - ...
Flower - ...
TO HELP THE SCHOOLBOY
How to learn to find related words?
Learning to select cognate or related words is taught in elementary school. This skill allows you to check the spelling of words. Not everyone is good at this task. How to teach them to choose related words correctly? So:
Basic concepts and rules that are necessary for the selection of related words:
1. Single-root words have the same root. Root- this is the main significant part of the word, which contains its main lexical meaning, the common part of the same root and related words.
2. Single-root words should not be confused with the form of the same word. Try to complete tasks in which you will need to make chains with one root word and separately - with grammatical forms. For instance:
· gardener - garden - garden (related words);
· gardener - gardeners - gardener (forms of the same word).
3. Please note that the selection of words with the same root should not be mechanical. This can lead to erroneous results. similar combinations of sounds can be found in the root in other words that will not be related. This can be seen in the example of the words "driver" and "water". They will not be of the same root.
4. Single-root words are not always the same part of speech. For instance:
· drive - driver - driver.
Identify the parts of speech for these words. If you do everything right, then you should have a verb, a noun and an adjective in this chain of cognate words.
5. Use the following way of forming single-root words: you need to remember such parts of the word as the prefix and the suffix. Use these morphemes to form cognate words with some root. For example, with the root "run". You should end up with a string of words like this:
· running - running - running - defector, etc.
6. Work on the formation of cognate words is very important. This skill will allow you to easily cope with the selection of test words and avoid mistakes in writing.
IT IS IMPORTANT! REMEMBER!
· Siblings are words that come from the same word, i.e. explain using the same word. (For instance: forest - a small forest; forest - located in the forest; forester - one who looks after the forest.)
Related, test words must be related in meaning ( pull - pulls, not slime).
· Words that are close in meaning, but do not have a common part, are not related words.
· When choosing related words, you need to search for words without prefixes or with other prefixes.
In the roots, there may be an alternation of consonants or vowels, or even
· "Disappearance" of vowels.
| ALTERNATION OF VOICES IN A WORD: | ALTERNATION OF CONSENT IN THE WORD: | ||
| e / u | freeze - freeze | p / pl | pound - pound |
| o / a | ask - ask | b / bl | love - love |
| f / o (e) | sing - sing | v / vl | catch - catch |
| i / im | shoot - shoot | m / ml | feed - feed |
| a / in | squeeze - reap | s / f | narrow - already |
| s / y | forge - forge | c / h | capital - capital |
| f / u (u) | peck - peck | d / st | sweet - sweets |
| o / zero sound | sleep - sleep | t / s | flowers - bloom |
| o / zero sound | sleep - sleep | t / k | let in - let in |
| e / zero | day - day | st / n | thick - thick |
| o / s / y | dry - dry - dry | x / w | wilderness - wilderness |
| o / s / zero sound | ambassador - send - send | t / h / u | shine - candle - lighting |
| and / d / her | pour - pour - lei | d / w / railway | drive - drive - driving |
| and / th / oh | beat - beat - fight | s / w | high - higher |
| c / h / c | fist - fist - kulak | ||
| g / f / z | friend - friendship - friends |
· In the changes of the same word, only the endings are different, the other parts in them are the same (window, windows, window, window - this is one changed word, and not the same root and related words).
· Check only those words that require checking.
· Test words must be related, and not just similar.
In a test word, the vowel must be stressed (For example: water - water, not water).
· Good work goes in this order: realized - checked - wrote. For trained people, the test word manages to come to mind before they write down the dubious letter, and then they simply do not have time to make a mistake.
· In speech, the words "help each other" to express our thoughts; for this they "know how" to change, firstly, according to numbers, and secondly, according to the "commands" of those questions that can be put to them in a sentence. Exercising in changing words not only by numbers, but also by “question commands”, you will learn how to recognize in such word forms hint words that help to determine the desired letter at the root.
