Ryabikov Oleg Evgenievich was born on September 7, 1965 in the oldest city in Russia, Derbent, which has a history of development recorded in the annals for more than 5,000 years. He was brought up by his grandfather and grandmother, after whose death at the age of 11 he was transported by his parents to Bashkiria, where he graduated from both school and medical school. He gave the first massage at the age of 8, with his feet, to a neighbor at the request of his grandmother after the death of his grandfather, when he received praise and 300 grams of the "golden key" decided to become a doctor. The final decision to treat people came during a serious illness of the grandmother and the realization of her own powerlessness and inability to help her. He was first called a doctor on Kunashir Island in 1986 during the provision of emergency assistance in a helicopter crash. Primary school of massage was held on about. Shikotan from the good doctor Sergeev, at the same time received the first skills of a bathing business on about. Tanfilyev at the senior warrant officer at the frontier post. I decided to become a massage therapist during rehabilitation after being wounded in the central hospital of the Navy in Vladivostok, having experienced its healing and restorative capabilities. He began his professional massage training in 1987 on the basis of the Kislovodsk Medical School; further self-study continues to this day.

... An oak broom, Master of the Forest, is folded with Good and put in my hand. I walk around the body skillfully with a broom and heat, so that it sweats, but does not hurt in life, I will cover it with fire, I will pump water, I will attach the sheets to the body, I will tell you a saying that the body should be young, healthy, and always ready for a good bathhouse ...

Seven Brooms of the Healer

I owe the birth of the integrated technology “7 brooms” to the old technique of the bathing craft, called the “multi-armed bathhouse attendant”. The technique was seen and tested in a bathhouse in the Urals.

As many masters of the craft of bathing as there are in Russia, so are the techniques of steaming. Every broom in different hand in different ways to go to bed and in different ways. If there is a simple chas for a bath, then everyone is a master, and if a LADY chas is needed in a bathhouse, then such a master is rare, you will not find in every volost ...
(Uyezd medic Sava. First rank paramedic.)

Step 1.
Warming up.

Gradual, preliminary heating and initial mechanical influences, which have a conscious focus, reduce the tension of tissues of any localization, of any origin. The body “refuses” from tension, tremors, tissue immobility, a feeling of relaxation appears, and this entails the need for further action, in-depth mechanical action, additional stretching of muscles, ligaments, joints.

The comfort of the procedure is ensured precisely by slow, gradual heating, with a suppressed stage of spasticity and a pronounced phase of vasodilation. A person feels a "blissful" penetrating warmth. An external sign of vasodilation (correct reaction) is skin hyperemia (redness), the pulse increases, blood pressure decreases! (blood redistribution occurs). We need this very reaction, it is our striving that brings the greatest benefit to the body. We increase metabolism and speed up blood flow.

Tasks preparatory phase:

A. Opening of pores and obtaining primary effusion.
B. Initial increase in blood and lymph flow.
B. Preparatory activation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

There are a large number of types of performance, we will consider the "week" technique (seven).

Attributes:

- 7 brooms (prepared using the "light broom" technology);
- herbal cap;
- the use of 3 fir brooms;
- herbal decoction 500-600 ml.

All movements are performed from a light touch to the removal of the broom 15-20 cm from the body. The guest sits on a shelf on two brooms, handled sideways. Hands on your knees. Legs in hot herbal broth on a broom bed, covered with a broom.
- Bather facing the guest, grip the broom with an “open” hand. After 7 times the circumferential mixing of the air, arms above the head.
- HOT RAIN: Brooms are dipped in herbal decoction and gently shaken off on the guest's body with light touches, from top to bottom 7 times, as if pressing the air around the body.

- STRENGTHENING OF THE SPIRIT (INCREASING THE HEAT): 7 points of attention, 7 points of fixation 7 times. (shoulders, liver, kidneys, knees) when performing this technique, the broom makes a gripping circular motion pumping the heated air inward, followed by pressing the hot broom to the fixation points.
- LIGHT (OR LIGHT DISTRIBUTION): Sliding down and up along the lateral and anteroposterior surfaces of the body 7 times.
- RIBBON CRAFT (STRENGTHENING THE SPINE): 7 movements from the sacrum to the neck, 7 horizontal and 7 vertical broom approaches with a light massage - stroking with brooms up and down to the sides of the spine. With light pats and short compresses.
- LIGHTING (WITH RUBBING AND FIXING): If you feel incomplete, it is possible to carry out a powerful technique of forcing hot air, brooms capture hot air and pump it into us in a certain place (abdomen, shoulder joints, kidneys, hip joints, groin, knees).
- BALANCING: The bather, by the handles of the brooms on which the guest sits, performs counter-oscillatory movements of small amplitude, balancing and restoring the myofascial structures of the body.
- IRRIGATION and SPREADING: Produced by herbal infusion (decoction or steam).

Step 2.
Pilling swaddling (prolonged pilling) is performed outside the steam room (massage treatment room, dressing room).

On the work table, there is a linen cloth soaked in herbal infusion or a plastic sheet for wrapping, with brooms laid out on top. We can endlessly talk about the strength of the effect of herbal swaddling-wraps, since the procedure has no analogues in terms of the strength and depth of the effect of oils and herbal compositions applied to a pre-heated body with pores cleaned by effusion.

Laying brooms:

- One under the head;
- Two in the lumbar region;
- Two in the shin area.

The bather is actively rubbing with a pre-prepared herbal composition.

The selection of the composition for grinding, cleansing, nutrition and toning is selected taking into account:

- DOSHI (warm or cold properties of plants and oils are used);
- The condition of the client's skin and health (the moisturizing, relaxing or tonic properties of the products used are taken into account);
- Guest wishes (taken into account individual characteristics the client's body, the ability to heat tolerance, pain threshold of sensitivity.);
- the set goals and objectives;
- Themes of the provided procedure: detox, relaxation, anti-stress.

