The character of a person, on the one hand, is a holistic formation that forms and defines his “I”, and on the other hand, it is a set of certain components. Character Structure is divided into components such as focus, beliefs, intelligence traits, emotions, will, that's enough, integrity, force, certainty (Fig. 234).
Character orientation means an active selective attitude of a person to everything that surrounds him and to himself. This manifests itself in needs, beliefs, interests, ideals, inclinations, tastes and is always accompanied by an assessment (positive or negative) of the actions and activities of other people and oneself. If a person is dominated by an active worldview, spiritual needs, and desires to be useful, then he is distinguished by a sincere, open character, kindness, hard work, and optimism. If he has a predominant interest only in material values, then most often such a person is prone to envy, greed, insincerity, and selfishness.
The more good a person does to others, the more good he receives, because good always comes back in kind.
Beliefs are manifested by such human character traits as principledness, uncompromisingness, incorruptibility and truthfulness, and self-demandingness. A person with strong convictions acts regardless of circumstances, but according to his principles. His actions can always be predicted, because under any circumstances he acts the same. People with such character are able to make every effort to achieve their goal. The life of a person without strong beliefs and principles largely depends on external circumstances and follows the principle: “Wherever the wind blows.” Often such people flatter their bosses, offend their subordinates, and build their careers in dishonest ways.
Intelligence Traits- this is prudence, observation, moderation, attentiveness. Observant and moderate people take their work responsibly; having started a task, they bring it to the end. The unreasonable and immoderate take on many things at the same time and do not complete any of them. Excessive slowness, mental inertia, passivity are manifested in indifference to the results of one’s work, to other people and to oneself.
Emotions- these are such basic character traits as sympathy and the ability to empathize, compassion, kindness and sensitivity, frankness and goodwill. At the same time, emotions can be the basis of such negative character traits as hot temper and irritability, insincere courtesy or impudence.
Will determines strength and firmness of character. The expressions “a person with a strong will” and “a person with strong character" often sound like synonyms. A person with a strong-willed character is independent, decisive, persistent, persistent, unyielding, courageous. He always achieves his goal and becomes a leader in the team. Also, “weak-willed” and “weak-willed” are almost synonymous. A person with such a character, even having extraordinary abilities and knowledge, cannot achieve his goal due to indecision, lack of independence, and cowardice.
Completeness of character- this is the presence in it of such basic traits: mental (intellectual), emotional, moral, volitional. For example, the character of a kind, sincere, honest person who does not have willpower can be called incomplete.
Integrity of character manifests itself in the unity of thoughts, words and deeds. At the same time, she does not exclude the possibility that in different situations the same person can reveal different, even opposite, traits. A person with a holistic character can be kind, affectionate and at the same time principled and demanding. These contradictions are the result of a conscious attitude towards different people and situations.
Strength of character manifests itself in a person’s ability to lead himself and organize others to do good deeds. People with strong character are leaders, which is manifested in their active, purposeful actions, perseverance and determination. They are not afraid of difficulties and know how to overcome them. Material from the site
Definition of character is expressed in steadfastness and independence on the path to the goal. A person with such a character can always be entrusted with an important task, and he will do it as best as possible.
It is difficult to say about people with an uncertain character whether they are good or bad. It is difficult to rely on them, to give them an assignment, because it is unknown how they will carry it out. Such people are also unreliable in family life.
A person's attitude towards others people have different personalities closed And open. However, isolation comes in different forms. It may hide indifference, dislike for people, or focus only on one’s own interests (an egoist person). Closedness can also be associated with a great concentration on one’s scientific or creative interests, which are the meaning of a person’s life. Likewise, sociability can be different. For some, it is superficial, characterized by relationships that are easily established and just as easily broken; At its core, such openness is a manifestation of indifference to people. In human society, selective openness, based on deep sympathy and respect, and common interests, is highly valued.
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PLAN.
I. Introduction.
II. Main part.
1. Definition of character.
2. Features of communication and behavior depending on the types of character accentuation.
3. Manifestation of character in human behavior and activity.
III. Conclusion.
Bibliography.
INTRODUCTION
Speaking about character, we usually mean those personality traits that leave a certain imprint on all its manifestations and express its specific attitude towards the world and, above all, towards other people. It is in this sense that we usually say that a person bad character or good, noble, etc. We sometimes say in the same sense that such and such a person is characterless, thereby wanting to say that he does not have such an inner core that would determine his behavior; his deeds do not bear the stamp of their creator. In other words, a spineless person is a person lacking inner certainty; Every action he performs depends more on external circumstances than on himself. Human with character, on the contrary, it stands out above all certainty his attitude to the environment, expressed in the certainty of his actions and actions; about a person with character, we know that in such and such circumstances he will act in such and such a way. Character determines the definiteness of a person as a subject of activity, who, standing out from the environment, relates to it in a specific way. To know a person’s character is to know those essential traits for him, from which it follows and by which the entire pattern of his actions is determined. Character traits are those significant properties of a person, from which one line of behavior, some actions, follows with a certain logic and internal consistency, and by which others are excluded as incompatible with them or contrary to them.
1. Definition of character.
Translated from Greek, “character” is “minting”, “sign”. Indeed, character is the special characteristics that a person acquires while living in society. Just as the individuality of a person is manifested in the characteristics of the course mental processes (good memory, rich imagination, quick wit, etc.) and in temperamental traits, it reveals itself in character traits.
Character is a set of stable individual characteristics of a person that develops and manifests itself in activity and communication, determining the individual’s typical modes of behavior.
Personality of a person ha characterized not only by what he does, but also by how he does it. Acting on the basis of common interests and shared beliefs, striving for common goals in life, people can discover in their O eat public behavior, in their actions and deeds are not the same, p O swarm of opposing individual characteristics. You can, along with other people, experience the same difficulties, fulfill your tasks with equal success. I zest, to love or not to love the same thing, but at the same time be soft, mouthed P chivalrous or tough, intolerant person, cheerful or sad, confident n nimble or timid, accommodating or quarrelsome. Same meaning And tical remarks addressed to schoolchildren are always made by some teachers in a soft, polite, benevolent form, while by others - rudely and benignly. With ceremoniously. People with opposite views on life, with n e similar s our interests, with differences in cultural level, with unequal morals b Based on certain principles, these ingrained individual characteristics, such as A Typically, they are even more pronounced .
These individual characteristics that form a person’s character relate primarily to the will (for example, determination or uncertainty, fearfulness) and feelings (for example, cheerfulness or depression), but to a certain extent also to mind blowing(e.g. thoughtlessness or thoughtfulness). However, manifestations of character are complex formations and in some cases practically cannot be classified into categories of volitional, emotional or intellectual processes (for example, suspicion, generosity, generosity, rancor, etc.).
Character reveals dependence on social relations that determine the direction of a person’s personality. So, for example, in a society based on the exploitation of man by man, the social position of representatives of the ruling classes contributes to the consolidation in their character of arrogance, conceit, hypocrisy, greed, hypocrisy, etc. A different picture of the determination of character is inherent in a socialist society. Both during the years of peaceful labor and during the Great Patriotic War specific character qualities clearly emerged Soviet man: dedication, determination, courage, modesty, hard work emerged as the core character traits of people building and defending a socialist society.
The formation of character occurs in conditions of inclusion of the individual in various levels of development social groups(in a family, a friendly company, a work or educational team, an antisocial association, etc.). Depending on how the individual is individualized in his reference group and what the level of development is interpersonal relationships in it, a teenager, for example, can develop in one case openness, directness, courage, integrity, strength of character, in another case - secrecy, deceit, cowardice, conformity, weak character. In a team, as a group high level development, the most favorable opportunities are created for the development and consolidation of the best character traits. This process promotes optimal integration of the individual in the team and further development the team itself.
Knowing a person’s character, one can predict how he will behave under certain circumstances, and, consequently, direct a person’s behavior. Based on the valuable character traits of the student, the teacher strives to develop and strengthen them, and to weaken the negative ones, or at least compensate them, replacing them with other, socially significant qualities.
