Character types briefly. People's characters and problems. Different typologies of individual qualities

Each person is a unique individual. He has his own character, corresponding to certain tastes, activity, life goals, interpretation of events, and so on. Each responds differently about the circumstances around him, reacts to problems, and performs actions. Life goals, family upbringing, principles, life values \u200b\u200band priorities directly affect its formation from childhood. But despite this difference, there are common human traits that helped create a generalized typology to facilitate analysis. We did it based on certain criteria.

Character - from Greek means "different from others", "not like that", "individual lifestyle." This is a combination of persistent, relatively unchanging mental properties of a person, which determines the characteristics of behavioral reactions in society and alone with oneself.

In order to highlight the type of character of a person, psychologists can take various indicators:

The temperament of a person (melancholic, choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic), which is very important in the formation of her personality, because it has been inherent in everyone since childhood, some actions are performed “automatically” according to temperament. But if the temperament is mixed, as is often the case, then with the definition of the style of behavior there will be some difficulties, which are very interesting to solve.
Physical physique. It would seem, what does this have to do with it, but scientists - psychologists have proved that the more beautiful the physical form of an individual, the more comfortable he feels in society, easier to establish connections, less stooped. But do not scratch everything with the same brush, there are exceptions.

By date of birth. Astrologers believe that fate depends a lot on the star under which he was born. The calculation takes into account both the day and the month, the year, the time when the person was born. All this affects a person, forming his unique character. If the birth was accompanied by a harsh red Mars, then it gives a person a vital core, steadfastness, firmness, clarity of mind.
Handwriting. Yes, this factor is very changeable, often it depends on mood, fatigue, interest in writing, even pen. Handwriting and character of a person are two interrelated criteria. It is by the first that the second is most often determined, because the handwriting is chosen at a subconscious level. People who are confident in themselves and their strengths often have a sweeping, beautiful, even writing style, and those who are secretive, unsociable, insecure choose small inclined letters.
By external indicators. Some doctors believe that a person's character can be determined by his face. This is understandable, because seeing a sad, pensive face, many recognize in a person an uncommunicative melancholic, and being in the company of people with happy "shining" faces, everyone will feel positive energy.

The Internet today has absolutely everything, if you search well. The human character test is no exception. There are a huge number of them, to pass them you just need to answer questions that most often relate to behavior in various situations, thinking, tastes. Then the data obtained is processed according to a special scale, which then determines the result of the passed test. But it should be understood that such "checks" are not always made by experienced psychologists. Sometimes they are created by ordinary people, such tests will not give one hundred percent result, but will only be close to the truth.

A psychologist for research makes a characterization of a person, taking into account many factors to determine his character. Why is this needed? Sometimes some mental disorders or illnesses, experiences accompany a certain style of behavior. After analyzing the cause of the disease, you can find its solution, so everyone should know who he is in order to avoid further psychological problems.

These are the most popular methods, but there are a huge variety of them, because each doctor interprets many factors in his own way, they are no less interesting if you understand them. A description of a person's character, according to each of the above criteria, follows below. After reading this article, everyone can find themselves in the characteristics, and also understand how to find out the character of a person by them.

Temperament is a constant combination of individual, isolated mental and physiological characteristics of a person, associated with the effective, and not with the substantive aspect of actions. Difficult somehow, isn't it? Simply put, it is what determines not thoughts, but behavior in a particular situation.

There are four main types: choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic, sanguine.

Choleric is a very bright, fast, passionate person, but completely unable to control herself in critical situations. Frequent outbursts of unreasonable anger, sudden outbursts, constant mood swings - all this is an integral part of the life of any choleric person. Such people rush into something with their heads, without planning anything, very soon they get bored of it, begins to annoy. They are terrible brawlers, debaters, they will never allow themselves to agree with someone else's opinion, be it at least three times true, and the choleric himself does not understand this topic.
The melancholic is the complete opposite of the choleric. Melancholic people are very vulnerable, emotional, it is easy to bring them to tears. They are constantly in a state of anxiety or anxiety. It is difficult for them to control their emotions, especially in critical situations, they worry about every action they take. Alone with themselves, they are calm, often dream about something, analyze their actions. They are assiduous, but sometimes worries or extraneous thoughts interfere with work. Melancholic people find it difficult to make connections with others, as they are very shy, picky about themselves.
A phlegmatic person - “calm, like an old oak on a hot summer day” is the essence of this temperament. Phlegmatic people are infinitely calm, imperturbable, it is difficult to achieve any emotions from them, because they do not worry about some events or actions. They are unhurried, they can slowly wander the street all day, immersed in detached thoughts. Phlegmatic people are very productive at work, because nothing distracts them in any situation. They fully compensate for their slowness by the quality of their actions. They are well trained in everything new.
A sanguine person is a truly living person. Sanguine people are mobile, impressionable, hot. Their impressions are constantly changing. They have expressive facial expressions. The sanguine person is easily drawn into the whirlpool of events around him, instantly reacting to everything that happens. Very efficient people. If they are interested in an occupation, they will go into it with their heads, but if not, they will not pay attention. Sanguine people are considered the most easily trained people.