We grind-pilling and apply the composition according to the scheme:
- back (taking into account the massage lines recommended by the school of Russian classical massage);
- legs (from hip to foot) (according to the principle of drainage technologies);
- arms (from shoulders to wrist).

The active instrument is the broom and the bather's hand. We use only longitudinal sliding of the broom to avoid injury to the skin.

After turning the guest onto his back, we use the scheme: rib cage, abdomen, legs (along the massage lines of classic massage). Before swaddling one of the brooms we put on the chest with the other on the stomach with the handles towards each other. The duration of the wrap is 20-25 minutes.

During the wrapping, it is possible to carry out massage actions on the scalp and face. Shown are auriculo massage, and soft techniques for releasing C0-C1.

Step 3.
Soaring takes place in a steam room. It is carried out without preliminary rinsing of the guest's body after swaddling.

Under the influence of the heat of the bath, the vessels dilate (the lumen is almost doubled), respectively, the blood-lymph circulation is accelerated. Well-warmed blood rushes to the skin, irrigates it and nourishes it (about 40% of the reserve blood comes to the skin). Such an outflow of blood to the periphery facilitates the work of the heart, training the cardiovascular system, blood pressure decreases, the minute volume of the heart increases to 150%, and the pulse rate to 120-140 beats per minute.

Chills often occur during the procedure. This is not a pathological, but a completely normal reaction, the blood heats up, heats up internal organs, the body includes the third line of reflexes, through the nerve endings of the blood vessels of the brain.

Soaring is carried out "over the swaddling", ie. the composition used for pilling-swaddling is not washed off, but additionally, as it were, is "riveted" into the body, enhancing its activity by increasing the temperature regime and physical influences.

Laying brooms:
- Two brooms "wrap" the head: one under the head, the second on the head.
- Three brooms under the lumbosacral region: the first broom under the sacrum, handle down, two brooms under the buttocks, handles to the sides.
- Two brooms "active" are in the hands of the bather.

The starting position of the guest: lying on the back. We treat all parts of the body with brooms. We use the classic techniques of vaping - stroking, pulling, poultice, patting and stretching. We accentuate the soaring on the stomach: in the area of \u200b\u200bthe liver. Next, we move on to the special vaping technique:

"7 slaps"
The essence of the technique is in the segmentation of the body into conditional zones and quadrants in compliance with the main points of thermal fixation. The bather makes 6 active movements with brooms, and on the seventh movement makes a short compress to the fixation point.
Before turning the guest onto his stomach, the bather, using the handles of the brooms, balances the pelvis using separation techniques on the myo-fascial structures.
Then we turn the guest onto his stomach.

Laying brooms:
- Two brooms on the head (thermal protection function);
- Two brooms under the stomach (balance-calming);
- One crotch broom (thermal protection).

We carry out the techniques of classical vaping or LAD vaping (sauna comb), we heat according to the scheme - from the right leg to the left shoulder, from the left leg to the right shoulder. Accentuating the hovering on the feet, calf muscles and spine.

At the end of warming up, with herbal infusion or water, it is necessary to cool the back of the head, hands and feet of the guest, then help him sit down and slowly remove him from the steam room.

Step 4.
Recovery. Performed outside the steam room.

An oil composition is applied to the guest's body, after preliminary warm or cool recoupment (depending on the severity of the dosha and the state of health). As a general continuation and enhancement of the herbal peeling swaddling effect, the composition is determined before the start of the procedure, taking into account the individual characteristics of the guest's body, skin type and tasks.

The guest chooses the resting position himself. The position should be convenient for relaxation and good rest of the guest and the work of the bather.

In the classic performance of the technique, "thorny felt boots" are put on the guest's feet. Hay is placed in felt boots and put on feet for 15-20 minutes. The legs are pre-rubbed with an oil-turpentine-kerosene mixture.

In the spa, foot massage is performed. The massage can have several options, but Asian techniques of foot reflex massage are still preferred. The guest is encouraged to drink 100-150 ml of a hot drink prior to the massage. Classic teas, sbitni or freshly prepared brews can be used, taking into account the focus of the program, the client's tastes and specific indications.

Step 5.
In the steam room.

The main part of the procedure. This step is aimed at working with muscles, deep ligaments and joints, the techniques and manipulations used are performed on deeply heated and relaxed tissues, which makes them atraumatic, and a step-by-step effect on the tissues allows you to achieve the greatest therapeutic and recreational effect.

The starting position of the guest: lying on his stomach.

Laying brooms:
- two under the belly in its upper part, handles to the sides;
- two under the lower third of the thigh;
- one broom, active in the application of the herbal composition, under the head.

Equipment.
Trituration. Active stroking and rubbing with brooms from the feet to the neck, along the midlines up and down the lateral surfaces of the body. Warming up the brooms in the upper layers of the steam room, the bather applies the brooms to the fixation points with a lash and a press.

Anchor points:
- sacroiliac joints and buttocks;
- kidney area;
- the area of \u200b\u200bthe lower chest;
- the area of \u200b\u200bthe descending portion of the trapezius muscle;
- ears.

Also, at this stage, stretching-stretching is carried out. Manipulations are performed step by step on the fascia, muscles and joints. The number of manipulations depends on the experience of the master, the fitness of the guest, the need for use and the temperature regime of the steam room. Harmonization or balancing is carried out in stages, by the handles of the laid out brooms, without changing the vector and without displacing the broom, according to the principle of myo-fascial separation techniques.