2.
depending on the type of accessoryncharacter situations.
According to the famous German psychiatrist K. Leonhard, in 20-56% of people some character traits are so sharpened (accentuated) that under certain circumstances this leads to the same type of conflicts and nervous breakdowns. Accentuation of character is an exaggerated development of certain character traits to the detriment of others, as a result of which interaction with other people deteriorates. The severity of accentuation can vary - from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme variants, when you have to wonder if there is a disease - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a painful deformity of character (while maintaining a person’s intelligence), as a result, relationships with other people are sharply disrupted; psychopaths can even be socially dangerous to others.
But unlike psychopathy, character accentuations do not appear constantly; over the years they can significantly smooth out and approach the norm. Leonhard identifies 12 types of acceptance, each of which predetermines a person’s selective resistance to some life adversities, with increased sensitivity to others, to frequent conflicts of the same type, and to certain nervous breakdowns. In favorable conditions, when it is the weak links of the personality that are not affected, such a person can become extraordinary; for example, accentuation of character according to the so-called exalted type can contribute to the flowering of the talent of an artist, an artist.
Character accentuations are often found in adolescents and young men (50 - 80%). You can determine the type of accentuation or its absence using special psychological tests, for example the Schmisek test. Often you have to deal with accentuated personalities and it is important to know and anticipate the specific features of people’s behavior.
A brief description of behavioral features depending on the type of accentuation is given below.
Hyperthymic (hyperactive) type.
Features of communication and behavior. Excessively high spirits, always cheerful, talkative, very energetic, independent, strives for leadership, risks and adventures, does not respond to comments, ignores punishments, loses the edge of being immature, lacks self-criticism. It is necessary to be cautious about his unfounded optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Energy is sometimes directed towards drinking alcohol, drugs, and promiscuous sex life.
Energy, thirst for activity, new things, optimism.
Traits that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude towards responsibilities, irritability in the circle of close people.
Situations in whichconflict is possible. Monotony, loneliness, conditions of strict discipline are contraindicated, constant moralizing can cause anger. There are often cases of manic-depressive psychosis.
Preferredactivity. Work related to constant communication: organizational activities, sales service, stort, theater. Tend to change professions and places of work.
Dysthymic type.
Features of communication and behavior. Constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, taciturnity, pessimism, are burdened by noisy society, and do not get along closely with colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts; more often they are a passive party in them. They value those who are friends with them and are inclined to obey them.
Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Seriousness, high morality, integrity, justice.
Traits that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, “separation from the team.”
Situations in whichconflict is possible. Situations that require vigorous activity and a change in the usual lifestyle are contraindicated. Tendency to neurotic depression.
Preferredactivity. A job that does not require a wide range of communication.
Cycloid type.
Features of communication and behavior. Sociability changes cyclically (high during periods of elevated mood, and low during periods of depression)
During periods of rising mood, people manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, and during periods of declining mood - with dysthymic accentuation. During the downfall, they perceive troubles more acutely, even to the point of committing suicide. There are cases of manic depressive psychosis
Preferredactivity. Interests depend on the mood cycle. They are prone to disappointment in the profession and change jobs.
Emotive (emotional) type.
Features of communication and behavior. Excessive sensitivity, vulnerability, deeply experience the slightest troubles, overly sensitive to comments, failures, so they are often in a sad mood. They prefer a narrow circle of friends and relatives who understand perfectly. They rarely enter into conflicts and play a passive role in them. Grievances are not expressed out.
Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Altruism, compassion, compassionate, rejoice in other people's successes. Executives with a high sense of duty. Good family men.
Traits that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Extreme sensitivity and tearfulness May provoke attacks from ill-mannered or irritable people.
Situations in whichconflict is possible. Conflicts with a loved one, death or illness of relatives are perceived tragically. Injustice, rudeness, and being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated. Prone to neurotic depression, heart attack, hypertension.
Preferredactivity. The arts, medicine, raising children, caring for animals and plants.
Demonstrative type.
Features of communication and behavior. There is an expressed desire to be in the center of attention and achieve one’s goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illnesses, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. They easily forget about their unseemly deeds. Behavior depends on the person with whom he is dealing, high adaptability to people.
Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Courtesy, perseverance, focus, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, originality.
Traits that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, shirking from work, a tendency to “get sick” at the most crucial and difficult moments. Tendency to intrigue, self-confidence and high claims. They provoke conflicts, while actively defending themselves.
Situations in whichconflict is possible. Situations of infringement of interests, underestimation of merits, overthrow from the “pedestal” cause hysterical reactions. Tendency to hysteria. A closed circle of communication, monotonous work depress me.
Preferredactivity. Favorable to work with constantly changing short-term contacts
Excitable type.
Features of communication and behavior. Increased irritability, lack of restraint, aggressiveness, sullenness, “boringness,” but flattery and helpfulness are possible (as a disguise). Tendency to be rude and use obscene language or remain silent and slow in conversation. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with their superiors, are difficult to get along with in teams, and are despotic and cruel in the family.
Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Outside of fits of anger - conscientiousness, accuracy, love for children.
Traits that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Irritability, short temper, inappropriate outbursts of anger and rage with assault, cruelty; weakened control over desire.
Situations in whichconflict is possible. Tendency to conflicts over minor issues, neurotic breakdowns, psychopathy, delinquency (immoral behavior, alcohol abuse, antisocial behavior.
Preferredactivity. Physical labor, athletic sports. Due to incompatibility, they often change jobs. It is necessary to develop self-control and self-control.
Stuck type.
Features of communication and behavior. “Stuck” on his feelings and thoughts, cannot forget grievances, “settles scores”, intractability at work and at home, a tendency to protracted squabbles, in conflicts they are more often an active party, the circle of enemies and friends is clearly defined. Shows lust for power - “boringness” moral teacher."
Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. The desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on oneself, a thirst for justice, integrity, strong stable views.
Traits that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Touchiness, suspicion, vindictiveness, ambition, arrogance, jealousy, a sense of justice inflated to the point of fanaticism.
Situations in whichconflict is possible. Hurt pride, unfair resentment, an obstacle to achieving ambitious goals, a situation of jealousy can cause “delusions of persecution, jealousy.”
Preferredactivity. A job that gives you a sense of independence and the opportunity to express yourself. It is necessary to develop flexibility, even forgetfulness.
Pedantic type.
Features of communication and behavior. Pronounced tediousness in the form of “experiencing” details in the service can torture visitors with formal requirements, and exhaust family members with excessive neatness.
Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business and feelings, even mood.
Traits that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Formalism, “cunning”, “boringness”, the desire to shift important decisions to others.
Situations in whichconflict is possible. A situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, underestimation of their merits; tendency to obsession, psychasthenia.
Preferredactivity. Professions that are not associated with great responsibility prefer “paper work” and are not inclined to change jobs.
Anxious (psychasthenic) type.
Features of communication and behavior. Low background mood, fears for oneself, loved ones, timidity, self-doubt, extreme indecisiveness, experiences failure for a long time, doubts one’s actions. Rarely enters into conflicts, plays a passive role.
Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Friendliness, self-criticism, diligence.
Traits that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Fearfulness and suspiciousness, due to defenselessness, sometimes serve as a target for jokes, “scapegoats.”
Situations in whichconflict is possible. A situation of fear, threats, punishment, ridicule, and unfair accusations are contraindicated. Tendency to psychasthenia.
Preferredactivity. You cannot be a leader, make responsible decisions, because... He will endlessly weigh and worry, but will not be able to make a decision.
Exalted (labile) type.
Features of communication and behavior. Very changeable mood, clearly expressed emotions, increased distractibility to external events, talkativeness, falling in love.
Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Altruism, a sense of compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings, attached to friends.
Traits that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism and susceptibility to despair.
Situations in whichconflict is possible. Failures and sad events are perceived tragically. Tendency to neurotic depression
Preferredactivity. The field of arts, artistic sports. Professions related to closeness to nature.