A person's personality types are sometimes classified according to their physique. The more athletic the body shape, the more confident a person is. Although "fat men" more often feel like the life of the company than the most inveterate pitching, it all depends on self-esteem. This method of characterization was proposed by the famous German doctor - psychologist Kretschmer.

Picnics are funny "fat men". These are people who are overweight or tend to be overweight. They are sociable, often become the soul of any company, if they do not have worries about their weight. They easily make contact, make new acquaintances, communicate with strangers. Picnics correspond to this type of behavior style as cyclothymic. It is this style that fits all sociable, sociable people.
Athletics - the so-called "pitching". Athletes closely monitor their figure, nutrition, are always in excellent physical shape. Often they have an overestimated self-esteem, which reflects in their characteristics pride, cold calmness, craving for leadership. They do not support changes that are difficult to get used to. They are very fond of commanding both newcomers and acquaintances in the hall. Athletic - Ixotimic - a constant, unshakable person.
Asthenics are people with a "teenage" figure: long, thin limbs, high growth, undeveloped body muscles. They are often compared to a pole. Such people are often secretive, uncommunicative, but stubborn. They do not like noisy companies, where they feel deprived of attention, unnecessary. As athletes, asthenics do not like changes in life, they prefer stable constancy. Asthenics are schizotimics who are very serious in any situation, stubborn, withdrawn.

Date of Birth

Astrologers often determine a person's character by date of birth. To determine your style of behavior, you can refer to the multiple astrological sites that the Internet has in abundance, since you will have to describe a lot, this will go far beyond the scope of the article. Usually, the analysis asks for the date and month, since each zodiac sign is divided into three decades. The Chinese horoscope analysis only asks for the year, identifying a suitable animal.

Handwriting

Graphology is a science that studies all the variety of handwriting. It says that there are no absolutely identical handwritings, but all of them can be conventionally combined into certain groups according to certain criteria. As it turned out, people with similar characters have similar ways of writing signs and letters.

Absolutely everything affects the characteristic: the size of the letters, their shape, slope, the distance between them, the spaces between words, the force of pressure on the paper, the indent from the margins.

The size of the letters speaks of the openness of nature. If the letters are large, sweeping, then you have a creative person. Such persons are usually impulsive, quick in actions, pay little attention to details or advice, they are more interested in the goal. By nature, they are warriors, rebels, disagreeing with society. But small symbols speak of the secrecy of a person, the closeness of the soul. Such natures are very stubborn, have good mental analysis skills, are friends with the exact sciences, but prefer their company to a crowd of people. Very small letters speak of scrupulousness, even greater secrecy and detachment.
The shape of the symbols characterizes the social character of a person. The owners of angular badges are most often stubborn people who disagree with other people's opinions. They fight for their complete independence from others, but at the same time they are very faithful in friendship. Those who prefer smooth transitions, roundness of symbols - soft, hearty natures. They are always ready to give a hand to someone in need, they know how to calm down, give advice. People who combine different forms are ideal residents of society, since they combine vital energy with kindness and firmness of mind.
The pressure on the paper plays an important role in performance analysis. So strong pressure is typical for choleric people, those who like to constantly prove something, argue, keep promises, set goals. And dim letters on paper speak of uncertainty, anxiety of melancholic people.
Spaces between words, as well as margins, indicate the ability to share. The greedy man can give out handwriting with small spaces and margins, it seems that they feel sorry for the paper. Large indents indicate the generosity of nature.

Each has its own favorite shade from a huge range. The color and character of a person are interrelated things, because even in ancient times people betrayed their meaning to each shade.

White is a symbol of pure innocence, virgin honesty. The angels in the paintings are always dressed in white robes, which speaks of their spotlessness and purity.

Black - sadness, strength of temper, but sometimes uncertainty. The presence of black elements speaks of the severity, courage of a person, but his abundance is a sure sign of insecurity.

Red - associated with passionate love, jealousy, revolution and blood. People who prefer all shades of red are real rebels. They are impulsive, courageous, decisive, disagreeing with other people's opinions.

Yellow - wealth, prosperity. The children of the sun shine with a bright gold of light. Lovers of yellow are energetic, kind, open. Such natures can chat incessantly for hours, walk all day, love sports, active pastime, cannot sit still.