After turning the guest onto his back, we carry out the activation-compress on the area:
- knees;
- the abdomen at three points: the middle between the umbilical ring and the bosom, the umbilical ring, the middle between the umbilical ring and the xiphoid process;
- the area of \u200b\u200bthe pectoralis major muscle and the shoulder joint;
- face and ears.

Training of doctors in the Moscow state for a long time was of a craft nature: the apprentice studied with one or several doctors for a number of years, then served in the regiment for several years as a medical assistant. Sometimes the Pharmaceutical Order appointed a screening test (exam), after which a set of surgical instruments was issued to the person promoted to the rank of doctor.

In 1654, during the war with Poland and the plague epidemic, the first in Russia was opened under the Pharmaceutical Order. The doctorsky school.It existed at the expense of the state treasury. Children of archers, clergy and service people were accepted into it. The training included collecting herbs, working in a pharmacy, and practicing in a regiment. In addition, the students studied Latin, anatomy, pharmacy, diagnostics of diseases ("flags of illnesses") and methods of their treatment. During the hostilities, one-year schools for bone-setting also functioned.

Teaching at the School of Medicine was visual and was conducted at the patient's bedside. Anatomy was studied using bone preparations and anatomical drawings. There were no tutorials yet. They were replaced by folk herbalists and physicians, as well as "doctor's tales" (case histories).

E. Slavinetsky(1609-1675) was a highly educated and gifted person. He graduated from the University of Krakow and taught first at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, and then at the School of Medicine at the Apothecary Prikaz in Moscow. The translation of A. Vesalius's work, made by him, was the first scientific book on anatomy in Russia and was used in teaching anatomy at the School of Medicine. This manuscript was kept in the Synodal Library for a long time, but was later lost and has not been found to this day.

The Pharmaceutical Order made high demands on the students of the Lekarsky School. Those accepted for study promised: "... do not harm anyone and do not drink and do not hawk and do not steal by any theft ...". The training lasted 5-7 years. Medical assistants attached to foreign specialists studied for 3 to 12 years. In different years, the number of students varied from 10 to 40. The first graduation of the Medicine School, due to the large shortage of regimental doctors, took place ahead of schedule in 1658. The school functioned irregularly. For 50 years, she has trained about 100 Russian doctors. Most of them served in the regiments. The systematic training of medical personnel in Russia began only in the 18th century.

Physicians who provided medical assistance to the civilian population often treated at home or in a Russian bath. Inpatient medical care practically did not exist at that time.

XVII century was also the time of the creation of the first civil hospitals in Russia. Around 1652, boyar Fyodor Mikhailovich Rtishchev organized two civilian hospitals in his homes, which are considered the first properly organized civilian hospitals in Russia. In 1682, a decree was issued on the opening in Moscow of two hospitals ("spitalens") for the civilian population, intended for the treatment of patients and teaching medicine. (In the same year, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was established in Moscow.)

Trade relations and political rapprochement with the West, outlined in the time of John IV the Terrible and noticeably strengthened with the accession to the throne of the Romanovs' throne (1613), had as their consequence the invitation to the royal court of foreign doctors, pharmacists and paramedics from England, Holland, Germany and other countries. ... Foreign doctors at that time enjoyed great respect and honor in the Moscow state. However, the circle of persons who used their services was very limited (as a rule, by the royal court). At the court of Boris Godunov (1598-1606) there were already several foreign doctors, mainly Germans.

The first doctors of medicine from Russian people appeared in the 15th century. Among them is Geogriy Dorogobycha (c. 1450-1494), who received his doctorate in philosophy and medicine from the University of Bologna (1476). Subsequently, he was rector of the University of Bologna (1481-1482), worked in Hungary (1482-1485), lectured at the University of Cracow (since 1485). His work "The Prognostic Judgment of the Current 1483 by George Drohoba-Hour of Russia, Doctor of Medicine at the University of Bologna", published in Rome in Latin, is the first printed book by a Russian author abroad.

In 1512, the degree of doctor of medicine in Padua (Italy) received Francis Skorinafrom Polotsk (an outstanding Belarusian pioneer printer and educator). Subsequently, he worked in Prague, Vilna, Koenigsberg.

Thus, the XVI-XVII centuries. in Russia was the time of the formation of pharmacies and pharmacy, the beginning of the training of doctors from natural-born Russians, the creation of the first hospitals in cities - the time of the birth of the state organization of medical business in Russia.

Fig .: Home pharmacy with medical
office in Kitay-gorod.
Drawing of the 18th century

In old times there was a strict specialization in European medicine. Above all were the university-educated doctors. They made a general diagnosis and treated internal diseases. Healers were involved in external diseases and surgical operations. Pharmacists selected and prepared medicines. The Russians, having become acquainted with this system, gave it an apt description: “ Dokhtur gives and orders his advice, but he himself is not skillful; but the healer applies and heals with medicine and is himself unscientific; and the pharmacist they both have a cook».

IN in turn, foreigners, arriving in Russia, spoke disparagingly about the state of medicine among Muscovites. So, the Italian ambassadors who visited Moscow in the middle of the 16th century, reported: "The Russians do not have philosophical, astrological and medical books, there are no doctors or pharmacists, but they treat by experience with proven medicinal herbs." In fact, foreigners meant by doctors people who studied medical theory, familiarized themselves with the works of the classics of ancient and medieval medicine. There really were no such doctors in Russia at that time, since there were no educational institutions similar to Western universities. But practical medicine in Russia was at a fairly high level.