Introverted (schizoid) type.
Features of communication and behavior. Low sociability, closed, aloof from everyone, communication out of necessity, self-absorbed, doesn’t say anything about himself, doesn’t reveal his experiences, although he is characterized by increased vulnerability. Treats other people with reserved coldness, even close ones. Behavior and logic are often incomprehensible to others. They love loneliness. They rarely enter into conflicts - when trying to invade their inner world. Pickiness in choosing a spouse, search for an ideal. Emotional coldness, weak attachment to loved ones.
Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Restraint, sedateness, thoughtfulness of actions, strong convictions, adherence to principles.
Traits that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict. Stubbornly defending your unrealistic views. He has his own point of view on everything, often sharply different from the opinion of the majority.
Situations in whichconflict is possible. Deprivation of a “hobby” or favorite job is contraindicated. Loneliness, obsession, unceremoniousness, and the rudeness of others increase isolation. Cases of schizophrenia are common.
Preferredactivity. Work that does not require a wide range of contacts, interests in theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, music, science fiction.
Extroverted (conformal) type.
Features of communication and behavior. Highly sociable, talkative to the point of talkativeness, does not have his own opinion, is not very independent, strives to be like everyone else, disorganized, prefers to obey. He accepts orders from his superiors without hesitation. In society with friends and in the family, he cedes leadership to another.
Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Willingness to listen to the “confession” of another, diligence
Traits that are repulsive andcontributing to conflict.“A man without a king in his head,” susceptibility to other people’s influence, thoughtlessness of actions, gullibility, passion for entertainment.
Situations in whichconflict is possible. A situation of forced loneliness, lack of control and unregulated life are contraindicated. Tendency to hypomania.
Preferredactivity. Easy adaptability to a new job. When tasks and rules of behavior are clearly defined, they can be good performers.
3. Manifestations of character in human behavior and activity.
Character-- lifetime acquisition of personalityty, included in the public systemTmilitary relations, injoint activities and communication with other people, and thusthe most gaining its individuality.
Leaving an imprint on a person’s appearance, character receives its most vivid expression in his actions, behavior, and activities. Oh haraToTere should be judged in neRsecond turnbased on the actions of people in which they most fullytheir essence is reflected.
There is a well-known Eastern proverb: “Sow an action and you will reap a habit, sow a habit and you will reap a character, sow a character and you will reap a destiny.” The emphasis in it is correctly placed on human actions, which, repeated, become habitual, are fixed in character traits, making up his being, influencing a person’s position in public life and the attitude of other people towards him. System athabitual actions and deeds-- the foundation of a person's character.
Man by his very essence is active. The structure of human activity includes both various involuntary, automated movements (facial expressions, pantomime, gait, etc.) and intentional actions of greater or lesser complexity. Movements and actions, the implementation of which becomes a need for a person under certain conditions, as is known, are called habits. The most successful portrait does not provide as much information about a person’s character as his usual actions and movements.
And yet, decisive, objective and irrefutable data about a person’s character are provided not by these involuntary actions and movements of a person and not by the features of his external appearance, but by his conscious and intentional actions and actions. It is by actions that we judge what a person is.
Thus, character has a social nature, that is, it depends on a person’s worldview, the content and nature of his activities, on the community in which he lives and acts, on active interaction with other people.
Character is only one aspect of a personality, but not the whole personality. The man put in exa tremulous situation or just a situationchoice, is able to rise above circumstances, includingnumber and over ownnny character.
This ability of a person to withstand any circumstances, including internal, psychological ones, represents a powerful force for a person’s self-change, the basis of his development as an individual. Therefore, any attempts at a final explanation of a person, a forecast of his behavior cannot be final in principle, since a person is capable of devaluing these explanations, challenging them and becoming different, that is, making a choice in favor of his social and universal use (and thereby his own development), and not just compliance with external and internal circumstances.
To the extent that a person is capable of this, heforeground insit is not the concrete characterological that steps, butpublic and universaleskoe. And to the extent that sheis not capable of this, the personality is actingAndcompletely exhaustedtheir character, typical individual characterAndstikami in typical situations.
In addition, the same circumstances are reflected by people far from the same. “Those who want to do things look for means; those who don’t want to do things look for reasons.” Which circumstances a person will highlight as significant for himself can be determined both by the external circumstances themselves (at the situational level of behavior) and - further - by existing individual personality traits(including its character), i.e. internal circumstances, and, finally, awareness of oneself as a subject of action, embodying high social and universal ideals, separated from both external (situational) and internal (individual psychological) circumstances and able to influence them.
Manifesting itself in actions and deeds, to the extent to which the subject is actively involved in joint activities, character turns out to be dependent both on the content of the activity, and on the successful or unsuccessful overcoming of difficulties, on distant and immediate prospects in achieving basic life goals.
Moreover, character depends on how a person relates (based on his previously established characteristics) to his failures and successes, to public opinion and a number of other circumstances. Thus, people studying in the same class of school or working in the same position acquire different character traits in connection with whether they cope with the task. Some people are inspired by success and motivate them to work or study even better, others tend to “rest on their laurels”; Failure depresses some, while it awakens fighting spirit in others.
Thus, the most important point in character formation is how a person relates to environment and to oneself - as to another. These relationships are at the same time the basis for the classification of the most important character traits.
A person’s character is manifested, firstly, in how he treats other people: family and friends, work and study comrades. Stable and unstable attachment, integrity and unprincipledness, sociability and isolation, truthfulness and deceit, tactfulness and rudeness reveal a person’s relationship with other people. The character of a person cannot be revealed and understood outside the team. In a team, during live communication with other people, character traits such as breadth or pettiness, quarrelsomeness or complaisance, peacefulness or a tendency to argue clearly appear.
Secondly, a person’s attitude towards himself is indicative of character: pride and feeling self-esteem or humiliation and lack of self-confidence. For some people, selfishness and egocentrism come to the fore (placing oneself at the center of all events), for others - the subordination of their own interests to the interests of the team, selflessness in the struggle for a common cause.
Thirdly, character is revealed in a person's attitude to business. Thus, the most valuable character traits of a person include conscientiousness and diligence, seriousness, enthusiasm, responsibility for the assigned work and concern for its results.
Fourthly, character is manifested in a person’s attitude towards things: not only the attitude towards public property, but also the careful or careless handling of one’s things, clothes and shoes, books and teaching aids etc.
A person’s activity, his behavior, are, first of all, determined by the goals that he sets for himself, and the main determinant of his behavior and activity always remains the direction of his personality - the totality of his interests, ideals and beliefs. However, two people who have much in common in personality orientation and whose goals coincide can differ significantly in the methods they use to achieve these goals. Behind these differences lie personality traits. A person’s character seems to have a program for his typical behavior in typical circumstances. Character traits, therefore, have a certain driving, motivating force, which reveals itself to the greatest extent in stressful situations, if necessary, make a choice of actions, overcome significant difficulties.
A person who is decisive by nature moves from impulses to actions, often without any long-term struggle of motives. Tactfulness as a character trait of an individual promotes caution in statements, which involves taking into account a number of circumstances and problems that are significant for the people with whom he communicates.
Thus, as a character trait, the degree of expression in an individual can be considered achievement motivation-- his need to necessarily achieve success in any activity, no matter what he is doing, especially in conditions of competition with other people. Achievement motivation as a personality trait is formed during life as a result of systematic and personally significant rewards for successes and punishments for failures.
CONCLUSION.
Human character is a system of generalized generalized motivations fixed in an individual. The impulses generated by the circumstances of life are the “ construction material", from which character is formed. An impulse, a motive, is a property of character in its genesis. In order for a motive (motivation) to become a property of a personality, “stereotyped” in it, it must be generalized in relation to the situation in which it originally appeared, spreading to all situations similar to the first, in features that are significant in relation to the personality. A character property is ultimately a tendency, an impulse, a motive that naturally appears in this person under uniform conditions.