Green - hope, purity. Giving preference to green, a very kind person, who believes in others, trusting, pure, gives himself away. Such people will always come to the rescue, never leave at a difficult hour, sacrifice themselves, but help out. Often they are let down by their own belief in goodness, because often the world is full of evil betrayal.

Blue is loyalty. Does your significant other love blue? Then you are a real lucky one, because it is blue that is a symbol of fidelity, constancy, patience. The brighter its shade, the more open, warmer the nature.

Purple - cold, pride, lust for power. Purple is preferred by selfish natures who love to control others. This color is the coldest of all that exists, which speaks of the mental coldness of the person, her steadfastness in business, clarity of mind in solving problems.

Above were presented a list of the most popular ways to determine a person's character, but there are many more ways, because each specialist interprets the character in his own way.

Was last modified: December 11th, 2015 by Elena Pogodaeva

Distinctive feature choleric – these are strong emotions and a quick change of mood. That is, in one minute it can be very funny, then lose heart, and then start getting angry. At the same time, he himself may not understand why he just laughed, and now he is crying. The movements are sharp, the voice is loud, the speech is fast. Starting something, he puts all his energy into it, quickly depletes and gives up this business, because there is no more strength left. For example, he may rewrite an article several times and leave it unfinished. Choleric people do not want to choose a job that requires monotony. It will be interesting for them for a while, and then it will get boring. In the first place they have activities that involve communication with people. A choleric person has a strong, unbalanced, mobile nervous system.

ABOUT sanguine we can say that he is cheerful and energetic, spreads joy and warmth around him. Like a choleric person, emotions are strong and mobile, but balanced. That is, outwardly he is very active, but calm reigns inside. If a failure occurs, then the sanguine person, due to his qualities, quickly comes to his senses and continues to live as if it had never happened. A sanguine person does what he wants, and because of this he cannot stay in one place for a long time. At the same time, he has a great capacity for work. And if he does something, he does it voraciously, at one time. This type of temperament is dominated by a good mood, so sanguine people easily converge with other people. Movements are fast, like those of choleric people. Hurried speech and loud voice predominate. The nervous system is strong, mobile, balanced.

Melancholic - This is a sad person who behaves in such a way that he is about to cry. Sadness spreads around him for many meters. Thoughts in the head of a melancholic about the inevitable and necessarily sorrowful. It is noteworthy that all this happens inside and is almost invisible from the outside. If you offend him, then little will be reflected on the face and body, but a deep wound will remain in the soul. Outwardly, melancholic people look thin, sad and fussy. They are drawn to people and react very well to what is happening around them. At the same time, they quickly fall into emotions and cannot control them. Mostly they are afraid or sad. Doing what others say. For example, melancholic girls read advice in women's magazines and follow them impeccably. In our society, a typical example of melancholic people is the emo kid subculture. Best of all, melancholic people succeed in activities not related to the emotional sphere - accounting, design, programming. Melancholic is a weak, mobile, unbalanced type of the nervous system.

About phlegmatic we can say that he is very leisurely. His emotions are slow and very difficult to move from one position. He laughs and gets annoyed a little, is almost always calm, and it is difficult to bring him out of this state. When he talks about something, he is without any emotion, monotonously, so it is difficult to communicate with him. A phlegmatic person accumulates emotions in himself, and when a turning point comes, he splashes them out. In every movement he feels solidity and confidence. A phlegmatic person thinks and makes decisions for a very long time, but, having made a choice, he will not give up on it. Once in a new environment, a phlegmatic person is likely to be lonely, as he needs time to get used to the situation. He will communicate with those people with whom he is familiar and will prefer not to notice others, because they create discomfort for him. For a phlegmatic person, a monotonous, constant work, without changing the type of activity, will be best. Here he will prove himself better than others, because he is very efficient when he gets into a rut. An example of a phlegmatic is the Terminator. A phlegmatic person has a strong, balanced, inert nervous system.

8. Favorite color and character of a person

Favorite color can tell about a person's character and his emotional makeup. What color can tell about a person's character?

White Is a synthesis of all colors. It is the ideal color, the “dream color”. White has a multifaceted meaning, in it we see both the reflection of light and the coldness of the snow. White symbolizes purity and innocence. Those who prefer pure white to other tones are usually neat in everything, they are careful and discerning, critical and somewhat fussy. Dislike for white does not mean that you are an unorganized or unkempt person, but it is unlikely that you are completely possessed by a passion for order, especially since you cannot be called a too fussy person. Slightly asymmetrical things are much more interesting to you than ideal proportions, and a few specks of dust on a bookshelf do not make you want to immediately start a big cleaning. You are relaxed, and it is pleasant to spend time with you.

