LECTURES ON THE TOPIC "MAN AND SOCIETY"

Materials for preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies

Truth and its criteria. The relativity of truth.

1. In the history of philosophy, there have been different views on the possibilities of obtaining reliable knowledge:

Empiricism - all knowledge about the world is justified only by experience (F. Bacon)

Sensualism - only with the help of sensations can one understand the world (D. Hume)

Rationalism - reliable knowledge can only be gleaned from reason itself (R. Descartes)

Agnosticism – “the thing in itself” is unknowable (I. Kant)

Skepticism - it is impossible to obtain reliable knowledge about the world (M. Montaigne)

True there is a process, and not some one-time act of comprehending an object in full at once.

Truth is one, but it has objective, absolute and relative aspects, which can also be considered as relatively independent truths.

Objective truth - this is the content of knowledge that does not depend on either man or humanity.

Absolute truth - this is comprehensive, reliable knowledge about nature, man and society; knowledge that can never be refuted.

Relative truth - this is incomplete, inaccurate knowledge corresponding to a certain level of development of society, which determines the ways of obtaining this knowledge; This is knowledge that depends on certain conditions, place and time of its receipt.

The difference between absolute and relative truths (or absolute and relative in objective truth) is the degree of accuracy and completeness of the reflection of reality. Truth is always specific, it is always associated with a specific place, time and circumstances.

Not everything in our lives can be assessed from the point of view of truth or error (lie). So, we can talk about different assessments historical events, alternative interpretations of works of art, etc.

2. Truth – this is knowledge that corresponds to its subject and coincides with it. Other definitions:

correspondence of knowledge to reality;

what is confirmed by experience;

some kind of agreement, convention;

property of self-consistency of knowledge;

usefulness of the acquired knowledge for practice.

Aspects of truth:

Objective truth - the content of knowledge that does not depend either on man or on humanity

Absolute truth

Relative truth

comprehensive reliable knowledge about nature, man and society;

knowledge that can never be refuted.

incomplete, inaccurate knowledge corresponding to a certain level of development of society, which determines the ways of obtaining knowledge;

knowledge that depends on certain conditions, place and time of its acquisition.

Truth is concrete - associated with a specific place, time, circumstances

3. Criteria of truth - something that certifies the truth and allows us to distinguish it from error.

1. compliance with the laws of logic;

2. compliance with previously discovered laws of science;

3. compliance with fundamental laws;

4. simplicity, cost-effectiveness of the formula;

5. paradoxical idea;

6. practice.

4. Practice – holistic organic system active material activity of people, aimed at transforming reality, carried out in a certain socio-cultural context.

Forms practices:

material production (labor, transformation of nature);

social action (revolutions, reforms, wars, etc.);

scientific experiment.

Functions practices:

source of knowledge (practical needs brought the existing sciences into being);

the basis of knowledge (a person does not just observe or contemplate the world around him, but in the process of his life transforms it);

the purpose of cognition (a person for this purpose learns the world around him, reveals the laws of its development in order to use the results of cognition in his practical activities);

criterion of truth (until some position expressed in the form of a theory, concept, simple conclusion is tested experimentally and put into practice, it will remain just a hypothesis (assumption)).

Meanwhile, practice is both definite and indefinite, absolute and relative. Absolute in the sense that only developing practice can finally prove any theoretical or other provisions. In the same time this criterion is relative, since practice itself develops, improves and therefore cannot immediately and completely prove certain conclusions obtained in the process of cognition. Therefore, the idea of complementarity is put forward in philosophy:the leading criterion of truth is practice , which includes material production, accumulated experience, experiment, is supplemented by the requirements of logical consistency and, in many cases, the practical usefulness of certain knowledge.

7 Thinking and activity.

1. Activity is a way of relating to to the outside world consisting of transformation and subordination to human goals (conscious, productive, transformative and social in nature)

2. Differences between human activity and animal activity

Human activity

Animal activity

Goal setting in activity

Expediency in behavior

Human activity

Animal activity

Adaptation to natural environment through its large-scale transformation, leading to the creation of an artificial environment for human existence. A person maintains his natural organization unchanged, while at the same time changing his lifestyle.