This understanding of character, connecting it with motives, seems to come into conflict with everyday observations, which indicate that sometimes people of great breath, living with the highest noblest motives, have a difficult character, which makes them not very pleasant companions in everyday communication, and on the other hand, you can often meet a person about whom everyone around him says: “What a good, easy character he has!”, And in this person you will not find either high goals or truly great spiritual motivations. Explanations for this must be sought not only in the fact that in people of the first and second types the center of mental attention is directed to different things, but also in the following circumstance: just as socially developed operations or methods of action are incorporated into abilities, socially developed operations or methods of action are, as it were, inlaid into character. developed modes of behavior that meet the requirements imposed by society on its members. These modes of behavior, which do not directly express the corresponding personal motives of a person, are mastered by him due to motives or considerations of a different order. There is therefore no direct coincidence or correspondence between the ways of behavior and the motives of a person, which are the results of his behavior. As a result, there is, or may be, a discrepancy between a person’s impulses, which are the results of his behavior, and the impulses, ready-made modes of behavior that he has mastered for incoming reasons. The character of a person thus consists of an alloy of impulses and modes of behavior not directly generated by them, acquired by the person. The basis of character is formed not by the modes of behavior themselves, but by the generalized impulses that regulate the corresponding modes of behavior, which, due to their generality, can be abstracted from individual particular situations and become fixed in a person, in the individual. Above the impulses, patterns of behavior mastered by a person are also built into character. Anyone who does not see their basis behind them and judges people only by their “manners” judges them superficially.
The study of character and its formation, still little advanced, should have focused primarily on this problem - the problem of the transition of situationally, by a combination of circumstances, generated motives (drives) into stable personal drives. In pedagogical terms, this determines the main line of educational work on character formation. The starting point here is the selection and instillation of appropriate motives through their generalization and stereotyping, turning into habits.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1. General psychology: Textbook. For students of pedagogy. Institute / Ed. A. V. Petrovsky. - M.: Education, 1986.
2. Rubinstein S. L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. - St. Petersburg: ZAO Publishing House “Peter”, 1999.
3. Stolyarenko L. D. Fundamentals of psychology. - Rostov-on-Don: Publishers T in "F" e nicks", 1997.
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Theoretical basis research into the nature and characteristics of its formation. Types of character accentuation. The influence of a person's character on behavior. Recommendations for improving character. Work, literature and art as means of character education.
course work, added 04/10/2011
Study of the biological foundations of character, typology of character according to E. Kretschmer and according to the theory of E. Frome. Review of the reaction of types to the same life situations, the basic features on which stable forms depend social behavior, human actions.
In psychology, character is understood as a set of stable personality traits that determine a person’s attitude towards people, towards the work performed and towards the world around him. According to the definition of E.S. Rapacevich, character is an individual combination of stable mental characteristics a person, determining for a given subject a way of behavior in certain life conditions and circumstances. The famous Russian specialist in the field of pedagogy G.M. shares the same opinion about the essence of character. Kodzhaspirova, noting that the character of a person is manifested both in communication and in various types activities, including educational ones. It is very closely related to other aspects of a person's personality, especially temperament. This manifestation of a person’s character gives a person’s behavior a specific, characteristic shade only for him.
Character is revealed in the activities that a person chooses to engage in. So, some people prefer complex species activities, their pleasure is finding and overcoming difficulties; others choose the simplest and most trouble-free paths. For some, it will be important with what results they completed this or that work, whether they managed to surpass other people. For others, this may not matter, and they will be content with the fact that they did the job as well as others, even if they achieved mediocre quality.
Character is an inextricable whole. But it is impossible to study and understand such a complex whole as character without identifying individual aspects or typical manifestations (character traits) in it. Common features character are manifested in the individual’s relationship to social responsibilities and duty, to people, to himself. The attitude towards social responsibilities and duty, first of all, is manifested in the individual’s attitude towards social work. In this regard, such character traits as hard work, conscientiousness, perseverance, frugality, and their opposites - laziness, negligence, passivity, wastefulness are revealed. A person’s attitude towards work has a decisive influence on the formation of his other personal qualities. D.I. Pisarev wrote: “Character is tempered by work, and whoever has never earned his daily living by his own labor, for the most part remains forever a weak, lethargic and characterless person.” Attitude towards people is clearly reflected in such character traits as sociability, politeness, goodwill, etc. The antipodes of these traits are isolation, tactlessness, and hostility. As V. Hugo argued, “every person has three characters: the one that is attributed to him; the one that he ascribes to himself; and, finally, the one that actually exists.” In order to find out the essence of his character, it is useful for a person to know the opinion of the team in which he spends a significant part of his life. And first of all, how orderly his relationships with people are, how much people need him, how authoritative he is among them. Attitude towards oneself is manifested in self-assessment of one’s actions. Sober self-esteem is one of the conditions for personal improvement, helping to develop such character traits as modesty, integrity, and self-discipline. Negative traits character are increased conceit, arrogance and boasting. A person possessing these traits is usually difficult to get along with in a team and unwittingly creates pre-conflict and conflict situations in it. The other extreme in a person’s character is also undesirable: underestimation of one’s merits, timidity in expressing one’s positions, in defending one’s views. Modesty and self-criticism must be combined with a heightened sense of self-esteem, based on the awareness of the real significance of one’s personality, on the presence of certain successes in work for the common benefit. Integrity is one of the valuable personal qualities that gives character an active orientation. Strong-willed character traits. Will is understood as a complex mental process that causes human activity and awakens him to act in a directed manner. Will is a person’s ability to overcome obstacles and achieve a goal. Specifically, it appears in such character traits as determination, determination, perseverance, and courage. These character traits can contribute to the achievement of both socially useful and antisocial goals. To do this, it is important to determine what the motive for a person’s volitional behavior is. "A brave act, the motive of which is to enslave another person, to seize another person's goods, to advance in one's career, and a brave act, the motive of which is to help a common cause, have, of course, completely different psychological qualities". According to their volitional activity, characters are divided into strong and weak. People with a strong character have stable goals, are proactive, boldly make decisions and implement them, have great endurance, are courageous and courageous. People who have these qualities are weakly expressed or some of them are absent, are classified as weak-willed. They tend to passively display their business and personal qualities. Often, such people, having the best intentions, do not achieve significant results at work, study. Many of them sincerely worry about their inability to act independently, persistently and decisively.
Volitional qualities can be cultivated in a person. I.P. Pavlov emphasized that man is the only system capable of regulating itself within wide limits, that is, it can improve itself. Weak-willed people, with thoughtful pedagogical work with them, can become actively active. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of a person, for example his temperament. Thus, it is easier for a choleric person to develop activity and determination than for a melancholic person. The person himself must young age train your will, develop qualities such as self-control, activity, courage.
In modern educational psychology It is customary to distinguish between general (global) and private character traits of a student’s personality. Global character traits have an effect on a wide area behavioral manifestations personality. It is customary to distinguish 5 global character traits (classification according to A.G. Shmelev, M.V. Bodunov, W. Norman, etc.):
Self-confidence - uncertainty;
Agreement, friendliness - hostility;
Conscientiousness - impulsiveness;
Emotional stability - anxiety;
Intellectual flexibility - rigidity.
Character traits such as extraversion - introversion are compared with global character traits such as confidence and uncertainty; Thus, self-confident schoolchildren tend to be sociable and extroverted, while unconfident ones tend to be withdrawn and introverted.
Among the local character traits that influence private, narrow situations, the following can be distinguished:
sociability - isolation,
dominance (leadership) - subordination,
optimism - despondency,
conscientiousness - dishonesty,
courage - caution,
impressionability - thick skin,
gullibility - suspicion,
dreaminess - practicality,
anxious vulnerability - calm serenity,
delicacy - rudeness,
independence - conformism,
self-control - impulsiveness,
passionate infatuation - apathetic lethargy,
peacefulness - aggressiveness,
active activity - passivity,
flexibility - rigidity,
demonstrativeness - modesty,
ambition - unpretentiousness,
originality - stereotyping.