ABOUTusually Russians preferred to be treated with home remedies. Foreigners were amazed by the most common way of self-healing of Russians: “Feeling unhealthy, they usually drink a good glass of wine, pouring a charge of gunpowder into it, or mixing the drink with crushed garlic, and immediately go to the bathhouse, where they sweat in the intolerable heat for two hours or three". If the disease did not recede, they turned to doctors. The profession of doctors - “healers” - was passed down from generation to generation, from father to son. Healers specialized in various types of diseases and methods of their treatment: chiropractors, ore throwers, pomies, stuffed, chechuy, keel and full-time masters.

Pabout the observations of foreigners, the common population did not believe foreign doctors and considered their pills "unclean". A much more hospitable reception was given to foreign doctors in the royal palace. At the court of Ivan the Terrible, many European doctors were graciously received. Scientist and mathematician Arnold Lindsay enjoyed particular confidence. Prince Kurbsky jealously noted that the Terrible to Lindsay “ great love always showing, besides him, I don't take medicine from anyone. " Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich considered the doctor almost a miracle worker. Once the Terrible in the heat of the moment killed one of his boyars, but then he repented and called Lindsay: "Heal my good servant, I played with him inadvertently." But here even the famous doctor just threw up his hands.

Hand Russia took overseas doctors for sorcerers, warlocks, capable of warding off damage, foreseeing the future. I must say that astrology really played an important role in Western medicine of that time. One of the doctors, Elisha Bomeliy, deliberately pretended to be a magician, using the Terrible's superstition.

Lthe writer wrote: "The Germans sent a fierce sorcerer from Germany, called Elisha, to the tsar, and he should be loved in his approach." On the instructions of the formidable tsar, Bomelius made poisons, from which the boyars suspected of treason, who were suspected of treason, would then die in terrible torment at royal feasts. In the end, the king himself was frightened by the intrigues of his court sorcerer, and to the great joy of the people, Bomelius was subjected to a cruel execution - he was burned alive.

IN At the end of the reign, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich nevertheless approached the organization of medical business seriously. According to the tsarist decree, the Pharmaceutical Order was formed - a special department that was primarily concerned with the health of the autocrat himself and his family. Initially, the Apothecary Prikaz was located in the Kremlin, in a stone building opposite the Peipsi Monastery, and there was also a palace pharmacy. On the territory of the Kremlin, between the Borovitsky and Troitsky gates, the Pharmaceutical Garden was arranged, where medicinal plants were grown.

ANDa whole group of experienced specialists - doctors, surgeons, pharmacists - was discharged from England to work in the new order. Leader Pharmaceutical order - a pharmacy boyar - played an important role in the royal court, because he was in charge of "caution of the great sovereigns of health", protection of the royal family from evil spells and "dashing potion" (poison). Boris Godunov, the de facto ruler of the country under the ailing Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, in addition to other important state affairs, personally supervised the Pharmaceutical Order.

TOwhen Boris Godunov himself became tsar, he increased the staff of the Aptekarsky Prikaz, attracted a large number of foreign specialists to the service. Godunov planned to give a higher medical education to the Russian people. A group of young nobles were first sent to study in Western Europe. Unfortunately, due to the outbreak of the Troubles, these first students never returned to their homeland.

Cthe Ark pharmacy already possessed a significant amount of medicines. When, in the spring of 1605, an epidemic of dysentery broke out among the troops sent against the impostor False Dmitry, Boris Godunov "sent every drink and every potion suitable for disease, and therefore give them great help."

Pafter Godunov's death, an uprising broke out in Moscow. Rumors spread in the crowd that foreign doctors received untold riches from Godunov and filled their cellars with all sorts of wines. Medicines at that time were actually made, as a rule, on the basis of alcohol. The property of the pharmacists was plundered, and the stocks of medicinal alcoholic tinctures were completely devastated. As a result, as eyewitnesses reported, after the riot, fifty people were poisoned to death, and the same number were injured in their minds by drinking.

ANDthe pharmacy order was revived only after the Troubles in 1620. Now it became not a court, but a state institution, designed to provide medical assistance "To all ranks of people." New tasks required the expansion of the staff of doctors, doctors and pharmacists. The overwhelming majority of specialists were, as before, foreigners. The Russian authorities sought to train their own doctors for the country. But so far, although natives of Russia were sent abroad, they were not native Russians, but the children of foreign specialists.

Zand the account of the Russian treasury was sent to Leiden University "for teaching doctoral science" Valentin Biels, the son of the personal physician of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Biels Jr. returned to Russia and entered the service of the Pharmaceutical Order, although he was later expelled "for small art." Two sons of another foreign doctor, Arthur Diya, were sent at state expense "to teach the doctrine overseas". The son of the translator of the Ambassadorial Prikaz Johann Elmston received his medical education in Cambridge.

Pthe first Russian doctor of medicine appeared only at the end of the 17th century. It was Peter Postnikov, a graduate of the Moscow Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. He brilliantly graduated from the University of Padua in Italy, traveled to the leading scientific centers in Europe for "greater accomplishment in medicine." Postnikov was seriously carried away by research and wanted to go to Naples, where experiments on animals were carried out. However, this was followed by a ban. “You went to Naples, as your letter says, to kill living dogs and live the dead,” the embassy clerk wrote to Postnikov. "We don't really need this matter much."

Eif the highest positions of doctors in the 17th century were occupied by foreigners, then the lower medical personnel were replenished with Russians. In 1654, the first medical school in Russia was opened under the Pharmaceutical Order, which trained doctors and pharmacists. The training was mainly theoretical, only in the last fifth year of study, the students worked as assistants to doctors. The school had a military medical direction, its graduates were distributed among the streltsy regiments for the "treatment of war wounded people" - there was a difficult Russian-Polish war for the liberation of Ukraine.