Adaptation to environmental conditions primarily through the restructuring of one’s own body, the mechanism of which is mutational changes fixed by the environment

Goal setting in activity

Expediency in behavior

Conscious setting of goals related to the ability to analyze the situation (reveal cause-and-effect relationships, anticipate results, think through the most appropriate ways to achieve them)

Submission to instinct, actions are initially programmed

3. Subject and object of activity

4. Structure of activity: Motive (a set of external and internal conditions that cause the activity of the subject and determine the direction of activity. Motives can be: needs; social attitudes; beliefs; interests; drives and emotions; ideals) – Goal (this is a conscious image the result towards which a person’s action is aimed. Activity consists of a chain of actions) – Methods – Process (Actions) – Result

5. Types of motives: needs, social. attitudes, beliefs, interests, drives and emotions (unconscious), ideals

Types of actions according to M. Weber:

goal-oriented (Characterized by a rationally set and thoughtful goal. The individual whose behavior is focused on the goal, means and by-products of his actions acts purposefully.);

value-rational (Characterized by a conscious determination of one’s direction and a consistently planned orientation towards it. But its meaning is not in achieving any goal, but in the fact that the individual follows his beliefs about duty, dignity, beauty, piety, etc.);

affective (Determined by the emotional state of the individual. He acts under the influence of affect if he seeks to immediately satisfy his need for revenge, pleasure, devotion, etc.);

traditional (Based on a long-term habit. Often this is an automatic reaction to habitual irritation in the direction of a once learned attitude)

People's activities unfold in various spheres of social life; their direction, content, and means are infinitely diverse.

6. Types of activity:

6.1 work (aimed at achieving a goal, practical usefulness, mastery, personal development, transformation)

6.2 game (the process of the game is more important than its goal; dual character games: real and conditional)

6.3 learning (learning new things)

6.4 communication (exchange of ideas, emotions)

6.4.1 two-way and one-way (communication); concept of dialogue

6.4.2 structure: subject – goal – content – means – recipient

6.4.3 classifications: direct - indirect, direct - indirect

6.4.4 types of subjects of communication: real, illusory, imaginary

6.4.5 functions: socialization (formation and development interpersonal relationships as a condition for the formation of a person as an individual); cognitive, psychological, identification (an expression of a person’s involvement in a group: “I am one of my own” or “I am a stranger”); organizational

7. Types of activities:

7.1 Material (material-production and social-transformative) and spiritual (cognitive, value-oriented, prognostic)

7.2 By subject: individual – collective

7.3 By nature: reproductive – creative

7.4 According to legal norms: legal - illegal

7.5 According to moral standards: moral – immoral

7.6 In relation to social progress: progressive - reactionary

7.7 Depending on the spheres public life: economic, social, political, spiritual

7.8 According to the characteristics of the manifestation of human activity: external - internal

8. Creation – a type of activity that generates something qualitatively new, never existing before (the nature of an independent activity or its component).

9. Mechanisms creative activity:

combination,

imagination,

fantasy,

intuition

8 Needs and interests

In order to develop, a person is forced to satisfy various needs, which are called requirements.

Need - this is a person’s need for what constitutes necessary condition his existence. The motives (from the Latin movere - to set in motion, to push) of activity reveal human needs.

Types of human needs

Biological (organic, material) - needs for food, clothing, housing, etc.

Social - needs for communication with other people, for social activities, for public recognition, etc.

Spiritual (ideal, cognitive) - needs for knowledge, creative activity, creation of beauty, etc.

Biological, social and spiritual needs are interconnected. In humans, biological needs in their essence, unlike animals, become social. For most people social needs dominate over the ideal: the need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession and take a worthy position in society.

There are other classifications of needs, for example, the classification developed by the American psychologist A. Maslow:

Basic needs

Primary (congenital)

Secondary (purchased)

Physiological: in reproduction, food, breathing, clothing, housing, rest, etc.

Social: in social connections, communication, affection, caring for another person and attention to oneself, participation in joint activities

Existential (Latin exsistentia - existence): in the security of one’s existence, comfort, job security, accident insurance, confidence in the future, etc.

Prestigious: in self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achieving success and high praise, career growth Spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression, self-realization

The needs of each next level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.