Both global and local characterological properties of a schoolchild’s personality are directly reflected in his educational activities.
To determine the structure or structure of a person’s character means to identify the main components or properties in the character and to establish the specific features determined by them in their relationships and interactions.
In the structure of an established character, we must distinguish two sides: content and form. The content includes features that express the orientation of the individual (sustainable needs, attitudes, interests, inclinations, ideals, goals), a system of relationships to the surrounding reality and represent individually unique ways of implementing these relationships. In the content of character, first one or another component can come to the fore, depending on the way of life, educational influences and the requirements of the surrounding reality. One or another orientation of the individual leaves an imprint on all human behavior, although it is determined by an integral system of relationships.
IN different forms character expresses ways of manifesting relationships, entrenched emotional and volitional characteristics of behavior and temperament. People differ from each other in their habits and behavior. Intellectual, volitional and emotional character traits relate to form.
“In the personality system, four groups of character traits are distinguished, forming symptom complexes. Snmptomocomylexes are systems of interconnected mental properties.
Traits that characterize a person’s attitude towards other people, towards the team, towards society (sociability, sensitivity, responsiveness, respect for other people and the opposite traits - isolation, callousness, callousness, rudeness, contempt for people).
Traits that show a person’s attitude towards his day (hard work, a penchant for creativity, conscientiousness, responsibility, initiative, perseverance and the opposite traits - laziness, a tendency to routine work, dishonesty, irresponsibility, passivity).
Traits that show how a person relates to himself (self-esteem, pride, self-criticism, modesty and their opposites - conceit, arrogance, vanity, arrogance, touchiness, shyness, selfishness, egocentrism).
Traits that characterize a person’s attitude towards things (neatness or sloppiness, careful or careless handling of things).”
“Depending on one or another character structure, a person exhibits certain behavioral traits. The number of these traits is large. But it is possible to identify the main groups or types of character traits that can be formed with the help of outdoor games. These include:
a) moral (sensitivity, attentiveness, delicacy);
b) strong-willed (temper, passion, tenderness);
c) emotional (decisiveness, persistence, firmness).”
The main synthetic properties can be more clearly defined positive character. “Among them the following stand out:
Moral education of character. It characterizes a person from the direction and form of behavior.
Fullness of character. It testifies to the versatility of a person’s aspirations and hobbies, the variety of activities, such people are distinguished by their inner wealth and activity.
Integrity of character. This is the unity of a person’s mental make-up, the consistency of his relationships to various aspects of reality, the absence of contradictions in aspirations and interests, the unity of word and deed.
Definition of character. It is expressed in the stability of behavior, which in all cases corresponds to established beliefs, moral and political ideas and concepts, the main orientation that makes up the meaning of a person’s life and activity. You can tell in advance about such a person how he will behave in certain living conditions.
Strength of character. This is the energy with which a person pursues the goals he has set for himself, this is the ability to become passionately involved and develop great tension when encountering difficulties and obstacles, this is the ability to overcome them.
Strength of character. It manifests itself in the sequence of actions and perseverance of a person, in the conscious defense of views and decisions made.
Balance of character. This is the most optimal ratio of restraint and activity for activity and communication with people, developed evenness of behavior.”
These character traits are in a complex, sometimes contradictory relationship. All these properties are not a natural gift, but the result of life influences, education and self-education. But self-education is conditioned by appropriate motivation, which depends on mental processes and states.
So, character is a set of individually unique properties of a person, determined by his relationships and manifested in methods of activity typical for a given personality.
In the character of each person one must see the unity of stable and dynamic properties.
“Character can mask one of the innate manifestations, enhance others, inhibit others due to the formation and strengthening of new reflex connections.”
Consequently, from a natural science point of view, character is an alloy of traits of the type nervous activity and life impressions, fixed in the form of certain temporary nerve connections in the cerebral cortex.
Character is a consequence of reflecting the complexity of life experiences and is formed in the process of active interaction between the individual and the environment.
Character finds its expression not only in actions and actions, but also in speech, facial expressions and pantomime, and also leaves its mark on the external appearance of the individual and is reflected in a typical pose.
Character, reflecting life, in turn influences lifestyle.
Character has great importance not only for the individual himself, but also for society.
Character is a holistic formation, a system of personality properties that are in certain relationships to each other.
“In the structure of character, content and form are distinguished. The content of character reflects the social influences of influence and constitutes the life orientation of the individual, that is, his material and spiritual needs, interests, ideals and social attitudes. Different forms of character express ways of manifesting relationships, entrenched emotional and volitional characteristics of behavior and temperament. People differ from each other in their habits and behavior patterns.”
Character is influenced by needs, intelligence and abilities, will, emotions, orientation, and temperament.
The set of distinctive, essential, typical traits forms a character type that reflects the typical living conditions of people.
Personality is very multifaceted. It is possible to identify individual sides or traits that do not exist in isolation, separately from each other, but are connected together, forming a more or less integral character structure. The structure of character can be traced in the natural dependence between individual aspects of character. I.P. Pavlov drew attention to the fact that in an integral system, individual parts have different meanings: some come to the fore, others are disguised, and others recede into the background.
To determine the structure or structure of a person’s character means to identify the main components or properties in the character and to establish the specific features determined by them in their complex relationship and interaction. In the structure of character, different researchers identify different properties.
B.G. Ananiev considers character to be an expression and condition of the integrity of the individual and his main properties include orientation, habits, communicative properties, emotional-dynamic manifestations formed on the basis of temperament. A.G. Kovalev and V.N. Myasishchev includes in the character structure such pairs of properties as “balance - imbalance”, “sensitivity - aggressiveness”, “breadth - narrowness”, “depth - superficiality”, “richness (content) - poverty”, “strength - weakness”. N.D. Levitov highlights the certainty of character, its integrity, complexity, dynamism, originality, strength and firmness. These and many other attempts to isolate the structural properties of character require additional serious analysis and generalization.
Most researchers identify primarily two aspects in the structure of an established character: content and form. They are inseparable from each other and form an organic unity. Content character constitutes the life orientation of the individual, i.e. her material and spiritual needs, interests, ideals and social attitudes. The content of character manifests itself in the form of certain individually unique relationships that speak of a person’s selective activity. In different forms character expresses various ways of displaying relationships, temperament, and entrenched emotional and volitional characteristics of behavior.
In addition to the content and form in domestic psychology The character structure represents individual personality traits: intellectual, volitional and emotional. In this regard, researchers distinguish temperament, will, beliefs, needs, interests, feelings and intelligence in the structure of character.
What character and temperament have in common is their dependence on the physiological characteristics of a person, and above all on the type nervous system. Temperament determines character traits such as balanced behavior, ease or difficulty of entering a new situation, fluidity of reaction, etc. (however, it does not predetermine character). The properties of temperament may, to some extent, even come into conflict with character (for example, a tendency towards melancholy and efficiency). In a person with a formed character, temperament ceases to be an independent form of personality manifestation. It becomes the dynamic side of character and determines the emotional orientation, the speed of mental processes and the manifestation of personality. Ultimately, the traits of temperament and character are organically connected and interact with each other in a single holistic appearance of a person, forming an inseparable alloy - an integral characteristic of his individuality.
Character for a long time identified with by will person. The expression “a man of character” was considered as a synonym for the expression “a strong-willed man.” Will is associated with strength of character, its firmness, determination. On the one hand, character is formed in volitional actions and is manifested in them - volitional actions in situations that are significant for the individual pass into a person’s character, becoming fixed in him as his relatively stable properties; on the other hand, these properties determine human behavior, his volitional actions. The strong-willed character is distinguished by certainty, constancy and independence, firmness in achieving the intended goal.
A number of researchers (A.G. Kovalev, V.V. Bogoslovsky, L.N. Shcherbakov) highlight beliefs as one of the components in the structure of character. They believe that conviction determines the integrity of a person’s behavior, confidence in the justice and importance of the cause to which he devotes his strength. Conviction is manifested in such character traits as determination, integrity, optimism, and being demanding of oneself and others.