INthe growing Pharmaceutical Order was already cramped in the Kremlin. In 1657, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ordered: "The sovereign's Apothecary yard and vegetable garden should be moved from the Kremlin to the city beyond the Myasnitsky Gate and set up in a garden settlement in empty places." In 1672, by order of Alexei Mikhailovich, a new public pharmacy was opened near the shopping arcade near Red Square, where it was necessary to "sell vodka and spirits and all kinds of medicines of all ranks to people." Only pharmacists were allowed to trade in medicines, all others were warned that they, under threat of punishment, "should not keep and sell pharmaceutical medicines in the ranks of the mosquito, vegetable, greenery."

INall medicines were dispensed by prescription with the obligatory stamp of the doctor who appointed him. The drugs were expensive and sold poorly, although even European diplomats noted the good quality of the drugs sold in Moscow. The main income of the Moscow pharmacy was given by the tavern that was kept with it. The medicinal alcoholic tinctures sold there were not always bought for medicinal purposes.

Hsome of the medicines - opium, camphor, quinine - were delivered to Russia from abroad. Other medicines were manufactured locally, making extensive use of the rich experience accumulated by Russian folk medicine. In the 17th century, there were already several pharmaceutical gardens and vegetable gardens in Moscow - at the Myasnitsky Gate, at the Stone Bridge, in the German Quarter and in other places. In addition to medicinal plants, apiaries were established there. Honey was considered an essential medicine. The search for medicinal plants in the vicinity of Moscow was part of the practice of students of the medicinal school.

ANDthe Pharmaceutical Order found out where rare medicinal plants grow all over the country, the herbalists sent there ensured the collection, storage and delivery of plants to Moscow at the right time. In some places, the peasants were entrusted with a special "berry duty" - to procure medicinal plants. St. John's wort, Chernobyl, valerian, bear's ear, wild buckwheat and strawberries, juniper berries, and malt root were brought to the capital. In Moscow pharmacies, in the manufacture of medicines, plants, honey, bear and even crow fat, various metals and minerals were mixed.

Punder Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich during the war with Turkey, Moscow was flooded with wounded warriors. The pharmacy order had to urgently arrange a "tent for the preoccupational sitting for examining the sick" - this is how an outpatient clinic was born in Russia. For the grave and "homeless" wounded in the Ryazan, Vologda and Kazan farmsteads, large temporary hospitals were first set up.

IN 1682 Fyodor Alekseevich issued a decree on the establishment in Moscow of permanent hospitals ("spitals") - at the Granatny yard, at the Nikitsky gate and in the Znamensky monastery. Under the "shpitaly" it was supposed to organize a special pharmacy, where "medicines can be kept inexpensively, but the benefit will be repaired." The hospitals were to become centers of practical medical education. The Tsar's decree read: "The sick and the crippled can be treated, and that business is of considerable benefit to young doctors, and in their science, sophistication, and soon the teaching and art of each doctor in the treatment of cognition."

Rthe annihilation of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich did not allow the implementation of his decree on the creation of the first civilian hospitals in Moscow. It was already Pyotr Alekseevich who had to bring Russian medicine to a qualitatively new level. The young tsar found in the medical field a serious disorder of affairs. Within the Apothecary Order, between doctors and doctors, instead of good agreement, “enmity, quarrel, slander and dislike” reigned ... The younger ranks showed “disobedience” to doctors, and “negligence” in business.

Hthe real reason for the conflict in the Pharmaceutical Order was the contradiction between two directions in medicine - the highly scientific theory of foreign doctors and the practice of Russian doctors. Russian doctors - healers and pharmacists - were not going to put up with the doctoral authorities. In addition, doctors who worked sleeplessly next to the sick, assisting the wounded on the battlefield, received a salary many times less than foreign specialists, who often wrote prescriptions without seeing the patient in the eye.

INthe most important merit of Peter I in the development of medical practice in Russia lies in the fact that he finally managed to combine Western medical theory with the practice of Russian medical business, to combine in one qualified doctor the obsolete medieval specializations - doctor, healer and pharmacist (therapist, surgeon, etc.) pharmacologist).

Medicina was one of the hobbies of Tsar Peter I, perhaps the most unpleasant for his entourage. Peter constantly carried with him two sets of instruments - measuring and surgical. Considering himself an experienced surgeon, the king was glad to come to the rescue, having noticed some ailment in someone. By the end of his life, Peter had accumulated a whole bag of teeth he personally pulled out.

Dmost importantly, Peter I saw in modern effective medicine an indispensable attribute of a civilized advanced state. In 1701, a decree was issued allowing anyone, Russian and foreigner, to open a free pharmacy. Eight new pharmacies soon appeared in Moscow. However, the main one was the state-owned pharmacy, which received a new building at the Resurrection Gate of Kitay-gorod (on the site of the present Historical Museum).

Pabout the description of contemporaries, the pharmacy was "a beautiful building, high, with a beautiful tower on the front side." The pharmacy had a pantry of medicinal herbs, a pharmacy laboratory, science Library... Foreigners admitted that the main Moscow pharmacy "can be considered one of the best pharmacies in the world, both in terms of the vastness of the rooms, and in terms of the variety of drugs, the order reigning in it and the elegance of jugs for medicines." The pharmacy building also housed the Medical Chancellery, which replaced the Pharmaceutical Order.

IN 1706 by decree of Peter I in Moscow beyond the Yauza, opposite the German settlement, a "hospital for the treatment of sick people" was founded. Initially, the hospital was housed in several wooden two-storey outbuildings with light rooms, surrounded by a garden with medicinal plants. In addition to its direct task, the hospital played the role of educational institution, in which for the first time not learned doctors and not artisans-healers were trained, but doctors who were equally competent in both theoretical and practical issues.