One should remember about reasonable limitation of needs, since, firstly, not all human needs can be fully satisfied, and secondly, needs should not contradict the moral norms of society.

Reasonable needs - these are the needs that help the development in a person of his true human qualities: the desire for truth, beauty, knowledge, the desire to bring good to people, etc.

Needs underlie the emergence of interests and inclinations.

Interest (lat. interest - to have meaning) - a person’s purposeful attitude towards any object of his need.

People's interests are directed not so much at the objects of need, but at those social conditions that make these objects more or less accessible, especially material and spiritual goods that ensure the satisfaction of needs.

Interests are determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society. They are to a greater or lesser extent realized by people and are the most important incentives to various types activities.

There are several classifications of interests:

according to their carrier: individual; group; the whole society.

by focus: economics; social; political; spiritual.

Interest must be distinguished frominclination . The concept of “interest” expresses focus on a specific subject. The concept of “inclination” expresses a focus on a certain activity.

Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity).

A person’s interests express the direction of his personality, which largely determines him life path, nature of activity, etc.

9 Freedom and necessity in human activity

1. Liberty - a word with multiple meanings. Extremes in the understanding of freedom:

Freedom is a recognized necessity.

Freedom (will) is the ability to do as you want.

Is a person a robot acting according to a program?

Complete arbitrariness towards others?

Fatalism - all processes in the world are subject to the rule of necessity

Voluntarism is the recognition of will as the fundamental principle of all things.

The essence of freedom – a choice associated with intellectual and emotional-volitional tension (burden of choice).

Social conditions realization of freedom of choice of a free person:

on the one hand – social norms, on the other hand – forms of social activity;

on the one hand - the place of a person in society, on the other hand - the level of development of society;

socialization.

Freedom is a specific way of being for a person, associated with his ability to choose a decision and perform an action in accordance with his goals, interests, ideals and assessments, based on awareness of the objective properties and relationships of things, the laws of the surrounding world.

Responsibility is an objective, historically specific type of relationship between an individual, a team, and society from the point of view of the conscious implementation of mutual requirements placed on them.

Types of responsibility:

Historical, political, moral, legal, etc.;

Individual (personal), group, collective.

Social responsibility is a person’s tendency to behave in accordance with the interests of other people.

Legal liability – liability before the law (disciplinary, administrative, criminal; material)

Responsibility - a socio-philosophical and sociological concept that characterizes an objective, historically specific type of relationship between an individual, a team, and society from the point of view of the conscious implementation of mutual requirements placed on them.

Responsibility, accepted by a person as the basis of his personal moral position, acts as the foundation of the internal motivation of his behavior and actions. The regulator of such behavior is conscience.

Social responsibility is expressed in a person's tendency to behave in accordance with the interests of other people.

As human freedom develops, responsibility increases. But its focus is gradually shifting from the collective (collective responsibility) to the person himself (individual, personal responsibility).

Only a free and responsible person can fully realize himself in social behavior and thereby realize your potential to the maximum extent.

10 System structure of society: elements and subsystems

1. The concept of society. Society is a complex and multi-valued concept

A. In the broad sense of the word

It is isolated from nature, but closely with it connected part the material world, which includes: ways, interactions of people; forms of unification of people

B. In the narrow sense of the word

A circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin (for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly)

A separate specific society, country, state, region (for example, modern Russian society, French society)

Historical stage in the development of mankind (eg feudal society, capitalist society)

Humanity as a whole

2. Functions of society

Production of material goods and services

Distribution of labor products (activities)

Regulation and management of activities and behavior

Human reproduction and socialization

Spiritual production and regulation of human activity

3. Public relations - diverse forms of human interaction, as well as connections that arise between different social groups (or within them)

Society is the totality of social relations. The essence of society is in the relationships between people.

Material relations arise and develop directly in the course of a person’s practical activity outside of his consciousness and independently of him. This:

4. Society as a dynamic self-developing system.

WITHsystem – a complex of elements and connections between them.

System components

System concept

Society as a system

Element

Individuals

Social communities

Elements can have a complex structure as subsystems (more complex than elements, but less complex than the system itself)

Main subsystems (spheres) of society:

Economic

Political

Social

Spiritual

Connections between the elements of its subsystems

Public relations (see previous paragraph)

Properties of the system

Integrity

A system is more than the sum of its elements and has properties that go beyond the individual elements

Society is more than a crowd.