If a person likes the black color, then this may indicate a gloomy perception of reality. Life is often perceived by such a person in dark colors. No wonder the black color symbolizes mourning symbols. If a person loved black things and suddenly began to dress in bright clothes, then perhaps his worldview changed, and he began to look at the world more optimistically.

Grey - neutral color. It is preferred by those who are not inclined to declare themselves too loudly. Lovers of gray, before making a decision, will check and recheck everything several times, which is sometimes not bad.

Separately, it should be said about red the color and character of the person. Red increases internal energy, it is the color of passion. Red, promotes the activation of hematopoiesis, increases libido and sexuality. A person who loves red is most likely strong-willed, courageous, active and sociable. But people who are irritated by this color are distinguished by a tendency to solitude, unwillingness to conflict and, possibly, an inferiority complex.

People who like orange color, - dreamers, they like to attract attention. Such people are intuitive, but they also have hypocrisy and pretense. Orange helps to overcome fatigue, blues, depression. A vase with bright oranges, beautiful orange curtains in the kitchen, an orange scarf will return a good mood.

Brown - the color of the earth. Favorite brown color speaks of the character of a person who stands firmly on his feet. These people value their home and their family, family traditions and values \u200b\u200bare not empty words for them. And at the same time, they are secretive and a little prideful.

Yellow the color has an antidepressant effect. This color symbolizes calmness, openness in relationships with people. The character of a person who loves yellow is sociable, courageous, he loves to be the center of attention, appreciates fun and humor. For those who dislike this color, people are pessimistic and have difficulty communicating with other people.

Pink - the color of kindness and love. He is liked by delicate, vulnerable natures. These are friendly, often too vulnerable people, quickly offended, but also quickly forgetting the offense. But for rational, practical people, pink is annoying.

Purple the color symbolizes high spirituality, emotionality. This color is responsible for the connection between man and space. Harmoniously developed people love purple. If purple causes irritation, it means that a person seeks to live only in the present.

Blue - the color of the sky, harmony and tranquility. It helps well with insomnia, relieves stress, causing a feeling of calm and comfort. If a person likes the color blue, then perhaps he needs to rest more often, he quickly gets tired and needs the support of others. People who are reserved and insecure do not like blue.

Green - the color of foliage, the color of life itself. Lovers of green value a good attitude towards themselves, but do not like life's difficulties. For the sake of love, they are capable of self-sacrifice, but disappointment is extremely difficult to bear. Green is liked by those people who do not tolerate the influence of others and seek to assert themselves in life.

9. The character of a person and his blood type

Blood group 1.

Character pros... According to scientists, this blood type is the oldest. According to various sources, it is about 44% of the total population. People with 1 blood group are distinguished by pronounced leadership qualities: self-confident, self-sufficient, prone to courageous actions, strong, set ambitious goals for themselves and go to them to the last. Are prone to independence. Usually they are workaholics, you can rely on them in any situation, since a sense of responsibility is very developed. They believe in themselves and achieve a lot. In a team, informal leaders are more common. Their motto is: "Fight and seek, find and not give up." People rarely like them.

Cons of character... Suspicious, few people trust. They can be stubborn. These people are very emotional. Sometimes their emotions simply go off scale, they cannot cope with themselves until their 9 shaft is extinguished. Narcissistic and arrogant, do not tolerate obeying anyone, they really do not like criticism, even in the form of harmless jokes. It is better not to ask for trouble with them and to joke very correctly. Poorly adapt to everything new: place, food, people. They do not know how to forgive, they can be simply angry if they are betrayed or deceived. People are drawn to them as to leaders, trust them, but are afraid of their excessive emotionality.

Blood group 2.

Character pros... They know how to think sensibly, they approach business calmly, with a head. They are conscientious, distinguished by their diligence, they like to analyze, listen to the opinions of others. Pay attention to details. These qualities help them to move forward in their professional activities. You can rely on them, they do not like to disappoint their surroundings, and if they are entrusted with something, they will try their best to achieve 5 points. The most reliable and loyal friends who can calmly listen to you, cheer you up, give you reasonable advice. They love harmony, order and tranquility. In relationships, they try in every possible way to prevent conflict, and if it does not work out, then they simply step aside. They show themselves very well in collective work, they know how to find a common language with everyone. They see right through people, feel them and can pick up a key for anyone. They are always friendly. In the soul of romance.

Cons of character... Stubbornness and inability to relax. Some slowness, weakness. Perhaps these are the main disadvantages of this blood group. People with the second blood group may not rest, not sleep at night, doing what was assigned. Always aiming to get things done. This is what can undermine their health. This is what makes them irritable during periods of greatest stress. Not adapted to leadership, however, under certain conditions they can occupy leadership positions. Very sensitive. In moments of irritability, they can be sharp, which is very surprising to others.

Blood group 3.

