E. M. Fateev.
1. Development of wind use2. Application of wind turbines in agriculture
PART ONE WIND MOTORS
Chapter I. Brief information from aerodynamics
3. Air and its properties 4. Equation of continuity. Bernoulli equation
5 The concept of vortex motion
6. Viscosity
7. The law of similarity. Similarity criteria
8. Boundary layer and turbulence
Chapter II. Basic concepts of experimental aerodynamics
9. Coordinate axes and aerodynamic coefficients10. Determination of aerodynamic coefficients. Polar Lilienthal
11. Wing inductive resistance
12. N.E. Zhukovsky's theorem on the lift of a wing
13. Transition from one wingspan to another
Chapter III. Wind turbine systems
14. Classification of wind turbines according to the principle of their operation15. Advantages and disadvantages of various wind turbine systems
Chapter IV. The ideal wind turbine theory
16. The classical theory of the ideal wind turbine17. The theory of the ideal wind turbine prof. G. X. Sabinina
Chapter V. The theory of a real wind turbine prof. G. X. Sabinina
18. Work of elementary wind wheel blades. First constraint equation19. Second constraint equation
20. Torque and power of the entire windmill
21. Losses of wind turbines
22. Aerodynamic calculation of the wind wheel
23. Calculation of the characteristics of the propeller
24. Profiles "Espero" and their construction
Chapter VI. Experimental characteristics of wind turbines
25. Method of obtaining experimental characteristics26. Aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines
27. Experimental verification of the theory of wind turbines
Chapter VII. Experimental check of wind turbines
28. Tower equipment for testing wind turbines29. Compliance - characteristics of the wind turbine and its models
Chapter VIII. Installing wind turbines to the wind
30. Setting with the tail31. Installing vindroses
32. Setting the location of the wind turbine behind the tower
Chapter IX. Regulation of the speed and power of wind turbines
33. Regulation by removing the propeller from the wind34. Regulation by reducing the surface of the wings
35. Regulation by turning the blade or part of it near the swing axis
36. Air brake regulation
Chapter X. Wind turbine designs
37. Multi-blade wind turbines38. High-speed (low-bladed) wind turbines
39. Weights of wind turbines
Chapter XI. Strength calculation of wind turbines
40. Wind loads on the wings and their strength calculation41. Wind load on the tail and side adjustment shovel
42. Calculation of the wind turbine head
43. Gyroscopic moment of the propeller
44. Wind turbine towers
PART TWO WIND POWER PLANTS
Chapter XII. Wind as a source of energy
45. The concept of the origin of the wind 46. The main values characterizing the wind from the energy side
47. Wind Energy
48. Accumulation of wind energy
Chapter XIII. Characteristics of wind power units
49. Performance characteristics of wind turbines and piston pumps50. Operation of wind turbines with centrifugal pumps
51. Work of wind turbines with millstones and agricultural machines
Chapter XIV. Wind pump installation
52. Wind pump installations for water supply53. Water-folding tanks and water towers at wind pump installations
54. Typical designs of wind pump installations
55. Experience in the operation of wind pump installations for water supply in agriculture
56. Wind sprinklers
Chapter XV. Windmills
57. Types of windmills58. Technical characteristics of windmills
59. Increasing the capacity of old windmills
60. Windmills of a new type
61. Operational characteristics of windmills
Chapter XVI. Wind power plants
62. Types of generators for work with wind turbines and voltage regulators63. Wind turbines
64. Wind power plants of small capacity
65. Parallel operation of wind power plants in a common network with large thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants
66. Experimental check of WPP operation in parallel to the network
67. Powerful power plants for parallel work to the network.
68. Brief information about foreign wind farms.
Chapter XVII. Brief information on the installation and repair of wind turbines and their care
69. Installation of low-power wind turbines from 1 to 15 liters. with70. On the care of wind turbines and their repair
71. Safety precautions during installation and maintenance of wind turbines
M: State publishing house of agricultural literature, 1948. - 544 p. Table of contents.
Introduction.
Development of wind use.
The use of wind turbines in agriculture.
Wind turbines.
A brief summary of aerodynamics.
Air about its properties.
Continuity equation. Bernoulli's equation.