Operation - development

The system can be functioning (fixed) or developing

Self-developing system:

self-regulation,

self-structuring

self-reproduction

self-development

Openness-closedness

A system can be closed (conservation of energy within the system) and open (exchange of energy with the environment)

Open system

Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the followingspecific features :

1.It is distinguished by greata variety of different social structures and subsystems.

2. Society is not reducible to the people who make it up; it isa system of extra- and supra-individual forms, connections and relationships, which a person creates with his own active work together with other people.

3.It is inherent in societyself-sufficiency, that is, the ability, through active joint activity, to create and reproduce the necessary conditions for one’s own existence.

4. The society is exceptionaldynamism, incompleteness and alternative development. Main actor in the choice of development options is the person.

5. Society highlightsspecial status of subjects, determining its development.

6. Society hasunpredictability, non-linear development.

11 Basic institutions of society

1. Social institution - this is a historically established, stable form of organizing the joint activities of people implementing certain functions in society, the main one of which is the satisfaction of social needs.

2. Goals and functions social institutions . Each social institution is characterized by the presenceactivity goals and specificfunctions, ensuring its achievement.

Functions

Key institutions

Spheres of society

Main roles

Physical Traits

Symbolic features

Other institutions in this sphere of society

Caring, raising children

Family,

Inheritance

Social (family and marriage relations)

Father

Mother

Child

House

Situation

Rings

Engagement

Contract

Marriage, blood feud, motherhood, paternity, etc.

Getting food, clothing, shelter

Own

Economic sphere

Employer

Employee

Buyer

Salesman

Factory

Office

Shop

Money Trade

Money, exchange, economic relations, etc.

Maintaining laws, regulations and standards

Power

State

Political sphere

Legislator

Subject of law

Public buildings and places

Flag

Charter

Power, state, separation of powers, parliamentarism, local government, etc.

Promoting conciliar relations and attitudes, deepening faith

Religion

Spiritual realm

Priest

Parishioner

Cathedral

Church

Cross

Socialization of people, familiarization with basic values and practices

Education

Spiritual realm

Teacher

Student

School

College

Textbook

Diploma

Degree

Public opinion, media, etc.

In modern society, there are dozens of social institutions, among which the key ones can be identified: inheritance, power, property, family.

Social institutions:
organize human activity in a certain system roles and statuses, establishing patterns of behavior of people in various spheres of public life. For example, a social institution such as a school includes the roles of teacher and student, and a family includes the roles of parents and children. Certain role relationships develop between them, which are regulated by specific norms and regulations. Some of the most important norms are enshrined in law, others are supported by traditions, customs, and public opinion;

include a system of sanctions - from legal to moral and ethical;

organize, coordinate many individual actions of people, give them an organized and predictable character;

provide standard behavior of people in socially typical situations.

3. Types of functions of social institutions:

Explicit – officially declared, recognized and controlled by society

Hidden – are carried out hidden or unintentionally (can develop into shadow institutions, for example, criminal ones).

When the discrepancy between these functions is large, a double standard arises social relations, which threatens the stability of society. The situation is even more dangerous when, along with official institutions, so-called shadow institutions are formed, which take on the function of regulating the most important social relations (for example, criminal structures).

4. The importance of social institutions. Social institutions determine society as a whole. Any social transformations are carried out through changes in social institutions.

12 The concept of culture. Forms and varieties of culture

1. Approaches to understanding culture as phenomena of social life:

technological: culture as the totality of all achievements of the material and spiritual life of society;

activity-based: culture as a creative activity in the spheres of material and spiritual life of society;

value-based: culture as the realization of universal human values in the affairs and relationships of people.

2. Concept of culture (from Latin cultivation, processing)

in a broad sense: a historically conditioned dynamic complex of forms, principles, methods and results of active creative activity of people that are constantly updated in all spheres of social life;

in the narrow sense: a process of active creative activity during which spiritual values are created, distributed and consumed.

3. Material and spiritual culture (division according to human needs satisfied by values):

material – the result of the production and development of objects and phenomena of the material world

spiritual – a set of spiritual values and creative activities for their production, development and application.