Character pros... People of the third blood group are creative, resourceful, can be flexible, can get along in any society, while being purposeful, honest and fair. They have high mental activity, are very balanced, they know how to easily communicate in any team, they love to talk, they will give good advice, while they are happy to listen to someone's point of view, they are known as erudite people. Very impressionable, but they can hide it, fall in love headlong and forever. They show remarkable abilities in any field of activity. They make good leaders - highly qualified professionals. They are peaceful, while very businesslike.

Cons of character... They are deeply vulnerable, do not like to experience setbacks in front of other people, they can be “explosive” when it comes to heart feelings, they make high demands both on themselves and on those who are next to them. Their joys and pleasures can be unbridled.

Blood group 4.

Character pros... People with this blood group are a kind of chameleons, they are multifaceted. Easily adapt to new conditions, more than other groups are capable of compassion, disinterested in friendship, do not demand anything in return for their love, realists, good counselors, their motto is "Everything that is not done is done for the better." They are admired, loved, popular, listened to. They love to bring joy to people. They understand many issues, especially economic ones. If they know that they can upset, then they believe that a sweet lie is better than a bitter truth. The most charming and attractive personalities.

Cons of character... Indiscriminate details. Those who have the fourth blood group are individuals whose actions are not subject to any logic. Sometimes it seems that they are playing, but this is how they live!

10. Types of human character

“How many people - so many characters” - we often repeat. And this is really so, there are no two identical people and even twins, so indistinguishable at first glance, on the second turn out to be completely different people. People have different systems of values, hobbies, principles and worldviews, react differently to external stimuli. The character of a person determines his actions, from which life is formed.

In modern psychology, there is no general classification of human character types. And how can you classify characters with that richness of compatibility of their features in different people? However, such attempts have been made by scientists for a long time. So, for example, there is a division of characters according to their dominant volitional and emotional qualities. As a result, a strong-willed type of character is distinguished (effective, with a dominant will), emotional (guided by an emotional background) and rational (sober, based on the arguments of reason).

At one time, the German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer classified people by their constitution and hypothesized that people of a certain constitution have certain character traits. The scientist identified three main types of human physique and the corresponding types of characters.

Picnics (from the Greek. "thick, dense") - obese or overweight people of average height with a large head, short neck and a wide face with very small features. Picnics are emotional, communicative, sociable people, easily adapting to different new conditions.

Athletics (from the Greek. "characteristic of wrestlers") - broad-shouldered, tall people, with well-developed muscles, a strong skeleton and a powerful chest. Athletes are domineering, practical, unimpressive, calm people, restrained in facial expressions and gestures; do not like any changes and very badly adapt to them.

Asthenics (from the Greek "weak") - these are thin people, with weak muscles, a flat chest, long legs and arms, and an elongated face. Asthenics are stubborn, serious, reserved people who find it difficult to adapt to different new conditions.

The Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist Carl Gustav Jung has developed his own typology of characters, which is based on the dominant mental functions (sensations, intuition, feeling and thinking). He classified all people according to the predominance of the internal or external world (introverted and extraverted types).

Introvert - a closed, internally focused thinker, turned inward, a person fenced off from the entire surrounding world, carefully analyzing all events, while suspecting everyone of contradictory actions. He has very few friends, since it is very difficult for him to make new contacts, loneliness is closer to him, he does not change his own habits. An introvert is a very suspicious person with an overestimated degree of anxiety, he listens to feelings in himself and values \u200b\u200bhis health.

Extrovert - a direct, open person, extremely sociable, active and understandable to everyone, he has many acquaintances and friends, he does not tolerate loneliness, has little interest in his own health, likes to travel, tries to take the maximum from life. He becomes the soul of the company, is the initiator of various meetings and parties, loves to tell jokes, in everyday life he focuses not on subjective opinion, but on circumstances.

Well-known psychological types were identified and described by the Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst C.G. Jung.

His theory of "introversion - extraversion", as well as the four types of perception of the world has developed and continues to develop.

Psychotypes of personality proposed by Jung:

Personality types depending on the vector of its orientation:

Extrovert - a person who is psychologically oriented towards the outside world; sociable, active, active.
- a person focused on the inner world; closed, sensitive, judicious.

Psychological types depending on the predominant way of perceiving life, in other words, on the main mental function:

Thinking type - a person who predominantly relies on logic and thinking in making decisions. The sphere of feelings is suppressed.
The feeling type - a person oriented towards, judges in terms of "good - bad", and not logically.
The sensing type is a person who perceives life directly with the senses; he looks, listens, touches and makes a decision based on the information received. they are suppressed.
Intuitive type - a person who relies on the "sixth" sense; such people make decisions based on intuitive, unconscious knowledge, and not on immediate sensations.