Havein 1707, a medical and surgical school of the European level began operating at the Moscow hospital. The studies were conducted in Latin, since the students had to complete a full university course. The first students of the hospital school were graduates of the Moscow Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. The training was supervised by the physician of Peter I, Nikolai Bidloo, who abandoned schoolboy cramming in favor of teaching directly at the patient's bedside. The program of the Moscow hospital school was in no way inferior, and in practical terms surpassed the programs of that time medical faculties Western universities.

IN 1712 the first graduation of the Moscow hospital school took place. Foreign doctors were wary of their Russian colleagues, suggesting that they be regarded as mere doctors. On this, Peter I imposed his resolution: "So that none of the foreign doctors would dare to show the surgeons studied by him in honor or in raising the rank of the Russian people!"

D. Nikitin, candidate of historical sciences, na-warshavke.narod.ru

The first state medical school in Russia was opened in 1654 under the Pharmaceutical Order at the expense of the state treasury. Children of archers, clergy and service people were accepted into it. The training included collecting herbs, working in a pharmacy, and practicing in a regiment. In addition to pharmacy, students studied pharmacy, pharmacology, latin language, anatomy, diagnostics, diseases and methods of their treatment. Their textbooks were the famous "Herbalists", "Healers", which are the richest heritage Ancient Rus... But a special place in teaching was occupied by "pre-Khurian fairy tales" (case histories). European experience was also used in the training of Russian doctors. For example, in 1658 Epiphanius Slovenetsky translated Andrei Vesalius' Anatomy, the best textbook in the world that was not yet known in many European universities.

The Pharmaceutical Order made high demands on the students of the Lekarsky School. Those accepted for study promised: "... do not harm anyone and do not drink or hawk and do not steal by any theft ..." The training lasted 5-7 years. Medical assistants attached to foreign specialists studied for 3 to 12 years. In different years, the number of students varied from 10 to 40. The first graduation of the Medicine School, due to the large shortage of regimental doctors, took place ahead of schedule in 1658. The school functioned irregularly. For 50 years, she has trained about 100 Russian doctors. Most of them served in the regiments. The systematic training of medical personnel in Russia began in the 18th century. After graduating from the School of Russian Physicians, diplomas were awarded, where it was stated: "... heals stab and split and chopped wounds and makes plasters and ointments and other articles, which is worthy of the drug business, and the drug business will be." The first doctors of the Moscow state had to deal with many diseases. Here is a list of diseases known at that time: scurvy, fever, scrofula, scab, "stone", "chechuyna" (hemorrhoids), "saw" (joint diseases), "stuffy" (venereal diseases), "boring", jaundice, erysipelas , asthma and others.

Monastery hospitals continued to be built at the monasteries. In 1635, at the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, two-story hospital chambers were built, which have survived to this day, as well as the hospital chambers of Novo-Devichy, Kirillo-Belozersky and other monasteries. In the Muscovite state, monasteries were of great defensive importance. Therefore, during the time of enemy invasions, temporary hospitals were created on the basis of their hospital wards to treat the wounded. And, despite the fact that the Pharmaceutical Order did not deal with monastic medicine, in wartime the maintenance of patients and medical care in temporary military hospitals on the territory of monasteries was carried out at the expense of the state. This was an important distinguishing feature of 17th century Russian medicine. The first doctors of medicine from Russian people appeared in the 15th century. Among them is George from Drohobych, who received his Ph.D. in philosophy and medicine from the University of Bologna (modern Italy) and subsequently taught in Bologna and Krakow. His work "The Prognostic Judgment of the Current 1483 by Georgy Drohobych from Rus, Doctor of Medicine at the University of Bologna", published in Rome, is the first printed book by a Russian author abroad. In 1512, Francis Skaryna from Polotsk received the degree of doctor of medicine in Padua (modern Italy). In 1696, also at the University of Padua, P.V. Postnikov; being a highly educated person, he subsequently served as the Russian ambassador to Holland. 3. Gorelova L.E. The first medical school of Russia // Russian medical journal. - 2011. - №16.

11.6. PHARMACY ORDER

It existed for about half a century and in 1714 was transformed by Peter into a medical office. The order was in charge of all physicians: doctors, healers, pharmacists, ophthalmologists, alchemists, bone setters and others. The highest place in the hierarchy of medical professions was held by doctors who treated internal diseases; they were followed by doctors, they were mainly engaged in surgery and the treatment of external diseases. Among the doctors there were many foreigners who received higher medical education at European universities (until the beginning of the 18th century it was impossible to do this in Russia) and who were obliged to "teach Russian students with all the diligence that they themselves are apt. Among the doctors there were more Russian doctors who could study in a medical ("medicinal") school, which opened in Moscow under the Apothecary Order in 1654. The creation of the school was associated with the need for regimental doctors (this was the time of the war with Poland) and the need to fight against epidemics. Herbalists, physicians and numerous "pre-Khurian fairy tales" - medical histories served as teaching aids at the school.

In the middle of the 17th century. chiropractors appear in the Russian army, often in the past, young archers, who "washed the bullets" and fragments of cannonballs from the soldiers' bodies, knew how to "scrub" (amputate) limbs. However, surgery developed poorly, since there was no teaching of anatomy. Even in the Moscow medical school, the level of teaching anatomy was low: often the skeleton was studied secretly, at the teacher's home.

Historical parallels: The course of lectures on anatomy with the dissection of corpses was introduced only in 1699 by Peter the Great after his return from a trip abroad, during which the tsar visited anatomical theaters and medical departments of universities, met A. Levenguk (1632-1723) and saw his microscope in action.

From the second half of the 17th century. in Russia, the teachings of A. Vesalius became famous. His work "Epitome" was translated into Russian by Epiphanius Slavinetsky (1609-1675). He graduated from the University of Krakow and taught at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, then - at the medical school at the Apothecary Prikaz in Moscow.