This division is conditional.

4. Functions of culture : cognitive, evaluative, regulatory (normative), informative, communicative, socialization.

5. Spiritual world of the individual – the area of existence in which objective reality is present in a person himself, is an integral part of his personality: knowledge, faith, feelings, experiences, needs, abilities, aspirations and goals.

6. Spiritual life of society - an objective, supra-individual ideal reality, a set of meaningful life values present in a person and determining the content, quality and direction of social and individual existence. This is philosophy, morality, science, education, art, religion, law.

7. Elements of spiritual life society is also considered to:

Spiritual needs;
- spiritual activity and production (science, art, religion - reproduction of social consciousness);
- spiritual values (ideas, theories, images, values);
- spiritual consumption (the universal nature of consumption, since spiritual goods are a common property);
- spiritual relationships (spiritual social connections of individuals);
manifestations of interpersonal spiritual communication.

Values - socially approved and shared by most people ideas about what goodness, justice, patriotism, romantic love, friendship, etc. are. Values are not questioned; they serve as a standard and ideal for all people.

8. Forms and varieties of culture. Typology of cultures:

national – global;

secular - religious;

eastern – western (Mediterranean, Latin American, etc.; Russian, French, etc.);

traditional – industrial – post-industrial;

rural – urban;

ordinary – specialized;

high (elite) – mass – popular

9. Elite, mass and folk cultures

Criteria

Mass (pop culture, kitsch, “anti-fatigue art”)

Elite

Folk

Professional creators (standardization of culture)

Professional creators creating cultural canons

Anonymous lovers (myths, legends, epics, fairy tales, songs, dances)

Character

Commercial (impossible without media)

Non-profit

Difficulty level

Short

High (needs intellectual “deciphering”; ambiguous content, repeated reading)

Audience

Mass

Narrow

Wide

Interaction

Close interaction and complementarity

1. Screen culture - a variant of mass culture shown on screens (movies, video clips, television series and television programs, computer games, PSP, game consoles, etc.)

Clip thinking
2. Subculture – part of the general culture, a system of values inherent in a large social group (youth, women’s, professional, criminal). Components: knowledge, values, style and lifestyle, social institutions as a system of norms, skills, abilities, methods of implementation, methods; social roles and statuses; needs and inclinations.
3. youth subculture – a culture of conspicuous consumption, most often developing on the basis of styles in clothing and music. Causes:

rising living standards;
the development of a consumer society, creating more and more new product markets, aimed primarily at young people;
the increasing role and importance of free time and leisure.

Youth culture also focuses more on friendship in a peer group rather than on family, conducts large-scale experiments with lifestyle, and searches for cultural grounds for its existence that are different from the culture of adults.

14. Counterculture – the direction of development of modern culture, opposing the spiritual atmosphere modern society(or official culture; underground as counterculture).

13 Science. Main features of scientific thinking. Natural, social and human sciences

1. Science - a form of spiritual activity of people aimed at producing knowledge about nature, society and knowledge itself, with the immediate goal of comprehending the truth and discovering objective laws. Science is:

social institution (research institutes, universities, academies of sciences, etc.)

industry of spiritual production (R&D);

a special system of knowledge (a holistic system of concepts, laws, theories).

2. Classifications of sciences:

on the subject and method of cognition: natural, social and humanitarian, about cognition and thinking, technical and mathematical;

by distance from practice: fundamental and applied.

3. Functions of science:

cultural and ideological,

cognitive-explanatory,

prognostic,

social (social forecasting, management and development).

4. General cultural characteristics of science: rationality, criticality, individuality, communication skills.

5. Models of development of scientific knowledge:

gradual development of science;

development through scientific revolutions and paradigm shifts (a set of explicit and implicit (and often unconscious) prerequisites that determine scientific research and are recognized at this stage of the development of science; T. Kuhn “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, 1962);

development through approaching the cognitive standards of natural science;

development through the integration of scientific knowledge.

6. Scientific knowledge – a special type of cognitive activity aimed at developing objective, systematically organized and substantiated knowledge about nature, man and society

7.Features:

objectivity;

development of the conceptual apparatus (categoricality);

rationality (consistency, evidence, consistency);

verifiability;

high level of generalization;

universality (examines any phenomenon from the perspective of patterns and causes);

the use of special methods and methods of cognitive activity.