Based on Jung's typology, in the seventies and eighties of the last century, the Soviet sociologist A. Augustinavichiute developed one of the most detailed and reliable personality typologies and became the founder of the scientific direction called socionics.

A. E. LICHKO

Another Soviet scientist AE Lichko, observing adolescents, identified psychological types that describe the types of character accentuations. Accentuation is an excessive strengthening of certain character traits, psychological deviations bordering on psychopathology, but not going beyond the norm.

In adolescence, the crisis age, accentuation is most pronounced.
Later, the character is "smoothed", and accentuation is manifested only in crisis,.

K. LEONGARD

German scientist K. Leonhard proposed a similar classification, but did not limit it to the framework of the pubertal period. The classification is based on the assessment of a person's communication style with a close environment.

Psychological types according to K. Leonhard:

Hypertensive. Optimistic, sociable, proactive, active, conflicted, irritable, frivolous.
Disty. Pessimistic, silent, withdrawn, non-conflict, conscientious, fair.
Cycloid. A changeable type, combining hyperthymia and dysthymia.
Excitable. Slow, irritable, morose, domineering, conscientious, neat, loving animals and children.
Stuck. , inquisitive, fair, ambitious, touchy, suspicious, jealous.
Pedantic. Formalist and neat, serious, reliable, non-conflicting, passive, boring.
Anxious. Timid, insecure, defenseless, pessimistic, self-critical, friendly, executive, sensitive.
Emotive. Overly vulnerable, tearful, passive, kind, compassionate, responsive, executive.
Demonstrative. Can be both a leader and an opportunist; self-confident, artistic, suave, captivating, extraordinary, selfish, boastful, lazy.
Exalted. Extremely sociable, experiencing vivid and sincere feelings, amorous, altruistic, compassionate, changeable, prone to panic and exaggeration.
Extroverted. Sociable and talkative, open, executive, frivolous, inclined to passion and risk.
Introverted. An idealist, withdrawn, philosophizing, non-conflicting, principled, restrained, stubborn, stubborn.

Classification of personality psychotypes depending on temperament

Most often, personality typology is compiled based on differences in temperaments and characters of people.

HIPPOCRATES

The first known personality typology, depending on the type of temperament, was proposed by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. It still remains relevant and popular, although the scientist did not connect the individual typological characteristics of the personality with the properties of the nervous system (as is customary now).

The psychotype of a person according to Hippocrates depends on the ratio of various fluids in the body: blood, lymph and two types of bile.

Psychological types of temperament according to Hippocrates:

phlegmatic - a person whose body is dominated by lymph (phlegm), which makes him calm and slow;
melancholic - a person whose body is dominated by black bile (melane chole), which is why he is fearful and prone to sadness;
sanguine person - a person in whose body there is a lot of blood (sanguis), agile and cheerful;
the choleric person is hot and impulsive, there is a lot of yellow bile (chole) in his body.

For many centuries in a row, the teaching of temperaments has been developed and supplemented. In particular, the German philosopher I. Kant and the Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov were engaged in this. Today the names of the types of temperament have remained the same, but the essence has changed.

Temperament is a combination of innate features of the work of higher nervous activity. It depends on the speed and strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the brain. Thus, a weak type of higher nervous activity corresponds to the temperament of a melancholic; strong balanced, but inert - phlegmatic; choleric - strong and unbalanced; strong, balanced and agile - sanguine.

E. KRECHMER

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the German psychiatrist E. Kretschmer identified various personality types depending on the character. This was the first character classification. Kretschmer linked the psychotype of a person with the constitution of his body.

Three types of bodily constitution:

Asthenic. Thin and tall people, they have elongated arms and legs, underdeveloped muscles.
Athletic. People are strong, well-muscled, average or above average height.
Picnic. People with underdeveloped muscles and musculoskeletal system, of medium or small stature, prone to overweight.

Since E. Kretschmer was a psychiatrist, he compared personality psychotypes with a tendency to one or another psychopathology and grouped them into two personality types:

Schizotimics are mentally healthy people of an athletic or asthenic constitution, vaguely resembling patients with schizophrenia. They are characterized by the following character traits: artistry, sensitivity, alienation, selfishness, imperiousness.
Cyclothymics are mentally healthy people of a pycnic constitution, reminiscent of patients with manic-depressive psychosis. They are cheerful, optimistic, sociable, frivolous people.

E. Kretschmer's theory was based only on his personal observations, but served as the basis for subsequent, more complex typologies of character. Much later, scientists came to the conclusion that the shape of the body really affects the character and individual typological characteristics of the personality. The connection between the constitution of the body and the tendency to accentuation of character (the extreme degree of normal functioning of the psyche) and psychopathology does exist.