The concept of vortex motion.
Viscosity.
Similarity law. Similarity criteria.
Boundary layer and turbulence.
Basic concepts of experimental aerodynamics.
Coordinate axes and aerodynamic coefficients.
Determination of aerodynamic coefficients. Polar Lilienthal.
Wing inductive drag.
Zhukovsky's theorem on the lift of a wing.
Transition from one wingspan to another.
Wind turbine systems.
Classification of wind turbines according to the principle of their operation.
Advantages and disadvantages of various wind turbine systems.
The theory of the ideal wind turbine.
The classical theory of the ideal wind turbine.
The theory of an ideal wind turbine by prof. G. Kh. Sabinina.
The theory of a real wind turbine prof. G. X. Sabinina.
The work of the elementary blades of the wind wheel. First constraint equation.
Second constraint equation.
The moment and power of the entire windmill.
Wind turbine losses.
Aerodynamic calculation of the wind wheel.
Calculation of the characteristics of the wind wheel.
Espero profiles and their construction.
Experimental characteristics of wind turbines.
A method for obtaining experimental characteristics.
Aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines.
Experimental verification of the theory of wind turbines.
Experimental check of wind turbines.
Tower equipment for testing wind turbines.
Compliance with the characteristics of the wind turbine and its power.
Installing wind turbines to the wind.
Set up with a tail.
Installing vindroses.
Charters with the location of the wind wheel behind the tower.
Regulation of the speed and power of wind turbines.
Regulation by removing the propeller from the wind.
Regulation by decreasing the surface of the wings.
Regulation by turning the blade or part of it near the swing axis.
Air brake regulation.
Wind turbine designs.
Multi-blade wind turbines.
High-speed (low-blade) wind turbines.
Wind turbine weights.
Strength calculation of wind turbines.
Wind loads on the wings and their strength calculation.
Wind load on tail and side adjustment shovel.
Calculation of the wind turbine head.
The gyroscopic moment of the wind wheel.
Wind turbine towers.
Wind power plants.
Wind as a source of energy.
The concept of the origin of the wind.
The main values characterizing the wind from the energy side.
Wind energy.
Accumulation of wind energy.
Characteristics of wind power units.
Performance characteristics of wind turbines and piston pumps.
Operation of wind turbines with centrifugal pumps.
Operation of wind turbines with millstones and agricultural machines.
Wind pump installations.
Wind pump installations for water supply.
Water-folding tanks and water towers for wind pumping.
Typical designs of wind pump installations.
Experience in the operation of wind pump installations for water supply in agriculture.
Wind sprinklers.
Windmills.
Types of windmills.
Technical characteristics of windmills.
Increasing the capacity of old windmills.
windmills of a new type.
Performance characteristics of windmills.
Wind power plants.
Types of generators for operation with wind turbines and voltage regulators.
Wind turbines.
Small wind power plants.
Parallel operation of wind farms in a common network with large thermal power plants in hydroelectric power plants.
Experimental verification of the operation of BES in parallel to the network.
Powerful power plants for parallel network operation.
Brief information about foreign wind power plants.
Brief information on the installation and repair of wind turbines and their care.
Installation of low-power wind turbines from 1 to 15 liters. with.
On the care of wind turbines and their repair.
Safety precautions during installation and maintenance of wind turbines.
Bibliography.
MOSCOW STATE TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY "STANKIN"
Department of Engineering Ecology and Safety
life activity
Report on the topic:
"Alternative Energy Sources: Wind"
Completed by: Deminsky Nikolay Vyacheslavovich
Checked by: Khudoshina Marina Yurievna
Wind power - a branch of energy, specializing in the use of wind energy - the kinetic energy of air masses in the atmosphere. Wind energy is classified as renewable energy, as it is a consequence of the activity of the sun. Wind power is a booming industry, as at the end of 2008 the total installed capacity of all wind turbines was 120 gigawatts, an increase of six times since 2000.
Wind energy comes with the sun
Wind energy is actually a form of solar energy, as the heat from the sun causes the winds. Solar radiation heats the entire surface of the Earth, but unevenly and at different rates.