8. Levels, forms and methods scientific knowledge

Levels

Empirical

Theoretical

Forms

A scientific fact is a reflection of an objective fact in human consciousness;

An empirical law is an objective, essential, concrete-universal, repeating stable connection between phenomena and processes.

Question

The problem is the conscious formulation of questions (theoretical and practical);

Hypothesis is a scientific assumption;

Theory – initial foundations, idealized object, logic and methodology, a set of laws and statements.

A concept is a certain way of understanding (interpreting) an object, phenomenon or process; main point of view on the subject; a guiding idea for their systematic coverage.

Methods

(rigor and objectivity)

observation;

experiment;

measurement;

classification;

systematization;

description;

comparison.

Unity of the historical and logical

Ascent from abstract to concrete

Formalization

Mathematization

Math modeling

9. Universal methods of scientific knowledge:

analysis - decomposition of the whole into parts;

synthesis – reunification of a whole from parts;

deduction - inference general position from facts;

deduction – logical derivation of a new position from previous ones;

analogy – similarity of non-identical objects;

modeling - reproducing the characteristics of one object on another object (model), specially created for their study;

abstraction - mental distraction from a number of properties of objects and the selection of any property or relationship;

idealization is the mental creation of some abstract objects that are fundamentally impossible to realize in experience and reality.

10. Social Sciences - a form of spiritual activity of people aimed at producing knowledge about society.

11. Classification of social sciences:

Sciences that provide the most general knowledge about society: philosophy, sociology

Sciences that reveal a certain sphere of social life: economics, political science, sociology, cultural studies, ethics, aesthetics

Sciences that permeate all spheres of public life: history, jurisprudence

12. Social and humanitarian knowledge:

Social Sciences

Study of facts, laws, dependencies of the socio-historical process

Studying the goals, motives, values of a person, his personal perception

Research result

Social knowledge

Humanitarian knowledge

Analysis social processes and identifying common, regular, recurring phenomena in them

Analysis of a person’s goals, motives, values and understanding of his thoughts, motives, intentions

Peculiarities:

Understanding

Referring to texts

Impossibility of reduction to unambiguous, universally accepted definitions

Social and humanitarian knowledge are interpenetrated

13. Social cognition – the process of acquiring and developing knowledge about a person and society

1. Features of social cognition:

1.1. the subject and object of cognition coincide;

1.2. the resulting social knowledge is always connected with the interests of individual subjects of knowledge;

1.3. social knowledge is always loaded with evaluation, it is value knowledge;

1.4. complexity of the object of knowledge - society;

1.5. establishing only relative truths, the probabilistic nature of patterns;

1.6. limited use of experiment as a method of knowledge.

2. Principles of the concrete historical approach in social cognition:

2.1. consideration of social reality in development;

2.2. studying social phenomena in diverse connections;

2.3. identifying the general and special in similar phenomena of other societies and eras.

3. Social fact

3.1. objective fact - an event that took place at a certain time under certain conditions; does not depend on the researcher;

3.2. scientific fact– interpreted objective fact – knowledge about an event, which is described taking into account the specifics of the social situation in which it took place; recorded in books, manuscripts, etc. (interpretation - interpretation, explanation).

3.3. kinds social facts:

3.3.1. actions, deeds;

3.3.2. material and spiritual products of human activity;

3.3.3. verbal (verbal) actions.

3.4. Social fact assessment:

3.4.1. properties of the object being studied;

3.4.2. correlation of the studied object with a similar object or with an ideal;

3.4.3. cognitive goals of the researcher;

3.4.4. personal position of the researcher;

3.4.5. interests of the social group to which the researcher belongs.

14 Education and self-education

1. Education – one of the ways of personality development through people’s acquisition of knowledge, acquisition of skills and abilities, development of mental, cognitive and creativity through a system of social institutions such as family, school, and the media. The goal is to introduce the individual to the achievements of human civilization, relay and preserve its cultural heritage.

2. Self-education – knowledge, skills and abilities acquired by a person independently, without the help of other teaching persons.