To help schoolchildren and teachers, a small dictionary of cognate and related words:
| root -white- whitening white-haired white-toothed squirrel white-faced white-fronted white-haired white-haired white fish (meaning: whitefish) white-tailed seamstress (meaning: linen seamstress) beluga (meaning: large fish of the sturgeon family) beluga white whitewash | root-birch-birch (meaning: the Berezina river is one of the main tributaries of the Dnieper) birch forest (meaning: birch forest, grove) birch birch birch birch birch birch birch birch birch birch birch birch (meaning: edible tubular mushroom with a brownish-black cap) | root -fight fighter fighting fighting warhead ammunition combat-ready fighter loophole carnage fighting fighting fighter | root-pain-painful disease cheerleader (meaning: amateur watching sports) sick sick sick hospital sick sick sick sick sick disease sick sick get sick |
| root brother brother brother brother brother brother brother brother brother brother brother brother brother brother brother brother | root -book- alphabet alphabet letter literal primer alphabet primer alphabetic alphabet letter-booker second-hand bookseller bukovka | root fun fun fun fun fun fun fun | root -spring- spring spring spring freckle freckle freckle freckle freckle (meaning: 1. An old ritual song praising the coming of spring; 2. A small light gray butterfly with transparent wings) spring freckle (meaning: spring, spring waters or spring waters) in spring |
| root-water-water water water water water carrier whirlpool (meaning: a place in a river, a sea in which currents form a rotational) diver waterfall watering hole water pipe waterbridge pond dropsy (meaning: in some diseases, fluid accumulation) water movement flood (meaning: flooding of land with water that surged from the banks) flood (meaning: a rise in the water level in rivers, reservoirs as a result of rainstorms, rapid melting of snow) submariner underwater | root sparrow sparrow sparrow sparrow sparrow sparrow sparrow sparrow sparrow sparrow sparrow (meaning: 1.House for birds; 2.Small hawk (sparrowhawk)) sparrow | root-raven-raven raven raven raven raven raven raven raven raven raven raven missed | root -heads- main head tadpole (meaning: 1. Tailed larva; 2. About one who has a big head) head head head puzzle (meaning: difficult riddle, task) headwash head thug headhead headhead head head head title heading table of contents polls three-headed |
| root - hunger - hunger hunger hunger hunger hungry hungry hungry hungry hunger hunger hunger hunger | root -voice- publicity vowel voice | root-mountain-grief grieve wretched wretched woe grief bitter (tears) goryun goryushko grieve | root - rook - rook rook rook rook rook rook rook rook rook (meaning: rook nesting site) rook |
| root - loaded - loaded cargo sinker load cargo truck loader load unload transshipment loading unload | root -gus- (Goose) gander goose goose in single file goslings (chime) guslyar (outfit) | root-courtyard-butler (meaning: in a wealthy house, the senior servant, the head of the household and the servant) yard janitor mongrel pooch (meaning: mongrel yard dog) yard (yard football) palace (Palace Square) nobleman (meaning: person belonging to the nobility) courtyard (outbuildings) courtyard (church courtyard) courtier (lady of the court) | root -good- kind good voluntary voluntary virtue |
| root -house- homeless house domina house house house house home owner | root -roads- (Road) off-road expensive path on-road plantain roadside -roads- (Expensive) expensively expensive expensive more expensive to value rise in price | root - friend - friend friendly friendly squad vigilante friend friend amicable amicable friends friend friend commonwealth | root - oak - oak cudgel cudgel cudgel cudgel oak oak oak oak oak oak oak oak oak oak oak oak oak oak |
| Root -Fire- Firebird | root-of-stars- drive a star starship star-shaped starfall starflight stargazer stargazer starry constellation | root-beast- beast beast menagerie animal breeder hunters fur farm brutally brutal atrocity atrocities beast beast beast beast beast beast beast beast | root-ringing-call ringing ringer (meaning: Church attendant who rings the bells) ringing ringing ringing bell-tower (meaning: structure with openings for church bells, bell tower) bell ringing ringing ringing ringing ringing back ringing ringing ringing |
| root-earth-grounding earth land land owner land owner agriculture earthmaker land surveyor earthquake earth earth countryman strawberry earth man earth house earth country woman earth ground underground underground | root-grain-granular (granular material - finely crushed) grain grain crusher grain cleaner grain harvester (combine harvester) granary grain | root - winter - winter winter winter road (meaning: a road laid straight in the snow for winter driving) wintering wintering winterer wintering (meaning: place where they spend the winter) kingfisher (meaning: small bird, akin to the hoopoe (swimming in the snow in winter) winter-hardy winter winter winter (winter garlic) winter (winter sowing, its shoots) winter in winter pre-winter pre-winter (meaning: late autumn time) | root-bison- (Bison) bison bison bison bison bison-bison- (cram) cram cram cram cram |