Various types of surfaces - sand, water, stone and different kinds soils - absorb, store, reflect and release heat at varying rates, and the earth becomes generally warmer during the day and colder at night.
As a result, the air above the Earth's surface also heats up and cools down at different rates. Hot air rises, lowering Atmosphere pressure near the surface of the Earth, which attracts colder air for replacement. We call this movement of air the wind.
Wind energy is fickle
When air moves to induce wind, it has kinetic energy - energy that appears every time mass moves. With the right technology, the kinetic energy of the wind can be captured and converted into other forms of energy, such as electricity and mechanical energy. This is wind energy.
Just as the oldest windmills in Persia, China and Europe used wind power to pump water or grind grain, today's point-of-use wind turbines and wind farms with large numbers of turbines use wind power to generate clean, renewable energy for power. homes and businesses.
Wind energy is clean and renewable
Wind energy is considered an important component of any long-term energy strategy, as it is generated using a natural and almost inexhaustible source of energy - wind. This is in stark contrast to traditional fossil fuel power plants.
Wind power is also clean; it does not pollute air, soil and water. This is an important difference between wind energy and some other renewable energy sources, for example, atomic energy which produces huge amounts of hard-to-manage waste.
Wind energy sometimes conflicts with other priorities
One of the obstacles to increasing the use of wind power in the world is that wind farms must be located on large tracts of land or along the coast in order to most efficiently capture wind.
The use of these territories for wind power generation sometimes conflicts with other priorities, for example, agriculture, urban development or beautiful sea views from luxury homes located in the best areas.
Future growth in wind power consumption
Priorities will change as demand for clean and renewable energy grows and the search for alternatives to limited supplies of oil, coal and natural gas expands.
And as the cost of wind power declines due to improved technology and improved power generation technologies, this type of energy will become increasingly relevant as the main source of electricity and mechanical energy.
Wind power in Russia
The technical potential of wind energy in Russia is estimated at over 50,000 billion kWh / year. The economic potential is about 260 billion kWh / year, that is, about 30 percent of electricity production by all power plants in Russia.
The installed capacity of wind power plants in the country for 2006 is about 15 MW.
One of the largest wind power plants in Russia (5.1 MW) is located in the area of the village of Kulikovo, Zelenogradsky District, Kaliningrad Region. Its average annual output is about 6 million kWh.
Anadyr wind farm with a capacity of 2.5 MW (10 wind turbines of 250 kW each) with an average annual output of more than 3 million kWh operates in Chukotka, an internal combustion engine is installed in parallel to the station, which generates 30% of the plant's energy.
Also, large wind farms are located near the village of Tyupkildy, Tuymazinsky District, Rep. Bashkortostan (2.2 MW).
In Kalmykia, 20 km from Elista, there is a site of the Kalmyk wind farm with a planned capacity of 22 MW and an annual output of 53 million kWh; in 2006, one Raduga unit with a capacity of 1 MW and an output of 3 to 5 million kWh was installed on the site.
In the Komi Republic, near Vorkuta, the Zapolyarnaya VDES with a capacity of 3 MW is being built. For 2006 there are 6 installations of 250 kW with a total capacity of 1.5 MW.
A wind farm with a capacity of 1.2 MW operates on the Bering Island of the Commander Islands.
In 1996, the Markinskaya wind farm with a capacity of 0.3 MW was installed in the Tsimlyansk district of the Rostov region.
An installation with a capacity of 0.2 MW operates in Murmansk.
A successful example of the implementation of the capabilities of wind turbines in complex climatic conditions is a wind-diesel power plant on the Set-Navolok Cape of the Kola Peninsula with a capacity of up to 0.1 MW. In 2009, 17 kilometers from it, a survey of the parameters of the future wind farm operating in conjunction with the Kislogubskaya TPP was started.
There are projects at different stages of development of the Leningradskaya wind farm 75 MW Leningrad region, Yeisk wind farm 72 MW Krasnodar Territory, Offshore wind farm 30 MW Karelia, Primorskaya wind farm 30 MW Primorsky Territory, Magadan wind farm 30 MW Magadan region, Chuyskaya wind farm 24 MW Altai Republic, Ust-Kamchatskaya VDES 16 MW Kamchatka region, Novikovskaya VDES 10 MW Komi Republic, Dagestan wind farm 6 MW Dagestan, Anapskaya wind farm 5 MW Krasnodar region, Novorossiysk wind farm 5 MW Krasnodar Territory and Valaam wind farm 4 MW Karelia.