Classification of personality psychotypes depending on character

People differ not only in their character traits, but also in their attitude to life, society and moral values. Despite the fact that there is a concept of proper behavior, people behave in different ways.

German psychoanalyst and sociologist E. Fromm introduced the concept of "social character" and defined it as a kind of identical set of character traits in the personality structure of most members of a particular community. Any community, class or group of people has a certain social character.

The social character was taken as the basis for the classification of psychological personality types.

Psychological personality types according to E. Fromm:

"Masochist-sadist"

A person who is inclined to direct aggression at himself or at other people, if he considers them to be guilty of ongoing personal failures or problems of the whole society. Such people strive for self-improvement, insecure, punctual, responsible, demanding, domineering, love to terrorize others, justifying their actions with good intentions.

Psychological masochism is almost always combined with sadism. However, there are people more inclined to one of the types.

Individually typological features of the "masochist": self-deprecation, self-criticism, a tendency to always blame oneself for everything. Fromm defined the "sadist" as an authoritarian personality. This is a man-exploiter, domineering and cruel.

"Destroyer"

Does not cause suffering to himself or to people, but aggressively removes the cause of his troubles. In order not to feel powerless and frustrated, a person ends the relationship or interrupts the business he has begun, that is, he uses destructiveness as a means of resolving any trouble. “Destroyers” are usually people anxious, desperate, cowardly, limited in the realization of their capabilities and abilities.

"Conformist automaton"

Unlike the two previous psychological types, the "conformist" is passive. He does not fight, but resigns himself to difficult life circumstances. This is too labile a person who has practically lost his

He is an opportunistic person who will change point of view, behavior, principles and even the type of thinking, if the situation requires it. Such people are immoral, that is why they do not see anything shameful in changing points of view and life values.

This social typology does not characterize people from the best side, but it reveals the problems of society and remains extremely relevant in our time.

It is impossible to say which of the typologies is better, they complement each other. Any personality typology allows an individual to know himself and at the same time to realize his uniqueness.

The reason for the division into psychotypes

Philosophers and scientists at all times of the existence of a civilized society have tried to distinguish and distinguish psychological types of people from the diversity of the nature of human nature. Many classifications are based on observations of people, life experience, or the conclusions of a scientist who proposed a particular typology. Only in the last century, in connection with the flourishing of psychology, personality psychotypes became the object of research and received due scientific justification.

Despite the variety of psychological types existing today, it can be difficult to determine what type of personality a person belongs to. Often, reading the classification of types and wanting to find oneself, he cannot decide or finds several types at once, similar to the individual typological characteristics of his own personality.

The disadvantage of any typology is that it cannot accommodate all possible types of personality, because every person is an individuality. We can say that it rather belongs to one type or another, is more similar to it, or at some moments manifests itself in a similar way.

Any psychotype of a person is a generalization, an attempt to unite into a group close and often observed together qualities, features of temperament, and other individually typological personality traits.

Personality types are often exaggerated and simplified, describing deviant behavior (even psychopathology) or only those personality traits that are pronounced and stereotyped, stereotyped.

Pure types are rare. However, every second person, reading this or that typology or passing a psychological test, easily determines his psychotype and agrees with the characteristics given to him.

The more developed the personality of an individual, the more difficult it is for him to refer himself to one or another type of personality. A harmoniously developed personality and a bright individuality hardly "fit" into any separate psychotype.

Despite the imperfection of typologies and personality types, they allow you to understand yourself, notice shortcomings, and outline ways of development. It is easier for people around the individual, who know what psychological type he belongs to, to build relationships with him and predict behavior in a specific situation.

Personality typology helps professional psychologists to carry out psychodiagnostics of the client. The psychological portrait of a person necessarily includes a description of his psychotype. Individually typological personality traits are extremely important, because they will tell about temperament, character, abilities, emotional-volitional sphere, orientation, attitudes, motivation and values \u200b\u200b- about all the components of personality.

There are many pseudo-scientific classifications of psychological types that people use in everyday life. For example, the division of people, depending on the time of day, when there is the greatest activity and ability to work, into "larks" and "owls".

On the Internet, there is a huge number of pseudoscientific tests, which are more entertaining than allowing you to understand yourself. But even such psychological tests have a right to exist, since they give rise to a person's desire to know himself. What psychotypes of people are described in the science of psychology?

Character is an indicator of the balance of the inner and outer world of each individual. The type of character of a person is influenced by statics - or the type of the nervous system, and dynamics - by the influence of the environment.