| root-games- win win game play playing playful merrymaking game player games library (meaning: a collection of games, a special room with such a meeting) marigold toy toy play along lose play game play | root -kam- stony stone stone stone mason stone mason stone saxifrage stonebreaker stone thrower stone processing stonefall stone cutter petrify | root -maps- map picture picture picture cards cartographer cartography card index card | root -leather- leather leather jacket leather tanner (meaning: 1 leatherworker; 2 beetle lumberjack leatherworker) kozheed (meaning: skin beetle - eats skin) leatherette leatherette peel leather peel cover (plastic casing, or housing) subcutaneous casing |
| root - goat - goat goat goat goat goat goat goat goat goat goat goat goat goat goat goat goat | root bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell bell | root-ring-ring ring-toss (meaning: equipment for the game) ringing ring ring ring ring chain mail ring ring ringed (ringed bird, i.e. wearing a ring) | root-horse-horse breeder (meaning: Horse breeding specialist; horse breeder) horse breeding stud farm horse farm horse meat horse (meaning: horse-drawn city railway, as well as a carriage of such a road) horseman cavalry (meaning: Cavalry) horse tethering hitching post (meaning: Place for tying horses) horse thief horse groom stable horse (value: 1. Seahorse; 2. Little Humpbacked Horse) |
| root-feed- (feed) breadwinner feed feeding feeding trough feeding feeding feeding feeding-feeding- (feed) feeding helm (flag) helmsman | root -color- (Beauty) beautiful beauty handsome handsome pretty beautiful flaunt beauty beauty-red- (Red) blush reddish red-breasted red red-cheeked rubella -red- (Paint) dyeing dye dyer dye paint paint spray gun painted color tint coloring coloring | root -circle (w) - (Circle) around a round round timber around a whirling circle a circle circumference -circle (w) - (Lace) lace maker lace lace weaving lace | root -kup- (to bathe) swim kupava swimsuit bathing bathing tub -kup- (Buy) merchant merchants purchased purchase buy purchase |
| root-chicken- (Chickens) chicken chicken chicken chicken kurnik chicken chicken chicken chicken chicken coop | root - glacier - glacier ice ice ice ice breaker ice cutter ice pick ice ice ice ice ice ice ice | root -forest- wooded forester forestry (meaning: a forest area as an economic unit, as well as an institution in charge of this area) forest ranger (value: 1. Forest mushroom; 2. Leshy forest) logging forest shelter forest park sawmill lumberjack lumberjack felling area forest area intended for felling) timber rafting forest-steppe (meaning: zone in which steppe and forest alternate) undergrowth shrubs and small trees that do not reach the height of the main forest area) woodland (meaning: low-lying woodland) | root -flight- helicopter takeoff starship fly flying notch flying flight flight pilot flight flight airplane |
| root-leaf-larch (meaning: coniferous tree of the pine family with soft needles falling for the winter and valuable wood) deciduous leaf foliate leafworm (leafworm butterfly) leaf beetle (leaf beetle) leaf leafy leaf fall leaf | root - moose - moose farm moose farm moose moose moose moose moose moose moose moose moose moose moose | root-honey-bear bear bear bear cubs bear bear bear bear cub honey bear honey plant honey bear honey | root -young- (Young) young young young young young young young young youth |
| root-frost- freeze freeze freeze ice cream ice cream maker ice cream maker (meaning: ice cream seller) frost freezer freezer freeze frost frosty frost-resistant frostbite freeze | root -nose- (Nose) long-nosed nose nasal rhinoceros platypus -nose- (Wear) stretcher carrier carrier carrying tray demolition | root -leg (w) - (Leg) sandals knife | root - vegetable - vegetable grower vegetable growing vegetable growing vegetable vegetable cutter vegetable dryer vegetable storage vegetable |
| root -father- domestic fatherland -father (i.e. father) patronymic paternal (paternal) fatherly stepfather | root - win - invincible undefeated win victorious winner winner win victorious victorious win win victorious defeated | root-slave- (Work) earnings part-time work work worker female worker working worker-slave- (Slave) slavery servility slave slavery slave | root - glad - to delight joyfully joyful joy hospitality welcoming joyful joyful joyful joyful joy |