The construction of the Offshore Wind Park in the Kaliningrad Region with a capacity of 50 MW has begun. In 2007, this project was frozen.
As an example of realizing the potential of the territories of the Sea of Azov, one can point to the Novoazovsk wind farm, operating in 2007 with a capacity of 20.4 MW, installed on the Ukrainian coast of the Taganrog Bay.
The program for the development of wind energy of RAO UES of Russia is being implemented. At the first stage (2003-2005), work began on the creation of multifunctional energy complexes (MEC) based on wind generators and internal combustion engines. At the second stage, a prototype MET will be created in the village of Tiksi - wind generators with a capacity of 3 MW and internal combustion engines. In connection with the liquidation of RAO UES of Russia, all projects related to wind energy were transferred to RusHydro. At the end of 2008, RusHydro began searching for promising sites for the construction of wind power plants.
Fuel economy
Wind generators consume virtually no fossil fuels. The operation of a 1 MW wind turbine over 20 years of operation saves about 29 thousand tons of coal or 92 thousand barrels of oil.
Literature:
1) Article by Larry West, http://environment.about.com
2) D. de Renzo, V. V. Zubarev Wind power. Moscow. Energoatomizdat, 1982
3) EM Fateev Questions of wind energy. Digest of articles. Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959
Application:
Modern alternative energy source (wind)
Other diplomas in Physics
t, that the use of wind turbines is beneficial even in cases where wind turbines operate around the clock. The main task of using wind turbines in rural areas (Nekrasovka village) is fuel economy for energy generation.
Whether it is profitable or not profitable can be determined quite simply by answering the question: "How many years can the book value of a wind turbine (for example, AVE-250) pay off from the cost of the saved fuel?" The standard payback period of the station is 6.7 years. For a year in the village. Nekrasovka consumed 129180 kW * h. 1 kW of energy for enterprises is currently 2.85 rubles. From this, you can find the payback period:
Tkup = P / Pch, Pch = P - W,
where: P is the profit of the enterprise without deducting the costs of purchasing a wind farm, Pch is the net profit of the enterprise, Z is the costs invested in the purchase of a wind farm (700 thousand rubles)
P = 6.7 * 129 180 * 2.85 = 2466692 rubles
PC = 2466692 - 900000 = 1566692 rubles
Total = 2466692/1566692 = 1.6 years
We see that the payback period for investments in the power plant is less than the norm, which is 6.7 years, therefore, the purchase of this wind farm is effective. At the same time, a wind farm has a significant advantage over a CHP plant, due to the fact that capital costs are practically not "deadened", since the wind turbine begins to generate electricity in 1 - 3 weeks after its delivery to the installation site.
Conclusion
In this course project, I examined the design of a windy installation for with. Nekrasovka, in order to supply the village with the necessary energy.
I carried out the calculations:
selection of the required generator
cable selection
calculation of the payback period
blade calculation
selected wind characteristics
In conclusion, I can say that the construction of a wind farm in this area is advisable. Due to the fact that we live in the north of Sakhalin, constant winds prevail here (and wind is an inexhaustible source of energy and during its transformation there are no harmful emissions into environment), and in the considered Okha region, apart from the CHPP, there are no alternative sources of electricity supply, then my project is appropriate for this site.
Bibliography
1. PP without hands. The use of renewable energy sources in Russia // Information Bulletin "Renewable Energy". M .: Intersolartsentr, 1997. №1.
Mill with bed
“Goat mills, the so-called German mills, existed until the middle of the 16th century. the only known ones. Strong storms could overturn such a mill together with the bed. In the middle of the 16th century, a Fleming found a way by which this overturning of the mill was made impossible. In the mill, he put only the roof movable, and in order to turn the wings in the wind, it was necessary to turn only the roof, while the mill building itself was firmly anchored on the ground. "(K. Marx. "Machines: Application of Natural Forces and Science").