The originality of the character is also reflected in the peculiarities of the course feelings person. When talking about character, people usually pay attention to the emotional properties of the individual. What a person loves and what he hates, what he is indifferent to - all this in a certain way characterizes him as a person. Thus, there is a relationship between feelings and character traits. On the one hand, the level of development of moral, aesthetic and intellectual feelings depends on the nature of the activity and human communication, as well as from the character traits formed on this basis. On the other hand, these feelings themselves become characteristic, stable personality traits, thus constituting a person’s character.
Character is an inextricable whole. However, it is impossible to study and understand such a complex whole as character without highlighting individual aspects or typical manifestations in it, the so-called character trait. Character traits are understood as individual habitual forms of human behavior in which his attitude to reality is realized. Character traits must be considered and assessed in relation to each other. Each character trait acquires its own meaning, often completely different, depending on its relationship with other traits. For example, caution without decisiveness can make a person inactive.
In the structure of character, researchers identify the following groups of traits.
To the first groupinclude traits that express the orientation of the personality. These are stable needs, interests, inclinations, goals and ideals, as well as a system of relationships to the surrounding reality. These features represent individually unique ways of realizing the personality’s relationship to reality.
To the second group include intellectual, volitional and emotional character traits.
In the very general view All character traits can be divided into basic, leaders who set the general direction for the development of the entire complex of its manifestations, and minor, determined by the main ones. For example, if the leading trait is indecision, then the person first of all fears “that something might not work out,” so even if he tries to help his neighbors, it will end in internal worries and self-justifications. If the leading feature is altruism, then a person does not hesitate to help his neighbor. Knowing the leading traits allows you to reflect the essence of character and show its main manifestations.
From the entire set of relationships of the individual to the surrounding reality, character-forming forms of relationships should be distinguished. The most important distinctive feature Such relationships are decisive, primary and general vital significance of those objects to which a person belongs. These relationships simultaneously serve as the basis for the classification of the most important character traits. A person’s character is manifested in the following system of relationships:
attitude towards other people (here we can highlight such character traits as “sociability - isolation”, “truthfulness - deceitfulness”, “tactfulness - rudeness”);
attitude to the matter (here we can highlight such character traits as “responsibility - dishonesty”, “hard work - laziness”);
attitude towards oneself (here we can highlight such character traits as “modesty - narcissism”, “self-criticism - self-confidence”, “pride - humility”);
attitude towards property (here we can highlight such character traits as “generosity - greed”, “frugality - wastefulness”, “neatness - sloppiness”).
It is necessary to note a certain convention of this classification and the close relationship and interpenetration of these aspects of the relationship. Despite the fact that these relationships are the most important from the point of view of character formation, they do not simultaneously and not collectively become character traits. There is a certain sequence in the transition of these relationships into character properties, and in this sense it is impossible to put on the same level the attitude towards other people and the attitude towards property, since their very content plays a different role in the real existence of a person.
It is not only natural for human character as a structural formation to manifest itself in the previously discussed relationships. It also has properties that are inherent to it as a whole: stability - plasticity, activity, strength, degree of depth and integrity. The degree of stability or variability of character allows us to judge its certainty and plasticity. Under the influence of life circumstances and upbringing, the demands of society, character changes and develops. The degree of character depth reflects the connection of its traits with the core relationships of the personality, i.e. it reflects the basic properties of a given personality and their determining role in relation to other properties, more superficial. Thus, a person exhibits certain behavioral traits depending on which properties predominate in the character structure.
In a formed character, the leading component is belief system. Conviction determines the long-term direction of a person’s behavior, his inflexibility in achieving his goals and confidence in the justice and importance of the work he is doing.
Character traits, having a certain motivating force, clearly manifest themselves when the need to achieve success is realized. Depending on them, some people are characterized by a choice of actions that ensure success (showing initiative, seeking risk, competitive activity), while others are more likely to simply avoid failure, avoiding risk and responsibility.
As we noted earlier, one personality is different from another individual characteristics, traits in the character structure. You can also highlight traits that are common to a certain group of people. Even in the most original person you can find some trait that may be inherent in a certain group of people with similar behavior. In this case we are talking about typical character traits.
A person's character is always a product of society. This explains the similarities and differences in the characters of people belonging to different groups. Individual character reflects a variety of typical traits: professional, age, national, etc. It is not difficult to describe the typical character of a teacher, doctor, military man. At the same time, each typical character has its own individual traits (the literary image of a stingy person: Plyushkin, the Stingy Knight, Gobsek). Psychology has repeatedly tried to classify character, dividing it into types. The study of character types should lead to the construction of a certain classification, to some kind of natural connection in their formation and manifestation. Without such a classification, the description of individual character types may be random and not have significant theoretical and practical significance.
To determine the structure or structure of a person’s character means to identify the main components of the property in the character and to establish the specific features determined by them in their relationship and interaction.
In the structure of an established character, we must distinguish two sides: content and form. The content includes features that express the orientation of the individual (stable needs, attitudes, interests, inclinations, ideals, goals), a system of relationships to the surrounding reality and represent individually unique ways of implementing these relationships. In the content of character, one or another component may come to the fore, depending on the way of life, educational influences and the requirements of the surrounding reality. One or another orientation of the individual leaves an imprint on all human behavior, although it is determined by an integral system of relationships.
Different forms of character express the ways in which relationships emerge, emotional and volitional characteristics of behavior and temperament. People differ from each other in their habits and behavior patterns. Intellectual, volitional and emotional character traits relate to form.
In the system of personality relationships, four groups of character traits are distinguished, forming symptom complexes. Symptom complexes are systems of interrelated mental properties.
Traits that characterize a person’s attitude towards other people, towards the team, towards society (sociability, sensitivity, responsiveness, respect for other people and the opposite traits - isolation, callousness, callousness, rudeness, contempt for people).
Traits that show a person’s attitude towards his work (hard work, a penchant for creativity, conscientiousness, responsibility, perseverance and the opposite traits - laziness, a tendency to routine work, dishonesty, irresponsibility, passivity).
Traits that show how a person relates to himself (self-esteem, pride, self-criticism, modesty and their opposites - doubts, arrogance, vanity, arrogance, resentment, shyness, selfishness, egocentrism).
Traits that characterize a person’s attitude towards things (neatness or sloppiness, careful or not careful attitude towards things) 3.
Depending on one or another, the structure of a person’s character manifests certain behavioral traits. The number of these traits is large. But it is possible to determine the main groups, or types, of character traits. These include:
Moral (sensitivity, attentiveness, delicacy);
Strong-willed (temper, passion, tenderness);
Emotional (decisiveness, persistence, firmness).
The main synthetic properties of a positive nature can be more clearly defined. Among them are the following:
Moral education of character. It characterizes a person from the direction and form of behavior.
Fullness of character. It testifies to the versatility of a person’s aspirations and hobbies, and the variety of activities. Such people are distinguished by inner wealth and activity.
Integrity of character. This is the unity of a person’s mental make-up, the consistency of his attitudes towards various aspects of activity, the absence of contradictions in aspirations and interests, the unity of word and deed.
Definition of character. It is expressed in the stability of behavior, which in all cases corresponds to established beliefs, moral and political ideas and concepts, the main orientation that constitutes the meaning of a person’s life and activity. You can tell in advance about such a person how he will behave in certain living conditions.
Strength of character. This is the energy with which a person pursues the goals he has set for himself, this is the ability to become passionately involved and develop great tension when encountering difficulties and obstacles, this is the ability to overcome them.
Strength of character. It manifests itself in the sequence of actions and perseverance of a person, in the conscious defense of views and decisions made.
Balance of character. This is the most optimal ratio of restraint and activity for activity and communication with people, developed evenness of behavior 4.
These character traits are in a complex, sometimes contradictory relationship. All these properties are not a natural gift, but the result of life influences, education and self-education. But education itself is determined by appropriate motivation, which depends on mental processes and states.
The mental state has much in common with individual personality traits, and first of all, with character.