| root-rocket- rocket booster rocket launcher rocket launch pad rocket carrier rocket science rocket launcher | root -ran- (Wound) wounded wounded wounded wounded wounded wound -ran- (Early) early early early early early early | root -rech (k) - (Speech) dictum verbalization verbal recitative verbal -rech (k) - (River) interfluve riverine river small river small river river river | root -kind- to become related homeland parents parental to be born a relative relative |
| root -hand- armband handcuffs handyman arm sleeve mitten needlework hand-to-hand manuscript handshake handle handle hand | root-garden-garden front garden (meaning: a small fenced garden, a flower garden in front of the house) transplant planting planting seedlings (meaning: young plants grown in protected ground and intended for transplanting on ridges, in open ground) plant a garden gardener gardener gardener gardening garden garden plant a seedling | root -words- backbiting afterword preface vocabulary vocabulary vocabulary teacher of Russian language and literature) literature (meaning: artistic literary creation and verbal folklore) verbal word word inflection word formation talkative collocation word creation word use word | root -snow- snow-white snow-covered snowdrop bullfinch snowman snow retention snow scooter (meaning: snow skiing device) snowplow snowfall snowmelt snow plow snowmobile (meaning: vehicle for driving in deep snow) snow maiden snowflake snowy snow |
| root-sun- sunflower sunflower sunflower solar sun solstice sunscreen sun-loving sun-like sun solstice solstice (meaning: period of time with the highest or lowest noon sun height) Sun | root - salt - undersalted saline saline saline salting salted saline saline (value: 1.Salt feeder; 2.Soil containing readily soluble sodium salts) corned beef (meaning: salted meat) salt shaker salty salt marsh (meaning: soil containing natural salts) salty hodgepodge | root-sport- gym sports sports equipment sports club sports complex sports lotto sports community sports ground athlete sportswoman sports goods | root-table-feast table throne (meaning: 1.Throne; 2.A high table in the middle of the church altar) heir to throne tabletop (meaning: the top flat part of the table, its lid) table capital capital capital dining dining room capital capital (meaning: capital city (capital) carpenter (meaning: worker, specialist in wood processing and manufacture of products from it) carpentry carpentry |
| root-string-embedded (built-in wardrobe) housing construction development builder superstructure (add-on of an old house) rebuilding built building extension builder construction build build construction battalion (construction battalion soldier) construction site construction | root-court- (Court) out-of-court defendant refereeing conviction to judge legal proceedings judge-court- (Ship) shipowner shipbuilding shipping boat | root-grasses-forbs (many different herbs) grass a blade of grass a blade of grass herbalist herbalist (meaning: a person who collects medicinal and knows how to use them) grass field (meaning: farming system with intermittent sowing in the fields to increase soil fertility) grass-sowing (meaning: sowing forage grasses) herbage (grass stand by the channel) grass herbivorous grass grass herbaceous herbaceous | root -trained- trained overtraining training (value: 1.Exercise; 2.Sleep) simulator trainer coaching training (workout) trained coaching training training training |
| root - ear - earless fold earmuffs pillow earwig with earflaps eared ears ear ear ear ear | root -bread- freeloader loaf breadbasket bread bakery bakery | root -cold- cool chilled cold chill cool cool jelly refrigerator refrigerated chill chill chill cold chilly cold-blooded chill cold-resistant | root-walk-all-terrain vehicle sunrise entrance exit lunar rover transition hike gait motor ship walkers walk stilts walkers |
| root - flower - primrose barren blossom bloom inflorescence bloom bloom flower garden florist flower flower blooming flowers | & nbs / tdp; |
Dictionary of cognate words
wind, breeze, sail, wind;
water, water, water, underwater;
eye, eyes, eye, peephole;
mountain, slide, mountainous, mountainous;
grief, grief, bitterness;
goose, gander, goose, gosling;
yard, janitor, yard, yard;
rain, rain, rain, rainy;
home, house, home, home;
hedgehog, hedgehog, hedgehog, hedgehog;
star, asterisk, starry, starless;
beast, animal, animal, animal;
call, ring, bell, ringer, ring;
winter, wintry, hibernation, hibernate;
class, classroom, extracurricular;
forest, forest, forester, wooded, copse;
leaf, leaf, leaf, foliage;
elk, moose cow, calf, elk;
horse, horse, horse, little horse;
sea, sea, sailor, seaside;
frost, frost, frost, frosty;
shoulder, shoulder, broad-shouldered;
light, shine, light, light, firefly;
word, word, verbal;
snow, snow, snowman, snow maiden;
bullfinch, bullfinch;
litter, speck, weed, litter;
tiger, tigress, tiger cub, tiger, brindle;
bread, bread, bread, bread box;
color, flower, blossom, flower garden;
hour, hour, hour, hour, hour.