The weight of the gantry mill was limited due to the fact that it had to be turned by hand. Therefore, its performance was also limited. The improved mills are named hipped.
Modern methods of generating electricity from wind energy
Modern wind turbines operate at wind speeds from 3-4 m / s to 25 m / s.
The most widespread in the world is the design of a wind generator with three blades and a horizontal axis of rotation, although in some places there are also two-bladed ones. There have been attempts to build wind turbines of the so-called orthogonal design, that is, with a vertical axis of rotation. They are believed to have the advantage of very low wind speeds required to start the wind turbine. The main problem with such generators is the braking mechanism. Due to this and some other technical problems, orthogonal wind turbines have not received practical application in wind energy.
Coastal areas are considered to be the most promising places for wind power generation. Offshore wind farms are being built in the sea, at a distance of 10-12 km from the coast (and sometimes even further). Wind turbine towers are installed on foundations made of piles driven to a depth of 30 meters.
Other types of underwater foundations as well as floating foundations can be used. The first prototype of a floating wind turbine was built by H Technologies BV in December 2007. The 80 kW wind turbine is installed on a floating platform 10.6 nautical miles off the coast of southern Italy on a 108 meters deep sea.
Use of wind energy
In 2007, 61% of installed wind farms were concentrated in Europe, in North America 20%, Asia 17%.
| Country | 2005, MW | 2006, MW | 2007, MW | 2008 MW. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | 9149 | 11603 | 16818 | 25170 |
| Germany | 18428 | 20622 | 22247 | 23903 |
| Spain | 10028 | 11615 | 15145 | 16754 |
| China | 1260 | 2405 | 6050 | 12210 |
| India | 4430 | 6270 | 7580 | 9645 |
| Italy | 1718 | 2123 | 2726 | 3736 |
| United Kingdom | 1353 | 1962 | 2389 | 3241 |
| France | 757 | 1567 | 2454 | 3404 |
| Denmark | 3122 | 3136 | 3125 | 3180 |
| Portugal | 1022 | 1716 | 2150 | 2862 |
| Canada | 683 | 1451 | 1846 | 2369 |
| Netherlands | 1224 | 1558 | 1746 | 2225 |
| Japan | 1040 | 1394 | 1538 | 1880 |
| Australia | 579 | 817 | 817,3 | 1306 |
| Sweden | 510 | 571 | 788 | 1021 |
| Ireland | 496 | 746 | 805 | 1002 |
| Austria | 819 | 965 | 982 | 995 |
| Greece | 573 | 746 | 871 | 985 |
| Norway | 270 | 325 | 333 | 428 |
| Brazil | 29 | 237 | 247,1 | 341 |
| Belgium | 167,4 | 194 | 287 | - |
| Poland | 73 | 153 | 276 | 472 |
| Turkey | 20,1 | 50 | 146 | 433 |
| Egypt | 145 | 230 | 310 | 365 |
| Czech | 29,5 | 54 | 116 | - |
| Finland | 82 | 86 | 110 | - |
| Ukraine | 77,3 | 86 | 89 | - |
| Bulgaria | 14 | 36 | 70 | - |
| Hungary | 17,5 | 61 | 65 | - |
| Iran | 23 | 48 | 66 | 85 |
| Estonia | 33 | 32 | 58 | - |
| Lithuania | 7 | 48 | 50 | - |
| Luxembourg | 35,3 | 35 | 35 | - |
| Argentina | 26,8 | 27,8 | 29 | 29 |
| Latvia | 27 | 27 | 27 | - |
| Russia | 14 | 15,5 | 16,5 | - |
Table: Total installed capacities, MW, by countries of the world 2005-2007 Data from European Wind Energy Association and GWEC.
| 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 forecast | 2010 forecast |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7475 | 9663 | 13696 | 18039 | 24320 | 31164 | 39290 | 47686 | 59004 | 73904 | 93849 | 120791 | 140000 | 170000 |
Table: Total installed capacity, MW, and WWEA forecast up to 2010
In 2007, over 20% of Denmark's electricity was generated from wind power.
Wind power in Russia
The technical potential of wind energy in Russia is estimated at over 50,000 billion kWh / year. The economic potential is about 260 billion kWh / year, that is, about 30 percent of electricity production by all power plants in Russia.