Historical parallels:

Epiphanius Slavinetsky was the author of translations of many works by Byzantine and Western European authors, including "Cosmography" by I. Bleu (1670), which contained a presentation of the teachings of N. Copernicus, as well as a lot of medical information, including about medicinal plants of the New World ... Here is a fragment of the translation telling about the coca bush growing in Peru: "In the country of Peruvia there is grass, the local residents call it coca, it is not old ... that herb has such power, when anyone who holds it, will quench the smoothness and thirst for many days."

The disciple of Epiphany, the monk Euthymius, confirms in his notes that his teacher "translated (translated) the book of the doctor's anatomy, from Latin, from the book of Andrea Vessa-lia." This written testimony is very important as the translation manuscript has never been found. It is believed that it burned down during a fire in 1812 in Moscow.

As teaching aids in the school of medicine in the 17th century. translated medical books were used - the anatomy of A. Vesalius, the herbalist Dioscorides, "Cool Helicopter" and many others. The training lasted from 4 to 6 years, ended with exams, and the graduates received the title of doctor. Often they only dealt with the treatment of external diseases and surgery.

Historical parallels:

History has preserved the names of the Slavs - natives of Chervonnaya Rus (Western Ukraine), who already in the 15th century. studied medical art at European universities. The most famous of them is Georgy from Drohobych (c. 1450-1494). He received his doctorate in philosophy and medicine in 1476 at the University of Bologna, later was the rector of this university, professor in Bratislava, teacher of anatomy and surgery at the University of Krakow, whose student in 1493 became 18-year-old Nicolaus Copernicus. The essay "Predictive judgment of the current 1483 by Georgy Dragobych from Rus, Doctor of Medicine at the University of Bologna" was published in Rome in Latin.

The younger contemporary and compatriot of Georgy Drohobych was the famous Belarusian educator Georgy (Francisk) Skorina (1486-540). In 1505 he entered the University of Krakow, then studied in Germany, and in 1512 received a doctorate in medicine in Italy, at the University of Padua. The preface to his famous Slavic Psalter, published in Prague in 1517, Skaryna begins with the words: "I, Franciszek Skorinin, a doctor in the medicinal sciences, commanded the Psalter to stamp in Russian words ..."

The first doctor of medicine from the citizens of the Moscow state was P.V. Posnikov. The son of a Moscow clerk, after graduating from the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow, he was sent in 1692 "by the decree named by the great Tsar Peter Alekseevich to Venice for the fulfillment of free sciences, to the Potavin Academy." So in the Russian chronicles they called the famous university in Padua, where the young man received a Ph.D. in philosophy and medicine. After continuing his medical studies in Paris and Leiden, he was in Peter's retinue during the king's journey to Holland in 1697-98. In 1701 he was enrolled in Moscow in the Pharmaceutical Order, however, at the insistence of Peter G, he left medicine and took up diplomacy.

Among the surgeons-"rezalniks" were chiropractors, bloodletters, teeth-teeth. Operations of cranial drilling, gluttony, and amputation of extremities were carried out. The patient was put to sleep with the help of mandrake, poppy or wine. The instruments were disinfected on fire. The wounds were treated with birch water, wine or ash, sutured with flax and hemp fibers. They knew how to make thin threads from animal intestines.

Historical parallels:

In the XG-XIV centuries. to abdominal operations ("gluttony") "cutters" were treated as

"Cutting the great", they started this operation after a long "prayer of the god". For the patient, such an operation was "frightening," "more insurmountable than fear." Usually after it the patient remained in the hospital for six months. Recovery in a shorter time was considered a miracle. In the annals of the XI century. it is mentioned that the great prince of Kiev Svyatoslav, the son of Yaroslav the Wise, died from "cutting a gland" - cutting a lymph node.

In the XV century. the word “cutters” was supplanted by the word “barbers”. It comes from the Latin cirugia, which was the name of surgery in the universities of France, Italy and Poland. In Russia, as in the countries of Western Europe, surgery was considered a craft, in contrast to medicine, which studies internal diseases. The "iron cunning" (surgical art) of doctors and surgeons was contrasted with the "cunning of green" doctors, who treated mainly with roots and herbs.

Doctors and healers were served by pharmacists. "Dokhtur gives his advice and orders, but he himself is not skillful, and the healer applies medicine and medicine and is not learned himself, and the practitioner is a cook for both of them," teaches the 17th century doctor.

The craft of an alchemist was close to that of a pharmacy. It is believed that these positions were established for the first time by Ivan the Terrible, although no written evidence of this has survived. Alchemists prepared medicinal vodkas, extracts and tinctures using operations such as distillation, calcination, filtration, distillation, etc. After "passing" (distillation) of vodkas over herbs and spices, vodkas of cinnamon, clove, orange, lemon and many others were obtained. Their recipes are contained in 17th century medical books. Here is a fragment of the manuscript containing]] a list of the duties of the alchemists: “according to the pre-Khuru order, make up every medicine about the health of all people ... bypass and boil vodka from the necessary herbs and flowers and make all kinds of powders, and make all kinds of forces and ostracts from the roots ... and from herbs and from wines, and with spicy potions to bypass spirits and all sorts of oils to make ... some bypass on fire, some over heat, some in ashes, others in sand, others in cauldrons of water, others with heat on top, others with the heat of the earth (below) and long vials, they are called retorties. "

Together with the pharmacists, the alchemists tested the medicines supplied to the Pharmaceutical Order, prepared "descents" (alloys, mixtures) of various products, ointments and preparations based on wine mold. In laboratories there were scales ("weights") on which it was possible to weigh an amount of a substance equal to a grain of barley. The volume of the liquid was measured using an eggshell - "shell".