Like character, mental state expresses a synthetic view of mental activity. Like character, the mental state is unique, therefore, both character and mental state are difficult to model. But there are significant differences between character and mental state.
A mental state, no matter how long it lasts, is a temporary characteristic of mental activity. The character is more stable. The mental state is more labile than character, or largely depends on the immediate situation. Mental states are not always indicative of a given character, but very often mental states serve as an indicator of character.
Mental states tend to leave an imprint on a person's experiences and activities over a period of time or longer.
Mental states that are not indicative of character often worry a person when he finds himself in new conditions or when he has to engage in new, unusual activities.
Episodic mental states can be negative, positive and neutral.
There are expressions in everyday life: “trick”, “lost my temper”. In a number of cases, they denote such states and the actions corresponding to them that are completely alien to a given person, and, acting in a way that is not appropriate for himself, he temporarily changes to the opposite 5.
Episodic conditions are not fixed and do not affect a person’s character. But in many cases that are not typical for humans, the condition is not an episode, but the first manifestation of a new character trait.
A mental state turns into a character trait after it has been consolidated; in some cases this process proceeds slowly, in others quickly.
The state of stress, anxiety, rigidity and frustration, like other mental states, can be temporary and transient, not corresponding to character traits, but turning into a character trait and, finally, typical of a person’s character.
There are stressors of such strength that they cause a state of stress even in a person who is not very prone to this state. In some cases, such a state is no more than an episode in a person’s mental activity, in others it becomes fixed when repeated. But the state of stress occurs especially often and is experienced with particular severity in people predisposed to such a state; stress is typical for them; it occurs in them under relatively mild stress.
There are also states that are disguises of character. A person sometimes resorts to this kind of state in order to hide that character trait of his, the discovery of which for one reason or another is undesirable. The person seems to be playing out a mental state that is far from the hidden trait, and often opposite to it.
There are character disguises that are completely legal, even necessary. The duty of politeness requires, when in society, not to reveal a negative attitude towards the people there” 6.
When deciding the question of mental states and character, it should be said about the great importance of mental states for the methodology of character research. To understand a character trait well, it must first be accurately described, analyzed, and explained as a temporary state. Only after such a study can the question be raised about the conditions for consolidating this state, its stability in the character structure. Although determining the mental state is not an easy task, it is easier than determining character, which, in addition to all other difficulties, still requires a lot of time so that the stability of the supposed character traits can be monitored.
Character can only be determined by its manifestations. Character diagnostics is based on facts that give grounds for the assumption that a given person has such and such character traits.
“Characterological differences between people can best be established by studying the activities of one or another person. Neither direction, nor will, nor structural features, as components of character, can be determined if we do not know how a person acts: he works, plays, what his behavior is, what actions he performs.”
The same person sometimes manifests himself in different types of work in different ways, depending on the conditions, his attitude towards it, and the successes achieved.
“Character, especially in children, is manifested in play activities. Observations of preschool children during free games show that character traits that emerge with age are revealed in the very choice of play. Some children prefer group games, others prefer individual games, some are calm, others are active; some with ready-made toys, others with self-made crafts.”
When studying manifestations of character in activity, it is necessary to find out the motives for a given action, since outwardly similar actions can be a manifestation of different characterological traits.
The more complex and lengthy the activity, the more clearly it expresses character. For character, not only the activities, actions and behavior of a person in their external expression, but also the corresponding mental states are indicative.
Character is also manifested in the content of speech: its topic, plot, factual material and thoughts. A Russian proverb says: “Whoever hurts, talks about it.” Indeed, the favorite content of a conversation usually shows the dominant interest, its direction. On the one hand, speech is saturated with material that interests the speaker, and on the other hand, a person in his speech adapts to the interests of his interlocutor. Some people prefer to talk only about themselves and their affairs, while others, on the contrary, try to perhaps better satisfy the interests of their interlocutor in a conversation.
A person’s speech style can indicate general emotionality, as well as the content of dominant emotions.
Vocal facial expressions are also of characterological significance, as they introduce something new into the style of oral speech. Some speak monotonously, others often change intonation, some like to make more or less expressive pauses, others avoid pauses, some have a lot of speech in their speech, others have simple and natural intonations. Such external features of speech as smoothness, rhythm, high or low tone, haste or slowness are also not without significance.
Manifestations of character in speech are diverse. Therefore, it would be wrong to judge a person’s character by any aspect of speech. It is necessary to consider them every time with other manifestations of character.
Character is manifested not only in external, but also in internal speech. A person can experience severe mental pain, which remains known only to him - it is expressed in inner speech, often taking the form of an internal monologue.
A person’s speech can be sincere and deliberate. Children's speech is usually distinguished by great sincerity and spontaneity. The speech of a person who wants to express his inner feelings that overwhelm him and require an outlet outside can be very sincere. A person’s pretentiousness can be explained by the person’s obsequiousness, the desire to please the interlocutor, or it means that there are no close, cordial relationships between the interlocutors, due to which these people limit themselves to empty, official words. Finally, the artificiality of speech is sometimes explained by the desire to show off sophisticated expressions.
Character traits can affect both oral and written speech, in its vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and style.
It has long been noted that it is not without characterological significance whether a given person prefers to express his thoughts orally or in writing. A preference for conventional speech is observed in people who are sociable, lively, and often have a sanguine temperament; People who are self-centered, shy, and self-conscious are more inclined to write. But such facts cannot be generalized. Preference for oral or written speech can be explained by various reasons, and primarily by the presence or absence of the proper skill, and therefore the characterological indicators of such preference can be established by comparison with other manifestations of character . 7
Often in life, to judge a person’s character, they resort to the indicators given by his face. There is a proverb: “The face is the mirror of the soul.”
They talk about likeable and unattractive people, thereby indicating the positivity or negativity of their character traits, as they find expression in their facial features. When they say about a person, meaning his appearance, that this person is “handsome, but unattractive,” this often means that the beautiful features of his face express negative qualities, such as arrogance, arrogance, selfishness, disregard for other people.
Character indicators on a person’s face can be divided into static and dynamic. Static indicators include structural features of the head, outlines of the eyes, lips, forehead, nose. By the physical physiognomy one can judge the spiritual physiognomy. Dynamic indicators include facial expressions, that is, expressive facial movements, all those changes in the face that are not random and situational, but are in some way related to the mental appearance of a person.
Gestures sometimes reveal a person's character more than their appearance. You can distinguish between people with rich and poor gesticulation. Being associated with emotional excitability, gestures often express a person’s temperament: we expect abundant gestures from sanguine and choleric people rather than from melancholic and phlegmatic people. But abundant gestures can have different characterological meanings. It can speak of lack of restraint, as well as unnaturalness. Similarly, the stinginess of gestures in some cases means general inhibition and shyness, in others it means greater restraint, smartness, and the ability to control oneself.
Some people are called mannered because their gestures are forced, ostentatious, artificial.
Even a person’s costume and his things sometimes represent an important detail in his characterization.
All of these features of a person’s external appearance have characterological significance, not only each individually, but also in combination with one another.” 8
A person's appearance can be interpreted in different ways. A person who laughs often is not always cheerful, and a whiny person is not always a pessimist. Only having some knowledge about a person’s character from other manifestations (primarily from activity), can one say what trait the humorousness or tearfulness of a given person indicates.
The connection between manifestations and character traits in each specific case should be considered depending on the situation, the role of the person in the situation, the characteristics of the trait in question, its connection with others, and also on whether the person wants to reveal his trait or, conversely, hide it.
A person’s character depends not only on current life trends, living conditions and activities, but also on past influences, on the entire life history that determines a person’s character. That is why, when studying character, you need to know not only the real conditions of life, but also all the complexity and diversity of situations and influences that shaped the personality.
Depending on the various situations in which a person finds himself, and the various demands that were made on him before and are placed on him now, he may be persistent in one thing and not persistent in another.
The contradictory or inconsistent behavior of some people in different life situations is explained by the lack of integrity of character, the partial development of its individual traits.