The installed capacity of wind power plants in the country for 2006 is about 15 MW.
One of the largest wind power plants in Russia (5.1 MW) is located in the area of the village of Kulikovo, Zelenogradsky District, Kaliningrad Region. Its average annual output is about 6 million kWh.
A successful example of the implementation of the capabilities of wind turbines in difficult climatic conditions is the wind-diesel power plant at Cape Set-Navolok.
The construction of the Offshore Wind Park in the Kaliningrad Region with a capacity of 50 MW has begun. In 2007, this project was frozen.
As an example of realizing the potential of the territories of the Sea of Azov, one can point to the Novoazovsk wind farm, operating in 2007 with a capacity of 20.4 MW, installed on the Ukrainian coast of the Taganrog Bay.
The program for the development of wind energy of RAO UES of Russia is being implemented. At the first stage (- year), work began on the creation of multifunctional energy complexes (MEC) based on wind generators and internal combustion engines. At the second stage, a prototype MET will be created in the village of Tiksi - wind generators with a capacity of 3 MW and internal combustion engines. In connection with the liquidation of RAO UES of Russia, all projects related to wind energy were transferred to RusHydro. At the end of 2008, RusHydro began searching for promising sites for the construction of wind power plants.
Perspectives
The reserves of wind energy are more than a hundred times higher than the reserves of hydropower of all the rivers of the planet.
The European Union has set a goal: by 2010 to install 40 thousand MW of wind turbines, and by 2020 - 180 thousand MW.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that by 2030 wind demand will reach 4,800 gigawatts.
Economic aspects of wind energy
Wind turbine blades at a construction site.
Fuel economy
Wind generators consume virtually no fossil fuels. The operation of a 1 MW wind turbine over 20 years of operation saves about 29 thousand tons of coal or 92 thousand barrels of oil.
Cost of electricity
The cost of electricity generated by wind turbines depends on the wind speed.
For comparison: the cost of electricity generated by US coal-fired power plants is 4.5-6 cents / kWh. The average cost of electricity in China is 4 cents / kWh.
With a doubling of the installed capacity of wind generation, the cost of electricity produced falls by 15%. Costs are expected to decline by 35-40% by the end of the year. In the early 1980s, the cost of wind power in the United States was $ 0.38.
The Global Wind Energy Council estimates that by 2050 the global wind power industry will reduce annual CO2 emissions by 1.5 billion tons.
Noise
Wind turbines produce two types of noise:
- mechanical noise (noise from mechanical and electrical components)
- aerodynamic noise (noise from the interaction of the wind flow with the blades of the installation)
| Noise source | Noise level, dB |
|---|---|
| Pain threshold of human hearing | 120 |
| Jet engine turbine noise at a distance of 250 m | 105 |
| Jackhammer noise at 7 m | 95 |
| Noise from a truck at a speed of 48 km / h at a distance of 100 m | 65 |
| Noise background in the office | 60 |
| Noise from a passenger car at a speed of 64 km / h | 55 |
| Noise from a wind turbine at 350 m | 35-45 |
| Noise background at night in the village | 20-40 |
In the immediate vicinity of the wind turbine at the axis of the wind wheel, the noise level of a sufficiently large wind turbine can exceed 100 dB.
An example of such constructive miscalculations is the Grovian wind turbine. Because of high level noise, the installation worked for about 100 hours and was dismantled.
Laws in the UK, Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark limit the noise level from a running wind turbine to 45 dB during the day and 35 dB at night. The minimum distance from the installation to residential buildings is 300 m.
Visual impact
The visual impact of wind turbines is a subjective factor. To improve the aesthetic appearance of wind turbines, many large firms employ professional designers. Landscape architects are used to visually justify new projects.
A survey carried out by the Danish company AKF estimated the cost of noise and visual impact from wind turbines at less than € 0.0012 per kWh. The survey was based on interviews with 342 people living in the vicinity of wind farms. Residents were asked how much they would pay to get rid of the neighborhood with wind turbines.
Land use
Turbines occupy only 1% of the entire wind farm area. On 99% of the farm area, it is possible to engage in agriculture or other activities