Doctors and healers of the Pharmaceutical Order served only the royal court. This was reflected in the texts of the "oath records" - a kind of oath taken by doctors entering the service in this institution.

Each of them promised "... to him, the sovereign, to serve ... until his death without any cunning, and it is hard for him, my sovereign, not to want Nikakov." Martial people who suffered in war or in captivity could submit a petition to the king with a request for treatment. Here are several fragments from these documents preserved in the archive of the Pharmaceutical Order. Strelets Andrey in 1648 filed a petition about the treatment of his son: “And when I went to Arzamas, my saint fell over by my sin, and my son's spinks“ broke ... and besides yours, sir, there is no one to treat doctors and doctors. Merciful sir, king and grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich ... perhaps I was ... led, sir, to treat my son to your sovereign doctors. Tsar, sovereign, have mercy, perhaps. " In 1661, Ivan Vasilyevich Samarin, who returned from captivity, asks for the treatment of wounds received in battle: “Your wounded polonyan Ivashka Vasilyev's son Samarin beats his forehead ... heal my wound with your sovereign doctor ... Tsar, sovereign, have mercy "

In 1670, the order was allowed to dispense medicines to sick boyars and archers, and it was ordered to "make every effort to ensure the general health of fellow citizens and to prevent the spread of sticky diseases." However, even after that, the tsar received petitions for treatment, often with a request that he not only be treated by a "sovereign doctor", but a foreign court doctor, whose authority and skill were usually very high. So, in the petition of the archimandrite of the Iversky Monastery Dionysius (1681), there is a request for treatment from Dr. Andrei Nemchin, the son of the familiar to us "scientist doctor" Nikolai Nemchin (Nikolai Bulev) - the first translator of "Vertograd" in 1534: "... perhaps me, their pilgrim, for the sake of their royal long-term health, led, sir, doctor Andrei Nemchin, so that he visited me twice or three times and watched my illnesses ... Tsar, sovereign, have mercy, perhaps. "

Historical parallels:

Numerous indications in the annals speak of the high prestige of foreign doctors. So, when the Venetian ambassador was sent to Astrakhan in 1474 on a Russian ship, the sailors began to ask what kind of person he was. The translator advised him to call himself a doctor, after which the ship's crew protected the traveler and provided him with all kinds of assistance.

The government was interested in the arrival of foreign doctors to Russia, where they occupied a privileged position. This is evidenced by numerous petitions from Russian doctors about the increase in salary, for example, the regimental doctor Fyodor Vasiliev "with goods" in 1662: "We, your servants, served you, the great sovereign, in the Obtekarsky Prikaz for a long time ... age-old need and poverty and suffered hunger. And your sovereign military wounded people were treated; and with those of your sovereign distant services we serve as healers of foreigners; and they, a foreign doctor, receive your sovereign's annual salary and large feed, while the poor of your sovereign's salary only for a year for five rubles, and for a month for two rubles for feed ... And we, the poor, are offended in front of all the ranks ... with grooms and children we are starving to death ... there is nothing to buy and cook for, in the end we died ... "

Doctors of the Pharmaceutical Order were required to report in writing about their work, and these reports indicate their high qualifications. Here are the excerpts from the report of the “doctor and ophthalmologist, full-time master Yagan Tirich Shartman (1677):“ ... having arrived in the Moscow state he healed in Moscow: the boyar prince Yakov Nikitich Odoevsky's daughter: she did not see her eyes, but now she sees; boyar's prince Yuri Alekseevich Dolgorukovo at his wife's ... he cured his eyes, but they were spoiled by the ammonia that the former unknowing people put ammonia in her eyes ... Ivan Ivanov's steward, the son of Lepukov, took off the dullness of his wife's eyes: there was the water is dark, but now it sees "

In the 40s-70s of the 17th century, during the period of the struggle against witchcraft and "spoiling", Tsarist decrees were repeatedly issued on the cruel punishment of doctors, because of which "many people suffer from various diseases and die." "... Such evil people," the decree of 1653 prescribes, "and the enemies of God were commanded to be burnt in chimneys without any mercy, and their houses were commanded to ravage to the ground."

Historical parallels:

Denunciations preserved in the archives of the Pharmaceutical Order remind of the fight against witches and poisoners in Western Europe XV-XVII centuries. The Russian courts carried out trials of witches with the cruelty that was characteristic of the court of the Inquisition, the difference was only in the smaller scale of the "witch hunt" (by the beginning of the 18th century, the death toll by the verdict of the Inquisition court in Western Europe reached 100 thousand people) and in the absence in Russia of demonology, a religious and philosophical teaching about witches, which arose and developed in the depths of Western medieval scholasticism.

Many paid dearly for their interest in medicinal roots and

herbs: in case of unsuccessful treatment or simply by agreement, they could be “burned in a log house

with roots and herbs. " The archives of the Pharmaceutical Order keep petitions from relatives

nicknames of those unfortunates who were tortured on suspicion of witchcraft and divination.

So, a retired archer in 1668 asked for the release of his wife from prison,

which, according to the denunciation of neighbors at war with them, "without the sovereign's decree and without

tortured ... and mortally mutilated with a whip,

owns, to this day lies on his deathbed. " Witchcraft cases often come up

whether on the basis of relations between neighbors, acquaintances, gentlemen and courtyards

people. The mere presence of roots and herbs could already be considered proof of guilt,

in which the accused confessed after being tortured, “...

blows ". Occasionally, a commission of doctors acquitted the defendant: “doctors Valentin

with comrades looking at the root, they said that that root ... for medicines) 7 comes in handy, and

there is nothing dashing about him. "