Four types of character

The opinion that a person has four types of character is wrong. In fact, we have four types of temperaments that have an impact on character formation. Temperament is an innate property of the nervous system. Hippocrates gave a classification of temperaments, which is based on the predominant "juice" in the human body:

sanguine - blood prevails, a person is mobile, cheerful and balanced;
choleric - yellow bile predominates, and the person shows sudden mood swings, from vigorous activity to apathy;
melancholic - black bile predominates, which makes a person fearful, sad and whiny;
phlegmatic - lymph predominates, which makes a person slow, calm, measured.

Character and physique

The German psychologist Kretschmer proposed a completely different way to determine the type of character of a person, it is based on physique.

Asthenik - a person is outwardly weak, thin, with long limbs and poorly developed muscles. Kretschmer ranked such people among schizotimics - stubborn, alienated, unable to adapt to changing realities of people. In mental disorders, they often develop schizophrenia.
Picnic - a plump or obese person, with a large face and small outlines, a short neck and stockiness. Their character type is a cyclothymic - a sociable, easily adaptable, active person who, with mental disorders, is prone to manic-depressed psychosis.
Athletic - broad-shouldered, tall, with powerful muscles. These people - ixotimics - are calm and balanced, restrained and do not like changes. In disorders, they suffer from epilepsy.

One thing is clear: even psychology cannot clearly and clearly define the types of a person's character without the conventions and formulations "depends on the situation", "depends on the look." After all, everything else, there is also a division of the following type:

schizoid type;
narcissistic type;
paranoid type;
obsessive-compulsive type;
psychopathic type;
hysterical type;
manic-depressive type;
masochistic type.

Character and coffee addictions

The easiest way to determine the type of character of a person, we found in the "coffee" method:

espresso fans are straightforward, conservative, principled people;
prefer latte - like publicity, popularity and crowded parties;
choose cappuccino - romantics and dreamers, sweet tooth;
amateurs of americano - always find the shortest way to take everything from life.

Sciences that study human character

There is a special science, which, presumably, collects all the ways to determine our innate or acquired characters. In human history, however, in addition to characterology (the science of character) there have been and continue to exist many different sciences that try to open the curtain of the mystery of our character.

Among them:

But, no matter how they tried to sort us into groups depending on the absence or presence of certain features, everyone who at least once read the characteristics of their horoscope or type of temperament was well aware that there are features that seemed to be written from him, but that that does not fit in with its nature. All this only speaks of the versatility of a person, as well as an unlimited number of factors that determine our development as a person.

Representatives of the modern school of psychologists (K. Leonard, A. Lichko, etc.) identify these types of human character.

Hypertensive

Too sociable, talkative, gesticulation, facial expressions are expressed. Suddenly, during a conversation, they leave the original topic. They don't take office assignments seriously. Most often they initiate conflicts. Nevertheless, they are very active, active, optimistic and proactive. Repulsive traits are frivolity, the possibility of immoral acts, irritability, frivolity.

Disty

People of this type of character are quiet, more often pessimistic, taciturn. They avoid noisy companies, do not enter into conflicts, are closed from others. Easily obey those who are friends with them. They are serious, obligatory, extremely fair. But very slow, passive, unfocused, awkward.

Cycloid

It is characterized by frequent mood swings and the manner of communication with other people. They can be either too sociable or withdrawn in themselves.

Excitable

They are boring and gloomy people. They are distinguished by rudeness, conflict, quarrelsomeness, lust for power in the family. They are irritable, extremely hot-tempered, do not maintain balance in their behavior. In a calm state, they are accurate, punctual, loving towards animals and babies.

Stuck

Not very sociable people, most of them are boring, they like to lecture others. They are active in conflicts. They try to fulfill the assigned tasks at 100%. They are easily offended, vindictive, arrogant, jealous. Too much is demanded from subordinates and relatives.

Pedantic

Not conflicting, bureaucrats, formalists. But - they are conscientious, responsible, accurate, faithful, and diligent.

Anxious

Insecure people. Rarely conflict with others. Friendly, executive, self-critical. It's easy to make fun of them in jokes.

Emotive

They choose a narrow social circle. Conflict-free. Resentment does not spill out. Kind, merciful, diligent, fulfilling obligations. Extremely sensitive.

Demonstrative

Easily make contact, take a leading position. Adaptable, self-confident, initiators of conflicts. Artistic, captivating others, creative. Selfish, hypocritical, braggart.

Exalted

Wide circle of friends, chatty. Mediate conflicts. They are altruists, sincere, bright. They can panic, change their mood.

Extroverted

They are sociable, talkative, receptive to any information. They are not conflicting, they are executors, they obey others. They know how to listen, but they are frivolous, imprudent, gossips.

Introverted

More closed, divorced from reality, philosophers. Lovers of loneliness are not conflicted. But they are restrained and principled. Stubborn, ideological. They defend their point of view, even the wrong one, to the last.

You can study the personality types of a person in more detail in the psychological literature.