3. Functions of education:

economic (formation of the social and professional structure of society);

social (implementation of socialization of the individual (social function);

cultural (the use of previously accumulated culture for the purpose of educating an individual).

4. Network of educational institutions in Russia:

preschool (nurseries, kindergartens);

primary (4 grades), general secondary (9 grades) and complete secondary (11 grades) education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums);

additional education (children's art centers, clubs, sections);

average special education(lyceums, technical schools, schools, colleges);

higher specialized education (higher education institutions: institutes, universities, academies);

postgraduate education (institutes for advanced training, courses);

training of scientific personnel (master's, residency, postgraduate, doctoral studies);

spiritual educational establishments(seminaries, theological faculties, theological academies).

Education in modern world distinguished by a variety of ways to obtain (school, external studies, home study, distance learning, self-education courses, etc.)

5. General trends in education:

democratization of education;

increase in duration of education;

continuity of education;

humanization of education;

humanitarization of education;

internationalization of education;

computerization of education.

6. Directions of reforms in Russian education– for the Unified State Exam they correspond to the trends given above. The website of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (2009) defines the followingpriorities of state policy and legal regulation in the field of education:

Ensuring availability of quality general education

Improving the quality of school educational literature

Increasing the level of remuneration for educators

Modernization of the system of training, retraining and advanced training of education workers

Improving the quality of vocational education

Expanding public participation in education management

Development of a network of educational institutions

Transition to normative per capita (budget) financing of educational institutions

7. Educational paradigm (from the Greek paradeigma - example, sample) - a set of meaning-forming characteristics that determine the essential features of theoretical and practical schemes pedagogical activity and interactions in education. For example, the paradigm of pedagogy of tradition, the paradigm of scientific-technocratic and humanitarian pedagogy, etc.

There is an opinion among schoolchildren that social studies is the simplest USE subject. Many people choose it for this reason. But this is a misconception that takes away from serious preparation.

Changes in KIM Unified State Exam 2020 in social studies:

There are no changes in the structure and content of the CMM.
The wording of tasks 28 and 29 has been detailed and adjustments have been made to their assessment system.

Where to start preparing for the Unified State Examination in social studies?

1. Learn theory.

For this purpose, for each task a theoretical material what you need to know and take into account when performing the task. There will be questions with a philosophical bias (man and society) and sociological (relations in society). Remember that there are only 8 topics: society

Human
cognition
spiritual sphere (culture)
social sphere
economy
policy
right

Indicate what topics the survey will be on in the assignments. Within each topic there are many smaller subtopics that you should pay attention to while studying.

For getting high results The examinee must confidently operate with basic concepts and terms. Analyze information provided in graphical form. Work with text. Reason competently within the framework of the problem posed, concisely express your thoughts in writing.

Important tip: When preparing, you should not use materials and manuals for 2016 and earlier, since they have lost compliance with the updated tasks.

2. Study well the structure of assignments and their evaluation system.

The examination ticket is divided into two parts:

Tasks 1 to 20, requiring a short answer (word, phrase or number);
Tasks 21 to 29 - with a detailed answer and mini-essays.

The assessment of Unified State Exam assignments in social studies was distributed as follows:

1 point - for tasks 1, 2, 3, 10, 12.
2 points - 4-9, 11, 13-22.
3 points - 23, 24, 26, 27.
4 points - 25, 28.
6 points - 29.

You can score a maximum of 65 points.
The minimum must be 43 total points.

Special attention Pay attention to Unified State Exam assignments with detailed answers in social studies.

3. Solving Unified State Exam assignments in social studies.

The more test tasks you do it, the stronger your knowledge will be. The tasks are based on

Presentation on social studies "Factors of production and factor income." The presentation can be used both in a lesson on this topic and to prepare for . Theoretical and practical material is presented. The tasks correspond to the new exam format. Sources indicated.

Presentation on social studies "Citizenship of the Russian Federation". The presentation can be used both in a lesson on this topic and in preparation for the Unified State Exam.

Theoretical and practical material is presented. The tasks correspond to the new exam format. Sources indicated.

The target audience: for 11th grade

Presentation on social studies "The concept and types of legal liability." The presentation can be used both in a lesson on this topic and in preparation for. Theoretical and practical material is presented. The tasks correspond to the new exam format. Sources indicated.