Character in general and in particular its moral properties are formed in a team - in a system of interpersonal relations.
The formation of character traits goes through three stages:
the first stage is when a person acquires knowledge about ways of behavior, but this knowledge is not yet supported by his own experience;
the second stage is the stage of mental states that have not yet become properties of the individual, since they are of a temporary situational nature, but already give a person his own emotional experience in the implementation of acquired modes of behavior in which his relationships are expressed;
the third stage is the consolidation of acquired behavior patterns in various activities and situations.
The most important means of education is work. Work develops traits that characterize not only an individual’s attitude to work (hard work, responsibility, conscientiousness, initiative, perseverance), but also traits such as discipline, collectivism, self-criticism, accuracy, frugality, which characterize a person’s mental makeup, his attitude towards others. to people, to oneself, to things.
Since a person’s character is tempered by overcoming difficulties, it is necessary to have clearly recognized perspective lines (close, medium, long-term perspectives, the achievement of which requires increasing efforts to overcome external and internal obstacles).
The role of self-education in the process of character formation is also important. But self-education is conditioned by appropriate motivation. A person must first of all realize the need for self-education.” 9
Character is not only formed in activity and communication, but also, for its part, influences and determines the implementation of various types of activities and communication processes. These influences become especially pronounced as a result of the manifestation of various accentuations. Accentuation of character is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits, manifested in the selective attitude of the individual and a certain kind of psychological influence with good and even increased resistance to others. Different combinations of overly enhanced traits produce different character types. From Russian characterology, the most significant typologies were proposed by Lesgaft and Lazursky.
Lesgaft divided the types into two categories. “The first category includes types with activity-increased manifestations:
1) hypocritical;
2) ambitious;
3) good-natured;
4) maliciously beaten;
5) softly hammered;
6) oppressed.
In addition to these six types, Lesgaft outlined the ideally normal type, which is characterized by harmony between mental and physical development, prudence, activity, sensitivity, simplicity in all manifestations and actions. He combines the best traits of the good-natured and depressed type.” 10
There are other typologies proposed by both domestic and foreign psychologists.
Any typology of people should serve the purpose of an in-depth understanding of character, for which it is necessary to carefully study each individual character.
Revealing Character Structure - its features and manifestations allows us to outline the main ways of studying it.
Characterological methods include: observation, introspection and introspection, natural and laboratory experiments, conversations and questionnaires, free writing, analysis of activity products.
Materials that serve as a source of knowledge of character: letters, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, biographies, literary and artistic works.
So, character is a set of individually unique properties of a person, determined by his relationships and manifested in methods of activity typical for a given personality.
In the character of each person one must see the unity of stable and dynamic properties.
Character can mask one of the innate manifestations, enhance others, and inhibit others due to the formation and strengthening of new reflex connections.
Consequently, from a natural science point of view, character is an alloy of traits such as nervous activity and life impressions, fixed in the form of certain temporary nerve connections in the cerebral cortex.
Character is a consequence of reflecting the complexity of life experiences and is formed in the process of active interaction between the individual and the environment.
Character finds its expression not only in actions and actions, but also in speech, facial expressions and pantomime, and also leaves its mark on the external appearance of the individual and is reflected in a typical pose.
Character, reflecting life, in turn influences lifestyle.
Character is of great importance not only for the individual himself, but also for society.
Character is a holistic formation, a system of personality properties that are in certain relationships to each other. In the structure of character, content and form are distinguished. The content of character reflects social influences, influences, and constitutes the life orientation of the individual, i.e., his material and spiritual needs, interests, ideals and social attitudes.
Different forms of character express ways of manifesting relationships, entrenched emotional and volitional characteristics of behavior and temperament. People differ from each other in their habits and behavior patterns.
Character is influenced by needs, intelligence and abilities, will, emotions, orientation, and temperament.
Character is formed in the process of education and self-education.
A set of distinctive, essential, typical features
forms a type of character that reflects the typical living conditions of people.
Character is studied using certain methods, using certain tools and methods.
Character is one of the most interesting properties of a person, which requires extraordinary attention and study.
When analyzing a person's character, they usually name certain traits that are typical for a given person. In everyday practice, they most often point to moral and volitional traits on which the social behavior of an individual depends. In characterology, numerous attempts have been made to define character traits, as well as personality in general. At the same time, some followed the path of simply listing the traits that one way or another characterize a person. These lists often include hundreds of trait words. Others sought to determine the main character traits based on a person’s basic relationships: to society, people, work, and to himself. Still others took a functional approach to the problem. They identified features corresponding to the main groups of mental processes, namely: intellectual, emotional and volitional. Still others took an eclectic path, highlighting both directional traits and traits associated with basic mental functions. The most economical, practically significant and scientifically substantiated is the identification of synthetic traits in the character, in which many personality traits are focused. Such synthetic properties include moral education and strength. completeness, integrity, originality, balance, dynamism. Moral education characterizes a person both in terms of his attitude towards people, social tasks, and forms of command. Humanism, sensitive attitude towards people, kindness, devotion to the common cause and comrades, hard work, the ability to work in a team and collectively, tact and delicacy in handling - all these qualities characterize the content and form of a collectivist person. At the other pole of moral character is the individualist, for whom people are only means to achieve his selfish goals. This is a person who cares first of all about himself; in case of difficulty, he is ready to betray the team, his comrade. This is an individual either with a muffled voice of conscience, or completely devoid of it. Between these two poles, collectivist - egoist, there are various transitional types, standing closer to one or the other pole. Completeness characterizes the richness of the human personality. A well-rounded person is interested in both art and science. Distinguished by a responsible attitude to his behavior, at the same time he can enthusiastically play with children; being serious, it is contagious to laugh when you hear a joke or witticism. He is sociable, can approach everyone tactfully and bring joy. He knows a lot and can do a lot. In contrast to this property, a one-sided person is a person with a limited, poor spiritual world. He may be a good specialist, but he turns out to be a poor interlocutor on issues of science, art and literature, since he has not read anything, has not been to painting exhibitions, and has not followed the development of knowledge, painting, music, literature. He is either strict or very gentle, but he cannot be both. Integrity characterizes the internal unity of a person, his attitudes and deeds, relationships and real behavior. A person with an integral character is distinguished by great certainty. About this. it is easy to say what he will do tomorrow and the day after tomorrow and how he will behave in various life circumstances. Indeed, a person with an integral character is a convinced person who has no discrepancy between word and deed. Integrity in relationships with people, in resolving every public and personal issue, is a characteristic feature of a complete personality. In contrast, a person with a scattered character is uncertain. Not only others, but he himself does not know what he will be interested in tomorrow, how he will solve the question posed by life, with whom he will be friends. It may be a broad nature, but it has no backbone, no core on which everything else could be strung. Hence the discrepancy between thoughts and feelings, words and deeds. Such a person is not reliable either in friendship, or in love, or in work, and especially in trouble. Strength of character is the energy of a person. A person with a strong character not only has iron logic, but also knows how to defend his beliefs and achieve the realization of his goals, despite the difficulties and obstacles encountered in his activities. A person of strong character is distinguished by passion for work, the ability to develop great tension of strength, perseverance and natural, but also developed in life, evenness of behavior, a high moral culture of a person who knows how to hold himself, in the words of I. P. Pavlov, “at the height of his means.” It is in balance that the moral-volitional and intellectual education of the individual is manifested. Synthetic character traits can be in a harmonious combination or be in a contradictory relationship to each other. The most positive type is a morally educated person, distinguished by great completeness and integrity of character. However, he can be both balanced and unbalanced. In the latter case, in moments of excitement, he becomes harsh and breaks tact in his speech, which he later bitterly regrets. A person with a strong character may be morally poorly educated. It also happens that a positive quality coexists with a negative one, for example, completeness of character with its uncertainty, or strength of character with one-sidedness and one-sidedness of personality, kindness with weak character. In the character of every person there is one leading quality that sets the tone for a person’s behavior and which catches the eye of others.